NAD(P)+-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily; The aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily (ALDH-SF) of NAD(P)+-dependent enzymes, in general, oxidize a wide range of endogenous and exogenous aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids and play an important role in detoxification. Besides aldehyde detoxification, many ALDH isozymes possess multiple additional catalytic and non-catalytic functions such as participating in metabolic pathways, or as binding proteins, or osmoregulants, to mention a few. The enzyme has three domains, a NAD(P)+ cofactor-binding domain, a catalytic domain, and a bridging domain; and the active enzyme is generally either homodimeric or homotetrameric. The catalytic mechanism is proposed to involve cofactor binding, resulting in a conformational change and activation of an invariant catalytic cysteine nucleophile. The cysteine and aldehyde substrate form an oxyanion thiohemiacetal intermediate resulting in hydride transfer to the cofactor and formation of a thioacylenzyme intermediate. Hydrolysis of the thioacylenzyme and release of the carboxylic acid product occurs, and in most cases, the reduced cofactor dissociates from the enzyme. The evolutionary phylogenetic tree of ALDHs appears to have an initial bifurcation between what has been characterized as the classical aldehyde dehydrogenases, the ALDH family (ALDH) and extended family members or aldehyde dehydrogenase-like (ALDH-L) proteins. The ALDH proteins are represented by enzymes which share a number of highly conserved residues necessary for catalysis and cofactor binding and they include such proteins as retinal dehydrogenase, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, non-phosphorylating glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenases, alpha-ketoglutaric semialdehyde dehydrogenase, alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, coniferyl aldehyde dehydrogenase and succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Included in this larger group are all human, Arabidopsis, Tortula, fungal, protozoan, and Drosophila ALDHs identified in families ALDH1 through ALDH22 with the exception of families ALDH18, ALDH19, and ALDH20 which are present in the ALDH-like group. The ALDH-like group is represented by such proteins as gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase, LuxC-like acyl-CoA reductase, and coenzyme A acylating aldehyde dehydrogenase. All of these proteins have a conserved cysteine that aligns with the catalytic cysteine of the ALDH group.

                         10
                 ....*....|....*....
gi 224710719   1 AVEWTLFGCFWTNGQICSA 19
Cdd:PLN02467 278 AVEWAMFGCFWTNGQICSA 296

betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase

                         10
                 ....*....|....*....
gi 224710719   1 AVEWTLFGCFWTNGQICSA 19
Cdd:PLN02467 278 AVEWAMFGCFWTNGQICSA 296

Aldehyde dehydrogenase family; This family of dehydrogenases act on aldehyde substrates. Members use NADP as a cofactor. The family includes the following members: The prototypical members are the aldehyde dehydrogenases EC:1.2.1.3. Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC:1.2.1.16. Lactaldehyde dehydrogenase EC:1.2.1.22. Benzaldehyde dehydrogenase EC:1.2.1.28. Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC:1.2.1.27. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase EC:1.2.1.9. Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase EC: 1.5.1.12. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase EC:1.2.1.10. Glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC:1.2.1.41. This family also includes omega crystallin, an eye lens protein from squid and octopus that has little aldehyde dehydrogenase activity.

                          10
                  ....*....|....*....
gi 224710719    1 AVEWTLFGCFWTNGQICSA 19
Cdd:pfam00171 253 AVEAAVFGAFGNAGQVCTA 271

betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase

                         10
                 ....*....|....*....
gi 224710719   1 AVEWTLFGCFWTNGQICSA 19
Cdd:PLN02467 278 AVEWAMFGCFWTNGQICSA 296

NAD(P)+-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily; The aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily (ALDH-SF) of NAD(P)+-dependent enzymes, in general, oxidize a wide range of endogenous and exogenous aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids and play an important role in detoxification. Besides aldehyde detoxification, many ALDH isozymes possess multiple additional catalytic and non-catalytic functions such as participating in metabolic pathways, or as binding proteins, or osmoregulants, to mention a few. The enzyme has three domains, a NAD(P)+ cofactor-binding domain, a catalytic domain, and a bridging domain; and the active enzyme is generally either homodimeric or homotetrameric. The catalytic mechanism is proposed to involve cofactor binding, resulting in a conformational change and activation of an invariant catalytic cysteine nucleophile. The cysteine and aldehyde substrate form an oxyanion thiohemiacetal intermediate resulting in hydride transfer to the cofactor and formation of a thioacylenzyme intermediate. Hydrolysis of the thioacylenzyme and release of the carboxylic acid product occurs, and in most cases, the reduced cofactor dissociates from the enzyme. The evolutionary phylogenetic tree of ALDHs appears to have an initial bifurcation between what has been characterized as the classical aldehyde dehydrogenases, the ALDH family (ALDH) and extended family members or aldehyde dehydrogenase-like (ALDH-L) proteins. The ALDH proteins are represented by enzymes which share a number of highly conserved residues necessary for catalysis and cofactor binding and they include such proteins as retinal dehydrogenase, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, non-phosphorylating glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenases, alpha-ketoglutaric semialdehyde dehydrogenase, alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, coniferyl aldehyde dehydrogenase and succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Included in this larger group are all human, Arabidopsis, Tortula, fungal, protozoan, and Drosophila ALDHs identified in families ALDH1 through ALDH22 with the exception of families ALDH18, ALDH19, and ALDH20 which are present in the ALDH-like group. The ALDH-like group is represented by such proteins as gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase, LuxC-like acyl-CoA reductase, and coenzyme A acylating aldehyde dehydrogenase. All of these proteins have a conserved cysteine that aligns with the catalytic cysteine of the ALDH group.

                         10
                 ....*....|....*....
gi 224710719   1 AVEWTLFGCFWTNGQICSA 19
Cdd:cd06534  219 AVEGAVFGAFFNAGQICTA 237

ALDH subfamily: ALDH families 1and 2, including 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, NAD+-dependent retinal dehydrogenase 1 and related proteins; ALDH subfamily which includes the NAD+-dependent retinal dehydrogenase 1 (RALDH 1, ALDH1, EC=1.2.1.36), also known as aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member A1 (ALDH1A1), in humans, a homotetrameric, cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of retinaldehyde to retinoic acid. Human ALDH1B1 and ALDH2 are also in this cluster; both are mitochrondrial homotetramers which play important roles in acetaldehyde oxidation; ALDH1B1 in response to UV light exposure and ALDH2 during ethanol metabolism. 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (FTHFDH, EC=1.5.1.6), also known as aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member L1 (ALDH1L1), in humans, a multi-domain homotetramer with an N-terminal formyl transferase domain and a C-terminal ALDH domain. FTHFDH catalyzes an NADP+-dependent dehydrogenase reaction resulting in the conversion of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate and CO2. Also included in this subfamily is the Arabidosis aldehyde dehydrogenase family 2 members B4 and B7 (EC=1.2.1.3), which are mitochondrial, homotetramers that oxidize acetaldehyde and glycolaldehyde, as well as, the Arabidosis cytosolic, homotetramer ALDH2C4 (EC=1.2.1.3), an enzyme involved in the oxidation of sinapalehyde and coniferaldehyde. Also included is the AldA aldehyde dehydrogenase of Aspergillus nidulans (locus AN0554), the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (YMR170c, ALD5, EC=1.2.1.5) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and other similar sequences.

                         10
                 ....*....|....*....
gi 224710719   1 AVEWTLFGCFWTNGQICSA 19
Cdd:cd07091  269 AVEWAAFGIFFNQGQCCCA 287

Acyl-CoA reductase or other NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase [Lipid transport and metabolism]; Acyl-CoA reductase or other NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase is part of the Pathway/BioSystem: Proline degradation

                         10
                 ....*....|....*....
gi 224710719   1 AVEWTLFGCFWTNGQICSA 19
Cdd:COG1012  268 AVEAAVRGAFGNAGQRCTA 286