M4 family peptidase is a zinc metallopeptidase that contains an HEXXH motif, where the histidines are zinc ligands and the glutamate is an active site residue, preferably cleaving Xaa+Yaa, in which Xaa is a hydrophobic residue and Yaa is Leu, Phe, Ile, or Val
Peptidase M4 family including thermolysin, protealysin, aureolysin, and neutral protease; This ...
249-505
6.53e-94
Peptidase M4 family including thermolysin, protealysin, aureolysin, and neutral protease; This peptidase M4 family includes several endopeptidases such as thermolysin (EC 3.4.24.27), aureolysin (the extracellular metalloproteinase from Staphylococcus aureus), neutral protease from Bacillus cereus, protealysin, and bacillolysin (EC 3.4.24.28). Typically, the M4 peptidases consist of a presequence (signal sequence), a propeptide sequence, and a peptidase unit. The presequence is cleaved off during export while the propeptide has inhibitory and chaperone functions and facilitates folding. The propeptide remains attached until the peptidase is secreted and can be safely activated. All peptidases in this family bind a single catalytic zinc ion which is tetrahedrally co-ordinated by three amino acid ligands and a water molecule that forms the nucleophile on activation during catalysis. The active site is found between two sub-domains; the N-terminal domain contains the HEXXH zinc-binding motif while the helical C-terminal domain, which is unique for the family, carries the third zinc ligand. These peptidases are secreted eubacterial endopeptidases from Gram-positive or Gram-negative sources that degrade extracellular proteins and peptides for bacterial nutrition. They are selectively inhibited by Steptomyces metalloproteinase inhibitor (SMPI) as well as by phosphoramidon from Streptomyces tanashiensis. A large number of these enzymes are implicated as key factors in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric carcinoma, cholera and several types of bacterial infections, and are therefore important drug targets. Some enzymes of the family can function at extremes of temperatures, while some function in organic solvents, thus rendering them novel targets for biotechnological applications. Thermolysin is widely used as a nonspecific protease to obtain fragments for peptide sequencing. It has also been used in production of the artificial sweetener aspartame.
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Pssm-ID: 341060 [Multi-domain] Cd Length: 278 Bit Score: 305.31 E-value: 6.53e-94
Bacterial pre-peptidase C-terminal domain; This domain is normally found at the C-terminus of ...
673-740
2.25e-03
Bacterial pre-peptidase C-terminal domain; This domain is normally found at the C-terminus of secreted bacterial peptidases. They are not present in the active peptidase. It is possible that they fulfill a similar role to the PKD (pfam00801) domain, which also are found in this context. Visual analysis suggests that PKD and PPC are distantly related (personal obs:Bateman A, Yeats C).
:
Pssm-ID: 427748 [Multi-domain] Cd Length: 68 Bit Score: 38.40 E-value: 2.25e-03
Peptidase M4 family including thermolysin, protealysin, aureolysin, and neutral protease; This ...
249-505
6.53e-94
Peptidase M4 family including thermolysin, protealysin, aureolysin, and neutral protease; This peptidase M4 family includes several endopeptidases such as thermolysin (EC 3.4.24.27), aureolysin (the extracellular metalloproteinase from Staphylococcus aureus), neutral protease from Bacillus cereus, protealysin, and bacillolysin (EC 3.4.24.28). Typically, the M4 peptidases consist of a presequence (signal sequence), a propeptide sequence, and a peptidase unit. The presequence is cleaved off during export while the propeptide has inhibitory and chaperone functions and facilitates folding. The propeptide remains attached until the peptidase is secreted and can be safely activated. All peptidases in this family bind a single catalytic zinc ion which is tetrahedrally co-ordinated by three amino acid ligands and a water molecule that forms the nucleophile on activation during catalysis. The active site is found between two sub-domains; the N-terminal domain contains the HEXXH zinc-binding motif while the helical C-terminal domain, which is unique for the family, carries the third zinc ligand. These peptidases are secreted eubacterial endopeptidases from Gram-positive or Gram-negative sources that degrade extracellular proteins and peptides for bacterial nutrition. They are selectively inhibited by Steptomyces metalloproteinase inhibitor (SMPI) as well as by phosphoramidon from Streptomyces tanashiensis. A large number of these enzymes are implicated as key factors in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric carcinoma, cholera and several types of bacterial infections, and are therefore important drug targets. Some enzymes of the family can function at extremes of temperatures, while some function in organic solvents, thus rendering them novel targets for biotechnological applications. Thermolysin is widely used as a nonspecific protease to obtain fragments for peptide sequencing. It has also been used in production of the artificial sweetener aspartame.
Pssm-ID: 341060 [Multi-domain] Cd Length: 278 Bit Score: 305.31 E-value: 6.53e-94
Fungalysin/Thermolysin Propeptide Motif; This motif is found in both the bacterial M4 ...
94-139
6.96e-04
Fungalysin/Thermolysin Propeptide Motif; This motif is found in both the bacterial M4 peptidase propeptide and the fungal M36 propeptide. Its exact function is not clear, but it is likely to either inhibit the peptidase, so as to prevent its premature activation, or has a chaperone activity. Both of these roles have been ascribed to the M4 and M36 propeptides.
Pssm-ID: 429499 [Multi-domain] Cd Length: 50 Bit Score: 39.00 E-value: 6.96e-04
Bacterial pre-peptidase C-terminal domain; This domain is normally found at the C-terminus of ...
673-740
2.25e-03
Bacterial pre-peptidase C-terminal domain; This domain is normally found at the C-terminus of secreted bacterial peptidases. They are not present in the active peptidase. It is possible that they fulfill a similar role to the PKD (pfam00801) domain, which also are found in this context. Visual analysis suggests that PKD and PPC are distantly related (personal obs:Bateman A, Yeats C).
Pssm-ID: 427748 [Multi-domain] Cd Length: 68 Bit Score: 38.40 E-value: 2.25e-03
Peptidase M4 family including thermolysin, protealysin, aureolysin, and neutral protease; This ...
249-505
6.53e-94
Peptidase M4 family including thermolysin, protealysin, aureolysin, and neutral protease; This peptidase M4 family includes several endopeptidases such as thermolysin (EC 3.4.24.27), aureolysin (the extracellular metalloproteinase from Staphylococcus aureus), neutral protease from Bacillus cereus, protealysin, and bacillolysin (EC 3.4.24.28). Typically, the M4 peptidases consist of a presequence (signal sequence), a propeptide sequence, and a peptidase unit. The presequence is cleaved off during export while the propeptide has inhibitory and chaperone functions and facilitates folding. The propeptide remains attached until the peptidase is secreted and can be safely activated. All peptidases in this family bind a single catalytic zinc ion which is tetrahedrally co-ordinated by three amino acid ligands and a water molecule that forms the nucleophile on activation during catalysis. The active site is found between two sub-domains; the N-terminal domain contains the HEXXH zinc-binding motif while the helical C-terminal domain, which is unique for the family, carries the third zinc ligand. These peptidases are secreted eubacterial endopeptidases from Gram-positive or Gram-negative sources that degrade extracellular proteins and peptides for bacterial nutrition. They are selectively inhibited by Steptomyces metalloproteinase inhibitor (SMPI) as well as by phosphoramidon from Streptomyces tanashiensis. A large number of these enzymes are implicated as key factors in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric carcinoma, cholera and several types of bacterial infections, and are therefore important drug targets. Some enzymes of the family can function at extremes of temperatures, while some function in organic solvents, thus rendering them novel targets for biotechnological applications. Thermolysin is widely used as a nonspecific protease to obtain fragments for peptide sequencing. It has also been used in production of the artificial sweetener aspartame.
Pssm-ID: 341060 [Multi-domain] Cd Length: 278 Bit Score: 305.31 E-value: 6.53e-94
Peptidase M4 family (includes thermolysin, aureolysin, neutral protease and bacillolysin) and ...
271-479
1.81e-41
Peptidase M4 family (includes thermolysin, aureolysin, neutral protease and bacillolysin) and Peptidase M36 family (also known as fungalysin); This family includes the peptidases M4 as well as M36, both belonging to the Gluzincin family. The M4 peptidase family includes numerous zinc-dependent metallopeptidases that hydrolyze peptide bonds, such as thermolysin (EC 3.4.24.27), pseudolysin (the extracellullar elastase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa), aureolysin (the extracellular metalloproteinase from Staphylococcus aureus), neutral protease from Bacillus cereus, as well as bacillolysin (EC 3.4.24.28). The M36 family also known as fungalysin (elastinolytic metalloproteinase) family, includes endopeptidases from pathogenic fungi. Both M4 and M36 families have similar folds and contain the Zn-binding site and the active site HEXXH motif. The eukaryotic M36 and bacterial M4 families of metalloproteases also share a conserved domain in their propeptides called FTP (fungalysin/thermolysin propeptide).
Pssm-ID: 341048 [Multi-domain] Cd Length: 313 Bit Score: 155.92 E-value: 1.81e-41
Gluzincin Peptidase family (thermolysin-like proteinases, TLPs) which includes peptidases M1, ...
289-376
3.23e-11
Gluzincin Peptidase family (thermolysin-like proteinases, TLPs) which includes peptidases M1, M2, M3, M4, M13, M32 and M36 (fungalysins); The Gluzincin family (thermolysin-like peptidases or TLPs) includes several zinc-dependent metallopeptidases such as M1, M2, M3, M4, M13, M32, M36 peptidases (MEROPS classification), which contain the HEXXH motif as part of their active site. Peptidases in this family bind a single catalytic zinc ion which is tetrahedrally co-ordinated by three amino acid ligands and a water molecule that forms the nucleophile on activation during catalysis. The M1 family includes aminopeptidase N (APN) and leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H). APN preferentially cleaves neutral amino acids from the N-terminus of oligopeptides and is present in a variety of human tissues and cell types. LTA4H is a bifunctional enzyme, possessing an aminopeptidase as well as an epoxide hydrolase activity such that the two activities occupy different, but overlapping sites. The M3_like peptidases include the M2_ACE, M3 or neurolysin-like family (subfamilies M3B_PepF and M3A) and M32_Taq peptidases. The M2 peptidase angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE, EC 3.4.15.1) catalyzes the conversion of decapeptide angiotensin I to the potent vasopressor octapeptide angiotensin II. ACE is a key component of the renin-angiotensin system that regulates blood pressure, thus ACE inhibitors are important for the treatment of hypertension. M3A includes thimet oligopeptidase (TOP; endopeptidase 3.4.24.15), neurolysin (3.4.24.16), and the mitochondrial intermediate peptidase; and M3B includes oligopeptidase F. The M32 family includes eukaryotic enzymes from protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, a causative agent of Chagas' disease, and from Leishmania major, a parasite that causes leishmaniasis, making these enzymes attractive targets for drug development. The M4 family includes secreted protease thermolysin (EC 3.4.24.27), pseudolysin, aureolysin, and neutral protease as well as bacillolysin (EC 3.4.24.28) that degrade extracellular proteins and peptides for bacterial nutrition, especially prior to sporulation. Thermolysin is widely used as a nonspecific protease to obtain fragments for peptide sequencing as well as in production of the artificial sweetener aspartame. The M13 family includes neprilysin (EC 3.4.24.11) and endothelin-converting enzyme I (ECE-1, EC 3.4.24.71), which fulfill a broad range of physiological roles due to the greater variation in the S2' subsite allowing substrate specificity and are prime therapeutic targets for selective inhibition. The peptidase M36 fungalysin family includes endopeptidases from pathogenic fungi. Fungalysin hydrolyzes extracellular matrix proteins such as elastin and keratin. Aspergillus fumigatus causes the pulmonary disease aspergillosis by invading the lungs of immuno-compromised animals and secreting fungalysin that possibly breaks down proteinaceous structural barriers.
Pssm-ID: 341057 [Multi-domain] Cd Length: 105 Bit Score: 61.73 E-value: 3.23e-11
Fungalysin/Thermolysin Propeptide Motif; This motif is found in both the bacterial M4 ...
94-139
6.96e-04
Fungalysin/Thermolysin Propeptide Motif; This motif is found in both the bacterial M4 peptidase propeptide and the fungal M36 propeptide. Its exact function is not clear, but it is likely to either inhibit the peptidase, so as to prevent its premature activation, or has a chaperone activity. Both of these roles have been ascribed to the M4 and M36 propeptides.
Pssm-ID: 429499 [Multi-domain] Cd Length: 50 Bit Score: 39.00 E-value: 6.96e-04
Bacterial pre-peptidase C-terminal domain; This domain is normally found at the C-terminus of ...
673-740
2.25e-03
Bacterial pre-peptidase C-terminal domain; This domain is normally found at the C-terminus of secreted bacterial peptidases. They are not present in the active peptidase. It is possible that they fulfill a similar role to the PKD (pfam00801) domain, which also are found in this context. Visual analysis suggests that PKD and PPC are distantly related (personal obs:Bateman A, Yeats C).
Pssm-ID: 427748 [Multi-domain] Cd Length: 68 Bit Score: 38.40 E-value: 2.25e-03
Peptidase M36 family, also known as fungalysin family; The M36 peptidase family, also known as ...
323-394
6.28e-03
Peptidase M36 family, also known as fungalysin family; The M36 peptidase family, also known as fungalysin (elastinolytic metalloproteinase) family, includes endopeptidases from pathogenic fungi. Fungalysin can hydrolyze extracellular matrix proteins such as elastin and keratin, with a preference for cleavage on the amino side of hydrophobic residues with bulky side-chains. This family is similar to the M4 (thermolysin) family due to the presence of the HEXXH motif in the active site residues, as well as its fold prediction. Some of these enzymes also contain a protease-associated (PA) domain insert. The eukaryotic M36 and bacterial M4 families of metalloproteases also share a conserved domain in their propeptides called FTP (fungalysin/thermolysin propeptide). Aspergillus fumigatus causes the pulmonary disease aspergillosis by invading the lungs of immuno-compromised animals; it secretes fungalysin that possibly breaks down proteinaceous structural barriers. A solid lesion known as an aspergilloma can grow in a lung cavity, particularly following recovery from tuberculosis. Fungalysins are also found as multiple copies in the human and animal pathogenic fungi such as Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes, which cause cutaneous infections.
Pssm-ID: 341059 [Multi-domain] Cd Length: 317 Bit Score: 40.73 E-value: 6.28e-03
Database: CDSEARCH/cdd Low complexity filter: no Composition Based Adjustment: yes E-value threshold: 0.01
References:
Wang J et al. (2023), "The conserved domain database in 2023", Nucleic Acids Res.51(D)384-8.
Lu S et al. (2020), "The conserved domain database in 2020", Nucleic Acids Res.48(D)265-8.
Marchler-Bauer A et al. (2017), "CDD/SPARCLE: functional classification of proteins via subfamily domain architectures.", Nucleic Acids Res.45(D)200-3.
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