C2 domain found in the Human chromosome 21 open reading frame 25 (C21orf25) protein; The members in this cd are named after the Human C21orf25 which contains a single C2 domain. Several other members contain a C1 domain downstream of the C2 domain. No other information on this protein is currently known. The C2 domain was first identified in PKC. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1572917394 167 LLVKVLRAAQLGASQGCSEPFCIVELDEPPQKNQTSVQKNTDSPVWDEHFLFDLSPNTAEVLFEVYDHAVKPH-KFLGLA 245
Cdd:cd08678     1 LLVKNIKANGLSEAAGSSNPYCVLEMDEPPQKYQSSTQKNTSNPFWDEHFLFELSPNSKELLFEVYDNGKKSDsKFLGLA 80

                          90       100       110       120
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1572917394 246 IVGVDELIVNPSQRQIIALQSRPYESDPVSGTLTVEFLFIEGADIP 291
Cdd:cd08678    81 IVPFDELRKNPSGRQIFPLQGRPYEGDSVSGSITVEFLFMEPAELP 126

C2 domain found in the Human chromosome 21 open reading frame 25 (C21orf25) protein; The members in this cd are named after the Human C21orf25 which contains a single C2 domain. Several other members contain a C1 domain downstream of the C2 domain. No other information on this protein is currently known. The C2 domain was first identified in PKC. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1572917394 167 LLVKVLRAAQLGASQGCSEPFCIVELDEPPQKNQTSVQKNTDSPVWDEHFLFDLSPNTAEVLFEVYDHAVKPH-KFLGLA 245
Cdd:cd08678     1 LLVKNIKANGLSEAAGSSNPYCVLEMDEPPQKYQSSTQKNTSNPFWDEHFLFELSPNSKELLFEVYDNGKKSDsKFLGLA 80

                          90       100       110       120
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1572917394 246 IVGVDELIVNPSQRQIIALQSRPYESDPVSGTLTVEFLFIEGADIP 291
Cdd:cd08678    81 IVPFDELRKNPSGRQIFPLQGRPYEGDSVSGSITVEFLFMEPAELP 126

C2 domain;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1572917394 166 RLLVKVLRAAQLGASQ--GCSEPFCIVELDEPPQKNQTSVQKNTDSPVWDEHFLFDLSPNTAEVL-FEVYDH-AVKPHKF 241
Cdd:pfam00168   2 RLTVTVIEAKNLPPKDgnGTSDPYVKVYLLDGKQKKKTKVVKNTLNPVWNETFTFSVPDPENAVLeIEVYDYdRFGRDDF 81

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|...
gi 1572917394 242 LGLAIVGVDELIVNPSQRQIIAL 264
Cdd:pfam00168  82 IGEVRIPLSELDSGEGLDGWYPL 104

Protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1) domains (Cysteine-rich domains); Some bind phorbol esters and diacylglycerol. Some bind RasGTP. Zinc-binding domains.

                           10        20        30        40        50
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1572917394  586 HTFIARHLTGGTVCQVCGKSIaRRIGKQGYECRDCLLKCHKHCHVKVNDNC 636
Cdd:smart00109   1 HKHVFRTFTKPTFCCVCRKSI-WGSFKQGLRCSECKVKCHKKCADKVPKAC 50

phosphoinositide phospholipase C

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1572917394 200 QTSVQKNTDSPVWDEHFLFDLS-PNTAEVLFEVYDHAVK-PHKFLGLAIVGVDELI 253
Cdd:PLN02223  454 KTTVKNNEWKPTWGEEFTFPLTyPDLALISFEVYDYEVStADAFCGQTCLPVSELI 509

C2 domain found in the Human chromosome 21 open reading frame 25 (C21orf25) protein; The members in this cd are named after the Human C21orf25 which contains a single C2 domain. Several other members contain a C1 domain downstream of the C2 domain. No other information on this protein is currently known. The C2 domain was first identified in PKC. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1572917394 167 LLVKVLRAAQLGASQGCSEPFCIVELDEPPQKNQTSVQKNTDSPVWDEHFLFDLSPNTAEVLFEVYDHAVKPH-KFLGLA 245
Cdd:cd08678     1 LLVKNIKANGLSEAAGSSNPYCVLEMDEPPQKYQSSTQKNTSNPFWDEHFLFELSPNSKELLFEVYDNGKKSDsKFLGLA 80

                          90       100       110       120
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1572917394 246 IVGVDELIVNPSQRQIIALQSRPYESDPVSGTLTVEFLFIEGADIP 291
Cdd:cd08678    81 IVPFDELRKNPSGRQIFPLQGRPYEGDSVSGSITVEFLFMEPAELP 126

C2 domain;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1572917394 166 RLLVKVLRAAQLGASQ--GCSEPFCIVELDEPPQKNQTSVQKNTDSPVWDEHFLFDLSPNTAEVL-FEVYDH-AVKPHKF 241
Cdd:pfam00168   2 RLTVTVIEAKNLPPKDgnGTSDPYVKVYLLDGKQKKKTKVVKNTLNPVWNETFTFSVPDPENAVLeIEVYDYdRFGRDDF 81

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|...
gi 1572917394 242 LGLAIVGVDELIVNPSQRQIIAL 264
Cdd:pfam00168  82 IGEVRIPLSELDSGEGLDGWYPL 104

Protein kinase C conserved region 2 (CalB); Ca2+-binding motif present in phospholipases, protein kinases C, and synaptotagmins (among others). Some do not appear to contain Ca2+-binding sites. Particular C2s appear to bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Unusual occurrence in perforin. Synaptotagmin and PLC C2s are permuted in sequence with respect to N- and C-terminal beta strands. SMART detects C2 domains using one or both of two profiles.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1572917394  166 RLLVKVLRAAQL--GASQGCSEPFCIVELD-EPPQKNQTSVQKNTDSPVWDEHFLFDLS-PNTAEVLFEVYDH-AVKPHK 240
Cdd:smart00239   1 TLTVKIISARNLppKDKGGKSDPYVKVSLDgDPKEKKKTKVVKNTLNPVWNETFEFEVPpPELAELEIEVYDKdRFGRDD 80

                           90
                   ....*....|...
gi 1572917394  241 FLGLAIVGVDELI 253
Cdd:smart00239  81 FIGQVTIPLSDLL 93

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) superfamily; The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains. It contains the motif HX12CX2CXnCX2CX4HX2CX7C, where C and H are cysteine and histidine, respectively; X represents other residues; and n is either 13 or 14. C1 has a globular fold with two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites. It was originally discovered as lipid-binding modules in protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. C1 domains that bind and respond to phorbol esters (PE) and diacylglycerol (DAG) are referred to as typical, and those that do not respond to PE and DAG are deemed atypical. A C1 domain may also be referred to as PKC or non-PKC C1, based on the parent protein's activity. Most C1 domain-containing non-PKC proteins act as lipid kinases and scaffolds, except PKD which acts as a protein kinase. PKC C1 domains play roles in membrane translocation and activation of the enzyme.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1572917394 586 HTFIARHLTGGTVCQVCGKSIaRRIGKQGYECRDCLLKCHKHCHVKVNDNC 636
Cdd:cd00029     1 HRFVPTTFSSPTFCDVCGKLI-WGLFKQGLKCSDCGLVCHKKCLDKAPSPC 50

first protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in classical (or conventional) protein kinase C (cPKC), novel protein kinase C (nPKC), and similar proteins; PKCs are classified into three groups (classical, atypical, and novel) depending on their mode of activation and the structural characteristics of their regulatory domains. PKCs undergo three phosphorylations in order to take mature forms. In addition, cPKCs depend on calcium, DAG (1,2-diacylglycerol), and in most cases, phosphatidylserine (PS) for activation. nPKCs are calcium-independent, but require DAG and PS for activity, while atypical PKCs (aPKCs) only require PS. PKCs phosphorylate and modify the activities of a wide variety of cellular proteins including receptors, enzymes, cytoskeletal proteins, transcription factors, and other kinases. They play a central role in signal transduction pathways that regulate cell migration and polarity, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. This family includes classical PKCs (cPKCs) and novel PKCs (nPKCs). There are four cPKC isoforms (named alpha, betaI, betaII, and gamma) and four nPKC isoforms (delta, epsilon, eta, and theta). Members of this family contain two copies of the C1 domain. This model corresponds to the first one. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1572917394 585 DHTFIARHLTGGTVCQVCGKSIARrIGKQGYECRDCLLKCHKHCHVKVNDNCP 637
Cdd:cd20792     1 GHKFVATFFKQPTFCSHCKDFIWG-LGKQGYQCQVCRFVVHKRCHEYVVFKCP 52

first protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in novel protein kinase C (nPKC) epsilon, eta, and similar proteins; PKCs are classified into three groups (classical, atypical, and novel) depending on their mode of activation and the structural characteristics of their regulatory domains. nPKCs are calcium-independent, but require DAG (1,2-diacylglycerol) and phosphatidylserine (PS) for activity. PKC-epsilon has been shown to behave as an oncoprotein. Its overexpression contributes to neoplastic transformation depending on the cell type. It contributes to oncogenesis by inducing disordered cell growth and inhibiting cell death. It also plays a role in tumor invasion and metastasis. PKC-epsilon has also been found to confer cardioprotection against ischemia and reperfusion-mediated damage. Other cellular functions include the regulation of gene expression, cell adhesion, and cell motility. PKC-eta is predominantly expressed in squamous epithelia, where it plays a crucial role in the signaling of cell-type specific differentiation. It is also expressed in pro-B cells and early-stage thymocytes, and acts as a key regulator in early B-cell development. PKC-eta increases glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) proliferation and resistance to radiation, and is being developed as a therapeutic target for the management of GBM. Members of this family contain two copies of the C1 domain. This model corresponds to the first one. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1572917394 579 KLHIFNDHTFIARHLTGGTVCQVCGKSIARRIGKQGYECRDCLLKCHKHCHVKVNDNCP 637
Cdd:cd20835     3 RVHQVNGHKFMATYLRQPTYCSHCKDFIWGVIGKQGYQCQVCTCVVHKRCHQLVVTKCP 61

first protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in novel protein kinase C (nPKC) theta, delta, and similar proteins; PKCs are classified into three groups (classical, atypical, and novel) depending on their mode of activation and the structural characteristics of their regulatory domains. nPKCs are calcium-independent, but require DAG (1,2-diacylglycerol) and phosphatidylserine (PS) for activity. PKC-theta is selectively expressed in T-cells and plays an important and non-redundant role in several aspects of T-cell biology. PKC-delta plays a role in cell cycle regulation and programmed cell death in many cell types. Members of this family contain two copies of the C1 domain. This model corresponds to the first one. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1572917394 579 KLHIFNDHTFIARHLTGGTVCQVCGKSIARrIGKQGYECRDCLLKCHKHCHVKVNDNCPTST 640
Cdd:cd20834     1 KVHEVKGHEFIAKFFRQPTFCSVCKEFLWG-FNKQGYQCRQCNAAVHKKCHDKILGKCPGSA 61

second protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in protein kinase D (PKD) and similar proteins; PKD is also called PKD1, PRKD1, protein kinase C mu type (nPKC-mu), PRKCM, serine/threonine-protein kinase D1, or nPKC-D1. It is a serine/threonine-protein kinase that converts transient diacylglycerol (DAG) signals into prolonged physiological effects downstream of PKC, and is involved in the regulation of MAPK8/JNK1 and Ras signaling, Golgi membrane integrity and trafficking, cell survival through NF-kappa-B activation, cell migration, cell differentiation by mediating HDAC7 nuclear export, cell proliferation via MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2) signaling, and plays a role in cardiac hypertrophy, VEGFA-induced angiogenesis, genotoxic-induced apoptosis and flagellin-stimulated inflammatory response. PKD contains N-terminal tandem cysteine-rich zinc binding C1 (PKC conserved region 1), central PH (Pleckstrin Homology), and C-terminal catalytic kinase domains. This model corresponds to the second C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1572917394 586 HTFIARHLTGGTVCQVCgKSIARRIGKQGYECRDCLLKCHKHCHVKVNDNC 636
Cdd:cd20842    35 HTFVIHSYTRPTVCQYC-KKLLKGLFRQGLQCKDCKFNCHKRCAPKVPNNC 84

C2 domain present in Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipases C (PLC); PLCs are involved in the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to d-myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (1,4,5-IP3) and sn-1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG). 1,4,5-IP3 and DAG are second messengers in eukaryotic signal transduction cascades. PLC is composed of a N-terminal PH domain followed by a series of EF hands, a catalytic TIM barrel and a C-terminal C2 domain. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. Members here have a type-II topology.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1572917394 165 KRLLVKVLRAAQL----GASQGCSEPFCIVEL----DEPPQKNQTS-VQKNTDSPVWDEHFLFDLS-PNTAEVLFEVYDH 234
Cdd:cd00275     2 LTLTIKIISGQQLpkpkGDKGSIVDPYVEVEIhglpADDSAKFKTKvVKNNGFNPVWNETFEFDVTvPELAFLRFVVYDE 81

                          90
                  ....*....|....*...
gi 1572917394 235 AVKPHKFLGLAIVGVDEL 252
Cdd:cd00275    82 DSGDDDFLGQACLPLDSL 99

first protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in the classical (or conventional) protein kinase C (cPKC) family; PKCs are classified into three groups (classical, atypical, and novel) depending on their mode of activation and the structural characteristics of their regulatory domains. cPKCs are potent kinases for histones, myelin basic protein, and protamine. They depend on calcium, DAG (1,2-diacylglycerol), and in most cases, phosphatidylserine (PS) for activation. There are four cPKC isoforms, named alpha, betaI, betaII, and gamma. PKC-alpha is expressed in many tissues and is associated with cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell motility. It plays a role in the signaling of the growth factors PDGF, VEGF, EGF, and FGF. Abnormal levels of PKC-alpha have been detected in many transformed cell lines and several human tumors. In addition, PKC-alpha is required for HER2 dependent breast cancer invasion. The PKC beta isoforms (I and II), generated by alternative splicing of a single gene, are preferentially activated by hyperglycemia-induced DAG (1,2-diacylglycerol) in retinal tissues. This is implicated in diabetic microangiopathy such as ischemia, neovascularization, and abnormal vasodilator function. PKC-beta also plays an important role in VEGF signaling. In addition, glucose regulates proliferation in retinal endothelial cells via PKC-betaI. PKC-beta is also being explored as a therapeutic target in cancer. It contributes to tumor formation and is involved in the tumor host mechanisms of inflammation and angiogenesis. PKC-gamma is mainly expressed in neuronal tissues. It plays a role in protection from ischemia. Members of this family contain two copies of the C1 domain. This model corresponds to the first one. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1572917394 584 NDHTFIARHLTGGTVCQVCgKSIARRIGKQGYECRDCLLKCHKHCHVKVNDNCP 637
Cdd:cd20833     1 KDHKFIARFFKQPTFCSHC-TDFIWGFGKQGFQCQVCSFVVHKRCHEFVTFSCP 53

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in uncharacterized Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (ARHGEF)-like proteins; The family includes a group of uncharacterized proteins that show high sequence similarity to vertebrate Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors ARHGEF11 and ARHGEF12, which may play a role in the regulation of RhoA GTPase by guanine nucleotide-binding alpha-12 (GNA12) and alpha-13 (GNA13). Unlike typical ARHGEF11 and ARHGEF12, members of this family contain a C1 domain. This model corresponds to the C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1572917394 586 HTFIARHLTGGTVCQVCGkSIARRIGKQGYECRDCLLKCHKHCHVKVNDNCP 637
Cdd:cd20832     2 HQFVLQHYYQVTFCNHCS-GLLWGIGYQGYQCSDCEFNIHKQCIEVIEESCP 52

C2 domain second repeat present in Rabphilin and Double C2 domain; Rabphilin is found neurons and in neuroendrocrine cells, while Doc2 is found not only in the brain but in tissues, including mast cells, chromaffin cells, and osteoblasts. Rabphilin and Doc2s share highly homologous tandem C2 domains, although their N-terminal structures are completely different: rabphilin contains an N-terminal Rab-binding domain (RBD),7 whereas Doc2 contains an N-terminal Munc13-1-interacting domain (MID). C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the second C2 repeat, C2B, and has a type-I topology.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1572917394 154 LSSNLRRvpgeKRLLVKVLRAAQLGA--SQGCSEPFCIVELDEPPQKN---QTSVQKNTDSPVWDEHFLFDLSPNTAEVL 228
Cdd:cd08384     6 LMYNTQR----RGLIVGIIRCVNLAAmdANGYSDPFVKLYLKPDAGKKskhKTQVKKKTLNPEFNEEFFYDIKHSDLAKK 81

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1572917394 229 F---EVYDHAVKPHK-FLGLAIVGVD 250
Cdd:cd08384    82 TleiTVWDKDIGKSNdYIGGLQLGIN 107

C2 domain present in Calpain proteins; A single C2 domain is found in calpains (EC 3.4.22.52, EC 3.4.22.53), calcium-dependent, non-lysosomal cysteine proteases. Caplains are classified as belonging to Clan CA by MEROPS and include six families: C1, C2, C10, C12, C28, and C47. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1572917394 169 VKVLRAAQLGA--SQGCSEPFCIVELDEppQKNQTSVQKNTDSPVWDEHFLFDLSPNTAEVLFEVYDHAVKPHKFLGLAI 246
Cdd:cd04046     7 VHVHSAEGLSKqdSGGGADPYVIIKCEG--ESVRSPVQKDTLSPEFDTQAIFYRKKPRSPIKIQVWNSNLLCDEFLGQAT 84

                          90       100       110
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1572917394 247 VGVDELIVNPSQRQIIALQSRPyESDPVSGTLTVE 281
Cdd:cd04046    85 LSADPNDSQTLRTLPLRKRGRD-AAGEVPGTISVK 118

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in the atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) family; PKCs are classified into three groups (classical, atypical, and novel) depending on their mode of activation and the structural characteristics of their regulatory domain. aPKCs only require phosphatidylserine (PS) for activation. They contain a C2-like region, instead of a calcium-binding (C2) region found in classical PKCs, in their regulatory domain. There are two aPKC isoforms, zeta and iota. aPKCs are involved in many cellular functions including proliferation, migration, apoptosis, polarity maintenance and cytoskeletal regulation. They also play a critical role in the regulation of glucose metabolism and in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. PKC-zeta plays a critical role in activating the glucose transport response. It is activated by glucose, insulin, and exercise through diverse pathways. PKC-zeta also plays a central role in maintaining cell polarity in yeast and mammalian cells. In addition, it affects actin remodeling in muscle cells. PKC-iota is directly implicated in carcinogenesis. It is critical to oncogenic signaling mediated by Ras and Bcr-Abl. The PKC-iota gene is the target of tumor-specific gene amplification in many human cancers, and has been identified as a human oncogene. In addition to its role in transformed growth, PKC-iota also promotes invasion, chemoresistance, and tumor cell survival. Expression profiling of PKC-iota is a prognostic marker of poor clinical outcome in several human cancers. PKC-iota also plays a role in establishing cell polarity, and has critical embryonic functions. Members of this family contain one C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1572917394 584 NDHTFIARHLTGGTVCQVCGKsiarRI---GKQGYECRDCLLKCHKHCHVKVNDNC 636
Cdd:cd20794     1 NGHLFQAKRFNRRAVCAYCSD----RIwglGRQGYKCINCKLLVHKKCHKLVKVAC 52

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in the kinase suppressor of Ras (KSR) family; KSR is a scaffold protein that functions downstream of Ras and upstream of Raf in the Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK) pathway that regulates many cellular processes including cycle regulation, proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. KSR proteins regulate the assembly and activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK module upon Ras activation at the membrane by direct association of its components. They are widely regarded as pseudokinases, but there is some debate in this designation as a few groups have reported detecting kinase catalytic activity for KSRs, specifically KSR1. Vertebrates contain two KSR proteins, KSR1 and KSR2. KSR proteins contain a SAM-like domain, a zinc finger cysteine-rich domain (C1), and a pseudokinase domain. This model describes the C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1572917394 586 HTFIARHLTGGTvCQVCGKSIARrigkqGYECRDCLLKCHKHCHVKVNDNC 636
Cdd:cd20812     3 HRFSKKLFMRQT-CDYCHKQMFF-----GLKCKDCKYKCHKKCAKKAPPSC 47

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in RAS guanyl-releasing protein 4 (RASGRP4) and similar proteins; RASGRP4 functions as a cation- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-regulated nucleotide exchange factor activating Ras through the exchange of bound GDP for GTP. It may function in mast cell differentiation. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1572917394 580 LHIFNDHTFiarhlTGGTVCQVCGkSIARRIGKQGYECRDCLLKCHKHCHVKVNDNC 636
Cdd:cd20863     3 LHNFHETTF-----KKPTFCDSCS-GFLWGVTKQGYRCQDCGINCHKHCKDQVDVEC 53

C2 domain first repeat found in Multiple C2 domain and Transmembrane region Proteins (MCTP); plant subset; MCTPs are involved in Ca2+ signaling at the membrane. Plant-MCTPs are composed of a variable N-terminal sequence, four C2 domains, two transmembrane regions (TMRs), and a short C-terminal sequence. It is one of four protein classes that are anchored to membranes via a transmembrane region; the others being synaptotagmins, extended synaptotagmins, and ferlins. MCTPs are the only membrane-bound C2 domain proteins that contain two functional TMRs. MCTPs are unique in that they bind Ca2+ but not phospholipids. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the first C2 repeat, C2A, and has a type-II topology.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1572917394 166 RLLVKVLRAAQLGAS--QGCSEPFCIVELDEppQKNQTSVQKNTDSPVWDEHFLFDLS----PNTAEVLFEVYDH--AVK 237
Cdd:cd04022     1 KLVVEVVDAQDLMPKdgQGSSSAYVELDFDG--QKKRTRTKPKDLNPVWNEKLVFNVSdpsrLSNLVLEVYVYNDrrSGR 78

                  ....*.
gi 1572917394 238 PHKFLG 243
Cdd:cd04022    79 RRSFLG 84

C2A domain first repeat present in Synaptotagmins 15 and 17; Synaptotagmin is a membrane-trafficking protein characterized by a N-terminal transmembrane region, a linker, and 2 C-terminal C2 domains. It is thought to be involved in the trafficking and exocytosis of secretory vesicles in non-neuronal tissues and is Ca2+ independent. Human synaptotagmin 15 has 2 alternatively spliced forms that encode proteins with different C-termini. The larger, SYT15a, contains a N-terminal TM region, a putative fatty-acylation site, and 2 tandem C terminal C2 domains. The smaller, SYT15b, lacks the C-terminal portion of the second C2 domain. Unlike most other synaptotagmins it is nearly absent in the brain and rather is found in the heart, lungs, skeletal muscle, and testis. Synaptotagmin 17 is located in the brain, kidney, and prostate and is thought to be a peripheral membrane protein. Previously all synaptotagmins were thought to be calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion, but it has been shown that not all of them bind calcium. Of the 17 identified synaptotagmins only 8 bind calcium (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10). The function of the two C2 domains that bind calcium are: regulating the fusion step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (C2A) and binding to phosphatidyl-inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) in the absence of calcium ions and to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in their presence (C2B). C2B also regulates also the recycling step of synaptic vesicles. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the first C2 repeat, C2A, and has a type-I topology.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1572917394 162 PGEKRLLVKVLRAAQL----GASQGCSePFCIVEL--DEPPQKnQTSVQKNTDSPVWDEHFLFDLSPNTAE---VLFEVY 232
Cdd:cd08390    11 LEEEQLTVSLIKARNLpprtKDVAHCD-PFVKVCLlpDERRSL-QSKVKRKTQNPNFDETFVFQVSFKELQrrtLRLSVY 88

                  .
gi 1572917394 233 D 233
Cdd:cd08390    89 D 89

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in male germ cell RacGap (MgcRacGAP) and similar proteins; MgcRacGAP, also called Rac GTPase-activating protein 1 (RACGAP1) or protein CYK4, plays an important dual role in cytokinesis: i) it is part of centralspindlin-complex, together with the mitotic kinesin MKLP1, which is critical for the structure of the central spindle by promoting microtuble bundling; and ii) after phosphorylation by aurora B, MgcRacGAP becomes an effective regulator of RhoA and plays an important role in the assembly of the contractile ring and the initiation of cytokinesis. MgcRacGAP-like proteins contain an N-terminal C1 domain, and a C-terminal RhoGAP domain. This model corresponds to the C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1572917394 579 KLHIFNDHTFIARHltggtVCQVCGKSIarRIGKQGYECRDCLLKCHKHCHVKVNDNC 636
Cdd:cd20821     1 RPHRFVSKTVIKPE-----TCVVCGKRI--KFGKKALKCKDCRVVCHPDCKDKLPLPC 51

C2 domain second repeat present in Synaptotagmin 17; Synaptotagmin is a membrane-trafficking protein characterized by a N-terminal transmembrane region, a linker, and 2 C-terminal C2 domains. Synaptotagmin 17 is located in the brain, kidney, and prostate and is thought to be a peripheral membrane protein. Previously all synaptotagmins were thought to be calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion, but it has been shown that not all of them bind calcium. Of the 17 identified synaptotagmins only 8 bind calcium (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10). The function of the two C2 domains that bind calcium are: regulating the fusion step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (C2A) and binding to phosphatidyl-inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) in the absence of calcium ions and to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in their presence (C2B). C2B also regulates also the recycling step of synaptic vesicles. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the second C2 repeat, C2B, and has a type-I topology.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1572917394 157 NLRRVPGEKRLLVKVLRAAQL---GASQGcSEPFCIVEL---DEPPQKNQTSVQKNTDSPVWDEHFLFDLSPNTAE---V 227
Cdd:cd08410     6 SLNYLPSAGRLNVDIIRAKQLlqtDMSQG-SDPFVKIQLvhgLKLIKTKKTSCMRGTIDPFYNESFSFKVPQEELEnvsL 84

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|..
gi 1572917394 228 LFEVYDHAVKP-HKFLGLAIVG 248
Cdd:cd08410    85 VFTVYGHNVKSsNDFIGRIVIG 106

C2A domain first repeat present in Synaptotagmins 1, 5, 6, 9, and 10; Synaptotagmin is a membrane-trafficking protein characterized by a N-terminal transmembrane region, a linker, and 2 C-terminal C2 domains. Synaptotagmin 1, a member of class 1 synaptotagmins, is located in the brain and endocranium and localized to the synaptic vesicles and secretory granules. It functions as a Ca2+ sensor for fast exocytosis as do synaptotagmins 5, 6, and 10. It is distinguished from the other synaptotagmins by having an N-glycosylated N-terminus. Synaptotagmins 5, 6, and 10, members of class 3 synaptotagmins, are located primarily in the brain and localized to the active zone and plasma membrane. They is distinguished from the other synaptotagmins by having disulfide bonds at its N-terminus. Synaptotagmin 6 also regulates the acrosome reaction, a unique Ca2+-regulated exocytosis, in sperm. Synaptotagmin 9, a class 5 synaptotagmins, is located in the brain and localized to the synaptic vesicles. It is thought to be a Ca2+-sensor for dense-core vesicle exocytosis. Previously all synaptotagmins were thought to be calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion, but it has been shown that not all of them bind calcium. Of the 17 identified synaptotagmins only 8 bind calcium (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10). The function of the two C2 domains that bind calcium are: regulating the fusion step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (C2A) and binding to phosphatidyl-inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) in the absence of calcium ions and to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in their presence (C2B). C2B also regulates also the recycling step of synaptic vesicles. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the first C2 repeat, C2A, and has a type-I topology.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1572917394 167 LLVKVLRAAQLGA--SQGCSEPFCIVEL-DEPPQKNQTSVQKNTDSPVWDEHFLFDLSPN---TAEVLFEVYDH 234
Cdd:cd08385    18 LTVGIIQAADLPAmdMGGTSDPYVKVYLlPDKKKKFETKVHRKTLNPVFNETFTFKVPYSelgNKTLVFSVYDF 91

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in the unconventional myosin-IX family; Myosins IX (Myo9) is a class of unique motor proteins with a common structure of an N-terminal extension preceding a myosin head homologous to the Ras-association (RA) domain, a head (motor) domain, a neck with IQ motifs that bind light chains, and a C-terminal tail containing cysteine-rich zinc binding (C1) and Rho-GTPase activating protein (RhoGAP) domains. There are two genes for myosins IX in humans, IXa and IXb, that are different in their expression and localization. IXa is expressed abundantly in brain and testis, and IXb is expressed abundantly in tissues of the immune system. This model corresponds to the C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1572917394 583 FNDHTFIARHLTGGTVCQVCGKSIarRIGKQGYECRDCLLKCHKHCHVKVNDNCPTS 639
Cdd:cd20818     1 HNGHKFATVQFNIPTYCEVCNSFI--WLMEKGLVCQVCKFTCHKKCYSKITAPCKGN 55

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in the 190 kDa guanine nucleotide exchange factor (p190RhoGEF)-like family; The p190RhoGEF-like protein family includes p190RhoGEF, Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 (ARHGEF2), A-kinase anchor protein 13 (AKAP-13) and similar proteins. p190RhoGEF is a brain-enriched, RhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor that regulates signaling pathways downstream of integrins and growth factor receptors. It is involved in axonal branching, synapse formation and dendritic morphogenesis, as well as in focal adhesion formation, cell motility and B-lymphocytes activation. ARHGEF2 acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that activates Rho-GTPases by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP. It is thought to play a role in actin cytoskeleton reorganization in different tissues since its activation induces formation of actin stress fibers. AKAP-13 is a scaffold protein that plays an important role in assembling signaling complexes downstream of several types of G protein-coupled receptors. It activates RhoA in response to signaling via G protein-coupled receptors via its function as Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor. It may also activate other Rho family members. AKAP-13 plays a role in cell growth, cell development and actin fiber formation. Members of this family share a common domain architecture containing C1, RhoGEF or Dbl-homologous (DH), and Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domains. Some members may contain additional domains such as the DUF5401 domain. This model describes the C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1572917394 586 HTFIARHLTGGTVCQVCGKSIArriGKQGYECRDCLLKCHKH 627
Cdd:cd20815     4 HQFVPVSFSNSTKCDVCSKPLT---NKPALQCENCSVNVHDS 42

C2 domain second repeat present in Synaptotagmin-like proteins; Synaptotagmin is a membrane-trafficking protein characterized by a N-terminal transmembrane region, a linker, and 2 C-terminal C2 domains. Previously all synaptotagmins were thought to be calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion, but it has been shown that not all of them bind calcium. Of the 17 identified synaptotagmins only 8 bind calcium (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10). The function of the two C2 domains that bind calcium are: regulating the fusion step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (C2A) and binding to phosphatidyl-inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) in the absence of calcium ions and to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in their presence (C2B). C2B also regulates also the recycling step of synaptic vesicles. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the second C2 repeat, C2B, and has a type-I topology.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1572917394 167 LLVKVLRAAQLGASQGCSEP--FCIVELDEPPQKnqTSVQKNTDSPVWDEHFLFDLS-PNTAEVLFEVYDH 234
Cdd:cd04050     2 LFVYLDSAKNLPLAKSTKEPspYVELTVGKTTQK--SKVKERTNNPVWEEGFTFLVRnPENQELEIEVKDD 70

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in tensin-2 like (TNS2-like) proteins; The TNS2-like group includes TNS2, and variants of TNS1 and TNS3. Tensin-2 (TNS2), also called C1 domain-containing phosphatase and tensin (C1-TEN), or tensin-like C1 domain-containing phosphatase (TENC1), is an essential component for the maintenance of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) structures. It regulates cell motility and proliferation. It may have phosphatase activity. TNS2 reduces AKT1 phosphorylation, lowers AKT1 kinase activity and interferes with AKT1 signaling. Tensin-1 (TNS1) plays a role in fibrillar adhesion formation. It may be involved in cell migration, cartilage development and in linking signal transduction pathways to the cytoskeleton. Tensin-3 (TNS3), also called tensin-like SH2 domain-containing protein 1 (TENS1), or tumor endothelial marker 6 (TEM6), may play a role in actin remodeling. It is involved in the dissociation of the integrin-tensin-actin complex. Typical TNS1 and TNS3 do not contain C1 domains, but some isoforms/variants do. Members of this family contain an N-terminal region with a zinc finger (C1 domain), a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)-like domain and a protein kinase 2 (C2) domain, and a C-terminal region with SH2 and pTyr binding (PTB) domains. This model corresponds to C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1572917394 585 DHTFIARHLTGGTVCQVCGKSIARrigkQGYECRDCLLKCHKHCHVKVNDNCPTS 639
Cdd:cd20826     2 SHSFKEKSFRKPRTCDVCKQIIWN----EGSSCRVCKYACHRKCEPKVTAACSPS 52

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in 190 kDa guanine nucleotide exchange factor (p190RhoGEF) and similar proteins; p190RhoGEF, also called Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RGNEF), Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 28 (ARHGEF28), or RIP2, is a brain-enriched, RhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor that regulates signaling pathways downstream of integrins and growth factor receptors. It is involved in axonal branching, synapse formation and dendritic morphogenesis, as well as in focal adhesion formation, cell motility and B-lymphocytes activation. In addition to the Dbl homology (DH)-PH domain, p190RhoGEF contains an N-terminal C1 (Protein kinase C conserved region 1) domain. This model corresponds to the C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1572917394 584 NDHTFIARHLTGGTVCQVCGKSIarrIGKQGYECRDCLLKCHKHC 628
Cdd:cd20876     6 NGHQFVTGSFSGPTLCVVCDKPV---TGKELLQCSNCTVNVHKGC 47

C2 domain in Protein Kinase C (PKC) alpha and gamma; A single C2 domain is found in PKC alpha and gamma. The PKC family of serine/threonine kinases regulates apoptosis, proliferation, migration, motility, chemo-resistance, and differentiation. There are 3 groups: group 1(alpha, betaI, beta II, gamma) which require phospholipids and calcium, group 2 (delta, epsilon, theta, eta) which do not require calcium for activation, and group 3 (xi, iota/lambda) which are atypical and can be activated in the absence of diacylglycerol and calcium. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. Members here have a type-I topology.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1572917394 164 EKRLLVKVLRAAQLGA--SQGCSEPFCIVEL---DEPPQKNQTSVQKNTDSPVWDEHFLFDLSPNTAE--VLFEVYD-HA 235
Cdd:cd04026    12 DNKLTVEVREAKNLIPmdPNGLSDPYVKLKLipdPKNETKQKTKTIKKTLNPVWNETFTFDLKPADKDrrLSIEVWDwDR 91

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|.
gi 1572917394 236 VKPHKFLGLAIVGVDELIVNP 256
Cdd:cd04026    92 TTRNDFMGSLSFGVSELIKMP 112

C2 domain first repeat in Ferlin; Ferlins are involved in vesicle fusion events. Ferlins and other proteins, such as Synaptotagmins, are implicated in facilitating the fusion process when cell membranes fuse together. There are six known human Ferlins: Dysferlin (Fer1L1), Otoferlin (Fer1L2), Myoferlin (Fer1L3), Fer1L4, Fer1L5, and Fer1L6. Defects in these genes can lead to a wide range of diseases including muscular dystrophy (dysferlin), deafness (otoferlin), and infertility (fer-1, fertilization factor-1). Structurally they have 6 tandem C2 domains, designated as (C2A-C2F) and a single C-terminal transmembrane domain, though there is a new study that disputes this and claims that there are actually 7 tandem C2 domains with another C2 domain inserted between C2D and C2E. In a subset of them (Dysferlin, Myoferlin, and Fer1) there is an additional conserved domain called DysF. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the first C2 repeat, C2A, and has a type-II topology.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1572917394 171 VLRAAQLGASQGCSEPFCIVELDEPPQKnqTSVQKNTDSPVWDEHFLFDL--SPNTAEVL-FEVYDHA-VKPHKFLGLAI 246
Cdd:cd08373     2 VVSLKNLPGLKGKGDRIAKVTFRGVKKK--TRVLENELNPVWNETFEWPLagSPDPDESLeIVVKDYEkVGRNRLIGSAT 79

                  ....*..
gi 1572917394 247 VGVDELI 253
Cdd:cd08373    80 VSLQDLV 86

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in the Myotonic dystrophy kinase-related Cdc42-binding kinase (MRCK) family; MRCK is thought to be a coincidence detector of signaling by the small GTPase Cdc42 and phosphoinositides. MRCK/Cdc42 signaling mediates myosin-dependent cell motility. MRCK has been shown to promote cytoskeletal reorganization, which affects many biological processes. Three isoforms of MRCK are known, named alpha, beta and gamma. MRCKgamma is expressed in heart and skeletal muscles, unlike MRCKalpha and MRCKbeta, which are expressed ubiquitously. MRCK consists of a serine/threonine kinase domain, a cysteine rich (C1) region, a PH domain and a p21 binding motif. This model corresponds to C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1572917394 586 HTFIARHLTGGTVCQVCGkSIARRIGKQGYECRDCLLKCHKHCHVKVNDNCP 637
Cdd:cd20809     1 HKFIVRTFSTPTKCNHCT-SLMVGLVRQGLVCEVCGYACHVSCADKAPQVCP 51

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in the Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) family; ROCK is a serine/threonine protein kinase, catalyzing the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. It is also referred to as Rho-associated kinase or simply as Rho kinase. It contains an N-terminal extension, a catalytic kinase domain, and a C-terminal extension, which contains a coiled-coil region encompassing a Rho-binding domain (RBD), a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and a C1 domain. ROCK is auto-inhibited by the RBD and PH domain interacting with the catalytic domain. It is activated via interaction with Rho GTPases and is involved in many cellular functions including contraction, adhesion, migration, motility, proliferation, and apoptosis. The ROCK subfamily consists of two isoforms, ROCK1 and ROCK2, which may be functionally redundant in some systems, but exhibit different tissue distributions. Both isoforms are ubiquitously expressed in most tissues, but ROCK2 is more prominent in brain and skeletal muscle while ROCK1 is more pronounced in the liver, testes, and kidney. Studies in knockout mice result in different phenotypes, suggesting that the two isoforms do not compensate for each other during embryonic development. This model corresponds to C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.