RING finger, H2 subclass, found in rice E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase EL5 and similar proteins; EL5, also known as protein ELICITOR 5, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase containing an N-terminal transmembrane domain and a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger that is a binding site for ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2). It can be rapidly induced by N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor. EL5 catalyzes polyubiquitination via the Lys48 residue of ubiquitin, and thus plays a crucial role as a membrane-anchored E3 in the maintenance of cell viability after the initiation of root primordial formation in rice. It also acts as an anti-cell death enzyme that might be responsible for mediating the degradation of cytotoxic proteins produced in root cells after the actions of phytohormones. Moreover, EL5 interacts with UBC5b, a rice ubiquitin carrier protein, through its RING-H2 finger. EL5 is an unstable protein, and its degradation is regulated by the C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger in a proteasome-independent manner.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2348166455 123 ECAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPRCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCR 166
Cdd:cd16461     1 ECAICLSDYENGEELRRLPECKHAFHKECIDEWLKSNSTCPLCR 44

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in rice E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase EL5 and similar proteins; EL5, also known as protein ELICITOR 5, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase containing an N-terminal transmembrane domain and a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger that is a binding site for ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2). It can be rapidly induced by N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor. EL5 catalyzes polyubiquitination via the Lys48 residue of ubiquitin, and thus plays a crucial role as a membrane-anchored E3 in the maintenance of cell viability after the initiation of root primordial formation in rice. It also acts as an anti-cell death enzyme that might be responsible for mediating the degradation of cytotoxic proteins produced in root cells after the actions of phytohormones. Moreover, EL5 interacts with UBC5b, a rice ubiquitin carrier protein, through its RING-H2 finger. EL5 is an unstable protein, and its degradation is regulated by the C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger in a proteasome-independent manner.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2348166455 123 ECAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPRCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCR 166
Cdd:cd16461     1 ECAICLSDYENGEELRRLPECKHAFHKECIDEWLKSNSTCPLCR 44

RING-finger-containing ubiquitin ligase [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones];

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 2348166455 116 RGARQGLECAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWL-ESKASCPLCRARV 169
Cdd:COG5540   318 VEADKGVECAICMSNFIKNDRLRVLP-CDHRFHVGCVDKWLlGYSNKCPVCRTAI 371

N1R/p28-like protein; Provisional

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 2348166455 123 ECAVCLARFDDADL----LRLLPRCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCR 166
Cdd:PHA02929  176 ECAICMEKVYDKEIknmyFGILSNCNHVFCIECIDIWKKEKNTCPVCR 223

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in rice E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase EL5 and similar proteins; EL5, also known as protein ELICITOR 5, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase containing an N-terminal transmembrane domain and a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger that is a binding site for ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2). It can be rapidly induced by N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor. EL5 catalyzes polyubiquitination via the Lys48 residue of ubiquitin, and thus plays a crucial role as a membrane-anchored E3 in the maintenance of cell viability after the initiation of root primordial formation in rice. It also acts as an anti-cell death enzyme that might be responsible for mediating the degradation of cytotoxic proteins produced in root cells after the actions of phytohormones. Moreover, EL5 interacts with UBC5b, a rice ubiquitin carrier protein, through its RING-H2 finger. EL5 is an unstable protein, and its degradation is regulated by the C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger in a proteasome-independent manner.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2348166455 123 ECAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPRCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCR 166
Cdd:cd16461     1 ECAICLSDYENGEELRRLPECKHAFHKECIDEWLKSNSTCPLCR 44

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins RNF24, RNF122, and similar proteins; This subfamily includes RNF24, RNF122, and similar proteins. RNF24 is an intrinsic membrane protein localized in the Golgi apparatus. It specifically interacts with the ankyrin-repeats domains (ARDs) of TRPC1, -3, -4, -5, -6, and -7, and affects TRPC intracellular trafficking without affecting their activity. RNF122 is a RING finger protein associated with HEK 293T cell viability. It is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus, and overexpressed in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. RNF122 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that can ubiquitinate itself and undergo degradation through its RING finger in a proteasome-dependent manner. Both RNF24 and RNF122 contain an N-terminal transmembrane domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCRARV 169
Cdd:cd16469     3 CAVCLEEFKLKEELGVCP-CGHAFHTKCLKKWLEVRNSCPICKSPV 47

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF6, RNF12, and similar proteins; RNF6 is an androgen receptor (AR)-associated protein that induces AR ubiquitination and promotes AR transcriptional activity. RNF6-induced ubiquitination may regulate AR transcriptional activity and specificity by modulating cofactor recruitment. RNF6 is overexpressed in hormone-refractory human prostate cancer tissues and required for prostate cancer cell growth under androgen-depleted conditions. RNF6 also regulates local serine/threonine kinase LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) levels in axonal growth cones. RNF6-induced LIMK1 polyubiquitination is mediated via K48 of ubiquitin and leads to proteasomal degradation of the kinase. RNF6 binds and upregulates the Inha promoter, and functions as a transcription regulatory protein in the mouse sertoli cell. It acts as a potential tumor suppressor gene involved in the pathogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). RNF12, also known as LIM domain-interacting RING finger protein, or RING finger LIM domain-binding protein (R-LIM), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase encoded by gene RLIM that is crucial for normal embryonic development in some species and for normal X inactivation in mice. It thus functions as a major sex-specific epigenetic regulator of female mouse nurturing tissues. RNF12 is widely expressed during embryogenesis, and mainly localizes to the cell nucleus, where it regulates the levels of many proteins, including CLIM, LMO, HDAC2, TRF1, SMAD7, and REX1, by proteasomal degradation. Both RNF6 and RNF12 contain a well conserved C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2348166455 123 ECAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCR 166
Cdd:cd16467     1 ECTICLGEYETGEKLRRLP-CSHEFHSECVDRWLKENSSCPICR 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins RNF38, RNF44, and similar proteins; This subfamily includes RING finger proteins RNF38, RNF44, and similar proteins. RNF38 is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin protein ligase that plays a role in regulating p53. RNF44 is an uncharacterized RING finger protein that shows high sequence similarity to RNF38. Both RNF38 and RNF44 contain a coiled-coil motif, a KIL motif (Lys-X2-Ile/Leu-X2-Ile/Leu, X can be any amino acid), and a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger. In addition, RNF38 harbors two potential nuclear localization signals.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2348166455 123 ECAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCR 166
Cdd:cd16472     4 QCVVCMCDYEKRQLLRVLP-CSHEFHAKCIDKWLKTNRTCPICR 46

Ring finger domain;

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2348166455 123 ECAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCR 166
Cdd:pfam13639   2 ECPICLEEFEEGDKVVVLP-CGHHFHRECLDKWLRSSNTCPLCR 44

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 167 (RNF167) and similar proteins; RNF167, also known as RING105, is an endosomal/lysosomal E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) ubiquitination. It ubiquitinates AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunit GluA2 and regulates its surface expression, and thus acts as a selective regulator of AMPAR-mediated neurotransmission. It acts as an endosomal membrane protein which ubiquitylates vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 (VAMP3) and regulates endosomal trafficking. Moreover, RNF167 plays a role in the regulation of TSSC5 (tumor-suppressing subchromosomal transferable fragment cDNA, also known as ORCTL2/IMPT1/BWR1A/SLC22A1L), which can function in concert with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH6. RNF167 is widely conserved in metazoans and contains an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, two transmembrane domains (TM1 and TM2), and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger domain followed by a putative PEST sequence.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWL-ESKASCPLCR 166
Cdd:cd16797     3 CAICLDEYEEGDKLRVLP-CSHAYHSKCVDPWLtQTKKTCPVCK 45

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 103 (RNF103) and similar proteins; RNF103, also known as KF-1 or zinc finger protein 103 homolog (Zfp-103), is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is widely expressed in many different organs, including brain, heart, kidney, spleen, and lung. It is involved in the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway by interacting with components of the ERAD pathway, including Derlin-1 and VCP. RNF103 contains several hydrophobic regions at its N-terminal and middle regions, as well as a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 2348166455 123 ECAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESK-ASCPLCRARV 169
Cdd:cd16473     6 ECAICLENYQNGDLLRGLP-CGHVFHQNCIDVWLERDnHCCPVCRWPV 52

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 44 (RNF44) and similar proteins; RNF44 is an uncharacterized RING finger protein that shows high sequence similarity with RNF38, which is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin protein ligase that plays a role in regulating p53. RNF44 contains a coiled-coil motif, a KIL motif (Lys-X2-Ile/Leu-X2-Ile/Leu, X can be any amino acid), and a C3H2C2-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCRA 167
Cdd:cd16680    10 CVVCFSDFESRQLLRVLP-CNHEFHTKCVDKWLKTNRTCPICRA 52

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF6 and similar proteins; RNF6 is an androgen receptor (AR)-associated protein that induces AR ubiquitination and promotes AR transcriptional activity. RNF6-induced ubiquitination may regulate AR transcriptional activity and specificity by modulating cofactor recruitment. RNF6 is overexpressed in hormone-refractory human prostate cancer tissues and required for prostate cancer cell growth under androgen-depleted conditions. Moreover, RNF6 regulates local serine/threonine kinase LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) levels in axonal growth cones. RNF6-induced LIMK1 polyubiquitination is mediated via K48 of ubiquitin and leads to proteasomal degradation of the kinase. RNF6 also binds and upregulates the Inha promoter, and functions as a transcription regulatory protein in the mouse sertoli cell. RNF6 also acts as a potential tumor suppressor gene involved in the pathogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). RNF6 contains an N-terminal coiled-coil domain, a Lys-X-X-Leu/Ile-X-X-Leu/Ile (KIL) motif, and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger which is responsible for its ubiquitin ligase activity. The KIL motif is present in a subset of RING-H2 proteins from organisms as evolutionarily diverse as human, mouse, chicken, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Arabidopsis thaliana.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCRARVDAEDA 174
Cdd:cd16673     3 CSVCINEYATGNKLRRLP-CAHEFHIHCIDRWLSENSTCPICRQPVLGSNN 52

Modified RING finger, H2 subclass (C3H2C2D-type), found in zinc finger SWIM domain-containing protein 2 (ZSWIM2) and similar proteins; ZSWIM2, also known as MEKK1-related protein X (MEX) or ZZ-type zinc finger-containing protein 2, is a testis-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes death receptor-induced apoptosis through Fas, death receptor (DR) 3 and DR4 signaling. ZSWIM2 is self-ubiquitinated and targeted for degradation through the proteasome pathway. It acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, through the E2, Ub-conjugating enzymes UbcH5a, UbcH5c, or UbcH6. ZSWIM2 contains four putative zinc-binding domains including an N-terminal SWIM (SWI2/SNF2 and MuDR) domain critical for its ubiquitination, and two modified RING-H2 fingers separated by a ZZ zinc finger domain, which was required for interaction with UbcH5a and its self-association. This model corresponds to the second RING-H2 finger, which is not a canonical C3H2C3-type, but a modified C3H2C2D-type.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 2348166455 123 ECAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWL-ESKASCPLCR 166
Cdd:cd16486     1 QCRICLKAFQLGQHVRTLP-CRHKFHRDCIDNWLlHSRNSCPIDG 44

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins RNF43, ZNRF3, and similar proteins; RNF43 and ZNRF3 (also known as RNF203) are transmembrane E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases that belong to the PA-TM-RING ubiquitin ligase family, characterized by containing an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger followed by a long C-terminal region. Both RNF43 and RNF203 function as tumor suppressors involved in the regulation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. They negatively regulate Wnt signaling by interacting with complexes of frizzled (FZD) receptors and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) 5/6, which leads to ubiquitination of FZD and endocytosis of the Wnt receptor. Dishevelled (DVL), a positive Wnt regulator, is required for ZNRF3/RNF43-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of FZD. They also associate with R-spondin 1 (RSPO1). This interaction may block FZD ubiquitination and enhances Wnt signaling.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCR 166
Cdd:cd16666     2 CAICLEEYEEGQELRVLP-CQHEFHRKCVDPWLLQNHTCPLCL 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 130 (RNF130) and similar proteins; RNF130, also known as Goliath homolog (H-Goliath), is a paralog of RNF128, also known as gene related to anergy in lymphocytes protein (GRAIL). It is a transmembrane E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase expressed in leukocytes. It has a self-ubiquitination property, and controls the development of T cell clonal anergy by ubiquitination. RNF130 contains an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger domain followed by a putative PEST sequence.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCRARV 169
Cdd:cd16803     3 CAVCIEGYKQNDVVRILP-CKHVFHKSCVDPWLNEHCTCPMCKLNI 47

RING-H2 zinc finger domain; There are 8 cysteine/ histidine residues which are proposed to be the conserved residues involved in zinc binding. The protein, of which this domain is the conserved region, participates in diverse functions relevant to chromosome metabolism and cell cycle control.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFD----------DADLLRLLPRCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCR 166
Cdd:pfam12678   3 CAICRNPFMepcpecqapgDDECPVVWGECGHAFHLHCISRWLKTNNTCPLCR 55

RING finger, HC subclass, found in topoisomerase I-binding arginine/serine-rich protein (Topors) and similar proteins; Topors, also known as topoisomerase I-binding RING finger protein, tumor suppressor p53- binding protein 3, or p53-binding protein 3 (p53BP3), is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that can ligate both ubiquitin and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to substrate proteins in the nucleus. It contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger which ligates ubiquitin to its target proteins including DNA topoisomerase I, p53, NKX3.1, H2AX, and the AAV-2 Rep78/68 proteins. As a RING-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase, Topors works with the E2 enzymes UbcH5a, UbcH5c, and UbcH6, but not with UbcH7, CDC34, or UbcH2b. Topors acts as a tumor suppressor in various malignancies. It regulates p53 modification, suggesting it may be responsible for astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1, also known as metadherin, or LYRIC) ubiquitin modification. Plk1-mediated phosphorylation of Topors inhibits Topors-mediated sumoylation of p53, whereas p53 ubiquitination is enhanced, leading to p53 degradation. It also functions as a negative regulator of the prostate tumor suppressor NKX3.1. Moreover, Topors is associated with promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies, and may be involved in the cellular response to camptothecin. It also plays a key role in the turnover of H2AX protein, discriminating the type of DNA damaging stress. Furthermore, Topors is a cilia-centrosomal protein associated with autosomal dominant retinal degeneration. Mutations in TOPORS cause autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP).

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 2348166455 123 ECAVCLARFDDadLLRLLPRCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCRAR 168
Cdd:cd16574     3 SCPICLDRFEN--EKAFLDGCFHAFCFTCILEWSKVKNECPLCKQP 46

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins, RNF130, RNF149, RNF150 and similar proteins; This subfamily includes RING finger proteins, RNF130, RNF149 and RNF150, which belong to a larger PA-TM-RING ubiquitin ligase family that has been characterized by an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger domain followed by a putative PEST sequence. RNF130, also known as Goliath homolog (H-Goliath), is a paralog of RNF128. It is a transmembrane E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase expressed in leukocytes. It has a self-ubiquitination property and controls the development of T cell clonal anergy by ubiquitination. RNF133 is a testis-specific endoplasmic reticulum-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase that may play a role in sperm maturation through an ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. RNF149, also known as DNA polymerase-transactivated protein 2, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that induces the ubiquitination of wild-type v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) and promotes its proteasome-dependent degradation. RNF150 polymorphisms may be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) risk in the Chinese population. This subfamily also includes Drosophila melanogaster protein goliath (d-goliath), also known as protein g1, which is one of the founding members of the group. It was originally identified as a transcription factor involved in the embryo mesoderm formation.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCR 166
Cdd:cd16668     2 CAVCIEPYKPSDVIRILP-CKHIFHKSCVDPWLLEHRTCPMCK 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 111 (RNF111) and similar proteins; RNF111, also known as Arkadia, is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that targets intracellular effectors and modulators of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)/Nodal-related signaling for polyubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. It acts as an amplifier of Nodal signals, and enhances the dorsalizing activity of limiting amounts of Xnr1, a Nodal homolog, and requires Nodal signaling for its function. The loss of RNF111 results in early embryonic lethality, with defects attributed to compromised Nodal signaling. RNF111 also regulates tumor metastasis by modulation of the TGF-beta pathway. Its ubiquitination can be modulated by the four and a half LIM-only protein 2 (FHL2) that activates TGF-beta signal transduction. Furthermore, RNF111 interacts with the clathrin-adaptor 2 (AP2) complex and regulates endocytosis of certain cell surface receptors, leading to modulation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and possibly other signaling pathways. In addition, RNF111 has been identified as a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-binding protein with clustered SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs) that together form a SUMO-binding domain (SBD). It thus functions as a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL) that directly links nonproteolytic ubiquitylation and SUMOylation in the DNA damage response, as well as triggers degradation of signal-induced polysumoylated proteins, such as the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML). The N-terminal half of RNF111 harbors three SIMs. Its C-terminal half show high sequence similarity with RING finger protein 165 (RNF165), where it contains two serine rich domains, two nuclear localization signals, an NRG-TIER domain, and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger that is required for polyubiqutination and proteasome-dependent degradation of phosphorylated forms of Smad2/3 and three major negative regulators of TGF-beta signaling, Smad7, SnoN and c-Ski.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2348166455 123 ECAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCRARVDAE 172
Cdd:cd16681    12 KCTICLSILEEGEDVRRLP-CMHLFHQVCVDQWLITNKKCPICRVDIEAQ 60

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 122 (RNF122) and similar proteins; RNF122 is a RING finger protein associated with HEK 293T cell viability. It is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus, and overexpressed in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. RNF122 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that can ubiquitinate itself and undergo degradation through its RING finger in a proteasome-dependent manner. It interacts with calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand (CAML), which is not a substrate, but a stabilizer of RNF122. RNF122 contains an N-terminal transmembrane domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLC 165
Cdd:cd16676     3 CAVCLEDFKTKDELGVLP-CQHAFHRKCLVKWLEIRCVCPMC 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 165 (RNF165) and similar proteins; RNF165, also known as Arkadia-like 2, Arkadia2, or Ark2C, is an E3 ubiquitin ligase with homology to the C-terminal half of RNF111. It is expressed specifically in the nervous system, and can serve to amplify neuronal responses to specific signals. It acts as a positive regulator of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-Smad signaling that is involved in motor neuron (MN) axon elongation. RNF165 contains two serine rich domains, a nuclear localization signal, an NRG-TIER domain, and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger that is responsible for the enhancement of BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling in the spinal cord.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2348166455 123 ECAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCRARVDAE 172
Cdd:cd16682     9 KCTICLSMLEDGEDVRRLP-CMHLFHQLCVDQWLAMSKKCPICRVDIETQ 57

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 43 (RNF43) and similar proteins; RNF43 is a transmembrane E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays an important role in frizzled (FZD)-dependent regulation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. It functions as a tumor suppressor that inhibits Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by ubiquitinating FZD receptor and targeting it to the lysosomal pathway for degradation. miR-550a-5p directly targeted the 3'-UTR of gene RNF43 and regulated its expression. Moreover, RNF43 interacts with NEDD-4-like ubiquitin-protein ligase-1 (NEDL1) and regulates p53-mediated transcription. It may also be involved in cell growth control through the interaction with HAP95, a chromatin-associated protein interfacing the nuclear envelope. Mutations of RNF43 have been identified in various tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC), endometrial cancer, mucinous ovarian tumors, gastric adenocarcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and glioma. RNF43 contains an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger followed by a long C-terminal region.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFDDADLLRLLpRCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLC 165
Cdd:cd16798     6 CAICLEEFSEGQELRII-SCSHEFHRECVDPWLHQHRTCPLC 46

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in protein E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Praja-1, Praja-2, and similar proteins; This family includes two highly similar E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases, Praja-1 and Praja-2. Praja-1, also known as RING finger protein 70, is a RING-H2 finger ubiquitin ligase encoded by gene PJA1, a novel human X chromosome gene abundantly expressed in the brain. It has been implicated in bone and liver development, as well as memory formation and X-linked mental retardation (MRX). Praja-1 interacts with and activates the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH5B, and shows E2-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. It is a 3-deazaneplanocin A (DZNep)-induced ubiquitin ligase that directly ubiquitinates individual polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) subunits in a cell free system, which leads to their proteasomal degradation. It also plays an important role in neuronal plasticity, which is the basis for learning and memory. Moreover, Praja-1 ubiquitinates embryonic liver fodrin (ELF) and Smad3, but not Smad4, in a transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-dependent manner. It controls ELF abundance through ubiquitin-mediated degradation, and further regulates TGF-beta signaling, which plays a key role in the suppression of gastric carcinoma. Praja-1 also regulates the transcription function of the homeodomain protein Dlx5 by controlling the stability of Dlxin-1, via a ubiquitin-dependent degradation pathway. Praja-2, also known as RING finger protein 131, NEURODAP1, or KIAA0438, is an E2-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with and activates the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH5B. It functions as an A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP)-like E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays a critical role in controlling cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent PKA activity and pro-survival signaling, and further promotes cell proliferation and growth. Praja-2 is also involved in protein sorting at the postsynaptic density region of axosomatic synapses and possibly plays a role in synaptic communication and plasticity. Together with the AMPK-related kinase SIK2 and the CDK5 activator CDK5R1/p35, it forms a SIK2-p35-PJA2 complex that plays an essential role for glucose homeostasis in pancreatic beta cell functional compensation. Praja-2 ubiquitylates and degrades Mob, a core component of NDR/LATS kinase and a positive regulator of the tumor-suppressor Hippo signaling. Both Praja-1 and Praja-2 contain a potential nuclear localization signal (NLS) and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 motif.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCR 166
Cdd:cd16465     2 CPICCSEYVKDEIATELP-CHHLFHKPCITAWLQKSGTCPVCR 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 150 (RNF150) and similar proteins; RNF150 is a RING finger protein and its polymorphisms may be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) risk in the Chinese population. Further studies with larger numbers of participants worldwide are needed for validation of the relationships between RNF150 genetic variants and the pathogenesis of COPD. RNF150 contains an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger domain followed by a putative PEST sequence.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCRARV 169
Cdd:cd16805     9 CAVCIEGYKPNDVVRILP-CRHLFHKSCVDPWLLDHRTCPMCKMNI 53

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 128 (RNF128) and similar proteins; This subfamily includes RING finger proteins RNF128, RNF133, RNF148, and similar proteins, which belong to a larger PA-TM-RING ubiquitin ligase family that has been characterized by containing an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger followed by a putative PEST sequence. RNF128, also known as gene related to anergy in lymphocytes protein (GRAIL), is a type 1 transmembrane E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is a critical regulator of adaptive immunity and development. It inhibits cytokine gene transcription, is expressed in anergic CD4+ T cells, and has been implicated in primary T cell activation, survival, and differentiation, as well as in T cell anergy and oral tolerance. It induces T cell anergy through the ubiquitination activity of its cytosolic RING finger. It regulates expression of the costimulatory molecule CD40L on CD4 T cells, and ubiquitinates the costimulatory molecule CD40 ligand (CD40L) during the induction of T cell anergy. Moreover, RNF128 interacts with the luminal/extracellular portion of both CD151 and the related tetraspanin CD81 via its PA domain, which promoted ubiquitination of cytosolic lysine residues. It also down-modulates the expression of CD83 (previously described as a cell surface marker for mature dendritic cells) on CD4 T cells. Furthermore, Rho guanine dissociation inhibitor (RhoGDI) has been identified as a potential substrate of RNF128, suggesting a role for Rho effector molecules in T cell anergy. In addition, RNF128 plays a role in environmental stress responses. It promotes environmental salinity tolerance in euryhaline tilapia. RNF133 is a testis-specific endoplasmic reticulum-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase that is mainly present in the cytoplasm of elongated spermatids. It may play a role in sperm maturation through an ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. RNF148 is a testis-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase that is abundantly expressed in testes and slightly expressed in pancreas. Its expression is regulated by histone deacetylases.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCR 166
Cdd:cd16802     3 CAVCIEPYKPNDVVRILT-CNHLFHKNCIDPWLLEHRTCPMCK 44

RING-finger-containing ubiquitin ligase [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones];

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 2348166455 116 RGARQGLECAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWL-ESKASCPLCRARV 169
Cdd:COG5540   318 VEADKGVECAICMSNFIKNDRLRVLP-CDHRFHVGCVDKWLlGYSNKCPVCRTAI 371

Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger);

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 2348166455 123 ECAVCLARFDDADLLRLlprCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLC 165
Cdd:pfam13923   1 MCPICMDMLKDPSTTTP---CGHVFCQDCILRALRAGNECPLC 40

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana MED25-binding RING-H2 protein (MBR) and similar proteins; This subfamily includes MBR1 and MBR2 (also called HAL3-interacting protein 1 or AtHIP1). They are E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases that function as regulators of MED25 stability by targeting MED25 for degradation in a RING-H2-dependent manner. Proteasome-dependent degradation of MED25 seems to activate its function as a positive regulator of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and is important to induce the expression of FT, and consequently to promote flowering. MBR2 may also function downstream of HAL3 and be required for HAL3-regulated plant growth. Activation of MBR2 by HAL3 may lead to the degradation of cell cycle suppressors, resulting in enhancement of cell division and plant growth. Both MBR1 and MBR2 contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFDDADLLRLLpRCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCRA 167
Cdd:cd23113     5 CCICQEEYEEGDELGTI-ECGHEYHSDCIKQWLVQKNLCPICKA 47

RING finger, HC subclass, found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Deltex3 (DTX3), Deltex-3-like (DTX3L) and similar proteins; This subfamily contains Deltex3 (DTX3) and Deltex-3-like (DTX3L), both of which are E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases belonging to the Deltex (DTX) family. DTX3, also known as RING finger protein 154 (RNF154), has a biological function that remains unclear. DTX3L, also known as B-lymphoma- and BAL-associated protein (BBAP) or Rhysin-2 (Rhysin2), regulates endosomal sorting of the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 from endosomes to lysosomes. It also regulates subcellular localization of its partner protein, B aggressive lymphoma (BAL), by a dynamic nucleocytoplasmic trafficking mechanism. In contrast to other DTXs, both DTX3 and DTX3L contain a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, and a previously unidentified C-terminal domain. DTX3L can associate with DTX1 through its unique N termini and further enhance self-ubiquitination.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2348166455 123 ECAVCLARFDDAdllRLLPRCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCR 166
Cdd:cd16506     2 TCPICLDEIQNK---KTLEKCKHSFCEDCIDRALQVKPVCPVCG 42

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana protein ABA INSENSITIVE RING PROTEIN 1 (AIRP1) and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Arabidopsis thaliana AIRP1 and RING-H2 finger B1a (RHB1A). AIRP1, also known as RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase AIRP1, possesses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity in vitro when associated with the E2 enzyme UBC8. It plays combinatory roles with AIRP2 in the positive regulation of the abscisic acid-mediated drought stress response. RHB1A is a probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Members of this subfamily contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 2348166455 123 ECAVCLARFDdADLLRLLPRCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCRARV 169
Cdd:cd23116     4 VCPTCLEGYT-EENPKLLTKCGHHFHLACIYEWMERSERCPVCDKEM 49

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in anaphase-promoting complex subunit 11 (APC11) and similar proteins; APC11, also known as cyclosome subunit 11, or hepatocellular carcinoma-associated RING finger protein, is a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 protein that facilitates ubiquitin chain formation by recruiting ubiquitin-charged ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2) through its RING-H2 domain. APC11 and its partner, the cullin-like subunit APC2, form the dynamic catalytic core of the gigantic, multisubunit 1.2-MDa anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC), also known as the cyclosome, which is a ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3) composed of at least 12 subunits and controls cell division by ubiquitinating cell cycle regulators, such as cyclin B and securin, to drive their timely degradation. APC11 can be inhibited by hydrogen peroxide, which may contribute to the delay in cell cycle progression through mitosis that is characteristic of cells subjected to oxidative stress. APC11 contains a canonical RING-H2-finger that coordinate two Zn2+ ions. In addition, it contains a third Zn2+-binding site that is not essential for its ligase activity.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFDDA---------DLLRLLPRCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKAS---CPLCRA 167
Cdd:cd16456     4 CGICRMAFDGCcpdckfpgdDCPLVWGKCSHCFHMHCILKWLNSQQVqqhCPMCRQ 59

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae transmembrane E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase 1 (TUL1) and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae TUL1, Schizosaccharomyces pombe DSC E3 ubiquitin ligase complex subunit 1 (DSC1), and Arabidopsis thaliana protein FLYING SAUCER 2 (FLY2). TUL1 is the catalytic component of DSC E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes that tag proteins present in Golgi, endosome and vacuole membranes and function in protein homeostasis under non-stress conditions, and support a role in protein quality control. It mediates ubiquitination of vacuolar proteins such as CPS1, PPN1, PEP12 and other proteins containing exposed hydrophilic residues within their transmembrane domains, leading to their sorting into internal vesicles in late endosomes. TUL1 also targets the unpalmitoylated endosomal SNARE TLG1 to the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway. DSC1, also known as defective for SREBP cleavage protein 1, is the catalytic component of the DSC E3 ubiquitin ligase complex required for the sre1 transcriptional activator proteolytic cleavage to release the soluble transcription factor from the membrane in low oxygen or sterol conditions. FLY2 acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that may be involved in xylem development. Members of this subfamily contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 2348166455 123 ECAVC-----LARFDDADLLRLLPRCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCR 166
Cdd:cd23117     6 DCVICmsdieLPSTNSVRRDYMVTPCNHIFHTNCLERWMDIKLECPTCR 54

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 213 (RNF213) and similar proteins; RNF213, also known as ALK lymphoma oligomerization partner on chromosome 17 or Moyamoya steno-occlusive disease-associated AAA+ and RING finger protein (mysterin), is an intracellular soluble protein that functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and AAA+ ATPase, which possibly contributes to vascular development through mechanical processes in the cell. It plays a unique role in endothelial cells for proper gene expression in response to inflammatory signals from the environment. Mutations in RNF213 may be associated with Moyamoya disease (MMD), an idiopathic cerebrovascular occlusive disorder prevalent in East Asia. It also acts as a nuclear marker for acanthomorph phylogeny. RNF213 contains two tandem enzymatically active AAA+ ATPase modules and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. It can form a huge ring-shaped oligomeric complex.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 2348166455 123 ECAVCLARFDDAdllRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCRARV 169
Cdd:cd16561     4 ECSICLEDLNDP---VKLP-CDHVFCEECIRQWLPGQMSCPLCRTEL 46

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 139 (RNF139) and similar proteins; RNF139, also known as translocation in renal carcinoma on chromosome 8 protein (TRC8), is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident multi-transmembrane protein that functions as a potent growth suppressor in mammalian cells, inducing G2/M arrest, decreased DNA synthesis and increased apoptosis. It is a tumor suppressor that has been implicated in a novel regulatory relationship linking the cholesterol/lipid biosynthetic pathway with cellular growth control. A mutation in RNF139 has been identified in families with hereditary renal (RCC) and thyroid cancers. RNF139 physically and functionally interacts with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL), which is part of an SCF related E3-ubiquitin ligase complex with "gatekeeper" function in renal carcinoma and is defective in most sporadic clear-cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC). It suppresses growth and functions with VHL in a common pathway. RNF139 also suppresses tumorigenesis by targeting heme oxygenase-1 for ubiquitination and degradation. Moreover, RNF139 is a target of Translin (TSN), a posttranscriptional regulator of genes transcribed by the transcription factor CREM-tau in postmeiotic male germ cells, suggesting a role of RNF139 in dysgerminoma. In addition, RNF139 forms an integral part of a novel multi-protein ER complex, containing MHC I, US2, and signal peptide peptidase, which is associated with the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. It is required for the ubiquitination of MHC class I molecules before dislocation from the ER. As a novel sterol-sensing ER membrane protein, RNF139 hinders sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) processing through interaction with SREBP-2 and SREBP cleavage-activated protein (SCAP), regulating its own turnover rate via its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. RNF139 shows two regions of similarity with the receptor for sonic hedgehog (SHH), Patched. The first region corresponds to the second extracellular domain of Patched, which is involved in binding SHH. The second region is a putative sterol-sensing domain (SSD). The C-terminal half of RNF139 contains a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger with E3-ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFDDAdlLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCRARVDAED 173
Cdd:cd16683     7 CAICYQEFTTS--ARITP-CNHYFHALCLRKWLYIQDTCPMCHQKVYIED 53

Component of SCF ubiquitin ligase and anaphase-promoting complex [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones / Cell division and chromosome partitioning];

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|....
gi 2348166455 143 CRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCR 166
Cdd:COG5194    54 CNHAFHDHCIYRWLDTKGVCPLDR 77

modified RING finger, H2 subclass (C3H2C2D-type), found in RING-box protein 1 (RBX1) and similar proteins; RBX1, also known as Hrt1, protein ZYP, RING finger protein 75 (RNF75), or regulator of cullins 1 (ROC1), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase necessary for ubiquitin ligation activity of multimeric cullin (Cul)-RING E3 ligases (CRLs). RBX1-containing CRLs are involved in the NEDD8 pathway; RBX1 specifically regulates NEDD8ylation of Cul1-4. It can also bind and activate HIV-1 Vif-Cullin5 E3 ligase complex in vitro. Moreover, RBX1 is an essential element of Skp1/Cullin/F-box (SCF) E3-ubiquitin ligase complexes that target diverse proteins for proteasome-mediated degradation. It is a direct functional target of miR-194 and plays an important role in proliferation and migration of gastric cancer (GC) cells. RBX1 is also an essential component of KEAP1/CUL3/RBX1 E3-ubiquitin ligase complex that functions as a regulator of NFE2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and plays a key role in NRF2 pathway deregulation in multiple tumor types, including ovarian carcinomas (OVCA) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Furthermore, RBX1 associates with DDB1, Cul4A, and Fbxw5 to form the Fbxw5-DDB1-Cul4A-Rbx1 complex that may function as a dual SUMO/ubiquitin ligase suppressing c-Myb activity through sumoylation or ubiquitination. RBX1 contains a C-terminal modified RING-H2 finger that is of C3H2C2D-type, rather than the canonical C3H2C3-type. The modified RING-H2 finger is essential for its ligase activity.

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|...
gi 2348166455 143 CRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLC 165
Cdd:cd16485    36 CNHAFHFHCISRWLKTRQVCPLD 58

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 3 (TTC3) and similar proteins; TTC3, also known as protein DCRR1, TPR repeat protein D, TPR repeat protein 3, or RING finger protein 105 (RNF105), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase encoded by a gene within the Down syndrome (DS) critical region on chromosome 21. It affects differentiation and Golgi compactness in neurons through specific actin-regulating pathways. It inhibits the neuronal-like differentiation of pheocromocytoma cells by activating RhoA and by binding to Citron proteins. TTC3 is an Akt-specific E3 ligase that binds to phosphorylated Akt and facilitates its ubiquitination and degradation within the nucleus. It contains four N-terminal TPR motifs, a potential coiled-coil region and a Citron binding region in the central part, and a C-terminal C3H2C2-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFDDADLLRLlpRCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCRARV 169
Cdd:cd16481     2 CIICHDDLKPDQLAKL--ECGHIFHKECIKQWLKEQSTCPTCRVHV 45

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger and transmembrane domain-containing protein RNFT1, RNFT2, and similar proteins; Both RNFT1 and RNFT2 are multi-pass membrane proteins containing a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. Their biological roles remain unclear.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFDDADLLRllprCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCR 166
Cdd:cd16532     3 CPICQDEFKDPVVLR----CKHIFCEDCVSEWFERERTCPLCR 41

Modified RING-CH finger, H2 subclass (C4HC2H-type), found in zinc/RING finger protein 1 (ZNRF1) and similar proteins; ZNRF1, also known as Nerve injury-induced gene 283 protein (nin283), or peripheral nerve injury protein (PNIP), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is highly expressed in the nervous system during development and is associated with synaptic vesicle membranes. It is N-myrisotoylated and is also located in the endosome-lysosome compartment in fibroblasts, suggesting it may participate in ubiquitin-mediated protein modification. It contains an N-terminal MAGE domain, and a special C-terminal domain that combines a zinc finger and a modified C4HC2H-type RING-CH finger, rather than the typical C4HC3-type RING-CH finger, which is a variant of the RING-H2 finger. Only the RING finger of the zinc finger-RING finger motif is required for its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. ZNRF1 regulates Schwann cell differentiation by proteasomal degradation of glutamine synthetase (GS). It also mediates regulation of neuritogenesis via interaction with beta-tubulin type 2 (Tubb2). Moreover, ZNRF1 promotes Wallerian degeneration by degrading AKT to induce glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3B)-dependent CRMP2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, ZNRF1 and its sister protein ZNRF2 regulate the ubiquitous Na+/K+ pump (Na+/K+ATPase). In addition, ZNRF1 may be associated with leukemogenesis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with paired box domain gene 5 (PAX5) alteration.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 2348166455 123 ECAVCLARFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCP 163
Cdd:cd16694     1 ECVICLEELLQGDTIARLP-CLCIYHKSCIDSWFEVNRSCP 40

Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 11 RING-H2 finger; Apc11 is one of the subunits of the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome. The APC subunits are cullin family proteins with ubiquitin ligase activity. Polyubiquitination marks proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome and is carried out by a cascade of enzymes that includes ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s), and ubiquitin ligases (E3s). Apc11 acts as an E3 enzyme and is responsible for recruiting E2s to the APC and for mediating the subsequent transfer of ubiquitin to APC substrates in vivo. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae this RING-H2 finger protein defines the minimal ubiquitin ligase activity of the APC, and the integrity of the RING-H2 finger is essential for budding yeast cell viability.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFDDADLLrlLPRCRHAFHLDCVDRWLE---SKASCPLCR 166
Cdd:pfam12861  35 CPDCKFPGDDCPLV--WGKCSHNFHMHCILKWLHtetSKGLCPMCR 78

HC subclass of RING (RING-HC) finger and its variants; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers. Some have a different Cys/His pattern. Some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions, especially, the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can chelate Zn in a RING finger as well. This family corresponds to the HC subclass of RING (RING-HC) fingers that are characterized by containing C3HC4-type canonical RING-HC fingers or noncanonical RING-HC finger variants, including C4C4-, C3HC3D-, C2H2C4-, and C3HC5-type modified RING-HC fingers. The canonical RING-HC finger has been defined as C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-C-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C. It binds two Zn ions in a unique "cross-brace" arrangement, which distinguishes it from tandem zinc fingers and other similar motifs. RING-HC fingers can be found in a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle, and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serve as scaffolds for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enables efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 2348166455 122 LECAVCLARFDDAdllRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWLES-KASCPLC 165
Cdd:cd16449     1 LECPICLERLKDP---VLLP-CGHVFCRECIRRLLESgSIKCPIC 41

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 138 (RNF138) and similar proteins; RNF138, also known as Nemo-like kinase-associated RING finger protein (NARF) or NLK-associated RING finger protein, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays an important role in glioma cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle. It specifically cooperates with the E2 conjugating enzyme E2-25K (Hip-2/UbcH1), regulates the ubiquitylation and degradation of T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF), and further suppresses Wnt-beta-catenin signaling. RNF138, together with three closely related proteins: RNF114, RNF125 and RNF166, forms a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a C2HC-, and two C2H2-type zinc fingers, as well as a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM).

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 2348166455 122 LECAVCLARFDDAdlLRLLPrCRHAFHLDC-VDRWLESKASCPLCRARV 169
Cdd:cd16544     3 LTCPVCQEVLKDP--VELPP-CRHIFCKACiLLALRSSGARCPLCRGPV 48

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins RNF139, RNF145, and similar proteins; RNF139, also known as translocation in renal carcinoma on chromosome 8 protein (TRC8), is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident multi-transmembrane protein that functions as a potent growth suppressor in mammalian cells, inducing G2/M arrest, decreased DNA synthesis and increased apoptosis. It is a tumor suppressor that has been implicated in a novel regulatory relationship linking the cholesterol/lipid biosynthetic pathway with cellular growth control. A mutation in RNF139 has been identified in families with hereditary renal (RCC) and thyroid cancers. RNF145 is an uncharacterized RING finger protein encoded by the RNF145 gene, which is expressed in T lymphocytes, and its expression is altered in acute myelomonocytic and acute promyelocytic leukemias. Although its biological function remains unclear, RNF145 shows high sequence similarity with RNF139. Both RNF139 and RNF145 contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger with possible E3-ubiquitin ligase activity.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2348166455 124 CAVClarFDDADLLRLLPrCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLC 165
Cdd:cd16476     3 CAIC---YQEMKEARITP-CNHFFHGLCLRKWLYVQDTCPLC 40

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased recombination centers protein 20 (IRC20) and similar proteins; IRC20 is an uncharacterized ATP-dependent helicase that is probably involved in a pathway contributing to genomic integrity. IRC20 contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 2348166455 120 QGLECAVCLARFDdadlLRLLPRCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCR 166
Cdd:cd23135     2 QKLSCSICFSEIR----SGAILKCGHFFCLSCIASWLREKSTCPLCK 44

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC3D-type), found in PHD and RING finger domain-containing protein 1 (PHRF1) and similar proteins; PHRF1, also known as KIAA1542, or CTD-binding SR-like protein rA9, is a ubiquitin ligase which induces the ubiquitination of TGIF (TG-interacting factor) at lysine 130. It acts as a tumor suppressor that promotes the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta cytostatic program through selective release of TGIF-driven promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) inactivation. PHRF1 contains a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger and a modified C3HC3D-type RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFDDADLLrlLPR-CRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCR 166
Cdd:cd16635     7 CPICLNTFRDQAVG--TPEsCDHIFCLDCILEWSKNANTCPVDR 48

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger and transmembrane domain-containing protein 2(RNFT2); RNFT2, also known as transmembrane protein 118 (TMEM118), is a multi-pass membrane protein containing a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. Its biological role remains unclear.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFDDADLLRllprCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESKASCPLCRARV 169
Cdd:cd16742    16 CAICQAEFREPLILI----CQHVFCEECLCLWFDRERTCPLCRSVV 57

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 69 (TRIM69) and similar proteins; TRIM69, also known as RFP-like domain-containing protein trimless or RING finger protein 36 (RNF36), is a testis E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a specific role in apoptosis and may also play an important role in germ cell homeostasis during spermatogenesis. TRIM69 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2348166455 119 RQGLECAVCLARFDDADLLRllprCRHAFHLDCVDRWLESK---ASCPLCRARV 169
Cdd:cd16611     2 TEELHCPLCLDFFRDPVMLS----CGHNFCQSCITGFWELQaedTTCPECRELC 51

RING finger (Really Interesting New Gene) domain and U-box domain superfamily; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers: some have different Cys/His patterns while some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions (the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can indeed chelate Zn in a RING finger as well). C4C4-, C3HC3D-, C2H2C4-, and C3HC5-type RING fingers are closely related to RING-HC fingers. In contrast, C4HC3- (RING-CH alias RINGv), C3H3C2-, C3H2C2D-, C3DHC3-, and C4HC2H-type RING fingers are more closely related to RING-H2 fingers. However, not all RING finger-containing proteins display regular RING finger features, and the RING finger family has turned out to be multifarious. The degenerate RING fingers of the Siz/PIAS RING (SP-RING) family proteins and sporulation protein RMD5, are characterized by lacking the second, fifth, and sixth Zn2+ ion-coordinating residues. They bind only one Zn2+ ion. On the other hand, the RING fingers of the human APC11 and RBX1 proteins can bind a third Zn atom since they harbor four additional Zn ligands. U-box is a modified form of the RING finger domain that lacks metal chelating Cys and His residues. It resembles the cross-brace RING structure consisting of three beta-sheets and a single alpha-helix, which would be stabilized by salt bridges instead of chelated metal ions. U-box proteins are widely distributed among eukaryotic organisms and show a higher prevalence in plants than in other organisms. RING finger/U-box-containing proteins are a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serve as scaffolds for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enable efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

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gi 2348166455 124 CAVCLARFDDADLLrLLPRCRHAFHLDCVDRWLES-KASCPLC 165
Cdd:cd00162     1 CPICREEMNDRRPV-VLLSCGHTFSRSAIARWLEGsKQKCPFC 42