The fifth LIM domain of protein PINCH; The fifth LIM domain of protein PINCH: PINCH plays pivotal roles in the assembly of focal adhesions (FAs), regulating diverse functions in cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation through LIM-mediated protein-protein interactions. PINCH comprises an array of five LIM domains that interact with integrin-linked kinase (ILK), Nck2 (also called Nckbeta or Grb4) and other interaction partners. These interactions are essential for triggering the FA assembly and for relaying diverse mechanical and biochemical signals between Cell-extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2462575041 141 CYNCSHVIEGDVVSALNKAWCVSCFSCSTCNSKLTLKNKFVEFDMKPVCKRCYE 194
Cdd:cd09335     1 CYHCNQVIEGDVVSALNKTWCVDHFSCSFCDTKLTLKSKFYEFDMKPVCKKCYD 54

The fifth LIM domain of protein PINCH; The fifth LIM domain of protein PINCH: PINCH plays pivotal roles in the assembly of focal adhesions (FAs), regulating diverse functions in cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation through LIM-mediated protein-protein interactions. PINCH comprises an array of five LIM domains that interact with integrin-linked kinase (ILK), Nck2 (also called Nckbeta or Grb4) and other interaction partners. These interactions are essential for triggering the FA assembly and for relaying diverse mechanical and biochemical signals between Cell-extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2462575041 141 CYNCSHVIEGDVVSALNKAWCVSCFSCSTCNSKLTLKNKFVEFDMKPVCKRCYE 194
Cdd:cd09335     1 CYHCNQVIEGDVVSALNKTWCVDHFSCSFCDTKLTLKSKFYEFDMKPVCKKCYD 54

LIM domain; This family represents two copies of the LIM structural domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 2462575041  82 CGACRRPIEGR-VVNALGKQWHVEHFVCAKCEKPFLGHRHYEKKGLAYCETHYNQLF 137
Cdd:pfam00412   1 CAGCNRPIYDReLVRALGKVWHPECFRCAVCGKPLTTGDFYEKDGKLYCKHDYYKLF 57

LIM domain; This family represents two copies of the LIM structural domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 2462575041  24 CQRCH-LVIDEQPLMFRSDAYHPDHFNCTHCGKELTAEAR-ELKGELYCLPCHDKM 77
Cdd:pfam00412   1 CAGCNrPIYDRELVRALGKVWHPECFRCAVCGKPLTTGDFyEKDGKLYCKHDYYKL 56

LIM domain; This family represents two copies of the LIM structural domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 2462575041 141 CYNCSHVIEG-DVVSALNKAWCVSCFSCSTCNSKLTLKNKFvEFDMKPVCKRCYEK 195
Cdd:pfam00412   1 CAGCNRPIYDrELVRALGKVWHPECFRCAVCGKPLTTGDFY-EKDGKLYCKHDYYK 55

The fifth LIM domain of protein PINCH; The fifth LIM domain of protein PINCH: PINCH plays pivotal roles in the assembly of focal adhesions (FAs), regulating diverse functions in cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation through LIM-mediated protein-protein interactions. PINCH comprises an array of five LIM domains that interact with integrin-linked kinase (ILK), Nck2 (also called Nckbeta or Grb4) and other interaction partners. These interactions are essential for triggering the FA assembly and for relaying diverse mechanical and biochemical signals between Cell-extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2462575041 141 CYNCSHVIEGDVVSALNKAWCVSCFSCSTCNSKLTLKNKFVEFDMKPVCKRCYE 194
Cdd:cd09335     1 CYHCNQVIEGDVVSALNKTWCVDHFSCSFCDTKLTLKSKFYEFDMKPVCKKCYD 54

The first LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family; The first LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family: This family consists of paxillin, leupaxin, Hic-5 (ARA55), and other related proteins. There are four LIM domains in the C-terminal of the proteins and leucine-rich LD-motifs in the N-terminal region. Members of this family are adaptor proteins to recruit key components of signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Paxillin serves as a platform for the recruitment of numerous regulatory and structural proteins that together control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression that are necessary for cell migration and survival. Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein, which is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells. It associates with focal adhesion kinases PYK2 and pp125FAK and identified to be a component of the osteoclast pososomal signaling complex. Hic-5 controls cell proliferation, migration and senescence by functioning as coactivator for steroid receptors such as androgen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor and progesterone receptor. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2462575041  82 CGACRRPIEGRVVNALGKQWHVEHFVCAKCEKPFLGHRHYEKKGLAYCETHY 133
Cdd:cd09336     1 CAACNKPIVGQVVTALGKTWHPEHFVCVHCQTELGTSNFFERDGKPYCEKDY 52

The first LIM domain of paxillin; The first LIM domain of paxillin: Paxillin is an adaptor protein, which recruits key components of the signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations to respond to environmental changes rapidly. The C-terminal region of paxillin contains four LIM domains which target paxillin to focal adhesions, presumably through a direct association with the cytoplasmic tail of beta-integrin. The N-terminal of paxillin is leucine-rich LD-motifs. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. The binding partners of paxillin are diverse and include protein tyrosine kinases, such as Src and FAK, structural proteins, such as vinculin and actopaxin, and regulators of actin organization. Paxillin recruits these proteins to their function sites to control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight cons erved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2462575041  81 ICGACRRPIEGRVVNALGKQWHVEHFVCAKCEKPFLGHRHYEKKGLAYCETHYN 134
Cdd:cd09405     1 VCGACKKPIAGQVVTAMGKTWHPEHFVCTHCQEEIGSRNFFERDGQPYCEKDYH 54

The second LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family; The second LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family: This family consists of paxillin, leupaxin, Hic-5 (ARA55), and other related proteins. There are four LIM domains in the C-terminal of the proteins and leucine-rich LD-motifs in the N-terminal region. Members of this family are adaptor proteins to recruit key components of signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Paxillin serves as a platform for the recruitment of numerous regulatory and structural proteins that together control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression that are necessary for cell migration and survival. Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein, which is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells. It associates with focal adhesion kinases PYK2 and pp125FAK and identified to be a component of the osteoclast pososomal signaling complex. Hic-5 controls cell proliferation, migration and senescence by functioning as coactivator for steroid receptors such as androgen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor and progesterone receptor. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2462575041  82 CGACRRPIEGRVVNALGKQWHVEHFVCAKCEKPFLGHRHYEKKGLAYCETHY 133
Cdd:cd09337     1 CAYCNGPILDKCVTALDKTWHPEHFFCAQCGKPFGDEGFHEKDGKPYCREDY 52

LIM is a small protein-protein interaction domain, containing two zinc fingers; LIM domains are identified in a diverse group of proteins with wide variety of biological functions, including gene expression regulation, cell fate determination, cytoskeleton organization, tumor formation and development. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes. They perform their functions through interactions with other protein partners. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. The consensus sequence of LIM domain has been defined as C-x(2)-C-x(16,23)-H-x(2)-[CH]-x(2)-C-x(2)-C-x(16,21)-C-x(2,3)-[CHD] (where X denotes any amino acid).

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 2462575041  82 CGACRRPIEGR-VVNALGKQWHVEHFVCAKCEKPFLGHRHYEKKGLAYCETHY 133
Cdd:cd08368     1 CAGCGKPIEGReLLRALGKKWHPECFKCAECGKPLGGDSFYEKDGKPYCEKCY 53

The third LIM domain of paxillin; The third LIM domain of paxillin: Paxillin is an adaptor protein, which recruits key components of the signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations to respond to environmental changes rapidly. The C-terminal region of paxillin contains four LIM domains which target paxillin to focal adhesions, presumably through a direct association with the cytoplasmic tail of beta-integrin. The N-terminal of paxillin is leucine-rich LD-motifs. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. The binding partners of paxillin are diverse and include protein tyrosine kinases, such as Src and FAK, structural proteins, such as vinculin and actopaxin, and regulators of actin organization. Paxillin recruits these proteins to their function sites to control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 2462575041  82 CGACRRPIEGRVVNALGKQWHVEHFVCAKCEKPFLGHRHYEKKGLAYCETHYN 134
Cdd:cd09409     1 CGGCARAILENYISALNTLWHPECFVCRECFTPFVNGSFFEHDGQPYCEAHYH 53

The second LIM domain of paxillin; The second LIM domain of paxillin: Paxillin is an adaptor protein, which recruits key components of the signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations to respond to environmental changes rapidly. The C-terminal region of paxillin contains four LIM domains which target paxillin to focal adhesions, presumably through a direct association with the cytoplasmic tail of beta-integrin. The N-terminal of paxillin is leucine-rich LD-motifs. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. The binding partners of paxillin are diverse and include protein tyrosine kinases, such as Src and FAK, structural proteins, such as vinculin and actopaxin, and regulators of actin organization. Paxillin recruits these proteins to their function sites to control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2462575041  82 CGACRRPIEGRVVNALGKQWHVEHFVCAKCEKPFLGHRHYEKKGLAYCETHY 133
Cdd:cd09407     1 CYYCNGPILDKVVTALDRTWHPEHFFCAQCGAFFGPEGFHEKDGKAYCRKDY 52

The second LIM domain of Enigma-like family; The second LIM domain of Enigma-like family: The Enigma LIM domain family is comprised of three members: Enigma, ENH, and Cypher (mouse)/ZASP (human). These subfamily members contain a single PDZ domain at the N-terminus and three LIM domains at the C-terminus. Enigma was initially characterized in humans and is expressed in multiple tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, bone and brain. The third LIM domain specifically interacts with the insulin receptor and the second LIM domain interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret and the adaptor protein APS. Thus Enigma is implicated in signal transduction processes, such as mitogenic activity, insulin related actin organization, and glucose metabolism. The second member, ENH protein, was first identified in rat brain. It has been shown that ENH interacts with protein kinase D1 (PKD1) via its LIM domains and forms a complex with PKD1 and the alpha1C subunit of cardiac L-type voltage-gated calcium channel in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. The N-terminal PDZ domain interacts with alpha-actinin at the Z-line. ZASP/Cypher is required for maintenance of Z-line structure during muscle contraction, but not required for Z-line assembly. In heart, Cypher/ZASP plays a structural role through its interaction with cytoskeletal Z-line proteins. In addition, there is increasing evidence that Cypher/ZASP also performs signaling functions. Studies reveal that Cypher/ZASP interacts with and directs PKC to the Z-line, where PKC phosphorylates downstream signaling targets. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2462575041  82 CGACRRPIEGRVVNALGKQWHVEHFVCAKCEKPFLGHRHYEKKGLAYCETHY 133
Cdd:cd09362     1 CARCHKKILGEVMHALKQTWHVSCFVCAACKQPIGNSLFHMEDGEPYCEKDY 52

The first LIM domain of Enigma-like family; The first LIM domain of Enigma-like family: The Enigma LIM domain family is comprised of three members: Enigma, ENH, and Cypher (mouse)/ZASP (human). These subfamily members contain a single PDZ domain at the N-terminus and three LIM domains at the C-terminus. Enigma was initially characterized in humans and is expressed in multiple tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, bone, and brain. The third LIM domain specifically interacts with the insulin receptor and the second LIM domain interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret and the adaptor protein APS. Thus Enigma is implicated in signal transduction processes, such as mitogenic activity, insulin related actin organization, and glucose metabolism. The second member, ENH protein, was first identified in rat brain. It has been shown that ENH interacts with protein kinase D1 (PKD1) via its LIM domains and forms a complex with PKD1 and the alpha1C subunit of cardiac L-type voltage-gated calcium channel in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. The N-terminal PDZ domain interacts with alpha-actinin at the Z-line. ZASP/Cypher is required for maintenance of Z-line structure during muscle contraction, but not required for Z-line assembly. In heart, Cypher/ZASP plays a structural role through its interaction with cytoskeletal Z-line proteins. In addition, there is increasing evidence that Cypher/ZASP also performs signaling functions. Studies reveal that Cypher/ZASP interacts with and directs PKC to the Z-line, where PKC phosphorylates downstream signaling targets. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2462575041  82 CGACRRPIEGRVVNALGKQWHVEHFVCAKCEKPFLGHRHYEKKGLAYCETHY 133
Cdd:cd09361     1 CAHCNQVIRGPFLVALGRSWHPEEFTCSHCHCSLAEIGFVEEKGSLYCELCY 52

LIM is a small protein-protein interaction domain, containing two zinc fingers; LIM domains are identified in a diverse group of proteins with wide variety of biological functions, including gene expression regulation, cell fate determination, cytoskeleton organization, tumor formation and development. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes. They perform their functions through interactions with other protein partners. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. The consensus sequence of LIM domain has been defined as C-x(2)-C-x(16,23)-H-x(2)-[CH]-x(2)-C-x(2)-C-x(16,21)-C-x(2,3)-[CHD] (where X denotes any amino acid).

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2462575041 141 CYNCSHVIEGD-VVSALNKAWCVSCFSCSTCNSKLTlKNKFVEFDMKPVCKRCY 193
Cdd:cd08368     1 CAGCGKPIEGReLLRALGKKWHPECFKCAECGKPLG-GDSFYEKDGKPYCEKCY 53

The third LIM domain of Leupaxin; The third LIM domain of Leupaxin: Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein, which is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells. Leupaxin belongs to the paxillin focal adhesion protein family. Same as other members of the family, it has four leucine-rich LD-motifs in the N-terminus and four LIM domains in the C-terminus. It may function in cell type-specific signaling by associating with interaction partners PYK2, FAK, PEP and p95PKL. When expressed in human leukocytic cells, leupaxin significantly suppressed integrin-mediated cell adhesion to fibronectin and the tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin. These findings indicate that leupaxin may negatively regulate the functions of paxillin during integrin signaling. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 2462575041  82 CGACRRPIEGRVVNALGKQWHVEHFVCAKCEKPFLGHRHYEKKGLAYCETHYN 134
Cdd:cd09410     1 CSGCGRPVKENYLSAANGVWHPECFVCSDCLKPFTDGSFFELDGRPLCELHYH 53

The first LIM domain of an Enigma subfamily with unknown function; The first LIM domain of an Enigma subfamily with unknown function: The Enigma LIM domain family is comprised of three characterized members: Enigma, ENH and Cypher (mouse)/ZASP (human). These subfamily members contain a single PDZ domain at the N-terminus and three LIM domains at the C-terminus. They serve as adaptor proteins, where the PDZ domain tethers the protein to the cytoskeleton and the LIM domains, recruit signaling proteins to implement corresponding functions. The members of the Enigma family have been implicated in regulating or organizing cytoskeletal structure, as well as involving multiple signaling pathways. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 2462575041  82 CGACRRPIEGRVVNALGKQWHVEHFVCA--KCEKPFLGHRHYEKKGLAYCE 130
Cdd:cd09455     1 CESCNQQIRGPFITALGKIWCPDHFICAnaSCRRPLQDIGFVEEKGQLYCE 51

The first LIM domain of Zyxin; The first LIM domain of Zyxin: Zyxin exhibits three copies of the LIM domain, an extensive proline-rich domain and a nuclear export signal. Localized at sites of cell substratum adhesion in fibroblasts, Zyxin interacts with alpha-actinin, members of the cysteine-rich protein (CRP) family, proteins that display Src homology 3 (SH3) domains and Ena/VASP family members. Zyxin and its partners have been implicated in the spatial control of actin filament assembly as well as in pathways important for cell differentiation. In addition to its functions at focal adhesion plaques, recent work has shown that zyxin moves from the sites of cell contacts to the nucleus, where it directly participates in the regulation of gene expression. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2462575041  82 CGACRRPIEGR--VVNALGKQWHVEHFVCAKCEKPFLGHRHYEKKGLAYCETHY 133
Cdd:cd09349    34 CGICGQPLSRTqpAVRALGHLFHVTCFTCHQCEQQLQGQQFYSLEGKPYCEECY 87

Zinc-binding domain present in Lin-11, Isl-1, Mec-3; Zinc-binding domain family. Some LIM domains bind protein partners via tyrosine-containing motifs. LIM domains are found in many key regulators of developmental pathways.

                           10        20        30        40        50
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 2462575041  140 VCYNCSHVIEGD--VVSALNKAWCVSCFSCSTCNSKLTLKnKFVEFDMKPVCKRC 192
Cdd:smart00132   1 KCAGCGKPIYGTerVLRALGKVWHPECFKCATCGKPLSGD-TFFEKDGKLYCKDC 54

The first LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family; The first LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family: This family consists of paxillin, leupaxin, Hic-5 (ARA55), and other related proteins. There are four LIM domains in the C-terminal of the proteins and leucine-rich LD-motifs in the N-terminal region. Members of this family are adaptor proteins to recruit key components of signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Paxillin serves as a platform for the recruitment of numerous regulatory and structural proteins that together control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression that are necessary for cell migration and survival. Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein, which is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells. It associates with focal adhesion kinases PYK2 and pp125FAK and identified to be a component of the osteoclast pososomal signaling complex. Hic-5 controls cell proliferation, migration and senescence by functioning as coactivator for steroid receptors such as androgen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor and progesterone receptor. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 2462575041 141 CYNCSHVIEGDVVSALNKAWCVSCFSCSTCNSKLTLKNkFVEFDMKPVCKRCY 193
Cdd:cd09336     1 CAACNKPIVGQVVTALGKTWHPEHFVCVHCQTELGTSN-FFERDGKPYCEKDY 52

The second LIM domain of Leupaxin; The second LIM domain of Leupaxin: Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein, which is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells. Leupaxin belongs to the paxillin focal adhesion protein family. Same as other members of the family, it has four leucine-rich LD-motifs in the N-terminus and four LIM domains in the C-terminus. It may function in cell type-specific signaling by associating with interaction partners PYK2, FAK, PEP and p95PKL. When expressed in human leukocytic cells, leupaxin significantly suppressed integrin-mediated cell adhesion to fibronectin and the tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin. These findings indicate that leupaxin may negatively regulate the functions of paxillin during integrin signaling. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 2462575041  82 CGACRRPIEGRVVNALGKQWHVEHFVCAKCEKPFLGHRHYEKKGLAYC 129
Cdd:cd09408     1 CAYCAGPILQNVLTAMDQTWHPEHFFCSHCGELFGDEGFLERDGKPYC 48

The first LIM domain of Enigma; The first LIM domain of Enigma: Enigma was initially characterized in humans as a protein containing three LIM domains at the C-terminus and a PDZ domain at N-terminus. The third LIM domain specifically interacts with the insulin receptor and the second LIM domain interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret and the adaptor protein APS. Thus Enigma is implicated in signal transduction processes such as mitogenic activity, insulin related actin organization, and glucose metabolism. Enigma is expressed in multiple tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, bone and brain. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2462575041  82 CGACRRPIEGRVVNALGKQWHVEHFVCAKCEKPFLGHRHYEKKGLAYCETHY 133
Cdd:cd09452     1 CAQCNKIIRGRYLVALGRSYHPEEFTCSQCKKVLDEGGFFEEKGSIFCPKCY 52

The second LIM domain on actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins; The second LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins: Three homologous members of the abLIM protein family have been identified; abLIM-1, abLIM-2 and abLIM-3. The N-terminal of abLIM consists of four tandem repeats of LIM domains and the C-terminal of acting binding LIM protein is a villin headpiece domain, which has strong actin binding activity. The abLIM-1, which is expressed in retina, brain, and muscle tissue, has been indicated to function as a tumor suppressor. AbLIM-2 and -3, mainly expressed in muscle and neuronal tissue, bind to F-actin strongly. They may serve as a scaffold for signaling modules of the actin cytoskeleton and thereby modulate transcription. It has shown that LIM domains of abLIMs interact with STARS (striated muscle activator of Rho signaling), which directly binds actin and stimulates serum-response factor (SRF)-dependent transcription. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2462575041  82 CGACRRPIEGRVVNALGKQWHVEHFVCAKCEKPF 115
Cdd:cd09328     4 CDSCQDFVEGEVVSALGKTYHPKCFVCSVCRQPF 37

The second LIM domain of Testin-like family; The second LIM domain of Testin-like family: This family includes testin, prickle, dyxin and LIMPETin. Structurally, testin and prickle proteins contain three LIM domains at C-terminal; LIMPETin has six LIM domains; and dyxin presents only two LIM domains. However, all members of the family contain a PET protein-protein interaction domain. Testin is a cytoskeleton associated focal adhesion protein that localizes along actin stress fibers, at cell-cell-contact areas, and at focal adhesion plaques. Testin interacts with a variety of cytoskeletal proteins, including zyxin, mena, VASP, talin, and actin and it is involved in cell motility and adhesion events. Prickles have been implicated in roles of regulating tissue polarity or planar cell polarity (PCP). Dyxin involves in lung and heart development by interaction with GATA6 and blocking GATA6 activated target genes. LIMPETin might be the recombinant product of genes coding testin and four and half LIM proteins and its function is not well understood. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 2462575041  80 PICGACRRPI-EGRVVNALGKQWHVEHFVCAKCEKPFLGHRHYEKKGLAYC 129
Cdd:cd09341     1 PRCAACDELIfSGEYTQAEGKNWHLKHFCCFQCDEPLGGQRYVLREGKPYC 51

The LIM domain of ALP (actinin-associated LIM protein) family; This family represents the LIM domain of ALP (actinin-associated LIM protein) family. Four proteins: ALP, CLP36, RIL, and Mystique have been classified into the ALP subfamily of LIM domain proteins. Each member of the subfamily contains an N-terminal PDZ domain and a C-terminal LIM domain. Functionally, these proteins bind to alpha-actinin through their PDZ domains and bind or other signaling molecules through their LIM domains. ALP proteins have been implicated in cardiac and skeletal muscle structure, function and disease, platelet, and epithelial cell motility. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

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gi 2462575041  82 CGACRRPIEGRVVNALGKQWHVEHFVCAKCEKPFLGHRHYEKKGLAYCETH 132
Cdd:cd09360     1 CDKCGNGIVGVVVKARDKNRHPECFVCADCGLNLKNKGYFFIEDELYCETH 51

The third LIM domain of an Enigma subfamily with unknown function; The third LIM domain of an Enigma subfamily with unknown function: The Enigma LIM domain family is comprised of three characterized members: Enigma, ENH, and Cypher (mouse)/ZASP (human). These subfamily members contain a single PDZ domain at the N-terminus and three LIM domains at the C-terminus. They serve as adaptor proteins, where the PDZ domain tethers the protein to the cytoskeleton and the LIM domains, recruit signaling proteins to implement corresponding functions. The members of the enigma family have been implicated in regulating or organizing cytoskeletal structure, as well as involving multiple signaling pathways. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

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gi 2462575041  82 CGACRRPIEG--RVVNALGKQWHVEHFVCAKCEKPFLGHRHYEKKGLAYCETH 132
Cdd:cd09461     1 CVSCGFPIEAgdRWVEALNNNYHSQCFNCTRCNVNLEGQSFYAKGGRPFCKLH 53

The third LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins; The third LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins: Three homologous members of the abLIM protein family have been identified; abLIM-1, abLIM-2 and abLIM-3. The N-terminal of abLIM consists of four tandem repeats of LIM domains and the C-terminal of acting binding LIM protein is a villin headpiece domain, which has strong actin binding activity. The abLIM-1, which is expressed in retina, brain, and muscle tissue, has been indicated to function as a tumor suppressor. AbLIM-2 and -3, mainly expressed in muscle and neuronal tissue, bind to F-actin strongly. They may serve as a scaffold for signaling modules of the actin cytoskeleton and thereby modulate transcription. It has shown that LIM domains of abLIMs interact with STARS (striated muscle activator of Rho signaling), which directly binds actin and stimulates serum-response factor (SRF)-dependent transcription. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

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gi 2462575041  82 CGACRRPI-EGRVVNALGKQWHVEHFVCAKCEKPFLGHrHYEKKGLAYCETHY 133
Cdd:cd09329     1 CAGCGQEIkNGQALLALDKQWHVWCFKCKECGKVLTGE-YMGKDGKPYCERDY 52

The third LIM domain of Enigma-like family; The third LIM domain of Enigma-like family: The Enigma LIM domain family is comprised of three members: Enigma, ENH, and Cypher (mouse)/ZASP (human). These subfamily members contain a single PDZ domain at the N-terminus and three LIM domains at the C-terminus. Enigma was initially characterized in humans and is expressed in multiple tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, bone, and brain. The third LIM domain specifically interacts with the insulin receptor and the second LIM domain interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret and the adaptor protein APS. Thus Enigma is implicated in signal transduction processes, such as mitogenic activity, insulin related actin organization, and glucose metabolism. The second member, ENH protein, was first identified in rat brain. It has been shown that ENH interacts with protein kinase D1 (PKD1) via its LIM domains and forms a complex with PKD1 and the alpha1C subunit of cardiac L-type voltage-gated calcium channel in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. The N-terminal PDZ domain interacts with alpha-actinin at the Z-line. ZASP/Cypher is required for maintenance of Z-line structure during muscle contraction, but not required for Z-line assembly. In heart, Cypher/ZASP plays a structural role through its interaction with cytoskeletal Z-line proteins. In addition, there is increasing evidence that Cypher/ZASP also performs signaling functions. Studies reveal that Cypher/ZASP interacts with and directs PKC to the Z-line, where PKC phosphorylates downstream signaling targets. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

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gi 2462575041  82 CGACRRPIEG--RVVNALGKQWHVEHFVCAKCEKPFLGHRHYEKKGLAYCETH 132
Cdd:cd09363     1 CHGCDFPIEAgdRFLEALGHTWHDTCFVCAVCHVNLEGQTFYSKKDKPLCKNH 53

The third LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2); The third LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2): FHL2 is one of the best studied FHL proteins. FHL2 expression is most abundant in the heart, and in brain, liver and lung to a lesser extent. FHL2 participates in a wide range of cellular processes, such as transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, and cell survival by binding to various protein partners. FHL2 has shown to interact with more than 50 different proteins, including receptors, structural proteins, transcription factors and cofactors, signal transducers, splicing factors, DNA replication and repair enzymes, and metabolic enzymes. Although FHL2 is abundantly expressed in heart, the fhl2 null mice are viable and had no detectable abnormal cardiac phenotype. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to s upport the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

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gi 2462575041  82 CGACRRPIEGRVVNALGKQWHVEHFVCAKCEKPFLGHRHYEKKGLAYCETHYNQLF 137
Cdd:cd09431     1 CVQCKKPITTGGVTYRDQPWHKECFVCTGCKKQLSGQRFTSRDDFAYCLNCFCNLY 56

The second LIM domain of Enigma; The second LIM domain of Enigma: Enigma was initially characterized in humans as a protein containing three LIM domains at the C-terminus and a PDZ domain at N-terminus. The third LIM domain specifically interacts with the insulin receptor and the second LIM domain interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret and the adaptor protein APS. Thus Enigma is implicated in signal transduction processes, such as mitogenic activity, insulin related actin organization, and glucose metabolism. Enigma is expressed in multiple tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, bone and brain. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

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gi 2462575041 141 CYNCSHVIEGDVVSALNKAWCVSCFSCSTCnsKLTLKNK-FVEFDMKPVCKRCY 193
Cdd:cd09456     1 CAKCKKKITGEIMHALKMTWHVHCFTCAAC--KTPIRNRaFYMEEGAPYCERDY 52

The first LIM domain of paxillin; The first LIM domain of paxillin: Paxillin is an adaptor protein, which recruits key components of the signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations to respond to environmental changes rapidly. The C-terminal region of paxillin contains four LIM domains which target paxillin to focal adhesions, presumably through a direct association with the cytoplasmic tail of beta-integrin. The N-terminal of paxillin is leucine-rich LD-motifs. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. The binding partners of paxillin are diverse and include protein tyrosine kinases, such as Src and FAK, structural proteins, such as vinculin and actopaxin, and regulators of actin organization. Paxillin recruits these proteins to their function sites to control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight cons erved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

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gi 2462575041 140 VCYNCSHVIEGDVVSALNKAWCVSCFSCSTCNSKLTLKNkFVEFDMKPVCKRCY 193
Cdd:cd09405     1 VCGACKKPIAGQVVTAMGKTWHPEHFVCTHCQEEIGSRN-FFERDGQPYCEKDY 53

The third LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins; The third LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins: Three homologous members of the abLIM protein family have been identified; abLIM-1, abLIM-2 and abLIM-3. The N-terminal of abLIM consists of four tandem repeats of LIM domains and the C-terminal of acting binding LIM protein is a villin headpiece domain, which has strong actin binding activity. The abLIM-1, which is expressed in retina, brain, and muscle tissue, has been indicated to function as a tumor suppressor. AbLIM-2 and -3, mainly expressed in muscle and neuronal tissue, bind to F-actin strongly. They may serve as a scaffold for signaling modules of the actin cytoskeleton and thereby modulate transcription. It has shown that LIM domains of abLIMs interact with STARS (striated muscle activator of Rho signaling), which directly binds actin and stimulates serum-response factor (SRF)-dependent transcription. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

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gi 2462575041 141 CYNCSHVI-EGDVVSALNKAWCVSCFSCSTCNSKLTLknKFVEFDMKPVCKRCY 193
Cdd:cd09329     1 CAGCGQEIkNGQALLALDKQWHVWCFKCKECGKVLTG--EYMGKDGKPYCERDY 52

LIM is a small protein-protein interaction domain, containing two zinc fingers; LIM domains are identified in a diverse group of proteins with wide variety of biological functions, including gene expression regulation, cell fate determination, cytoskeleton organization, tumor formation and development. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes. They perform their functions through interactions with other protein partners. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. The consensus sequence of LIM domain has been defined as C-x(2)-C-x(16,23)-H-x(2)-[CH]-x(2)-C-x(2)-C-x(16,21)-C-x(2,3)-[CHD] (where X denotes any amino acid).

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gi 2462575041  24 CQRCHLVIDEQPLM-FRSDAYHPDHFNCTHCGKEL-TAEARELKGELYCLPCH 74
Cdd:cd08368     1 CAGCGKPIEGRELLrALGKKWHPECFKCAECGKPLgGDSFYEKDGKPYCEKCY 53

The third LIM domain of the Enigma Homolog (ENH) family; The third LIM domain of the Enigma Homolog (ENH) family: ENH was initially identified in rat brain. Same as enigma, it contains three LIM domains at the C-terminus and a PDZ domain at N-terminus. ENH is implicated in signal transduction processes involving protein kinases. It has also been shown that ENH interacts with protein kinase D1 (PKD1) via its LIM domains and forms a complex with PKD1 and the alpha1C subunit of cardiac L-type voltage-gated calcium channel in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. The N-terminal PDZ domain interacts with alpha-actinin at the Z-line. ENH is expressed in multiple tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, bone, and brain. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

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gi 2462575041  82 CGACRRPIEG--RVVNALGKQWHVEHFVCAKCEKPFLGHRHYEKKGLAYCETH 132
Cdd:cd09459     1 CHGCEFPIEAgdRFLEALGHTWHDTCFVCSVCCESLEGQTFFSKKDKPLCKKH 53