first RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 32 (RNF32) and similar proteins; RNF32 is mainly expressed in testis spermatogenesis, most likely in spermatocytes and/or in spermatids, suggesting a possible role in sperm formation. RNF32 contains two C3H2C3-type RING-H2 fingers separated by an IQ domain of unknown function. Although the biological function of RNF32 remains unclear, proteins with double RING-H2 fingers may act as scaffolds for binding several proteins that function in the same pathway. This model corresponds to the first RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 116235438 120 PCAICREEFRLQPQVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFEKFSGKKCCPMCRKEQYE 168
Cdd:cd16677    1 PCPICLEDFGLQQQVLLSCSHVFHRACLESFERFSGKKTCPMCRKEQYQ 49

calmodulin binding domain found in unconventional myosin-VI and similar proteins; Myosins, which are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity, include unconventional myosins that serve in intracellular movements. Myosin-VI, also called unconventional myosin-6 (MYO6), is a reverse-direction motor protein that moves towards the minus-end of actin filaments. It is required for the structural integrity of the Golgi apparatus via the p53-dependent pro-survival pathway. Myosin-VI appears to be involved in a very early step of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in polarized epithelial cells. It modulates RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription. As part of the DISP (DOCK7-Induced Septin disPlacement) complex, Myosin-VI may regulate the association of septins with actin and thereby regulate the actin cytoskeleton. Myosin-VI is encoded by gene MYO6, the human homolog of the gene responsible for deafness in Snell's waltzer mice. It is mutated in autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss. This family also includes Drosophila melanogaster unconventional myosin VI Jaguar (Jar; also called myosin heavy chain 95F (Mhc95F), or 95F MHC), which is a motor protein necessary for the morphogenesis of epithelial tissues during Drosophila development. Jar is required for basal protein targeting and correct spindle orientation in mitotic neuroblasts. It contributes to synaptic transmission and development at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Together with CLIP-190 (CAP-Gly domain-containing/cytoplasmic linker protein 190), Jar may coordinate the interaction between the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. Jar may link endocytic vesicles to microtubules and possibly be involved in transport in the early embryo and in the dynamic process of dorsal closure; its function is believed to change during the life cycle. This model corresponds to the calmodulin (CaM) binding domain (CBD), which consists of three subdomains: a unique insert (Insert 2 or Ins2), an IQ motif, and a proximal tail domain (PTD, also known as lever arm extension or LAE).

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 116235438 178 LYREKCALRIQTLWRGYVVRKWYSnirkhvpPKDQHLRR-RFFEKKFREMNESLVQ------SCSTDVEEFLNDIDRSVA 250
Cdd:cd21759   42 LYRREALIKIQKTVRGYLARKKHR-------PRIKGLRKiRALEKQLKEMEEIASQlkkdkdKWTKQVKELKKEIDALIK 114

                 .
gi 116235438 251 T 251
Cdd:cd21759  115 K 115

first RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 32 (RNF32) and similar proteins; RNF32 is mainly expressed in testis spermatogenesis, most likely in spermatocytes and/or in spermatids, suggesting a possible role in sperm formation. RNF32 contains two C3H2C3-type RING-H2 fingers separated by an IQ domain of unknown function. Although the biological function of RNF32 remains unclear, proteins with double RING-H2 fingers may act as scaffolds for binding several proteins that function in the same pathway. This model corresponds to the first RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 116235438 120 PCAICREEFRLQPQVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFEKFSGKKCCPMCRKEQYE 168
Cdd:cd16677    1 PCPICLEDFGLQQQVLLSCSHVFHRACLESFERFSGKKTCPMCRKEQYQ 49

RING-finger-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase [Signal transduction mechanisms];

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 116235438 100 TAEEWAEVKTRSILEGDSTQPCAICREEFRLqpQVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFekFSGKKCCPMCRKEQYETR 170
Cdd:COG5432    7 DPSDWNQTKIPSLKGLDSMLRCRICDCRISI--PCETTCGHTFCSLCIRRH--LGTQPFCPVCREDPCESR 73

Ring finger domain;

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 116235438  286 QDCPICLNHLTSHngsskenRNILLLSCSHLFHEVCLQAFelfcQEVKPTCPLCR 340
Cdd:pfam13639   1 DECPICLEEFEEG-------DKVVVLPCGHHFHRECLDKW----LRSSNTCPLCR 44

Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger); The C3HC4 type zinc-finger (RING finger) is a cysteine-rich domain of 40 to 60 residues that coordinates two zinc ions, and has the consensus sequence: C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-C-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C where X is any amino acid. Many proteins containing a RING finger play a key role in the ubiquitination pathway.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 116235438  121 CAICREEFRlQPQVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFEKfSGKKCCPMC 162
Cdd:pfam00097   1 CPICLEEPK-DPVTLLPCGHLFCSKCIRSWLE-SGNVTCPLC 40

calmodulin binding domain found in unconventional myosin-VI and similar proteins; Myosins, which are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity, include unconventional myosins that serve in intracellular movements. Myosin-VI, also called unconventional myosin-6 (MYO6), is a reverse-direction motor protein that moves towards the minus-end of actin filaments. It is required for the structural integrity of the Golgi apparatus via the p53-dependent pro-survival pathway. Myosin-VI appears to be involved in a very early step of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in polarized epithelial cells. It modulates RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription. As part of the DISP (DOCK7-Induced Septin disPlacement) complex, Myosin-VI may regulate the association of septins with actin and thereby regulate the actin cytoskeleton. Myosin-VI is encoded by gene MYO6, the human homolog of the gene responsible for deafness in Snell's waltzer mice. It is mutated in autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss. This family also includes Drosophila melanogaster unconventional myosin VI Jaguar (Jar; also called myosin heavy chain 95F (Mhc95F), or 95F MHC), which is a motor protein necessary for the morphogenesis of epithelial tissues during Drosophila development. Jar is required for basal protein targeting and correct spindle orientation in mitotic neuroblasts. It contributes to synaptic transmission and development at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Together with CLIP-190 (CAP-Gly domain-containing/cytoplasmic linker protein 190), Jar may coordinate the interaction between the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. Jar may link endocytic vesicles to microtubules and possibly be involved in transport in the early embryo and in the dynamic process of dorsal closure; its function is believed to change during the life cycle. This model corresponds to the calmodulin (CaM) binding domain (CBD), which consists of three subdomains: a unique insert (Insert 2 or Ins2), an IQ motif, and a proximal tail domain (PTD, also known as lever arm extension or LAE).

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 116235438 178 LYREKCALRIQTLWRGYVVRKWYSnirkhvpPKDQHLRR-RFFEKKFREMNESLVQ------SCSTDVEEFLNDIDRSVA 250
Cdd:cd21759   42 LYRREALIKIQKTVRGYLARKKHR-------PRIKGLRKiRALEKQLKEMEEIASQlkkdkdKWTKQVKELKKEIDALIK 114

                 .
gi 116235438 251 T 251
Cdd:cd21759  115 K 115

first RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 32 (RNF32) and similar proteins; RNF32 is mainly expressed in testis spermatogenesis, most likely in spermatocytes and/or in spermatids, suggesting a possible role in sperm formation. RNF32 contains two C3H2C3-type RING-H2 fingers separated by an IQ domain of unknown function. Although the biological function of RNF32 remains unclear, proteins with double RING-H2 fingers may act as scaffolds for binding several proteins that function in the same pathway. This model corresponds to the first RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 116235438 120 PCAICREEFRLQPQVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFEKFSGKKCCPMCRKEQYE 168
Cdd:cd16677    1 PCPICLEDFGLQQQVLLSCSHVFHRACLESFERFSGKKTCPMCRKEQYQ 49

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 32 (RNF32) and similar proteins; RNF32 is mainly expressed in testis spermatogenesis, most likely in spermatocytes and/or in spermatids, suggesting a possible role in sperm formation. RNF32 contains two C3H2C3-type RING-H2 fingers separated by an IQ domain of unknown function. Although the biological function of RNF32 remains unclear, proteins with double RING-H2 fingers may act as scaffolds for binding several proteins that function in the same pathway.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 116235438 120 PCAICREEFRLQPQVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFEKFSGKK--CCPMCR 163
Cdd:cd16471    1 ECPICLCAFKGRKCTLLSCSHVFHEACLSAFEKFIESKnqKCPLCR 46

second RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 32 (RNF32) and similar proteins; RNF32 is mainly expressed in testis spermatogenesis, most likely in spermatocytes and/or in spermatids, suggesting a possible role in sperm formation. RNF32 contains two C3H2C3-type RING-H2 fingers separated by an IQ domain of unknown function. Although the biological function of RNF32 remains unclear, proteins with double RING-H2 fingers may act as scaffolds for binding several proteins that function in the same pathway. This model corresponds to the second RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 116235438 132 PQVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFEKFS--GKKCCPMCR 163
Cdd:cd16678   25 PTVLLSCSHVFHATCLEAFEEFSvgEELVCPVCR 58

H2 subclass of RING (RING-H2) fingers and its variants; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers: some have different Cys/His patterns while some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions (the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can indeed chelate Zn in a RING finger as well). This family corresponds to the H2 subclass of RING (RING-H2) finger proteins that are characterized by containing C3H2C3-type canonical RING-H2 fingers or noncanonical RING-H2 finger variants, including C4HC3- (RING-CH alias RINGv), C3H3C2-, C3H2C2D-, C3DHC3-, and C4HC2H-type modified RING-H2 fingers. The canonical RING-H2 finger has been defined as C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-H-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C, X is any amino acid and the number of X residues varies in different fingers. It binds two Zn ions in a unique "cross-brace" arrangement, which distinguishes it from tandem zinc fingers and other similar motifs. RING-H2 finger can be found in a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serves as a scaffold for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enables efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 116235438 121 CAICREEFRL-QPQVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFEKfSGKKCCPMCR 163
Cdd:cd16448    1 CVICLEEFEEgDVVRLLPCGHVFHLACILRWLE-SGNNTCPLCR 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in synoviolin and similar proteins; Synoviolin, also known as synovial apoptosis inhibitor 1 (Syvn1), Hrd1, or Der3, is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-anchoring E3 ubiquitin ligase that functions as a suppressor of ER stress-induced apoptosis and plays a role in homeostasis maintenance. It also targets tumor suppressor gene p53 for proteasomal degradation, suggesting crosstalk between ER associated degradation (ERAD) and p53 mediated apoptotic pathway under ER stress. Moreover, synoviolin controls body weight and mitochondrial biogenesis through negative regulation of the thermogenic coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator (PGC)-1beta. It upregulates amyloid beta production by targeting a negative regulator of gamma-secretase, Retention in endoplasmic reticulum 1 (Rer1), for degradation. It is also involved in the degradation of endogenous immature nicastrin, and affects amyloid beta-protein generation. Moreover, synoviolin is highly expressed in rheumatoid synovial cells and may be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It functions as an anti-apoptotic factor that is responsible for the outgrowth of synovial cells during the development of RA. It promotes inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) ubiquitination and degradation in synovial fibroblasts with collagen-induced arthritis. Furthermore, the upregulation of synoviolin may represent a protective response against neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition, synoviolin is involved in liver fibrogenesis. Synoviolin contains a C3H2C2-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 116235438 121 CAICREEFRLQPQvLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFekFSGKKCCPMCR 163
Cdd:cd16479    4 CIICREEMTVGAK-KLPCGHIFHLSCLRSW--LQRQQTCPTCR 43

RING-finger-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase [Signal transduction mechanisms];

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 116235438 100 TAEEWAEVKTRSILEGDSTQPCAICREEFRLqpQVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFekFSGKKCCPMCRKEQYETR 170
Cdd:COG5432    7 DPSDWNQTKIPSLKGLDSMLRCRICDCRISI--PCETTCGHTFCSLCIRRH--LGTQPFCPVCREDPCESR 73

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins RNF24, RNF122, and similar proteins; This subfamily includes RNF24, RNF122, and similar proteins. RNF24 is an intrinsic membrane protein localized in the Golgi apparatus. It specifically interacts with the ankyrin-repeats domains (ARDs) of TRPC1, -3, -4, -5, -6, and -7, and affects TRPC intracellular trafficking without affecting their activity. RNF122 is a RING finger protein associated with HEK 293T cell viability. It is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus, and overexpressed in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. RNF122 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that can ubiquitinate itself and undergo degradation through its RING finger in a proteasome-dependent manner. Both RNF24 and RNF122 contain an N-terminal transmembrane domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 116235438 121 CAICREEFRLQPQV-LLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFekFSGKKCCPMCRK 164
Cdd:cd16469    3 CAVCLEEFKLKEELgVCPCGHAFHTKCLKKW--LEVRNSCPICKS 45

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 3 (TTC3) and similar proteins; TTC3, also known as protein DCRR1, TPR repeat protein D, TPR repeat protein 3, or RING finger protein 105 (RNF105), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase encoded by a gene within the Down syndrome (DS) critical region on chromosome 21. It affects differentiation and Golgi compactness in neurons through specific actin-regulating pathways. It inhibits the neuronal-like differentiation of pheocromocytoma cells by activating RhoA and by binding to Citron proteins. TTC3 is an Akt-specific E3 ligase that binds to phosphorylated Akt and facilitates its ubiquitination and degradation within the nucleus. It contains four N-terminal TPR motifs, a potential coiled-coil region and a Citron binding region in the central part, and a C-terminal C3H2C2-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 116235438 120 PCAICREEFRLQPQVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFEKfsGKKCCPMCRK 164
Cdd:cd16481    1 PCIICHDDLKPDQLAKLECGHIFHKECIKQWLK--EQSTCPTCRV 43

DNA repair protein rad18; All proteins in this family for which functions are known are involved in nucleotide excision repair.This family is based on the phylogenomic analysis of JA Eisen (1999, Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University). [DNA metabolism, DNA replication, recombination, and repair]

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 116235438  100 TAEEWAEVKTRSILEGDSTQPCAICREEFRLQpqVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFEKFSGKkcCPMCRKEQYETRV 171
Cdd:TIGR00599   8 DSSDWLTTPIPSLYPLDTSLRCHICKDFFDVP--VLTSCSHTFCSLCIRRCLSNQPK--CPLCRAEDQESKL 75

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol-sensitive RING finger protein 1 (ASR1) and similar proteins; ASR1 is required for tolerance to alcohol. It signals alcohol stress to the nucleus. ASR1 contains a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 116235438 121 CAICREEFRLQPQVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFEKFSGKKCCPMCRKEQY 167
Cdd:cd23120    4 CPICLEEMNSGTGYLADCGHEFHLTCIREWHNKSGNLDCPICRVESL 50

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins RNF121, RNF175 and similar proteins; This subfamily includes RNF121, RNF175 and similar proteins. RNF121 is an E3-ubiquitin ligase present in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and cis-Golgi compartments. It is a novel regulator of apoptosis. It also facilitates the degradation and membrane localization of voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels, and thus plays a role in the quality control of NaV channels during their synthesis and subsequent transport to the membrane. Moreover, RNF121 acts as a broad regulator of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling since its silencing also dampens NF-kappaB activation following stimulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs), nod-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like Receptors (RLRs) or after DNA damage. RNF121 contains five conserved transmembrane (TM) domains and a C3H2C2-type RING-H2 finger. RNF175 is an uncharacterized RING finger protein that shows high sequence similarity with RNF121. This family also includes Arabidopsis RING finger E3 ligase RHA2A, RHA2B, and their homologs. RHA2A is a positive regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during seed germination and early seedling development. RHA2B may play a role in the ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis pathway that respond to proteasome inhibition. All subfamily members contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger, which is responsible for E3-ubiquitin ligase activity.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 116235438 288 CPICLNHLTSHNGSSKENRNILLLSCSHLFHEVCLQAFELFCQevKPTCPLCR 340
Cdd:cd16475    3 CAVCGQKLDVDDNEEGIIEKTYKLSCNHVFHEFCIRGWCIVGK--KQTCPYCK 53

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger and transmembrane domain-containing protein 1 (RNFT1); RNFT1, also known as protein PTD016, is a multi-pass membrane protein containing a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. Its biological role remains unclear.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 116235438 116 DSTQPCAICREEFRlqPQVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFekFSGKKCCPMCR 163
Cdd:cd16741   12 EADDICAICQAEFR--KPILLICQHVFCEECISLW--FNREKTCPLCR 55

Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger); The C3HC4 type zinc-finger (RING finger) is a cysteine-rich domain of 40 to 60 residues that coordinates two zinc ions, and has the consensus sequence: C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-C-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C where X is any amino acid. Many proteins containing a RING finger play a key role in the ubiquitination pathway.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 116235438  121 CAICREEFRlQPQVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFEKfSGKKCCPMC 162
Cdd:pfam00097   1 CPICLEEPK-DPVTLLPCGHLFCSKCIRSWLE-SGNVTCPLC 40

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 8 (RNF8) and similar proteins; RNF8 is a telomere-associated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays an important role in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair via histone ubiquitination. It is localized in the nucleus and interacts with class III E2s (UBE2E2, UbcH6, and UBE2E3), but not with other E2s (UbcH5, UbcH7, UbcH10, hCdc34, and hBendless). It recruits UBC13 for lysine 63-based self polyubiquitylation. Its deficiency causes neuronal pathology and cognitive decline, and its loss results in neuron degeneration. RNF8, together with RNF168, catalyzes a series of ubiquitylation events on substrates such as H2A and H2AX, with the H2AK13/15 ubiquitylation being particularly important for recruitment of repair factors p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) or the RAP80-BRCA1 complex to sites of DSBs. RNF8 mediates the ubiquitination of gammaH2AX, and recruits 53BP1 and BRCA1 to DNA damage sites which promotes DNA damage response (DDR) and inhibits chromosomal instability. Moreover, RNF8 interacts with retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR alpha) and enhances its transcription-stimulating activity. It also regulates the rate of exit from mitosis and cytokinesis. RNF8 contains an N-terminal forkhead-associated (FHA) domain and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 116235438 121 CAICREEFrlQPQVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFEKfsGKKCCPMCRKE-QYETRVI 172
Cdd:cd16535    4 CSICSELF--IEAVTLNCSHSFCSYCITEWMK--RKKECPICRKPiTSKTRSL 52

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins RNF126, RNF115, and similar proteins; This subfamily includes RING finger proteins RNF126, RNF115, and similar proteins. RNF126 is a Bag6-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase that is involved in the mislocalized protein (MLP) pathway of quality control. It regulates the retrograde sorting of the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR). RNF126 promotes cancer cell proliferation by targeting the tumor suppressor p21 for ubiquitin-mediated degradation, and could be a novel therapeutic target in breast and prostate cancers. It is also able to ubiquitylate cytidine deaminase (AID), a poorly soluble protein that is essential for antibody diversification. RNF115, also known as Rab7-interacting ring finger protein (Rabring 7), or zinc finger protein 364 (ZNF364), or breast cancer-associated gene 2 (BCA2), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is an endogenous inhibitor of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation; this inhibition increases the efficacy of metformin in breast cancer cells. It also functions as a cofactor in the restriction imposed by tetherin on HIV-1, and targets HIV-1 Gag for lysosomal degradation, impairing virus assembly and release, in a tetherin-independent manner. Moreover, RNF115 is a Rab7-binding protein that stimulates c-Myc degradation through mono-ubiquitination of MM-1. It also plays crucial roles as a Rab7 target protein in vesicle traffic to late endosome/lysosome and lysosome biogenesis. RNF115 and RNF126 associate with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and promote ubiquitylation of EGFR, suggesting they play a role in the ubiquitin-dependent sorting and downregulation of membrane receptors. Both of them contain an N-terminal BCA2 Zinc-finger domain (BZF), AKT-phosphorylation sites, and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 116235438 120 PCAICREEFRLQPQVL-LSCSHVFHKVCLKSFEKFSGKkcCPMCR 163
Cdd:cd16667    1 ECAVCKEDFEVGEEVRqLPCKHLFHPDCIVPWLELHNS--CPVCR 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins RNF139, RNF145, and similar proteins; RNF139, also known as translocation in renal carcinoma on chromosome 8 protein (TRC8), is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident multi-transmembrane protein that functions as a potent growth suppressor in mammalian cells, inducing G2/M arrest, decreased DNA synthesis and increased apoptosis. It is a tumor suppressor that has been implicated in a novel regulatory relationship linking the cholesterol/lipid biosynthetic pathway with cellular growth control. A mutation in RNF139 has been identified in families with hereditary renal (RCC) and thyroid cancers. RNF145 is an uncharacterized RING finger protein encoded by the RNF145 gene, which is expressed in T lymphocytes, and its expression is altered in acute myelomonocytic and acute promyelocytic leukemias. Although its biological function remains unclear, RNF145 shows high sequence similarity with RNF139. Both RNF139 and RNF145 contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger with possible E3-ubiquitin ligase activity.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 116235438 121 CAICREEFRLQpqVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFekFSGKKCCPMC 162
Cdd:cd16476    3 CAICYQEMKEA--RITPCNHFFHGLCLRKW--LYVQDTCPLC 40

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 130 (RNF130) and similar proteins; RNF130, also known as Goliath homolog (H-Goliath), is a paralog of RNF128, also known as gene related to anergy in lymphocytes protein (GRAIL). It is a transmembrane E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase expressed in leukocytes. It has a self-ubiquitination property, and controls the development of T cell clonal anergy by ubiquitination. RNF130 contains an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger domain followed by a putative PEST sequence.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 116235438 121 CAICREEFRLQPQV-LLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFekFSGKKCCPMCR 163
Cdd:cd16803    3 CAVCIEGYKQNDVVrILPCKHVFHKSCVDPW--LNEHCTCPMCK 44

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in BRCA1-associated protein (BRAP2) and similar proteins; BRAP2, also known as impedes mitogenic signal propagation (IMP), RING finger protein 52, or renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-63, is a novel cytoplasmic protein interacting with the two functional nuclear localization signal (NLS) motifs of BRCA1, a nuclear protein linked to breast cancer. It also binds to the SV40 large T antigen NLS motif and the bipartite NLS motif found in mitosin. BRAP2 serves as a cytoplasmic retention protein and plays a role in the regulation of nuclear protein transport. It contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), followed by a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger and a UBP-type zinc finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 116235438 288 CPICLNHLTSHNGsskenrNILLLSCSHLFHEVCLQAFElfcqevKPTCPLCR 340
Cdd:cd16457    3 CPVCLERMDESVS------GILTILCNHSFHCSCLSKWG------DSSCPVCR 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins, RNF130, RNF149, RNF150 and similar proteins; This subfamily includes RING finger proteins, RNF130, RNF149 and RNF150, which belong to a larger PA-TM-RING ubiquitin ligase family that has been characterized by an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger domain followed by a putative PEST sequence. RNF130, also known as Goliath homolog (H-Goliath), is a paralog of RNF128. It is a transmembrane E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase expressed in leukocytes. It has a self-ubiquitination property and controls the development of T cell clonal anergy by ubiquitination. RNF133 is a testis-specific endoplasmic reticulum-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase that may play a role in sperm maturation through an ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. RNF149, also known as DNA polymerase-transactivated protein 2, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that induces the ubiquitination of wild-type v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) and promotes its proteasome-dependent degradation. RNF150 polymorphisms may be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) risk in the Chinese population. This subfamily also includes Drosophila melanogaster protein goliath (d-goliath), also known as protein g1, which is one of the founding members of the group. It was originally identified as a transcription factor involved in the embryo mesoderm formation.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 116235438 121 CAICREEFRLQPQV-LLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFekFSGKKCCPMCR 163
Cdd:cd16668    2 CAVCIEPYKPSDVIrILPCKHIFHKSCVDPW--LLEHRTCPMCK 43

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 213 (RNF213) and similar proteins; RNF213, also known as ALK lymphoma oligomerization partner on chromosome 17 or Moyamoya steno-occlusive disease-associated AAA+ and RING finger protein (mysterin), is an intracellular soluble protein that functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and AAA+ ATPase, which possibly contributes to vascular development through mechanical processes in the cell. It plays a unique role in endothelial cells for proper gene expression in response to inflammatory signals from the environment. Mutations in RNF213 may be associated with Moyamoya disease (MMD), an idiopathic cerebrovascular occlusive disorder prevalent in East Asia. It also acts as a nuclear marker for acanthomorph phylogeny. RNF213 contains two tandem enzymatically active AAA+ ATPase modules and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. It can form a huge ring-shaped oligomeric complex.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 116235438 119 QPCAICREEFRlQPqVLLSCSHVFHKVCLksFEKFSGKKCCPMCRKE 165
Cdd:cd16561    3 QECSICLEDLN-DP-VKLPCDHVFCEECI--RQWLPGQMSCPLCRTE 45

IQ (isoleucine-glutamine) motif containing D (IQCD); IQCD, also called dynein regulatory complex protein 10 (DRC10), belongs to the IQ motif-containing protein family which contains a C-terminal conserved IQ motif domain and two coiled-coil domains. The IQ motif ([ILV]QxxxRxxxx[RK]), where x stands for any amino-acid residue, interacts with calmodulin (CaM) in a calcium-independent manner and is present in proteins with a wide diversity of biological functions. The IQCD protein was found to primarily accumulate in the acrosome area of round and elongating spermatids of the testis during late stage of spermiogenesis and was then localized to the acrosome and tail regions of mature spermatozoa. The expression of IQCD follows the trajectory of acrosome development during spermatogenesis. IQCD is associated with neuroblastoma and neurodegenerative diseases, and is reported to interact with the nuclear retinoid X receptor in the presence of 9-cis-retinoic acid, thereby activating the transcriptional activity of the receptor.

                         10
                 ....*....|....*....
gi 116235438 180 REKCALRIQTLWRGYVVRK 198
Cdd:cd23767    8 MNRAATLIQALWRGYKVRK 26

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae POB3/SPT16 histone-associated protein 1 (ScPSH1) and similar proteins; ScPSH1 is a Cse4-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with the kinetochore protein Pat1 and targets the degradation of budding yeast centromeric histone H3 variant, CENP-ACse4, which is essential for faithful chromosome segregation. ScPSH1 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and a DNA directed RNA polymerase domain.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 116235438 117 STQPCAICREEfrLQPQVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFEKFSGKKCCPMCR 163
Cdd:cd16568    3 ETQECIICHEY--LYEPMVTTCGHTYCYTCLNTWFKSNRSLSCPDCR 47

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in DAZ (deleted in azoospermia)-interacting protein 3 (DZIP3) and similar proteins; DZIP3, also known as RNA-binding ubiquitin ligase of 138 kDa (RUL138) or 2A-HUB protein, is an RNA-binding E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) and acts as a transcriptional coactivator of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha. It is also a histone H2A ubiquitin ligase that catalyzes monoubiquitination of H2A at lysine 119, functioning as a combinatorial component of the repression machinery required for repressing a specific chemokine gene expression program, critically modulating migratory responses to Toll-like receptors (TLR) activation. DZIP3 contains a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger at the C-terminus.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 116235438 119 QPCAICREEFRLQPQVL-LSCSHVFHKVCLKSFekFSGKKCCPMCR 163
Cdd:cd16460    1 TPCVICHEAFSDGDRLLvLPCAHKFHTQCIGPW--LDGQQTCPTCR 44

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in vacuolar protein sorting-associated proteins Vps8, Vps11, Vps18, Vps41, and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to a group of vacuolar protein sorting-associated proteins containing a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger, which includes Vps8, Vps11, Vps18, and Vps41. Vps11 and Vps18 associate with Vps16 and Vps33 to form a Class C Vps core complex that is required for soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE)-mediated membrane fusion at the lysosome-like yeast vacuole. The core complex, together with two additional compartment-specific subunits, forms the tethering complexes HOPS (homotypic vacuole fusion and protein sorting) and CORVET (class C core vacuole/endosome transport). CORVET contains the additional Vps3 and Vps8 subunits. It operates at endosomes, controls traffic into late endosomes and interacts with the Rab5/Vps21-GTP form. HOPS contains the additional Vps39 and Vps41 subunits. It operates at the lysosomal vacuole, controls all traffic from late endosomes into the vacuole and interacts with the Rab7/Ypt7-GTP form.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 116235438 287 DCPICLNHLTSHngSSKENRNILLLSCSHLFHEVCLQafELFCQEvkPTCPLCR 340
Cdd:cd16484    1 KCPICTLPLKES--DVGANSPVVVFFCGHMFHKFCLP--ELSMTE--AACPICL 48

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in rice E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase EL5 and similar proteins; EL5, also known as protein ELICITOR 5, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase containing an N-terminal transmembrane domain and a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger that is a binding site for ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2). It can be rapidly induced by N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor. EL5 catalyzes polyubiquitination via the Lys48 residue of ubiquitin, and thus plays a crucial role as a membrane-anchored E3 in the maintenance of cell viability after the initiation of root primordial formation in rice. It also acts as an anti-cell death enzyme that might be responsible for mediating the degradation of cytotoxic proteins produced in root cells after the actions of phytohormones. Moreover, EL5 interacts with UBC5b, a rice ubiquitin carrier protein, through its RING-H2 finger. EL5 is an unstable protein, and its degradation is regulated by the C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger in a proteasome-independent manner.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 116235438 121 CAICREEFRL--QPQVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKsfEKFSGKKCCPMCR 163
Cdd:cd16461    2 CAICLSDYENgeELRRLPECKHAFHKECID--EWLKSNSTCPLCR 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF) and similar proteins; HLTF, also known as DNA-binding protein/plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 regulator, HIP116, RING finger protein 80, SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 3, or sucrose nonfermenting protein 2-like 3, is a yeast RAD5 homolog found in mammals. It has both E3 ubiquitin ligase and DNA helicase activities, and plays a pivotal role in the template-switching pathway of DNA damage tolerance. It is involved in Lys-63-linked poly-ubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) at Lys-164 and in the regulation of DNA damage tolerance. It shows double-stranded DNA translocase activity with 3'-5' polarity, thereby facilitating regression of the replication fork. HLTF contains an N-terminal HIRAN (HIP116 and RAD5 N-terminal) domain, a SWI/SNF helicase domain that is divided into N- and C-terminal parts by an insertion of a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger involved in the poly-ubiquitination of PCNA.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 116235438 286 QDCPICLNHLTshngsskenrNILLLSCSHLFHEVCLqafELFCQEVKPTCPLCRS 341
Cdd:cd16509    4 EECAICLDSLT----------NPVITPCAHVFCRRCI---CEVIQREKAKCPMCRA 46

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in 43 kDa receptor-associated protein of the synapse (Rapsyn) and similar proteins; Rapsyn, also known as acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-associated 43 kDa protein or RING finger protein 205 (RNF205), is a 43 kDa postsynaptic protein that plays an essential role in the clustering and maintenance of AChR in the postsynaptic membrane of the motor endplate. AChRs enable the transport of rapsyn from the Golgi complex to the plasma membrane through a molecule-specific interaction. Rapsyn also mediates subsynaptic anchoring of protein kinase A (PKA) type I in close proximity to the postsynaptic membrane, which is essential for synapse maintenance. Its mutations in humans cause endplate AChR deficiency and myasthenic syndrome. Rapsyn contains an N-terminal myristoylation signal required for membrane association, seven tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs) that subserve rapsyn self-association, a coiled-coil domain responsible for the binding of determinants within the long cytoplasmic loop of each AChR subunit, a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger that binds to the cytoplasmic domain of beta-dystroglycan and to S-NRAP and links rapsyn to the subsynaptic cytoskeleton, and a serine phosphorylation site.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 116235438 121 CAICREEFRLQPQVL--LSCSHVFHKVCLKSFEKfSGKKCCPMCRK 164
Cdd:cd16478    4 CGMCGESIGEKNEQLqaLPCSHIFHLKCLQTNLR-GGTRGCPNCRR 48

RING finger (Really Interesting New Gene) domain and U-box domain superfamily; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers: some have different Cys/His patterns while some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions (the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can indeed chelate Zn in a RING finger as well). C4C4-, C3HC3D-, C2H2C4-, and C3HC5-type RING fingers are closely related to RING-HC fingers. In contrast, C4HC3- (RING-CH alias RINGv), C3H3C2-, C3H2C2D-, C3DHC3-, and C4HC2H-type RING fingers are more closely related to RING-H2 fingers. However, not all RING finger-containing proteins display regular RING finger features, and the RING finger family has turned out to be multifarious. The degenerate RING fingers of the Siz/PIAS RING (SP-RING) family proteins and sporulation protein RMD5, are characterized by lacking the second, fifth, and sixth Zn2+ ion-coordinating residues. They bind only one Zn2+ ion. On the other hand, the RING fingers of the human APC11 and RBX1 proteins can bind a third Zn atom since they harbor four additional Zn ligands. U-box is a modified form of the RING finger domain that lacks metal chelating Cys and His residues. It resembles the cross-brace RING structure consisting of three beta-sheets and a single alpha-helix, which would be stabilized by salt bridges instead of chelated metal ions. U-box proteins are widely distributed among eukaryotic organisms and show a higher prevalence in plants than in other organisms. RING finger/U-box-containing proteins are a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serve as scaffolds for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enable efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 116235438 121 CAICREEFR-LQPQVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFEKFSGKKcCPMC 162
Cdd:cd00162    1 CPICREEMNdRRPVVLLSCGHTFSRSAIARWLEGSKQK-CPFC 42

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 24 (RNF24) and similar proteins; RNF24 is an intrinsic membrane protein localized in the Golgi apparatus. It specifically interacts with the ankyrin-repeats domains (ARDs) of TRPC1, -3, -4, -5, -6, and -7, and affects TRPC intracellular trafficking without affecting their activity. RNF24 contains an N-terminal transmembrane domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 116235438 121 CAICREEFRLQPQV-LLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFekFSGKKCCPMC 162
Cdd:cd16675    3 CAVCLEEFKPKDELgICPCKHAFHRKCLIKW--LEVRKVCPLC 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 103 (RNF103) and similar proteins; RNF103, also known as KF-1 or zinc finger protein 103 homolog (Zfp-103), is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is widely expressed in many different organs, including brain, heart, kidney, spleen, and lung. It is involved in the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway by interacting with components of the ERAD pathway, including Derlin-1 and VCP. RNF103 contains several hydrophobic regions at its N-terminal and middle regions, as well as a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 116235438 286 QDCPICLNhltshngSSKENRNILLLSCSHLFHEVCLqafELFCQEVKPTCPLCRSHYHKM 346
Cdd:cd16473    5 EECAICLE-------NYQNGDLLRGLPCGHVFHQNCI---DVWLERDNHCCPVCRWPVYKD 55

RING-H2 zinc finger domain; There are 8 cysteine/ histidine residues which are proposed to be the conserved residues involved in zinc binding. The protein, of which this domain is the conserved region, participates in diverse functions relevant to chromosome metabolism and cell cycle control.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 116235438  287 DCPICLNHLTSH----NGSSKENRNILLLSCSHLFHEVCLQAFelfcQEVKPTCPLCR 340
Cdd:pfam12678   2 TCAICRNPFMEPcpecQAPGDDECPVVWGECGHAFHLHCISRW----LKTNNTCPLCR 55

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in TRAF-interacting protein (TRAIP) and similar proteins; TRAIP, also known as RING finger protein 206 (RNF206) or TRIP, is a ubiquitously expressed nucleolar E3 ubiquitin ligase important for cellular proliferation and differentiation. It is found near mitotic chromosomes and functions as a regulator of the spindle assembly checkpoint. TRAIP interacts with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor-associated factor (TRAF) proteins and inhibits TNF-alpha-mediated nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation. It also interacts with two tumor suppressors CYLD and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), and DNA polymerase eta, which facilitates translesional synthesis after DNA damage. TRAIP contains an N-terminal C3H2C2-type RING-H2 finger and an extended coiled-coil domain.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 116235438 121 CAICREEFRLQPQVL-LSCSHVFHKVCLksFEKFSGKKCCPMCR 163
Cdd:cd16480    2 CTICSDFFDNSRDVAaIHCGHTFHYDCL--LQWFDTSRTCPQCR 43

RING-CH finger, H2 subclass (C4HC3-type), found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase listerin and similar proteins; Listerin, also known as RING finger protein 160 or zinc finger protein 294, is the mammalian homolog of yeast Ltn1. It is widely expressed in all tissues, but motor and sensory neurons and neuronal processes in the brainstem and spinal cord are primarily affected in the mutant. Listerin is required for embryonic development and plays an important role in neurodegeneration. It also functions as a critical E3 ligase involving quality control of nonstop proteins. It mediates ubiquitylation of aberrant proteins that become stalled on ribosomes during translation. Ltn1 works with several cofactors to form a large ribosomal subunit-associated quality control complex (RQC), which mediates the ubiquitylation and extraction of ribosome-stalled nascent polypeptide chains for proteasomal degradation. It appears to first associate with nascent chain-stalled 60S subunits together with two proteins of unknown function, Tae2 and Rqc1. Listerin contains a long stretch of HEAT (Huntingtin, Elongation factor 3, PR65/A subunit of protein phosphatase 2A, and TOR) or ARM (Armadillo) repeats in the N terminus and middle region, and a catalytic RING-CH finger, also known as vRING or RINGv, with an unusual arrangement of zinc-coordinating residues in the C-terminus . Its cysteines and histidines are arranged in the sequence as C4HC3-type, rather than the C3H2C3-type in canonical RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 116235438 287 DCPICLNHLTSHNGS--SKENRnilllSCSHLFHEVCLqaFELFCQEVKPTCPLCR 340
Cdd:cd16491    2 ECPICYSVIHGSNHSlpKLKCK-----TCKNKFHSACL--YKWFRSSNKSTCPLCR 50

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins RNF121, RNF175 and similar proteins; This subfamily includes RNF121, RNF175 and similar proteins. RNF121 is an E3-ubiquitin ligase present in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and cis-Golgi compartments. It is a novel regulator of apoptosis. It also facilitates the degradation and membrane localization of voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels, and thus plays a role in the quality control of NaV channels during their synthesis and subsequent transport to the membrane. Moreover, RNF121 acts as a broad regulator of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling since its silencing also dampens NF-kappaB activation following stimulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs), nod-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like Receptors (RLRs) or after DNA damage. RNF121 contains five conserved transmembrane (TM) domains and a C3H2C2-type RING-H2 finger. RNF175 is an uncharacterized RING finger protein that shows high sequence similarity with RNF121. This family also includes Arabidopsis RING finger E3 ligase RHA2A, RHA2B, and their homologs. RHA2A is a positive regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during seed germination and early seedling development. RHA2B may play a role in the ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis pathway that respond to proteasome inhibition. All subfamily members contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger, which is responsible for E3-ubiquitin ligase activity.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 116235438 121 CAICREEFRL--------QPQVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFEKFSGKKCCPMCRK 164
Cdd:cd16475    3 CAVCGQKLDVddneegiiEKTYKLSCNHVFHEFCIRGWCIVGKKQTCPYCKE 54

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 138 (RNF138) and similar proteins; RNF138, also known as Nemo-like kinase-associated RING finger protein (NARF) or NLK-associated RING finger protein, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays an important role in glioma cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle. It specifically cooperates with the E2 conjugating enzyme E2-25K (Hip-2/UbcH1), regulates the ubiquitylation and degradation of T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF), and further suppresses Wnt-beta-catenin signaling. RNF138, together with three closely related proteins: RNF114, RNF125 and RNF166, forms a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a C2HC-, and two C2H2-type zinc fingers, as well as a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM).

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 116235438 121 CAICREEFrLQPQVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFEKFSGKKcCPMCRK 164
Cdd:cd16544    5 CPVCQEVL-KDPVELPPCRHIFCKACILLALRSSGAR-CPLCRG 46

RING finger, HC subclass, found in topoisomerase I-binding arginine/serine-rich protein (Topors) and similar proteins; Topors, also known as topoisomerase I-binding RING finger protein, tumor suppressor p53- binding protein 3, or p53-binding protein 3 (p53BP3), is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that can ligate both ubiquitin and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to substrate proteins in the nucleus. It contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger which ligates ubiquitin to its target proteins including DNA topoisomerase I, p53, NKX3.1, H2AX, and the AAV-2 Rep78/68 proteins. As a RING-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase, Topors works with the E2 enzymes UbcH5a, UbcH5c, and UbcH6, but not with UbcH7, CDC34, or UbcH2b. Topors acts as a tumor suppressor in various malignancies. It regulates p53 modification, suggesting it may be responsible for astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1, also known as metadherin, or LYRIC) ubiquitin modification. Plk1-mediated phosphorylation of Topors inhibits Topors-mediated sumoylation of p53, whereas p53 ubiquitination is enhanced, leading to p53 degradation. It also functions as a negative regulator of the prostate tumor suppressor NKX3.1. Moreover, Topors is associated with promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies, and may be involved in the cellular response to camptothecin. It also plays a key role in the turnover of H2AX protein, discriminating the type of DNA damaging stress. Furthermore, Topors is a cilia-centrosomal protein associated with autosomal dominant retinal degeneration. Mutations in TOPORS cause autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP).

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 116235438 286 QDCPICLNHLTSHNGSSKenrnilllSCSHLFHEVCLQAFelfcQEVKPTCPLCRSHY 343
Cdd:cd16574    2 SSCPICLDRFENEKAFLD--------GCFHAFCFTCILEW----SKVKNECPLCKQPF 47

RING-like zinc finger;

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 116235438  121 CAICREEFRL-QPQVLLSCSHVFHKVCL 147
Cdd:pfam17123   2 CSICLDEFKPgQALFVLPCSHVFHYKCI 29

IQ calmodulin-binding motif; Calmodulin-binding motif.

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|
gi 116235438  181 EKCALRIQTLWRGYVVRKWY 200
Cdd:pfam00612   1 RKAAIKIQAAWRGYLARKRY 20

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae RING-H2 zinc finger protein RHA2B and similar proteins; RHA2B is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the positive regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and responses to salt and osmotic stresses during seed germination and early seedling development. It acts additively with RHA2A in regulating ABA signaling and drought response. RHA2B contains a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 116235438 287 DCPICLNHLTSHNGSSKenrnillLSCSHLFHEVCLqafELFCQEVKPTCPLCRS 341
Cdd:cd23123    2 DCCICLDKLKTGEEVKK-------LDCRHKFHKQCI---EGWLKHLNFNCPLCRS 46

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 40 (TRIM40) and similar proteins; TRIM40, also known as probable E3 NEDD8-protein ligase or RING finger protein 35 (RNF35), is highly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract including the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It enhances neddylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB kinase subunit gamma (IKKgamma), inhibits the activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-mediated transcription, and thus prevents inflammation-associated carcinogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract. TRIM40 belongs to the C-V subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domain, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as an uncharacterized region positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 116235438 121 CAICREefRLQPQVLLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFEK---FSGKKCCPMCRK 164
Cdd:cd16583    8 CPICQE--PLKEAVSTDCGHLFCRMCLTQHAKkasASGVFSCPVCRK 52

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 181 (RNF181) and similar proteins; RNF181, also known as HSPC238, is a platelet E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase containing a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger. It interacts with the KVGFFKR motif of platelet integrin alpha(IIb)beta3, suggesting a role for RNF181-mediated ubiquitination in integrin and platelet signaling. It also suppresses the tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through the inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) signaling in the liver.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 116235438 121 CAICREEFRLQPQV-LLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFEKFSGKkcCPMCRKE 165
Cdd:cd16669    2 CPICLLEFEEGETVkQLPCKHSFHSDCILPWLGKTNS--CPLCRHE 45

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana MED25-binding RING-H2 protein (MBR) and similar proteins; This subfamily includes MBR1 and MBR2 (also called HAL3-interacting protein 1 or AtHIP1). They are E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases that function as regulators of MED25 stability by targeting MED25 for degradation in a RING-H2-dependent manner. Proteasome-dependent degradation of MED25 seems to activate its function as a positive regulator of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and is important to induce the expression of FT, and consequently to promote flowering. MBR2 may also function downstream of HAL3 and be required for HAL3-regulated plant growth. Activation of MBR2 by HAL3 may lead to the degradation of cell cycle suppressors, resulting in enhancement of cell division and plant growth. Both MBR1 and MBR2 contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 116235438 117 STQPCAICREEFRLQPQV-LLSCSHVFHKVCLKSFekFSGKKCCPMCRKE 165
Cdd:cd23113    1 SDEKCCICQEEYEEGDELgTIECGHEYHSDCIKQW--LVQKNLCPICKAT 48