RING finger- and WD40-associated ubiquitin-like (RAWUL) domain found in really interesting new gene 2 protein (RING2); RING2, also termed huntingtin-interacting protein 2-interacting protein 3, or HIP2-interacting protein 3, or protein DinG, or RING finger protein 1B (RING1B), or RING finger protein 2 (RNF2), or RING finger protein BAP-1, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with both nucleosomal DNA and an acidic patch on histone H4 to achieve the specific monoubiquitination of K119 on histone H2A (H2AK119ub), thereby playing a central role in histone code and gene regulation. RING2 is a core component of polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) that functions as an E3-ubuiquitin ligase transferring the mono-ubuiquitin mark to the C-terminal tail of Histone H2A at K118/K119. PRC1 is also capable of chromatin compaction, a function not requiring histone tails, and this activity appears important in gene silencing. The enzymatic activity of RING2 is enhanced by the interaction with BMI1/PCGF4, and it is dispensable for early embryonic development and much of the gene repression activity of PRC1. Moreover, RING2 plays a key role in terminating neural precursor cell (NPC)-mediated production of subcerebral projection neurons (SCPNs) during neocortical development. It also plays a critical role in nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ)-mediated end-to-end chromosome fusions. Furthermore, RING2 is essential for expansion of hepatic stem/progenitor cells. It promotes hepatic stem/progenitor cell expansion through simultaneous suppression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) Cdkn1a and Cdkn2a, known negative regulators of cell proliferation. RING2 also negatively regulates p53 expression through directly binding with both p53 and MDM2 and promoting MDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitination in selective cancer cell types to stimulate tumor development. RING2 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, and a RAWUL domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 6005747  225 EIELVFRPHPTLMEKDDSAQTRYIKTSGNATVDHLSKYLAVRLALEELRSKGESNQMNLDTASEKQYTIYIATASGQFTV 304
Cdd:cd17167   1 EIELVFRPHPTLMEKDDSAQTRYIKTSGNATVDHLSKYLAVRLALEELRSKGESNQMNLETASEKQYTIYIATASGQFTV 80

                        90       100
                ....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 6005747  305 LNGSFSLELVSEKYWKVNKPMELYYA 330
Cdd:cd17167  81 LNGSFSLELVSEKYWKVNKPMELYYA 106

RING finger- and WD40-associated ubiquitin-like (RAWUL) domain found in really interesting new gene 2 protein (RING2); RING2, also termed huntingtin-interacting protein 2-interacting protein 3, or HIP2-interacting protein 3, or protein DinG, or RING finger protein 1B (RING1B), or RING finger protein 2 (RNF2), or RING finger protein BAP-1, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with both nucleosomal DNA and an acidic patch on histone H4 to achieve the specific monoubiquitination of K119 on histone H2A (H2AK119ub), thereby playing a central role in histone code and gene regulation. RING2 is a core component of polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) that functions as an E3-ubuiquitin ligase transferring the mono-ubuiquitin mark to the C-terminal tail of Histone H2A at K118/K119. PRC1 is also capable of chromatin compaction, a function not requiring histone tails, and this activity appears important in gene silencing. The enzymatic activity of RING2 is enhanced by the interaction with BMI1/PCGF4, and it is dispensable for early embryonic development and much of the gene repression activity of PRC1. Moreover, RING2 plays a key role in terminating neural precursor cell (NPC)-mediated production of subcerebral projection neurons (SCPNs) during neocortical development. It also plays a critical role in nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ)-mediated end-to-end chromosome fusions. Furthermore, RING2 is essential for expansion of hepatic stem/progenitor cells. It promotes hepatic stem/progenitor cell expansion through simultaneous suppression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) Cdkn1a and Cdkn2a, known negative regulators of cell proliferation. RING2 also negatively regulates p53 expression through directly binding with both p53 and MDM2 and promoting MDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitination in selective cancer cell types to stimulate tumor development. RING2 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, and a RAWUL domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 6005747  225 EIELVFRPHPTLMEKDDSAQTRYIKTSGNATVDHLSKYLAVRLALEELRSKGESNQMNLDTASEKQYTIYIATASGQFTV 304
Cdd:cd17167   1 EIELVFRPHPTLMEKDDSAQTRYIKTSGNATVDHLSKYLAVRLALEELRSKGESNQMNLETASEKQYTIYIATASGQFTV 80

                        90       100
                ....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 6005747  305 LNGSFSLELVSEKYWKVNKPMELYYA 330
Cdd:cd17167  81 LNGSFSLELVSEKYWKVNKPMELYYA 106

RAWUL domain RING finger- and WD40-associated ubiquitin-like; The RAWUL domain is found at the C-terminus of poly-comb group RING finger proteins. It is a ubiquitin-like domain. RAWUL binds directly to PUFD, a domain on BCOR proteins (BCL6 corepressor). BCOR has emerged as an important player in development and health.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 6005747    246 RYIKTSGNATVDHLSKYLAVRLALEELRskgesnqmnldtasekQYTIYIaTASGQFtvLNGSFSLELVSEKYWKVNKPM 325
Cdd:pfam16207   1 RYLKCPANATVDHLKKYLAMKLGLELQN----------------EYIVEI-LYNGEP--LPDSYTLDVAYIKYWKRNAPL 61

                  ....*
gi 6005747    326 ELYYA 330
Cdd:pfam16207  62 ELYYR 66

Ring finger; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is intrinsic to the RING domain of c-Cbl and is likely to be a general function of this domain; Various RING fingers exhibit binding activity towards E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (Ubc' s)

                           10        20        30        40
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 6005747      51 CPICLDMLKNTMTTKECLHRFCADCIITALRSGNKECPTC 90
Cdd:smart00184   1 CPICLEEYLKDPVILPCGHTFCRSCIRKWLESGNNTCPIC 40

DNA repair protein rad18; All proteins in this family for which functions are known are involved in nucleotide excision repair.This family is based on the phylogenomic analysis of JA Eisen (1999, Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University). [DNA metabolism, DNA replication, recombination, and repair]

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 6005747     45 LHSELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTkECLHRFCADCIITALRSGNKeCPTCR 91
Cdd:TIGR00599  23 LDTSLRCHICKDFFDVPVLT-SCSHTFCSLCIRRCLSNQPK-CPLCR 67

RING finger- and WD40-associated ubiquitin-like (RAWUL) domain found in really interesting new gene 2 protein (RING2); RING2, also termed huntingtin-interacting protein 2-interacting protein 3, or HIP2-interacting protein 3, or protein DinG, or RING finger protein 1B (RING1B), or RING finger protein 2 (RNF2), or RING finger protein BAP-1, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with both nucleosomal DNA and an acidic patch on histone H4 to achieve the specific monoubiquitination of K119 on histone H2A (H2AK119ub), thereby playing a central role in histone code and gene regulation. RING2 is a core component of polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) that functions as an E3-ubuiquitin ligase transferring the mono-ubuiquitin mark to the C-terminal tail of Histone H2A at K118/K119. PRC1 is also capable of chromatin compaction, a function not requiring histone tails, and this activity appears important in gene silencing. The enzymatic activity of RING2 is enhanced by the interaction with BMI1/PCGF4, and it is dispensable for early embryonic development and much of the gene repression activity of PRC1. Moreover, RING2 plays a key role in terminating neural precursor cell (NPC)-mediated production of subcerebral projection neurons (SCPNs) during neocortical development. It also plays a critical role in nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ)-mediated end-to-end chromosome fusions. Furthermore, RING2 is essential for expansion of hepatic stem/progenitor cells. It promotes hepatic stem/progenitor cell expansion through simultaneous suppression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) Cdkn1a and Cdkn2a, known negative regulators of cell proliferation. RING2 also negatively regulates p53 expression through directly binding with both p53 and MDM2 and promoting MDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitination in selective cancer cell types to stimulate tumor development. RING2 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, and a RAWUL domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 6005747  225 EIELVFRPHPTLMEKDDSAQTRYIKTSGNATVDHLSKYLAVRLALEELRSKGESNQMNLDTASEKQYTIYIATASGQFTV 304
Cdd:cd17167   1 EIELVFRPHPTLMEKDDSAQTRYIKTSGNATVDHLSKYLAVRLALEELRSKGESNQMNLETASEKQYTIYIATASGQFTV 80

                        90       100
                ....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 6005747  305 LNGSFSLELVSEKYWKVNKPMELYYA 330
Cdd:cd17167  81 LNGSFSLELVSEKYWKVNKPMELYYA 106

RING finger- and WD40-associated ubiquitin-like (RAWUL) domain found in really interesting new gene 1 protein (RING1); RING1, also termed polycomb complex protein RING1, or RING finger protein 1 (RNF1), or RING finger protein 1A (RING1A), has been identified as a transcriptional repressor that is associated with the Polycomb group (PcG) protein complex involved in stable repression of gene activity. It is a core component of polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) that functions as an E3-ubuiquitin ligase that transferring the mono-ubuiquitin mark to the C-terminal tail of Histone H2A at K118/K119. PRC1 is also capable of chromatin compaction, a function not requiring histone tails, and this activity appears important in gene silencing. RING1 interacts with multiple PcG proteins and displays tumorigenic activity. It also shows zinc-dependent DNA binding activity. Moreover, RING1 inhibits transactivation of the DNA-binding protein recombination signal binding protein-Jkappa (RBP-J) by Notch through interaction with the LIM domains of KyoT2. RING1 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, and a RAWUL domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 6005747  225 EIELVFRPHPTLMEKDDSAQTRYIKTSGNATVDHLSKYLAVRLALEE--LRSKGESNQM----------------NLDTA 286
Cdd:cd17166   1 EIELVFRPHPLLVEKERYSQTRYVKTTANATVDHLSKYLALRIALEErqTDQPAEEPGVgetasggegsragppgRLLDV 80

                        90       100       110       120
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 6005747  287 SEKQYTIYIATASGQFTVLNGSFSLELVSEKYWKVNKPMELYYA 330
Cdd:cd17166  81 SEKQYTIYITTGSGQFTTLNGSLTLELVNEKYWKVSKPLELYYA 124

RING finger, HC subclass, found in really interesting new gene 1 protein (RING1) and similar proteins; RING1, also known as polycomb complex protein RING1, RING finger protein 1 (RNF1), or RING finger protein 1A (RING1A), was identified as a transcriptional repressor that is associated with the Polycomb group (PcG) protein complex involved in stable repression of gene activity. It is a core component of polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) that functions as an E3-ubuiquitin ligase that transferring the mono-ubuiquitin mark to the C-terminal tail of Histone H2A at K118/K119. PRC1 is also capable of chromatin compaction, a function not requiring histone tails, and this activity appears important in gene silencing. RING1 interacts with multiple PcG proteins and displays tumorigenic activity. It also shows zinc-dependent DNA binding activity. Moreover, RING1 inhibits transactivation of the DNA-binding protein recombination signal binding protein-Jkappa (RBP-J) by Notch through interaction with the LIM domains of KyoT2. RING1 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 6005747   46 HSELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTKECLHRFCADCIITALRSGNKECPTCRKKLVSKRSLRPDPNFDALISKIYP 115
Cdd:cd16739   1 HSELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTKECLHRFCSDCIVTALRSGNKECPTCRKKLVSKRSLRPDPNFDALISKIYP 70

RAWUL domain RING finger- and WD40-associated ubiquitin-like; The RAWUL domain is found at the C-terminus of poly-comb group RING finger proteins. It is a ubiquitin-like domain. RAWUL binds directly to PUFD, a domain on BCOR proteins (BCL6 corepressor). BCOR has emerged as an important player in development and health.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 6005747    246 RYIKTSGNATVDHLSKYLAVRLALEELRskgesnqmnldtasekQYTIYIaTASGQFtvLNGSFSLELVSEKYWKVNKPM 325
Cdd:pfam16207   1 RYLKCPANATVDHLKKYLAMKLGLELQN----------------EYIVEI-LYNGEP--LPDSYTLDVAYIKYWKRNAPL 61

                  ....*
gi 6005747    326 ELYYA 330
Cdd:pfam16207  62 ELYYR 66

Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger);

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 6005747     50 MCPICLDMLKNTMTTKECLHRFCADCIITALRSGNkECPTC 90
Cdd:pfam13923   1 MCPICMDMLKDPSTTTPCGHVFCQDCILRALRAGN-ECPLC 40

RING finger, HC subclass, found in breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) and similar proteins; BRCA1, also known as RING finger protein 53 (RNF53), is a RING finger protein encoded by the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 that regulates all DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways. BRCA1 is frequently mutated in patients with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). Its mutation is also associated with an increased risk of pancreatic, stomach, laryngeal, fallopian tube, and prostate cancer. It plays an important role in the DNA damage response signaling and has been implicated in various cellular processes such as cell cycle regulation, transcriptional regulation, chromatin remodeling, DNA DSBs, and apoptosis. BRCA1 contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, and two BRCT (BRCA1 C-terminus domain) repeats at the C-terminus.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 6005747   45 LHSELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTKeCLHRFCADCIITAL--RSGNKECPTCrKKLVSKRSLRPDPNFDALISK 112
Cdd:cd16498  13 MQKNLECPICLELLKEPVSTK-CDHQFCRFCILKLLqkKKKPAPCPLC-KKSVTKRSLQESTRFKQLVEA 80

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 138 (RNF138) and similar proteins; RNF138, also known as Nemo-like kinase-associated RING finger protein (NARF) or NLK-associated RING finger protein, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays an important role in glioma cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle. It specifically cooperates with the E2 conjugating enzyme E2-25K (Hip-2/UbcH1), regulates the ubiquitylation and degradation of T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF), and further suppresses Wnt-beta-catenin signaling. RNF138, together with three closely related proteins: RNF114, RNF125 and RNF166, forms a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a C2HC-, and two C2H2-type zinc fingers, as well as a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM).

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 6005747   48 ELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTKECLHRFCADCIITALRSGNKECPTCRkKLVSKR 98
Cdd:cd16544   2 ELTCPVCQEVLKDPVELPPCRHIFCKACILLALRSSGARCPLCR-GPVGKT 51

Ring finger; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is intrinsic to the RING domain of c-Cbl and is likely to be a general function of this domain; Various RING fingers exhibit binding activity towards E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (Ubc' s)

                           10        20        30        40
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 6005747      51 CPICLDMLKNTMTTKECLHRFCADCIITALRSGNKECPTC 90
Cdd:smart00184   1 CPICLEEYLKDPVILPCGHTFCRSCIRKWLESGNNTCPIC 40

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (Equine herpesvirus 1/EHV-1) regulatory protein and similar proteins; EHV-1 regulatory protein belongs to the Vmw110 (IPC0) protein family. It contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and binds zinc stably.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 6005747   51 CPICLDMLKNTMTTKECLHRFCADCIITALRSgNKECPTCRKKLVS 96
Cdd:cd23130   3 CPICLDDPEDEAITLPCLHQFCYTCILRWLQT-SPTCPLCKTPVTS 47

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins, TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, and similar proteins; TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, belong to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a SPRY/B30.2 domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. TRIM7, also known as glycogenin-interacting protein (GNIP) or RING finger protein 90 (RNF90), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates c-Jun/AP-1 activation by Ras signalling. Its phosphorylation and activation by MSK1 in response to direct activation by the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway can stimulate TRIM7 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in mediating Lys63-linked ubiquitination of the AP-1 coactivator RACO-1, leading to RACO-1 protein stabilization. Moreover, TRIM7 binds and activates glycogenin, the self-glucosylating initiator of glycogen biosynthesis. TRIM11, also known as protein BIA1, or RING finger protein 92 (RNF92), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the development of the central nervous system. It is overexpressed in high-grade gliomas and promotes proliferation, invasion, migration and glial tumor growth. TRIM11 acts as a potential therapeutic target for congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) by mediating the degradation of CCHS-associated polyalanine-expanded Phox2b. TRIM11 modulates the function of neurogenic transcription factor Pax6 through the ubiquitin-proteosome system, and thus plays an essential role for Pax6-dependent neurogenesis. It also binds to and destabilizes a key component of the activator-mediated cofactor complex (ARC105), humanin, a neuroprotective peptide against Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults, and further regulates ARC105 function in transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling. Moreover, TRIM11 negatively regulates retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-mediated interferon-beta (IFNbeta) production and antiviral activity by targeting TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1). It may contribute to the endogenous restriction of retroviruses in cells. It enhances N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) entry by interfering with Ref1 restriction. It also suppresses the early steps of human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 transduction, resulting in decreased reverse transcripts. TRIM27, also known as RING finger protein 76 (RNF76), RET finger protein (RFP), or zinc finger protein RFP, is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is highly expressed in testis and in various tumor cell lines. Expression of TRIM27 is associated with prognosis of colon and endometrial cancers. TRIM27 was first identified as a fusion partner of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. It functions as a transcriptional repressor and associates with several proteins involved in transcriptional activity, such as enhancer of polycomb 1 (Epc1), a member of the Polycomb group proteins, and Mi-2beta, a main component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex, and the cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma protein (RB1). It also interacts with HDAC1, leading to downregulation of thioredoxin binding protein 2 (TBP-2), which inhibits the function of thioredoxin. Moreover, TRIM27 mediates Pax7-induced ubiquitination of MyoD in skeletal muscle atrophy. In addition, it inhibits muscle differentiation by modulating serum response factor (SRF) and Epc1. TRIM27 promotes a non-canonical polyubiquitination of PTEN, a lipid phosphatase that catalyzes PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) to PtdIns(4,5)P2 (PIP2). It is an IKKepsilon-interacting protein that regulates IkappaB kinase (IKK) function and negatively regulates signaling involved in the antiviral response and inflammation. TRIM27 also forms a protein complex with MBD4 or MBD2 or MBD3, and thus plays an important role in the enhancement of transcriptional repression through MBD proteins in tumorigenesis, spermatogenesis, and embryogenesis. It is a component of an estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) regulatory complex that is involved in estrogen receptor-mediated transcription in MCF-7 cells.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 6005747   44 SLHSELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTkECLHRFCADCIIT--ALRSGNKECPTCRkKLVSKRSLRPDP 104
Cdd:cd16594   1 SLQEELTCPICLDYFTDPVTL-DCGHSFCRACIARcwEEPETSASCPQCR-ETCPQRNLRPNR 61

Ring finger domain;

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 6005747     50 MCPICLDMLKNT--MTTKECLHRFCADCIITALRSgNKECPTCR 91
Cdd:pfam13639   2 ECPICLEEFEEGdkVVVLPCGHHFHRECLDKWLRS-SNTCPLCR 44

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC3D-type), found in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and similar proteins; TRAF6, also known as interleukin-1 signal transducer or RING finger protein 85 (RNF85), is a cytoplasmic adapter protein that mediates signals induced by the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily and Toll-like receptor (TLR)/interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) family. It functions as a mediator involved in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and interferon regulatory factor pathways, as well as in IL-1R-mediated activation of NF-kappaB. TRAF6 is also an oncogene that plays a vital role in K-RAS-mediated oncogenesis. TRAF6 contains an N-terminal domain with a modified C3HC3D-type RING-HC finger and several zinc fingers, and a C-terminal TRAF domain that comprises a coiled coil domain and a conserved TRAF-C domain.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 6005747   49 LMCPICLDMLKNTMTTkECLHRFCADCIITALRSGNKECP 88
Cdd:cd16643   2 YECPICLMALREPVQT-PCGHRFCKACILKSIREAGHKCP 40

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM21 and similar proteins; TRIM21, also known as 52 kDa Ro protein, 52 kDa ribonucleoprotein autoantigen Ro/SS-A, Ro(SS-A), RING finger protein 81 (RNF81), or Sjoegren syndrome type A antigen (SS-A), is a ubiquitously expressed E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and a high affinity antibody receptor uniquely expressed in the cytosol of mammalian cells. As a cytosolic Fc receptor, TRIM21 binds the Fc of virus-associated antibodies and targets the complex in the cytosol for proteasomal degradation in a process known as antibody-dependent intracellular neutralization (ADIN), and provides an intracellular immune response to protect host defense against pathogen infection. It shows remarkably broad isotype specificity as it does not only bind IgG, but also IgM and IgA. Moreover, TRIM21 promotes the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS and the cytosolic RNA sensor RIG-I sensing of viral genomes during infection by antibody-opsonized virus. It stimulates inflammatory signaling and activates innate transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). TRIM21 also plays an essential role in p62-regulated redox homeostasis, suggesting it may be a viable target for treating pathological conditions resulting from oxidative damage. Furthermore, TRIM21 may have implications for various autoimmune diseases associated with uncontrolled antiviral signaling through the regulation of Nmi-IFI35 complex-mediated inhibition of innate antiviral response. TRIM21 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 6005747   48 ELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTkECLHRFCADCIITALRSGNKECPTCRKKLVsKRSLRPD 103
Cdd:cd16596   9 EVTCPICLDPFVEPVSI-ECGHSFCQECISQVGKGGGSVCPVCRQRFL-LKNLRPN 62

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 69 (TRIM69) and similar proteins; TRIM69, also known as RFP-like domain-containing protein trimless or RING finger protein 36 (RNF36), is a testis E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a specific role in apoptosis and may also play an important role in germ cell homeostasis during spermatogenesis. TRIM69 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 6005747   45 LHSELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTkECLHRFCADCI--ITALRSGNKECPTCRkKLVSKRSLRP 102
Cdd:cd16611   1 LTEELHCPLCLDFFRDPVML-SCGHNFCQSCItgFWELQAEDTTCPECR-ELCQYRNLTP 58

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM25 and similar proteins; TRIM25, also known as estrogen-responsive finger protein (EFP), RING finger protein 147 (RNF147), or RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase, is an E3 ubiquitin/ISG15 ligase that is induced by estrogen and is therefore particularly abundant in placenta and uterus. TRIM25 regulates various cellular processes through E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, transferring ubiquitin and ISG15 to target proteins. It mediates K63-linked polyubiquitination of retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) that is crucial for downstream antiviral interferon signaling. It is also required for melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS, also known as IPS-1, VISA, Cardiff) mediated activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and interferon production. Upon UV irradiation, TRIM25 interacts with mono-ubiquitinated PCNA and promotes its ISG15 modification (ISGylation), suggesting a crucial role in termination of error-prone translesion DNA synthesis. TRIM25 also functions as a novel regulator of p53 and Mdm2. It enhances p53 and Mdm2 abundance by inhibiting their ubiquitination and degradation in 26S proteasomes. Meanwhile, it inhibits p53's transcriptional activity and dampens the response to DNA damage, and is essential for medaka development and this dependence is rescued by silencing of p53. Moreover, TRIM25 is involved in the host cellular innate immune response against retroviral infection. It interferes with the late stage of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) replication. Furthermore, TRIM25 acts as an oncogene in gastric cancer. Its blockade by RNA interference inhibits migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells through transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling, suggesting it presents a novel target for the detection and treatment of gastric cancer. In addition, TRIM25 acts as an RNA-specific activator for Lin28a/TuT4-mediated uridylation. TRIM25 belongs to the C-IV subclass of TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 6005747   44 SLHSELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTKeCLHRFCADCIITALRSGNKE---CPTCRKKLVSKRSLR 101
Cdd:cd16597   1 DLEEELTCSICLELFKDPVTLP-CGHNFCGVCIEKTWDSQHGSeysCPQCRATFPRRPELH 60

RING finger, HC subclass, found in helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF) and similar proteins; HLTF, also known as DNA-binding protein/plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 regulator, HIP116, RING finger protein 80, SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 3, or sucrose nonfermenting protein 2-like 3, is a yeast RAD5 homolog found in mammals. It has both E3 ubiquitin ligase and DNA helicase activities, and plays a pivotal role in the template-switching pathway of DNA damage tolerance. It is involved in Lys-63-linked poly-ubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) at Lys-164 and in the regulation of DNA damage tolerance. It shows double-stranded DNA translocase activity with 3'-5' polarity, thereby facilitating regression of the replication fork. HLTF contains an N-terminal HIRAN (HIP116 and RAD5 N-terminal) domain, a SWI/SNF helicase domain that is divided into N- and C-terminal parts by an insertion of a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger involved in the poly-ubiquitination of PCNA.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 6005747   51 CPICLDMLKNTMTTKeCLHRFCADCIITALRSGNKECPTCR 91
Cdd:cd16509   6 CAICLDSLTNPVITP-CAHVFCRRCICEVIQREKAKCPMCR 45

RING finger found in polycomb group RING finger protein 5 (PCGF5) and similar proteins; PCGF5, also known as RING finger protein 159 (RNF159), is one of six PcG RING finger (PCGF) homologs (PCGF1/NSPc1, PCGF2/Mel-18, PCGF3, PCGF4/BMI1, PCGF5, and PCGF6/MBLR) and serves as the core component of a Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1). Like other PCGF homologs, PCGF5 associates with ring finger protein 2 (RNF2) to form a RNF2-PCGF heterodimer, which is catalytically competent as an E3 ubiquitin transferase and is the scaffold for the assembly of additional components. PCGF5 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 6005747   43 RSLHSELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTKECLHRFCADCIITALRSGNkECPTCRK---KLVSKRSLRPDPNFDALISKIYPSRDE 119
Cdd:cd16737   5 RDFNPYITCRICKGYLIKPTTVTECLHTFCKSCIVQHFEDSN-DCPECGIqvhETNPLEMLRLDNTLEEIIFKLVPGLRE 83

                ....*..
gi 6005747  120 YEAHQER 126
Cdd:cd16737  84 RELQREA 90

RING finger, HC subclass, found in yeast Bre1 and its homologs from eukaryotes; Bre1 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that catalyzes monoubiquitination of histone H2B in concert with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, Rad6. The Rad6-Bre1-mediated histone H2B ubiquitylation modulates the formation of double-strand breaks (DSBs) during meiosis in yeast. it is also required, indirectly, for the methylation of histone 3 on lysine 4 (H3K4) and 79. RNF20, also known as BRE1A and RNF40, also known as BRE1B, are the mammalian homologs of Bre1. They work together to form a heterodimeric Bre1 complex that facilitate the K120 monoubiquitination of histone H2B (H2Bub1), a DNA damage-induced histone modification that is crucial for recruitment of the chromatin remodeler SNF2h to DNA double-strand break (DSB) damage sites. Moreover, the Bre1 complex acts as a tumor suppressor, augmenting expression of select tumor suppressor genes and suppressing select oncogenes. Deficiency in the mammalian histone H2B ubiquitin ligase Bre1 leads to replication stress and chromosomal instability. All subfamily members contain a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger at its C-terminus.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 6005747   49 LMCPICLDMLKNTMTTKeCLHRFCADCIITALRSGNKECPTCRKK 93
Cdd:cd16499   7 LKCSVCNDRFKDVIITK-CGHVFCNECVQKRLETRQRKCPGCGKA 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 72 (TRIM72) and similar proteins; TRIM72, also known as Mitsugumin-53 (MG53), is a muscle-specific protein that plays a central role in cell membrane repair by nucleating the assembly of the repair machinery at muscle injury sites. It is required in repair of alveolar epithelial cells under plasma membrane stress failure. It interacts with dysferlin to regulate sarcolemmal repair. Upregulation of TRIM72 develops obesity, systemic insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia, as well as induces diabetic cardiomyopathy through transcriptional activation of the peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha) signaling pathway. Compensation for the absence of AKT signaling by ERK signaling during TRIM72 overexpression leads to pathological hypertrophy. Moreover, TRIM72 functions as a novel negative feedback regulator of myogenesis by targeting insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). It is transcriptionally activated by the synergism of myogenin (MyoD) and myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2). TRIM72 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 6005747   45 LHSELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTkECLHRFCADCIITALR---SGNKECPTCR 91
Cdd:cd16612   1 MHQDLSCPLCLKLFQSPVTT-ECGHTFCQDCLSRVPKeedGGSTSCPTCQ 49

RING finger found in polycomb group RING finger protein 2 (PCGF2) and similar proteins; PCGF2, also known as DNA-binding protein Mel-18, RING finger protein 110 (RNF110), or zinc finger protein 144 (ZNF144), is one of six PcG RING finger (PCGF) homologs (PCGF1/NSPc1, PCGF2/Mel-18, PCGF3, PCGF4/BMI1, PCGF5, and PCGF6/MBLR). It serves as the core component of a canonical Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1), which is composed of a chromodomain-containing protein (CBX2, CBX4, CBX6, CBX7 or CBX8) and a Polyhomeotic protein (PHC1, PHC2, or PHC3). Like other PCGF homologs, PCGF2 associates with ring finger protein 2 (RNF2) to form a RNF2-PCGF heterodimer, which is catalytically competent as an E3 ubiquitin transferase and is the scaffold for the assembly of additional components. Moreover, PCGF2 uniquely regulates PRC1 to specify mesoderm cell fate in embryonic stem cells. It is required for PRC1 stability and maintenance of gene repression in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and essential for ESC differentiation into early cardiac-mesoderm precursors. PCGF2 also plays a significant role in the angiogenic function of endothelial cells (ECs) by regulating endothelial gene expression. Furthermore, PCGF2 is a SUMO-dependent regulator of hormone receptors. It facilitates the deSUMOylation process by inhibiting PCGF4/BMI1-mediated ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of SUMO1/sentrin-specific protease 1 (SENP1). It is also a novel negative regulator of breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) that inhibits the stem cell population and in vitro and in vivo self-renewal through the inactivation of Wnt-mediated Notch signaling. PCGF2 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 6005747   45 LHSELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTKECLHRFCADCIITALRSgNKECPTCRKKLVSKR---SLRPDPNFDALISK 112
Cdd:cd16734  11 LNPHLMCALCGGYFIDAATIVECLHSFCKTCIVRYLET-NKYCPMCDVQVHKTRpllSIRSDKTLQDIVYK 80

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 4 (RNF4) and similar proteins; RNF4, also known as small nuclear ring finger protein (SNURF), is a SUMO-targeted E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase with a pivotal function in the DNA damage response (DDR) by interacting with the deubiquitinating enzyme ubiquitin-specific protease 11 (USP11), a known DDR-component, and further facilitating DNA repair. It plays a novel role in preventing the loss of intact chromosomes and ensures the maintenance of chromosome integrity. Moreover, RNF4 is responsible for the UbcH5A-catalyzed formation of K48 chains that target SUMO-modified promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein for proteasomal degradation in response to arsenic treatment. It also interacts with telomeric repeat binding factor 2 (TRF2) in a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-dependent manner and preferentially targets SUMO-conjugated TRF2 for ubiquitination through SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs). Furthermore, RNF4 can form a complex with a Ubc13-ubiquitin conjugate and Ube2V2. It catalyzes K63-linked polyubiquitination by the Ube2V2-Ubc13 (ubiquitin-loaded) complex. Meanwhile, RNF4 negatively regulates nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) signaling by down-regulating transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-TAK1-binding protein2 (TAB2). RNF4 contains four SIMs followed by a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger at the C-terminus.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 6005747   51 CPICLDMLKNT------MTTKECLHRFCADCIITALRSGNKeCPTCRKKLVSK 97
Cdd:cd16533   6 CPICMDGYSEIvqsgrlIVSTECGHVFCSQCLRDSLKNANT-CPTCRKKLNHK 57

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 26 (TRIM26) and similar proteins; TRIM26, also known as acid finger protein (AFP), RING finger protein 95 (RNF95), or zinc finger protein 173 (ZNF173), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that negatively regulates interferon-beta production and antiviral response through polyubiquitination and degradation of nuclear transcription factor IRF3. It functions as an important regulator for RNA virus-triggered innate immune response by bridging TBK1 to NEMO (NF-kappaB essential modulator, also known as IKKgamma) and mediating TBK1 activation. It also acts as a novel tumor suppressor of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating cancer cell proliferation, colony forming ability, migration, and invasion. TRIM26 belongs the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a B-box, and two coiled coil domains, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 6005747   45 LHSELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTkECLHRFCADCIITAL-RSGNKE---CPTCRKKLvSKRSLRP 102
Cdd:cd16598   1 LEEEVTCSICLDYLRDPVTI-DCGHNFCRSCITDYCpISGGHErpvCPLCRKPF-KKENIRP 60

Modified RING finger, C3HGC3-type, found in RING finger and WD repeat domain-containing protein 3 (RFWD3) and similar proteins; RFWD3, also known as RING finger protein 201 (RNF201) or FLJ10520, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that forms a complex with Mdm2 and p53 to synergistically ubiquitinate p53 and acts as a positive regulator of p53 stability in response to DNA damage. It is phosphorylated by checkpoint kinase ATM/ATR and the phosphorylation mutant fails to stimulate p53 ubiquitination. RFWD3 also functions as a novel replication protein A (RPA)-associated protein involved in DNA replication checkpoint control. RFWD3 contains an N-terminal SQ-rich region followed by a RING finger domain that exhibits robust E3 ubiquitin ligase activity toward p53, a coiled-coil domain and three WD40 repeats in the C-terminus, the latter two of which may be responsible for protein-protein interaction. The RING finger in this family is a modified C3HGC3-type RING finger, but not a canonical C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger or C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 6005747   51 CPICLDMLKNT----MTTKECLHRFCADCIITALRSGNKECPTCRKKlVSKRSLRP 102
Cdd:cd16450   5 CPICFEPWTSSgehrLVSLKCGHLFGYSCIEKWLKGKGKKCPQCNKK-AKRSDIRP 59

RING finger, HC subclass, found in polycomb group RING finger protein 1 (PCGF1) and similar proteins; PCGF1, also known as nervous system Polycomb-1 (NSPc1) or RING finger protein 68 (RNF68), is one of six PcG RING finger (PCGF) homologs (PCGF1/NSPc1, PCGF2/Mel-18, PCGF3, PCGF4/BMI1, PCGF5, and PCGF6/MBLR). It serves as the core component of a noncanonical Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1)-like BCOR complex that also contains RING1, RNF2, RYBP, SKP1, as well as the BCL6 co-repressor BCOR and the histone demethylase KDM2B, and is required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of some genes, such as Hox genes, BCL6 and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, CDKN1A. PCGF1 promotes cell cycle progression and enhances cell proliferation as well. It is a cell growth regulator that acts as a transcriptional repressor of p21Waf1/Cip1 via the retinoid acid response element (RARE element). Moreover, PCGF1 functions as an epigenetic regulator involved in hematopoietic cell differentiation. It cooperates with the transcription factor runt-related transcription factor 1 (Runx1) in regulating differentiation and self-renewal of hematopoietic cells. Furthermore, PCGF1 represents a physical and functional link between Polycomb function and pluripotency. PCGF1 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 6005747   43 RSLHSELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTKECLHRFCADCIITALRSgNKECPTCRKKLVSKR---SLRPD 103
Cdd:cd16733   4 KDLNEHIVCYLCAGYFIDATTITECLHTFCKSCIVKYLQT-SKYCPMCNIKIHETQpllNLKLD 66

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM41, TRIM52 and similar proteins; TRIM41 and TRIM52, two closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, have dramatically expanded RING domains compared with the rest of the TRIM family proteins. TRIM41 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. In contrast, TRIM52 lacks the putative viral recognition SPRY/B30.2 domain, and thus has been classified to the C-V subclass of the TRIM family that contains only RBCC domains. TRIM41, also known as RING finger-interacting protein with C kinase (RINCK), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes the ubiquitination of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes in cells. It specifically recognizes the C1 domain of PKC isozymes. It controls the amplitude of PKC signaling by controlling the amount of PKC in the cell. TRIM52, also known as RING finger protein 102 (RNF102), is encoded by a novel, noncanonical antiviral TRIM52 gene in primate genomes with unique specificity determined by the rapidly evolving RING domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 6005747   48 ELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTkECLHRFCADCiITALRSGNkeCPTCRKKLvSKRSLRPD 103
Cdd:cd16602   3 EAVCAICLDYFKDPVSI-GCGHNFCRVC-VTQLWGFT--CPQCRKSF-PRRSFRPN 53

RING finger, HC subclass, found in bifunctional apoptosis regulator (BAR); BAR, also known as RING finger protein 47, was originally identified as an inhibitor of Bax-induced apoptosis. It participates in the block of apoptosis induced by TNF-family death receptors (extrinsic pathway) and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis (intrinsic pathway). BAR is predominantly expressed by neurons in the central nervous system and is involved in the regulation of neuronal survival. It is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with BI-1 protein and post-translationally regulates its stability, as well as functioning in ER stress. BAR contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a SAM domain, a coiled-coil domain, and a C-terminal transmembrane (TM) domain. This model corresponds to the RING-HC finger responsible for the binding of ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2s).

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 6005747   48 ELMCPICLDMLKNTmTTKECLHRFCADCIITALRSGNK-ECPTCRKK 93
Cdd:cd16497   1 EFLCHCCYDLLVNP-TTLNCGHSFCRHCLALWWKSSKKtECPECRQK 46

RING finger, HC subclass, found in protein Deltex-3-like (DTX3L) and similar proteins; DTX3L, also known as B-lymphoma- and BAL-associated protein (BBAP) or Rhysin-2 (Rhysin2), is a RING-domain E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that regulates endosomal sorting of the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 from endosomes to lysosomes. It also regulates subcellular localization of its partner protein, B aggressive lymphoma (BAL), by a dynamic nucleocytoplasmic trafficking mechanism. DTX3L has a unique N-terminus, but lacks the highly basic N-terminal motif and the central proline-rich motif present in other Deltex (DTX) family members, such as DTX1, DTX2, and DTX4. Moreover, its C-terminal region is highly homologous to DTX3. It includes a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, and a previously unidentified C-terminal domain. DTX3L can associate with DTX1 through its unique N-terminus and further enhance self-ubiquitination.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 6005747   47 SELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTKECLHRFCADCIITALRSgNKECPTC 90
Cdd:cd16712   2 EEDECPICMDRISNKKVLPKCKHVFCAACIDKAMKY-KPVCPVC 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Ret finger protein-like 4B (RFPL4B) and similar proteins; RFPL4B, also called RING finger protein 211 (RNF211), is an uncharacterized RING finger protein containing a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 6005747   43 RSLHSELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTkECLHRFCADCIITALRSGNKE---CPTCRKklVSKRSLRPD 103
Cdd:cd16623   3 NRLEMEATCPICLDFFSHPISL-SCAHIFCFDCIQKWMTKREDSiltCPLCRK--EQKKPVLEE 63

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 62 (TRIM62) and similar proteins; TRIM62, also known as Ductal Epithelium Associated Ring Chromosome 1 (DEAR1), is a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that was identified as a dominant regulator of acinar morphogenesis in the mammary gland. It is implicated in the inflammatory response of immune cells by regulating the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway, leading to increased activity of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor in primary macrophages. It is also involved in muscular protein homeostasis, especially during inflammation-induced atrophy, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of ICU-acquired weakness (ICUAW) by activating and maintaining inflammation in myocytes. Moreover, TRIM62 facilitates K27-linked poly-ubiquitination of CARD9 and also regulates CARD9-mediated anti-fungal immunity and intestinal inflammation. It also functions as a chromosome 1p35 tumor suppressor and negatively regulates transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)-driven epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by binding to and promoting the ubiquitination of SMAD3, a major effector of TGFbeta-mediated EMT. TRIM62 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 6005747   44 SLHSELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTKeCLHRFCADCIITAL-RSGNKECPTCRK 92
Cdd:cd16608   2 SLKDELLCSICLSIYQDPVSLG-CEHYFCRQCITEHWsRSEHRDCPECRR 50

first RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana ORTHRUS and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Arabidopsis thaliana ORTHRUS 1-5. They are E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases that may participate in CpG methylation-dependent transcriptional regulation and/or epigenetic transcriptional silencing. ORTHRUS 1 mediates ubiquitination with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes UBC11, UBC8 and UBC8 homologs (e.g. UBC10, UBC11, UBC28 and UBC29) but not with UBC27, UBC30, UBC32, UBC34 and UBC36. ORTHRUS 2 and 5 mediate ubiquitination with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC11. ORTHRUS 1 and 2 promote methylation-mediated gene silencing leading, for example, to early flowering. They can bind to CpG, CpNpG, and CpNpN DNA motifs, with a strong preference for methylated forms, and with highest affinity for CpG substrates. Members of this subfamily contain two typical C3HC4-type RING-HC fingers. This model corresponds to the first one.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 6005747   47 SELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTKeCLHRFCADCIITALRSGNKECPTCR 91
Cdd:cd23138   1 DELNCSFCMQLPERPVTTP-CGHNFCLKCFQKWMGQGKKTCGTCR 44

RING finger found in polycomb group RING finger protein 3 (PCGF3) and similar proteins; PCGF3, also known as RING finger protein 3A (RNF3A), is one of six PcG RING finger (PCGF) homologs (PCGF1, PCGF2/Mel-18, PCGF3, PCGF4/BMI1, PCGF5, and PCGF6) and serves as the core component of a Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1). Like other PCGF homologs, PCGF3 associates with ring finger protein 2 (RNF2) to form a RNF2-PCGF heterodimer, which is catalytically competent as an E3 ubiquitin transferase and is the scaffold for the assembly of additional components. PCGF3 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 6005747   43 RSLHSELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTKECLHRFCADCIITALRSGNKeCPTCR 91
Cdd:cd16735   6 KDLNAHITCRLCKGYLIDATTITECLHTFCKSCLVKYLEENNT-CPTCG 53

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 114 (RNF114) and similar proteins; RNF114, also known as zinc finger protein 228 (ZNF228) or zinc finger protein 313 (ZNF313), is a p21(WAF1)-targeting ubiquitin E3 ligase that interacts with X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP)-associated factor 1 (XAF1) and may play a role in p53-mediated cell-fate decisions. It is involved in the immune response to double-stranded RNA in disease pathogenesis. Moreover, RNF114 interacts with A20 and modulates its ubiquitylation. It negatively regulates nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-dependent transcription and positively regulates T-cell activation. RNF114 may play a putative role in the regulation of immune responses, since it corresponds to a novel psoriasis susceptibility gene, ZNF313. RNF114, together with three closely related proteins: RNF125, RNF138 and RNF166, forms a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a C2HC-, and two C2H2-type zinc fingers, as well as a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM).

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 6005747   49 LMCPICLDMLKNTMTTkECLHRFCADCIITALRSGNKECPTCRKKL 94
Cdd:cd16540   2 FTCPVCLEIFETPVRV-PCGHVFCNACLQECLKPKKPVCAVCRSPL 46

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM5, TRIM6, TRIM22, TRIM34 and similar proteins; TRIM5, TRIM6, TRIM22, and TRIM34, four closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, belong to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. TRIM5, also known as RING finger protein 88 (RNF88), is a capsid-specific restriction factor that prevents infection from non-host-adapted retroviruses in a species-specific manner by binding to and destabilizing the retroviral capsid lattice before reverse transcription is completed. Its retroviral restriction activity correlates with the ability to activate TAK1-dependent innate immune signaling. TRIM5 also acts as a pattern recognition receptor that activates innate immune signaling in response to the retroviral capsid lattice. Moreover, TRIM5 plays a role in regulating autophagy through activation of autophagy regulator BECN1 by causing its dissociation from its inhibitors BCL2 and TAB2. It also plays a role in autophagy by acting as a selective autophagy receptor which recognizes and targets HIV-1 capsid protein p24 for autophagic destruction. TRIM6, also known as RING finger protein 89 (RNF89), is an E3-ubiquitin ligase that cooperates with the E2-ubiquitin conjugase UbE2K to catalyze the synthesis of unanchored K48-linked polyubiquitin chains, and further stimulates the interferon-I kappa B kinase epsilon (IKKepsilon) kinase-mediated antiviral response. It also regulates the transcriptional activity of Myc during the maintenance of embryonic stem (ES) cell pluripotency, and may act as a novel regulator for Myc-mediated transcription in ES cells. TRIM22, also known as 50 kDa-stimulated trans-acting factor (Staf-50) or RING finger protein 94 (RNF94), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays an integral role in the host innate immune response to viruses. It has been shown to inhibit the replication of a number of viruses, including HIV-1, hepatitis B, and influenza A. TRIM22 acts as a suppressor of basal HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR)-driven transcription by preventing the transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1) binding to the HIV-1 promoter. It also controls FoxO4 activity and cell survival by directing Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-stimulated cells toward type I interferon (IFN) type I gene induction or apoptosis. Moreover, TRIM22 can activate the noncanonical nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway by activating I kappa B kinase alpha (IKKalpha). It also regulates nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2)-dependent activation of interferon-beta signaling and nuclear factor-kappaB. TRIM34, also known as interferon-responsive finger protein 1 or RING finger protein 21 (RNF21), may function as antiviral protein that contribute to the defense against retroviral infections.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 6005747   48 ELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTkECLHRFCADCIITALRS-----GNKECPTCRKKLvSKRSLRPD 103
Cdd:cd16591   6 EVTCPICLELLTEPLSL-DCGHSFCQACITANHKEsvnqeGESSCPVCRTSY-QPENLRPN 64

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae radiation sensitivity protein 18 (RAD18) and similar proteins; RAD18, also called RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase RAD18, acts as a postreplication repair E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that associates with the E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UBC2/RAD6 to form the UBC2-RAD18 ubiquitin ligase complex involved in postreplicative repair (PRR) of damaged DNA. The UBC2-RAD18 complex cooperates with RAD5 and the UBC13-MMS2 dimer to attach mono-ubiquitin chains on 'Lys-164' of POL30, which is necessary for PRR. The UBC2-RAD18 complex is also involved in prevention of spontaneous mutations caused by 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine. RAD18 is an E3 RING-finger protein belonging to the UBC2/RAD6 epistasis group. It contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 6005747   49 LMCPICLDMLKNTMTTKeCLHRFCADCIITALRSGNKeCPTCRKKlVSKRSL 100
Cdd:cd23148   4 LRCHICKDLLKAPMRTP-CNHTFCSFCIRTHLNNDAR-CPLCKAE-VTESGL 52

SPL-RING finger found in E3 SUMO-protein ligase NSE2 and similar proteins; NSE2, also known as MMS21 homolog (MMS21) or non-structural maintenance of chromosomes element 2 homolog (Non-SMC element 2 homolog, NSMCE2), is an autosumoylating small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) ligase required for the response to DNA damage. It regulates sumoylation and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation of skeletal and heart muscle-specific variant of the alpha subunit of nascent polypeptide associated complex (skNAC)-Smyd1 in myogenesis. It is also required for resisting extrinsically induced genotoxic stress. Moreover, NSE2 together with its partner proteins SMC6 and SMC5 form a tight subcomplex of the structural maintenance of chromosomes SMC5-6 complex, which includes another two subcomplexes, NSE1-NSE3-NSE4 and NSE5-NSE6. SMC6 and NSE3 are sumoylated in an NSE2-dependent manner, but SMC5 and NSE1 are not. NSE2-dependent E3 SUMO ligase activity is required for efficient DNA repair, but not for SMC5-6 complex stability. NSE2 contains a RING variant known as a Siz/PIAS (protein inhibitor of activated signal transducer and activator of transcription)-like RING (SPL-RING) finger that is likely shared by the SP-RING type SUMO E3 ligases, such as PIAS family proteins. The SPL-RING finger is a variant of the RING finger, which lacks the second, fifth, and sixth zinc-binding residues of the consensus C3H2C3-/C3HC4-type RING fingers. It harbors only one Zn binding site and is required for the sumoylating activity.

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gi 6005747   51 CPICLDMLKNTMTTKECLHRFCADCIITALRSGNK--ECPT--CRKKlVSKRSLRPDP 104
Cdd:cd16651   3 CPITQQLMVDPVRNKKCGHTYEKAAILQYLQSRKKkaKCPVagCRNT-VSKSDLVPDP 59

second RING finger, HC subclass, found in the LON peptidase N-terminal domain and RING finger protein family; The LON peptidase N-terminal domain and RING finger protein family includes LONRF1 (also known as RING finger protein 191 or RNF191), LONRF2 (also known as RING finger protein 192, RNF192, or neuroblastoma apoptosis-related protease), LONRF3 (also known as RING finger protein 127 or RNF127), which are characterized by containing two C3HC4-type RING-HC fingers, four tetratricopeptide (TPR) repeats, and an ATP-dependent protease La (LON) substrate-binding domain at the C-terminus. Their biological functions remain unclear. This model corresponds to the second RING-HC finger.

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gi 6005747   48 ELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTKeCLHRFCADCIITALRSGNKeCPTCRKKL 94
Cdd:cd16514   1 DLECSLCLRLLYEPVTTP-CGHTFCRACLERCLDHSPK-CPLCRTSL 45

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 3 (TTC3) and similar proteins; TTC3, also known as protein DCRR1, TPR repeat protein D, TPR repeat protein 3, or RING finger protein 105 (RNF105), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase encoded by a gene within the Down syndrome (DS) critical region on chromosome 21. It affects differentiation and Golgi compactness in neurons through specific actin-regulating pathways. It inhibits the neuronal-like differentiation of pheocromocytoma cells by activating RhoA and by binding to Citron proteins. TTC3 is an Akt-specific E3 ligase that binds to phosphorylated Akt and facilitates its ubiquitination and degradation within the nucleus. It contains four N-terminal TPR motifs, a potential coiled-coil region and a Citron binding region in the central part, and a C-terminal C3H2C2-type RING-H2 finger.

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gi 6005747   51 CPICLDMLKNTMTTK-ECLHRFCADCIITALRSgNKECPTCRKKL 94
Cdd:cd16481   2 CIICHDDLKPDQLAKlECGHIFHKECIKQWLKE-QSTCPTCRVHV 45

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C4C4-type), found in tripartite motif-containing protein 37 (TRIM37) and similar proteins; TRIM37, also known as mulibrey nanism protein, or MUL, is a peroxisomal E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is involved in the tumorigenesis of several cancer types, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), breast cancer, and sporadic fibrothecoma. It mono-ubiquitinates histone H2A, a chromatin modification associated with transcriptional repression. Moreover, TRIM37 possesses anti-HIV-1 activity, and interferes with viral DNA synthesis. Mutations in the human TRIM37 gene (also known as MUL) cause Mulibrey (muscle-liver-brain-eye) nanism, a rare growth disorder of prenatal onset characterized by dysmorphic features, pericardial constriction, and hepatomegaly. TRIM37 belongs to the C-VIII subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C4C4-type RING finger, whose overall folding is similar to that of the typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a MATH (meprin and TRAF-C homology) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. Its MATH domain has been shown to interact with the TRAF (TNF-Receptor-Associated Factor) domain of six known TRAFs in vitro.

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gi 6005747   51 CPICLDMLKNTMTTKECLHRFCADCIITALRSGNKECPTCR 91
Cdd:cd16619   3 CFICMEKLRDPRLCPHCSKLFCKGCIRRWLSEQRSSCPHCR 43

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Dictyostelium discoideum Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor O (RasGEFO) and similar proteins; RasGEFO, also known as RasGEF domain-containing protein O, functions as a Ras guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (RasGEFs), activating Ras by catalyzing the replacement of GDP with GTP. RasGEFs are particularly important for signaling in development and chemotaxis in many organisms, including Dictyostelium. RasGEFO contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger that may be responsible for E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.

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gi 6005747   51 CPICLDMLKNTMTTKECLHRFCADCIITALrsGNKECPTCRKKLVS 96
Cdd:cd16507  12 CGICQNLFKDPNTLIPCGHAFCLDCLTTNA--SIKNCIQCKVEYTT 55

RING finger, HC subclass, found in ubiquitin-like PHD and RING finger domain-containing protein 1 (UHRF1); UHRF1, also known as inverted CCAAT box-binding protein of 90 kDa, nuclear protein 95, nuclear zinc finger protein Np95 (Np95), RING finger protein 106, transcription factor ICBP90, or E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UHRF1, is a unique chromatin effector protein that integrates the recognition of both histone PTMs and DNA methylation. It is essential for cell proliferation and plays a critical role in the development and progression of many human carcinomas, such as laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), gastric cancer (GC), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. UHRF1 can acts as a transcriptional repressor through its binding to histone H3 when it is unmodified at Arg2. Its overexpression in human lung fibroblasts results in downregulation of expression of the tumor suppressor pRB. It also plays a role in transcriptional repression of the cell cycle regulator p21. Moreover, UHRF1-dependent repression of factors can facilitate the G1-S transition. It interacts with Tat-interacting protein of 60 kDa (TIP60) and induces degradation-independent ubiquitination of TIP60. It is also a N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG)-interacting protein that binds MPG in a p53 status-independent manner in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway. In addition, UHRF1 functions as an epigenetic regulator that is important for multiple aspects of epigenetic regulation, including maintenance of DNA methylation patterns and recognition of various histone modifications. UHRF1 contains an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain (UBL), a tandem Tudor domain (TTD), a plant homeodomain (PHD) domain, a SET and RING finger associated (SRA) domain, and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. It specifically binds to hemimethylated DNA, double-stranded CpG dinucleotides, and recruits the maintenance methyltransferase DNMT1 to its hemimethylated DNA substrate through its SRA domain. UHRF1-dependent H3K23 ubiquitylation has an essential role in maintenance DNA methylation and replication. The tandem Tudor domain directs UHRF1 binding to the heterochromatin mark histone H3K9me3 and the PHD domain targets UHRF1 to unmodified histone H3 in euchromatic regions. The RING-HC finger exhibits both autocatalytic E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase activity and activity against histone H3 and DNMT1.

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gi 6005747   49 LMCPICLDMLKNTMTTKeCLHRFCADCIITALRSGNKECPTCRKKLVSKRSLRPDPNFDALISKIYP 115
Cdd:cd16769  13 FQCICCQELVFRPITTV-CQHNVCKDCLDRSFRAQVFSCPACRYDLGRSYAMQVNQPLQTVLNQLFP 78

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 31 (TRIM31) and similar proteins; TRIM31 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that primarily localizes to the cytoplasm, but is also associated with the mitochondria. It can negatively regulate cell proliferation and may be a potential biomarker of gastric cancer as it is overexpressed from the early stage of gastric carcinogenesis. TRIM31 is downregulated in non-small cell lung cancer and serves as a potential tumor suppressor. It interacts with p52 (Shc) and inhibits Src-induced anchorage-independent growth. TRIM31 belongs to the C-V subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domain, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as an uncharacterized region positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

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gi 6005747   48 ELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTkECLHRFCADCIITALRSGNK--ECPTC 90
Cdd:cd16582   1 EVICPICLDILQKPVTI-DCGHNFCLQCITQIGETSCGffKCPLC 44

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC3D-type), found in ligand of Numb protein LNX1, LNX2, and similar proteins; The ligand of Numb protein X (LNX) family, also known as PDZ and RING (PDZRN) family, includes LNX1-5, which can interact with Numb, a key regulator of neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation. LNX5 (also known as PDZK4 or PDZRN4L) shows high sequence homology to LNX3 and LNX4, but it lacks the RING domain. LNX1-4 proteins function as E3 ubiquitin ligases and have a unique domain architecture consisting of an N-terminal RING-HC finger for E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and either two or four PDZ domains necessary for substrate-binding. LNX1/LNX2-like proteins contain a modified C3HC3D-type RING-HC finger and four PDZ domains. This model corresponds to the RING finger.

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gi 6005747   48 ELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTKeCLHRFCADCIITALRSgNKECP 88
Cdd:cd16637   1 DLTCHICLQPLVEPLDTP-CGHTFCYKCLTNYLKI-QQCCP 39