Tudor domain found in PHD finger protein 20 (PHF20) and similar proteins; PHF20, also called Glioma-expressed antigen 2, hepatocellular carcinoma-associated antigen 58, novel zinc finger protein, or transcription factor TZP (referring to Tudor and zinc finger domain containing protein), is a regulator of NF-kappaB activation by disrupting recruitment of PP2A to p65. It also functions as a transcription factor that binds to Akt and plays a role in Akt cell survival/growth signaling. Moreover, it transcriptionally regulates p53. The phosphorylation of PHF20 on Ser291 mediated by protein kinase B (PKB) is essential in tumorigenesis via the regulation of p53-mediated signaling. PHF20 contains an N-terminal malignant brain tumor (MBT) domain, a Tudor domain, a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger and putative DNA-binding domains AT hook and C2H2-type zinc finger. The Tudor domain binds to proteins with dimethylated arginine or lysine residues, and may also bind methylated histone tails to facilitate protein-protein interactions.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 124487307   87 FQINQQVLACWSDCRFYPARVTAVNKDGTYTVKFYDGVVQTVKHIHVKAFSKD 139
Cdd:cd20453     1 FQVNEQVLACWSDCRFYPAKVTAVNKDGTYTVKFYDGVVQTVKHIHVKAFSKD 53

malignant brain tumor (MBT) repeat found in PHD finger protein 20-like protein 1 (PHF20L1) and similar domains; PHF20L1 associates with SOX2, antagonizes SOX2 ubiquitination and the sequential degradation induced by MLL1/WDR5 complexes. It binds both monomethylated Lys-42 and Lys-117 in SOX2 and thereby prevents SOX2 proteolysis. PHF20L1 also reads and controls enzyme levels of methylated DNMT1 in cells, thus representing a novel antagonist of DNMT1 degradation. PHF20L1 contains one MBT (malignant brain tumor) repeat. The MBT repeat is a protein module that recognizes methylated lysine residues on histones. MBT repeats contain a semi-aromatic cage to accommodate methyllysine and show specificity towards the lower methylation states of lysine. This model corresponds to the MBT repeat of PHF20L1 and similar domains that contains the semi-aromatic cage that may bind methylated lysine residues.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 124487307   13 FEVGAQLEARDRLKNWYPAHIEDIDYEEGRVLIHFKRWNHRYDEWFCWDSPYLRPLE 69
Cdd:cd20104     1 FKVGDRVDALDGEGKWYEAKIVEVDEEENKVLVHYDGWSSRYDEWIDRDSERLRPLH 57

Tudor domain found in PHD finger protein 20 (PHF20) and similar proteins; PHF20, also called Glioma-expressed antigen 2, hepatocellular carcinoma-associated antigen 58, novel zinc finger protein, or transcription factor TZP (referring to Tudor and zinc finger domain containing protein), is a regulator of NF-kappaB activation by disrupting recruitment of PP2A to p65. It also functions as a transcription factor that binds to Akt and plays a role in Akt cell survival/growth signaling. Moreover, it transcriptionally regulates p53. The phosphorylation of PHF20 on Ser291 mediated by protein kinase B (PKB) is essential in tumorigenesis via the regulation of p53-mediated signaling. PHF20 contains an N-terminal malignant brain tumor (MBT) domain, a Tudor domain, a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger and putative DNA-binding domains AT hook and C2H2-type zinc finger. The Tudor domain binds to proteins with dimethylated arginine or lysine residues, and may also bind methylated histone tails to facilitate protein-protein interactions.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 124487307   87 FQINQQVLACWSDCRFYPARVTAVNKDGTYTVKFYDGVVQTVKHIHVKAFSKD 139
Cdd:cd20453     1 FQVNEQVLACWSDCRFYPAKVTAVNKDGTYTVKFYDGVVQTVKHIHVKAFSKD 53

malignant brain tumor (MBT) repeat found in PHD finger protein 20-like protein 1 (PHF20L1) and similar domains; PHF20L1 associates with SOX2, antagonizes SOX2 ubiquitination and the sequential degradation induced by MLL1/WDR5 complexes. It binds both monomethylated Lys-42 and Lys-117 in SOX2 and thereby prevents SOX2 proteolysis. PHF20L1 also reads and controls enzyme levels of methylated DNMT1 in cells, thus representing a novel antagonist of DNMT1 degradation. PHF20L1 contains one MBT (malignant brain tumor) repeat. The MBT repeat is a protein module that recognizes methylated lysine residues on histones. MBT repeats contain a semi-aromatic cage to accommodate methyllysine and show specificity towards the lower methylation states of lysine. This model corresponds to the MBT repeat of PHF20L1 and similar domains that contains the semi-aromatic cage that may bind methylated lysine residues.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 124487307   13 FEVGAQLEARDRLKNWYPAHIEDIDYEEGRVLIHFKRWNHRYDEWFCWDSPYLRPLE 69
Cdd:cd20104     1 FKVGDRVDALDGEGKWYEAKIVEVDEEENKVLVHYDGWSSRYDEWIDRDSERLRPLH 57

DNA repair protein Crb2 Tudor domain; This is the tudor domain found in DNA repair protein crb2. Structural and functional studies of Crb2 and its mammalian homolog 53BP1 indicate that the conserved tandem-Tudor domain of 53BP1 and Crb2 preferentially interacts with H4K20me2, though it also binds to H4K20me1. Furthermore, despite low amino acid sequence similarity, Crb2 is structurally related to 53BP1 in having two tudor domains and a conserved dimethyllysine-binding pocket, and that, like 53BP1, it directly binds H4-K20me2.

                           10        20        30        40
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 124487307    92 QVLACW--SDCRFYPARVTAVNKDGT--YTVKFYDGVVQTVKHIHVKAF 136
Cdd:pfam18115    2 RVFALWkgKDRAYYPATCLGTSGSGSqrYLVRFDDGTPTEVDSGQVRRL 50

Tudor domain; Domain of unknown function present in several RNA-binding proteins. 10 copies in the Drosophila Tudor protein. Initial proposal that the survival motor neuron gene product contain a Tudor domain are corroborated by more recent database search techniques such as PSI-BLAST (unpublished).

                            10        20        30        40
                    ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 124487307     85 SEFQINQQVLACWSDCRFYPARVTAVNKDGTYTVKFYD-GVVQTVK 129
Cdd:smart00333    1 PTFKVGDKVAARWEDGEWYRARIVKVDGEQLYEVFFIDyGNEEVVP 46

PHD zinc finger; The plant homeodomain (PHD) finger is a C4HC3 zinc-finger-like motif found in nuclear proteins thought to be involved in epigenetics and chromatin-mediated transcriptional regulation. The PHD finger binds two zinc ions using the so-called 'cross-brace' motif and is thus structurally related to the RING finger and the FYVE finger. It is not yet known if PHD fingers have a common molecular function. Several reports suggest that it can function as a protein-protein interacton domain and it was recently demonstrated that the PHD finger of p300 can cooperate with the adjacent BROMO domain in nucleosome binding in vitro. Other reports suggesting that the PHD finger is a ubiquitin ligase have been refuted as these domains were RING fingers misidentified as PHD fingers.

                            10        20        30        40
                    ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 124487307    658 CICEVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMG--LLEENVPEKYTCYVC 700
Cdd:smart00249    3 SVCGKPDDGGELLQCDGCDRWYHQTCLGppLLEEEPDGKWYCPKC 47

Tudor domain found in PHD finger protein 20 (PHF20) and similar proteins; PHF20, also called Glioma-expressed antigen 2, hepatocellular carcinoma-associated antigen 58, novel zinc finger protein, or transcription factor TZP (referring to Tudor and zinc finger domain containing protein), is a regulator of NF-kappaB activation by disrupting recruitment of PP2A to p65. It also functions as a transcription factor that binds to Akt and plays a role in Akt cell survival/growth signaling. Moreover, it transcriptionally regulates p53. The phosphorylation of PHF20 on Ser291 mediated by protein kinase B (PKB) is essential in tumorigenesis via the regulation of p53-mediated signaling. PHF20 contains an N-terminal malignant brain tumor (MBT) domain, a Tudor domain, a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger and putative DNA-binding domains AT hook and C2H2-type zinc finger. The Tudor domain binds to proteins with dimethylated arginine or lysine residues, and may also bind methylated histone tails to facilitate protein-protein interactions.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 124487307   87 FQINQQVLACWSDCRFYPARVTAVNKDGTYTVKFYDGVVQTVKHIHVKAFSKD 139
Cdd:cd20453     1 FQVNEQVLACWSDCRFYPAKVTAVNKDGTYTVKFYDGVVQTVKHIHVKAFSKD 53

malignant brain tumor (MBT) repeat found in PHD finger protein 20-like protein 1 (PHF20L1) and similar domains; PHF20L1 associates with SOX2, antagonizes SOX2 ubiquitination and the sequential degradation induced by MLL1/WDR5 complexes. It binds both monomethylated Lys-42 and Lys-117 in SOX2 and thereby prevents SOX2 proteolysis. PHF20L1 also reads and controls enzyme levels of methylated DNMT1 in cells, thus representing a novel antagonist of DNMT1 degradation. PHF20L1 contains one MBT (malignant brain tumor) repeat. The MBT repeat is a protein module that recognizes methylated lysine residues on histones. MBT repeats contain a semi-aromatic cage to accommodate methyllysine and show specificity towards the lower methylation states of lysine. This model corresponds to the MBT repeat of PHF20L1 and similar domains that contains the semi-aromatic cage that may bind methylated lysine residues.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 124487307   13 FEVGAQLEARDRLKNWYPAHIEDIDYEEGRVLIHFKRWNHRYDEWFCWDSPYLRPLE 69
Cdd:cd20104     1 FKVGDRVDALDGEGKWYEAKIVEVDEEENKVLVHYDGWSSRYDEWIDRDSERLRPLH 57

PHD finger found in PHD finger protein 20-like protein 1 (P20L1); P20L1 is an active malignant brain tumor (MBT) domain-containing protein that binds to monomethylated lysine 142 on DNA (Cytosine-5) Methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) (DNMT1K142me1) and colocalizes at the perinucleolar space in a SET7-dependent manner. Its MBT domain reads and controls enzyme levels of methylated DNMT1 in cells, thus representing a novel antagonist of DNMT1 proteasomal degradation. In addition to the MBT domain, PHF20L1 also contains two Tudor domains, a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger and the putative DNA-binding domains, AT hook and Cys2His2-type zinc finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 124487307  657 RCICEVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEENVPEKYTCYVCQD 702
Cdd:cd15633     1 RCICEMDEENGFMIQCEECLCWQHSVCMGLLEESIPEQYICYICRD 46

Tudor domain found in PHD finger protein 20 (PHF20), PHF20-like protein 1 (PHF20L1), and similar proteins; PHF20, also called Glioma-expressed antigen 2, hepatocellular carcinoma-associated antigen 58, novel zinc finger protein, or transcription factor TZP (referring to Tudor and zinc finger domain containing protein), is a regulator of NF-kappaB activation by disrupting recruitment of PP2A to p65. It also functions as a transcription factor that binds to Akt and plays a role in Akt cell survival/growth signaling. Moreover, it transcriptionally regulates p53. The phosphorylation of PHF20 on Ser291 mediated by protein kinase B (PKB) is essential in tumorigenesis via the regulation of p53-mediated signaling. PHF20L1 is an active malignant brain tumor (MBT) domain-containing protein that binds to monomethylated lysine 142 on DNA (cytosine-5) Methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) (DNMT1K142me1) and colocalizes at the perinucleolar space in a SET7-dependent manner. Both PHF20 and PHF20L1 contain an N-terminal malignant brain tumor (MBT) domain, a Tudor domain, a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger and putative DNA-binding domains AT hook and C2H2-type zinc finger. The Tudor domain binds to proteins with dimethylated arginine or lysine residues, and may also bind methylated histone tails to facilitate protein-protein interactions.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 124487307   87 FQINQQVLACWSDCRFYPARVTAVNKDGTYTVKFYDGVVQTVKHIHVKAF 136
Cdd:cd20386     1 FKVGEEVLARWSDCKFYPAKILKVLDNGTYEVLFYDGFKKTVKASNLKKM 50

PHD finger found in mixed lineage leukemia 5 (MLL5); MLL5 is a histone methyltransferase that plays a key role in hematopoiesis, spermatogenesis and cell cycle progression. It contains a single plant homeodomain (PHD) finger followed by a catalytic SET domain. MLL5 can be recruited to E2F1-responsive promoters to stimulate H3K4 trimethylation and transcriptional activation by binding to the cell cycle regulator host cell factor (HCF-1), thereby facilitating the cell cycle G1 to S phase transition. It is also involved in mitotic fidelity and genomic integrity by modulating the stability of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) via the interaction with Borealin. Moreover, MLL5 is a component of a complex associated with retinoic acid receptor that requires GlcN Acylation of its SET domain in order to activate its histone lysine methyltransferase activity. It also participates in the camptothecin (CPT)-induced p53 activation. Furthermore, MLL5 indirectly regulates H3K4 methylation, represses cyclin A2 (CycA) expression, and promotes myogenic differentiation.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 124487307  657 RCICEVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEENVPEKYTCYVC 700
Cdd:cd15550     1 RCICGFEHDDGFMICCDKCSVWQHGDCMGIDRENIPDSYLCEQC 44

PHD finger found in histone-lysine N-methyltransferase ASH1L; ASH1L, also termed ASH1-like protein, or absent small and homeotic disks protein 1 homolog, or lysine N-methyltransferase 2H, is a protein belonging to the Trithorax family. It methylates Lys36 of histone H3 independently of transcriptional elongation to promote the establishment of Hox gene expression by counteracting Polycomb silencing. It can suppress interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in Toll-like receptor (TLR)-triggered macrophages, and inflammatory autoimmune diseases by inducing the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20. ASH1L contains an associated with SET domain (AWS), a SET domain, a post-SET domain, a bromodomain, a bromo-adjacent homology domain (BAH), and a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 124487307  656 VRCICEVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLleENVPEKYTCYVC 700
Cdd:cd15548     1 IRCICGLYKDEGLMIQCEKCMVWQHCDCMGV--NDDVEHYLCEQC 43

Tudor domain superfamily; The Tudor domain is a conserved structural domain, originally identified in the Tudor protein of Drosophila, that adopts a beta-barrel-like core structure containing four short beta-strands followed by an alpha-helical region. It binds to proteins with dimethylated arginine or lysine residues, and may also bind methylated histone tails to facilitate protein-protein interactions. Tudor domain-containing proteins may mediate protein-protein interactions required for various DNA-templated biological processes, such as RNA metabolism, as well as histone modification and the DNA damage response. Members of this superfamily contain one or more copies of the Tudor domain.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 124487307   90 NQQVLACWS-DCRFYPARVTAVNKDGTYTVKFYDGVVQTVK 129
Cdd:cd04508     1 GDRVEAKWSdDGQWYPATVVAVNDDGKYTVLFDDGNEEEVS 41

second malignant brain tumor (MBT) repeat found in Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 4 (L3MBTL4); L3MBTL4, also called L(3)mbt-like protein 4, or L3mbt-like 4, is a Polycomb group (PcG) protein that may act as a tumor suppressor. L3MBTL4 contains three MBT (malignant brain tumor) repeats. The MBT repeat is a protein module that recognizes methylated lysine residues on histones. MBT repeats contain a semi-aromatic cage to accommodate methyllysine and show specificity towards the lower methylation states of lysine. This model corresponds to the second MBT repeat that contains the semi-aromatic cage that binds methylated lysine residues.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 124487307   13 FEVGAQLEARDRlKNwyP-----AHIEDIdyEEGRVLIHFKRWNHRYDEWFCWDSPYLRPLEKIQLRKEGLHDEDG 83
Cdd:cd20136     5 FQVGMKLEAVDR-KN--PslvcvATIADI--VEDRLLVHFDNWDDSYDYWCDVNSPYIQPVGWCQENGRTLVAPQG 75

second malignant brain tumor (MBT) repeat found in the Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 (L3MBTL1)-like family; The L3MBTL1-like family includes L3MBTL1, L3MBTL3, and L3MBTL4. L3MBTL1, also called L(3)mbt-like, or L(3)mbt protein homolog, is a Polycomb group (PcG) protein that functions as a 'reader' of a network of post-translational modifications by specifically recognizing and binding mono- and dimethyllysine residues on target proteins. It acts as a chromatin compaction factor by binding mono- and dimethylated histone H1b/HIST1H1E at 'Lys-26' (H1bK26me1 and H1bK26me2) and histone H4 at 'Lys-20' (H4K20me1 and H4K20me2), leading to condensed chromatin and repressed transcription. L3MBTL3, also called L(3)mbt-like protein 3, or MBT-1, is a PcG protein that recognizes mono- and dimethylated lysine residues on histone tails. It also acts as a methyl-binding protein that binds the K142-methylated DNMT1 and recruits a novel CRL4(DCAF5) ubiquitin ligase to degrade DNMT1. L3MBTL4, also called L(3)mbt-like protein 4, or L3mbt-like 4, is a PcG protein that may act as a tumor suppressor. Members of this family contain three MBT (malignant brain tumor) repeats. The MBT repeat is a protein module that recognizes methylated lysine residues on histones. MBT repeats contain a semi-aromatic cage to accommodate methyllysine and show specificity towards the lower methylation states of lysine. This model corresponds to the second MBT repeat that contains the semi-aromatic cage that binds methylated lysine residues.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 124487307   13 FEVGAQLEARDRlKNwyP-----AHIEDIdyEEGRVLIHFKRWNHRYDEWFCWDSPYLRP 67
Cdd:cd20102     4 FRVGMKLEAVDR-KN--PslicvATVTDV--IGNRFLVHFDGWDDSYDYWCDPDSPYIHP 58

PHD finger found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe meiosis-specific protein hop1 (Hop1p) and similar proteins; Fission yeast Hop1p, also termed linear element-associated protein hop1, is an S. pombe homolog of the synaptonemal complex (SC)-associated protein Hop1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In contrast to S. cerevisiae, S. pombe forms thin threads, known as linear elements (LinEs), in meiotic nuclei, instead of a canonical synaptonemal complex. LinEs contain Rec10 protein and are evolutionary relics of SC axial elements. Fission yeast Hop1p is a linear element (LinE)-associated protein. It also associates with Rec10, which plays a role in recruiting the recombination machinery to chromatin. Hop1p contains an N-terminal HORMA (for Hop1p, Rev7p, and MAD2) domain and a C-terminal plant homeodomain (PHD) finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 124487307  657 RCICEVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLL---EENVPEKYTCYVC 700
Cdd:cd15558     1 RCECGDWGEDGAMIQCAFCDTWQHLLCYGFEsakDPRIPDIHVCYRC 47

PHD finger 2 and 3 found in bromodomain and PHD finger-containing transcription factor (BPTF); BPTF, also termed nucleosome-remodeling factor subunit BPTF, or fetal Alz-50 clone 1 protein (FAC1), or fetal Alzheimer antigen, functions as a transcriptional regulator that exhibits altered expression and subcellular localization during neuronal development and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. It interacts with the human orthologue of the Kelch-like Ech-associated protein (Keap1). Its function and subcellular localization can be regulated by Keap1. Moreover, BPTF is a novel DNA-binding protein that recognizes the DNA sequence CACAACAC and represses transcription through this site in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Furthermore, BPTF interacts with the Myc-associated zinc finger protein (ZF87/MAZ) and alters its transcriptional activity, which has been implicated in gene regulation in neurodegeneration. Some family members contain two or three plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers, which may be involved in complex formation with histone H3 trimethylated at K4 (H3K4me3). This family corresponds to the second and third PHD fingers.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 124487307  658 CICEVQ-EENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEENVP--EKYTCYVC 700
Cdd:cd15560     2 CICRTPyDESQFYIGCDRCQDWFHGRCVGILQSEAEkiDEYVCPQC 47

Tudor domain; Domain of unknown function present in several RNA-binding proteins. 10 copies in the Drosophila Tudor protein. Initial proposal that the survival motor neuron gene product contain a Tudor domain are corroborated by more recent database search techniques such as PSI-BLAST (unpublished).

                            10        20        30        40
                    ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 124487307     85 SEFQINQQVLACWSDCRFYPARVTAVNKDGTYTVKFYD-GVVQTVK 129
Cdd:smart00333    1 PTFKVGDKVAARWEDGEWYRARIVKVDGEQLYEVFFIDyGNEEVVP 46

Present in Drosophila Scm, l(3)mbt, and vertebrate SCML2; Present in Drosophila Scm, l(3)mbt, and vertebrate SCML2. These proteins are involved in transcriptional regulation.

                            10        20        30        40        50        60
                    ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 124487307      3 KHPPNRRGISFEVGAQLEARDRLkNWY---PAHIEDIdyEEGRVLIHFKRWNHRYDEWFCWDSPYLRPL 68
Cdd:smart00561   18 KQPVDSPPNGFKVGMKLEAVDPR-NPSlicVATVVEV--KGYRLLLHFDGWDDKYDFWCHADSPDIFPV 83

PHD finger found in PHD finger protein 13 (PHF13); PHF13, also termed survival time-associated PHD finger protein in ovarian cancer 1 (SPOC1), is a novel plant homeodomain (PHD) finger-containing protein that shows strong expression in spermatogonia and ovarian cancer cells, modulates chromatin structure and mitotic chromosome condensation, and is important for proper cell division. It is also required for spermatogonial stem cell differentiation and sustained spermatogenesis. The overexpression of PHF13 associates with unresectable carcinomas and shorter survival in ovarian cancer.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 124487307  655 VVRCICEVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEENVPEKYTCYVCQ 701
Cdd:cd15632     1 LVTCFCMKPFAGRPMIECNECHTWIHLSCAKIRKSNVPEVYVCQKCR 47

PHD finger found in Transcription factor 19 (TCF-19), Lysine-specific demethylase KDM5A and KDM5B, and other similar proteins; TCF-19 was identified as a putative trans-activating factor with expression beginning at the late G1-S boundary in dividing cells. It functions as a novel islet factor necessary for proliferation and survival in the INS-1 beta cell line. It plays an important role in susceptibility to both Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM); it has been suggested that it may positively impact beta cell mass under conditions of beta cell stress and increased insulin demand. KDM5A was originally identified as a retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-binding partner and its inactivation may be important for Rb to promote differentiation. It is involved in transcription through interaction with TBP, p107, nuclear receptors, Myc, Sin3/HDAC, Mad1, RBP-J, CLOCK, and BMAL1. KDM5B has a restricted expression pattern in the testis, ovary, and transiently in the mammary gland of the pregnant female and has been shown to be upregulated in breast cancer, prostate cancer, and lung cancer, suggesting a potential role in tumorigenesis. Both KDM5A and KDM5B function as trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) demethylases. This family also includes Caenorhabditis elegans Lysine-specific demethylase 7 homolog (ceKDM7A). ceKDM7A (also termed JmjC domain-containing protein 1.2, PHD finger protein 8 homolog, or PHF8 homolog) is a plant homeodomain (PHD)- and JmjC domain-containing protein that functions as a histone demethylase specific for H3K9me2 and H3K27me2. The binding of the PHD finger to H3K4me3 guides H3K9me2- and H3K27me2-specific demethylation by its catalytic JmjC domain in a trans-histone regulation mechanism. In addition, this family includes plant protein OBERON 1 and OBERON 2, Alfin1-like (AL) proteins, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) HAC, and AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 4 (ARID4).

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 124487307  656 VRCICEVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGL--LEENVPEKYTCYVC 700
Cdd:cd15517     3 GICNLETAAVDELWVQCDGCDKWFHQFCLGLsnERYADEDKFKCPNC 49

Tudor domain found in tumor suppressor TP53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) and similar proteins; 53BP1, also called p53-binding protein 1 (p53BP1), is a double-strand break (DSB) repair protein involved in response to DNA damage, telomere dynamics, and class-switch recombination (CSR) during antibody genesis. It plays a key role in the repair of DSBs in response to DNA damage by promoting non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)-mediated repair of DSBs and specifically counteracting the function of the homologous recombination (HR) repair protein BRCA1. It is recruited to DSB sites by recognizing and binding histone H2A monoubiquitinated at 'Lys-15' (H2AK15Ub) and histone H4 dimethylated at 'Lys-20' (H4K20me2), two histone marks that are present at DSB sites. 53BP1 contains one Tudor domain. The Tudor domain binds to proteins with dimethylated arginine or lysine residues, and may also bind methylated histone tails to facilitate protein-protein interactions.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 124487307   92 QVLACW-SDCRFYPARVTAVNKDGTYTVKFYDGVVQTV--KHIHVKA 135
Cdd:cd20383     4 RVFAKWsSDGYYYPGIITRVLGDGKYKVLFDDGYERDVkgKDIILCE 50

second malignant brain tumor (MBT) repeat found in Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 (L3MBTL1); L3MBTL1, also called L(3)mbt-like, or L(3)mbt protein homolog, is a Polycomb group (PcG) protein that functions as a 'reader' of a network of post-translational modifications by specifically recognizing and binding mono- and dimethyllysine residues on target proteins. It acts as a chromatin compaction factor by binding mono- and dimethylated histone H1b/HIST1H1E at 'Lys-26' (H1bK26me1 and H1bK26me2) and histone H4 at 'Lys-20' (H4K20me1 and H4K20me2), leading to condensed chromatin and repressed transcription. L3MBTL1 contains three MBT (malignant brain tumor) repeats. The MBT repeat is a protein module that recognizes methylated lysine residues on histones. MBT repeats contain a semi-aromatic cage to accommodate methyllysine and show specificity towards the lower methylation states of lysine. This model corresponds to the second MBT repeat that contains the semi-aromatic cage that binds methylated lysine residues.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 124487307   13 FEVGAQLEARDRLKNWYPAHIEDIDYEEGRVLIHFKRWNHRYDEWFCWDSPYLRPL 68
Cdd:cd20134     6 FQVGMKLEAVDRMNPSLVCVASVTDVVDSRFLVHFDNWDDTYDYWCDPSSPYIHPV 61

PHD finger found in death-inducer obliterator variants Dido1, Dido2, and Dido3; This family includes three alternative splicing variants (Dido1, 2, and 3) encoded by the Dido gene, which have been implicated in a number of cellular processes such as apoptosis and chromosomal segregation, particularly in the hematopoietic system. Dido1, also termed DIO-1, or death-associated transcription factor 1 (DATF-1), is important for maintaining embryonic stem (ES) cells and directly regulates the expression of pluripotency factors. It is the shortest isoform that contains only a highly conserved plant homeodomain (PHD) finger responsible for the binding of histone H3 with a higher affinity for trimethylated lysine 4 (H3K4me3). Gene Dido is a Bonemorphogenetic protein (BMP) target gene, which promotes BMP-induced melanoma progression. It also triggers apoptosis after nuclear translocation and caspase upregulation. Dido3 is the largest isoform ubiquitously expressed in all human tissues. It is dispensable for ES cell self-renewal and pluripotency, but involved in the maintenance of stem cell genomic stability and tumorigenesis. Dido3 contains a PHD finger, a transcription elongation factor S-II subunit M (TFSIIM) domain, aspen paralog and ortholog (SPOC) module, and a long C-terminal region (CT) of unknown homology. Its PHD finger interacts with H3K4me3.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 124487307  658 CICEVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMG-------LLEENvPEKYTCYVC 700
Cdd:cd15639     6 CICRQPHNNRFMICCDRCEEWFHGDCVGiteargrLLERN-GEDYICPNC 54

third malignant brain tumor (MBT) repeat found in Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 (L3MBTL1); L3MBTL1, also called L(3)mbt-like, or L(3)mbt protein homolog, is a Polycomb group (PcG) protein that functions as a 'reader' of a network of post-translational modifications by specifically recognizing and binding mono- and dimethyllysine residues on target proteins. It acts as a chromatin compaction factor by binding mono- and dimethylated histone H1b/HIST1H1E at 'Lys-26' (H1bK26me1 and H1bK26me2) and histone H4 at 'Lys-20' (H4K20me1 and H4K20me2), leading to condensed chromatin and repressed transcription. L3MBTL1 contains three MBT (malignant brain tumor) repeats. The MBT repeat is a protein module that recognizes methylated lysine residues on histones. MBT repeats contain a semi-aromatic cage to accommodate methyllysine and show specificity towards the lower methylation states of lysine. This model corresponds to the third MBT repeat that contains the semi-aromatic cage that may bind methylated lysine residues.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 124487307   12 SFEVGAQLEARDRLKnwyPAHIED---IDYEEGRVLIHFKRWNHRYDEWFCWDSPYLRP 67
Cdd:cd20137     4 GFQVNMKLEAVDRRN---PALIRVasvEDVEDHRIKIHFDGWSHGYDFWIDADHPDIHP 59

PHD finger found in Arabidopsis thaliana PHD finger protein MALE MEIOCYTE DEATH 1 (MMD1), PHD finger protein MALE STERILITY 1 (MS1), and similar proteins; MMD1 is a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger protein expressed in male meiocytes. It is encoded by the gene DUET, which is required for male meiotic chromosome organization and progression. MMD1 has been implicated in the regulation of gene expression during meiosis. The mmd1 mutation triggers cell death in male meiocytes. MS1 is a nuclear transcriptional activator that is important for tapetal development and pollen wall biosynthesis. It contains a Leu zipper-like domain and a PHD finger motif, both of which are essential for its function.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 124487307  658 CICEVQEEN-DFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGL-LEENVPEKYTCYVC 700
Cdd:cd15556     2 CSCGTRDDDgERMIACDVCEVWQHTRCVGIaDNEEPPDHFLCRRC 46

PHD finger found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SHPRH; SHPRH, also termed SNF2, histone-linker, PHD and RING finger domain-containing helicase, belongs to the SWI2/SNF2 family of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes, containing the Cys3HisCys4 RING-finger characteristic of E3 ubiquitin ligases. It plays a key role in the error-free branch of DNA damage tolerance. As functional homologs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad5, SHPRH and its closely-related protein, helicase like transcription factor (HLTF), act as ubiquitin ligases that cooperatively mediate Ubc13-Mms2-dependent polyubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and maintain genomic stability. SHPRH contains a SNF2 domain, a H1.5 (linker histone H1 and H5) domain, a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, a Cys3HisCys4 RING-finger, and a C-terminal helicase domain.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 124487307  658 CICEV--QEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEENVP-EKYTCYVC 700
Cdd:cd15547     2 CICGEldEIDNKHRVQCLKCGLWQHAECVNYDEESDKrEPYLCPHC 47

Tudor domain found in Lamin-B receptor (LBR) and similar proteins; LBR, also called integral nuclear envelope inner membrane (INM) protein or LMN2R, is a nuclear envelope protein that anchors the lamina and the heterochromatin to the inner nuclear membrane, in cellular senescence induced by excess thymidine. It is also important for cholesterol biosynthesis. LBR can interact with chromodomain proteins and DNA. It contains one Tudor domain. The Tudor domain binds to proteins with dimethylated arginine or lysine residues, and may also bind methylated histone tails to facilitate protein-protein interactions.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 124487307   86 EFQINQQVLACWSDCR-FYPARVTAVNKDGTYTVKFYDGVVQTVKHIHVKA 135
Cdd:cd20381     1 KFKVGETVMARWPGSRlYYEATVLNFDDSDEYTVKFKDGTELELKEKDVKA 51

Tudor domain found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe splicing factor spf30 (SpSPF30) and similar proteins; SpSPF30, also called survival of motor neuron-related-splicing factor 30, is necessary for spliceosome assembly. It contains one Tudor domain. The Tudor domain binds to proteins with dimethylated arginine or lysine residues, and may also bind methylated histone tails to facilitate protein-protein interactions.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 124487307   87 FQINQQVLACW--SDCRFYPARVTAVNKDGT---YTVKFYD-GVVQTVKHIHVKA 135
Cdd:cd20446     1 FKPGEVVMARWksGDGKFYPARITSITGSSInpiYTVKFLDyGEIDTVYLKDIRP 55

PHD finger 6 found in Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2C (KMT2C) and PHD finger 5 found in KMT2D; KMT2C, also termed myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia protein 3 (MLL3), or homologous to ALR protein, is a histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) lysine methyltransferase that functions as a circadian factor contributing to genome-scale circadian transcription. It is a component of a large complex that acts as a coactivator of multiple transcription factors, including the bile acid (BA)-activated nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a critical player in BA homeostasis. The MLL3 complex is essential for p53 transactivation of small heterodimer partner (SHP). KMT2C is also a part of activating signal cointegrator-2 (ASC-2)-containing complex (ASCOM) that contains the transcriptional coactivator nuclear receptor coactivator 6 (NCOA6), KMT2C and its paralog MLL4. The ASCOM complex is critical for nuclear receptor (NR) activation of bile acid transporter genes and is down regulated in cholestasis. KMT2D, also termed ALL1-related protein (ALR), is encoded by the gene that was named MLL4, a fourth human homolog of Drosophila trithorax, located on chromosome 12. It enzymatically generates trimethylated histone H3 Lysine 4 (H3K4me3). It plays an essential role in differentiating the human pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cell line NTERA-2 clone D1 (NT2/D1) stem cells by activating differentiation-specific genes, such as HOXA1-3 and NESTIN. KMT2D is also a part of ASCOM. Both KMT2C and KMT2D contain the catalytic domain SET, several plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers, two extended PHD (ePHD) fingers, Cys2HisCys5HisCys2His, a RING finger, an HMG (high-mobility group)-binding motif, and two FY-rich regions. This model corresponds to the sixth PHD finger of KMT2C and the fifth PHD finger of KMT2D.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 124487307  664 EENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEENVPEK-----YTCYVC 700
Cdd:cd15514    10 NEGELIIQCSQCERWLHGACDSLRTEEEAERaadngYRCLLC 51

PHD finger found in lysine-specific demethylase PHF2; PHF2, also termed GRC5, or PHD finger protein 2, is a histone lysine demethylase ubiquitously expressed in various tissues. It contains a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger and a JmjC domain and plays an important role in adipogenesis. The PHD finger domain can recognize trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3). PHF2 also has dimethylated histone H3 lysine 9(H3K9me2) demethylase activity and acts as a coactivator of several metabolism-related transcription factors. Moreover, it can demethylate ARID5B and further forms a complex with demethylated ARD5B to bind the promoter regions of target genes. The overexpression of PHF2 is involved in the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 124487307  658 CICEVQEE-NDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEENVP--EKYTCYVCQ 701
Cdd:cd15641     2 CICRLPYDvTRFMIECDACKDWFHGSCVGVEEEEAPdiDIYHCPNCE 48

PHD finger found in histone lysine demethylase PHF8; PHF8, also termed PHD finger protein 8, or KDM7B, is a monomethylated histone H4 lysine 20 (H4K20me1) demethylase that transcriptionally regulates many cell cycle genes. It also preferentially acts on H3K9me2 and H3K9me1. PHF8 is modulated by CDC20-containing anaphase-promoting complex (APC (cdc20)) and plays an important role in the G2/M transition. It acts as a critical molecular sensor for mediating retinoic acid (RA) treatment response in RAR alpha-fusion-induced leukemia. Moreover, PHF8 is essential for cytoskeleton dynamics and is associated with X-linked mental retardation. PHF8 contains an N-terminal plant homeodomain (PHD) finger followed by a JmjC domain. The PHD finger mediates binding to nucleosomes at active gene promoters and the JmjC domain catalyzes the demethylation of mono- or dimethyl-lysines.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 124487307  656 VRCICEVQEE-NDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEENVPE--KYTCYVCQ 701
Cdd:cd15642     1 VYCLCRLPYDvTRFMIECDVCQDWFHGSCVGVEEEKAAEidLYHCPNCQ 49

third malignant brain tumor (MBT) repeat found in Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 3 (L3MBTL3); L3MBTL3, also called L(3)mbt-like protein 3, or MBT-1, is a Polycomb group (PcG) protein that recognizes mono- and dimethylated lysine residues on histone tails. It also acts as a methyl-binding protein that binds the K142-methylated DNMT1 and recruits a novel CRL4(DCAF5) ubiquitin ligase to degrade DNMT1. L3MBTL3 contains three MBT (malignant brain tumor) repeats. The MBT repeat is a protein module that recognizes methylated lysine residues on histones. MBT repeats contain a semi-aromatic cage to accommodate methyllysine and show specificity towards the lower methylation states of lysine. This model corresponds to the third MBT repeat that contains the semi-aromatic cage that may bind methylated lysine residues.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 124487307   36 IDYEEGRVLIHFKRWNHRYDEWFCWDSPYLRP 67
Cdd:cd20138    32 ADTDDHRVKVHFDGWNNCYDYWIDADSPDIHP 63

PHD finger found in PHD finger protein 23 (PHF23); PHF23, also termed PHD-containing protein JUNE-1, is a hypothetical protein with a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger. It is encoded by gene PHF23 that acts as a candidate fusion partner for the nucleoporin gene NUP98. The NUP98-PHF23 fusion results from a cryptic translocation t(11;17)(p15;p13) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 124487307  658 CICEVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEENVPEKYTCYVC 700
Cdd:cd15631     2 CYCGKPFAGRPMIECSQCGTWIHLSCAKIKKSNVPDFFYCQKC 44

PHD finger found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae extracellular matrix protein 5 (Ecm5p), Schizosaccharomyces pombe Lid2 complex component Lid2p, and similar proteins; The family includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ecm5p, Schizosaccharomyces pombe Lid2 complex component Lid2p, and similar proteins. Ecm5p is a JmjC domain-containing protein that directly removes histone lysine methylation via a hydroxylation reaction. It associates with the yeast Snt2p and Rpd3 deacetylase, which may play a role in regulating transcription in response to oxidative stress. Ecm5p promotes oxidative stress tolerance, while Snt2p ultimately decreases tolerance. Ecm5p contains an N-terminal ARID domain, a JmjC domain, and a C-terminal plant homeodomain (PHD) finger. Lid2p is a trimethyl H3K4 (H3K4me3) demethylase responsible for H3K4 hypomethylation in heterochromatin. It interacts with the histone lysine-9 methyltransferase, Clr4, through the Dos1/Clr8-Rik1 complex, and mediates H3K9 methylation and small RNA production. It also acts cooperatively with the histone modification enzymes Set1 and Lsd1 and plays an essential role in cross-talk between H3K4 and H3K9 methylation in euchromatin. Lid2p contains a JmjC domain, three PHD fingers and a JmjN domain. This model includes the second PHD finger of Lid2p.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 124487307  658 CICEvQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEENVPE--KYTCYVC 700
Cdd:cd15518     2 CFCR-QGEGGTMIECEICKEWYHVKCIKNGRWKLDDddKFVCPIC 45

chromo barrel domain of retinoblastoma binding protein 1, and similar proteins; Retinoblastoma-binding protein 1 (RBP1), also termed AT-rich interaction domain 4A, is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear protein. RBP1 is a tumor and leukemia suppressor that binds both methylated histone tails and DNA, and is involved in epigenetic regulation in leukemia and Prader-Willi/Angelman syndromes. The chromo barrel domain of RBP1 has been reported to recognize histone H4K20me3 weakly, and this binding is enhanced by the simultaneous binding of DNA. RBP1 binds directly, with several other proteins, to retinoblastoma protein (pRB) which regulates cell proliferation; pRB represses transcription by recruiting RBP1. SH3-fold-beta-barrel domains of the chromo-like superfamily include chromodomains, chromo shadow domains, and chromo barrel domains, and are implicated in the recognition of lysine-methylated histone tails and nucleic acids. The chromodomain differs, in that it lacks the first strand of the SH3-fold-beta-barrel. This first strand is altered by insertion in the chromo shadow domains, and chromo barrel domains are typical SH3-fold-beta-barrel domains with sequence similarity to the canonical chromodomain.

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gi 124487307   20 EARDRLKNWYPAHIEDIDYEEGRV--LIHFKRWNHRYDEW 57
Cdd:cd18641     7 YGRGKTQKIYEASIKSTEIDDGEVlyLVHYYGWNVRYDEW 46