RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 166 (RNF166) and similar proteins; RNF166 is encoded by the gene RNF166 targeted by thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 (TRalpha1), which is important in brain development. It plays an important role in RNA virus-induced interferon-beta production by enhancing the ubiquitination of TRAF3 and TRAF6. RNF166, together with three closely related proteins: RNF114, RNF125 and RNF138, forms a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a C2HC-, and two C2H2-type zinc fingers, as well as a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM).

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 30520320  30 QYTCPICLEVYHRPVAIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPLCPLCRLPF 76
Cdd:cd16549   1 QFSCPICLEVYHKPVVITSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVASPLCPLCRMPF 47

C2HC Zing finger domain; This is a zinc finger domain together with a linker region found in RNF125, a small protein (25kD) that contains a RING domain, three zinc fingers (ZnFs) and a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM). The C2HC ZnF plays an essential role in the interaction of RNF125 with the E2 UbcH5a, which originates from the requirement of the C2HC-ZnF for the structural stability of the RING domain. A mutation at one of the contact residues in the C2HC-ZnF, a highly conserved M112, resulted in the loss of ubiquitin ligase activity. Furthermore, mutations at the Zn2+ chelating cysteine residues, C100 and C103 of this domain resulted in a loss of activity.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 30520320    92 SSYKAPCRGCNKKVTLAKMRVHISSCLKVQEQM 124
Cdd:pfam18574   1 ESTEGNCRGCEKQVCLSKMRAHYATCEKYQEYY 33

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 166 (RNF166) and similar proteins; RNF166 is encoded by the gene RNF166 targeted by thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 (TRalpha1), which is important in brain development. It plays an important role in RNA virus-induced interferon-beta production by enhancing the ubiquitination of TRAF3 and TRAF6. RNF166, together with three closely related proteins: RNF114, RNF125 and RNF138, forms a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a C2HC-, and two C2H2-type zinc fingers, as well as a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM).

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 30520320  30 QYTCPICLEVYHRPVAIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPLCPLCRLPF 76
Cdd:cd16549   1 QFSCPICLEVYHKPVVITSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVASPLCPLCRMPF 47

DNA repair protein rad18; All proteins in this family for which functions are known are involved in nucleotide excision repair.This family is based on the phylogenomic analysis of JA Eisen (1999, Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University). [DNA metabolism, DNA replication, recombination, and repair]

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 30520320    26 GLEAQYTCPICLEVYHRPVaIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVpSPLCPLCRLPFDPKKVDKATHVEKQLSSYK 95
Cdd:TIGR00599  22 PLDTSLRCHICKDFFDVPV-LTSCSHTFCSLCIRRCLSN-QPKCPLCRAEDQESKLRSNWLVSEIVESFK 89

RING-finger-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase [Signal transduction mechanisms];

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 30520320  26 GLEAQYTCPICLEVYHRPVaIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQvPSPLCPLCRLPFDPKKVDKATHVEKQLSSYK 95
Cdd:COG5432  21 GLDSMLRCRICDCRISIPC-ETTCGHTFCSLCIRRHLG-TQPFCPVCREDPCESRLRGSSGSREINESHA 88

Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger); The C3HC4 type zinc-finger (RING finger) is a cysteine-rich domain of 40 to 60 residues that coordinates two zinc ions, and has the consensus sequence: C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-C-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C where X is any amino acid. Many proteins containing a RING finger play a key role in the ubiquitination pathway.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 30520320    33 CPICLEVYHRPVAIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPLCPLC 72
Cdd:pfam00097   1 CPICLEEPKDPVTLLPCGHLFCSKCIRSWLESGNVTCPLC 40

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 166 (RNF166) and similar proteins; RNF166 is encoded by the gene RNF166 targeted by thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 (TRalpha1), which is important in brain development. It plays an important role in RNA virus-induced interferon-beta production by enhancing the ubiquitination of TRAF3 and TRAF6. RNF166, together with three closely related proteins: RNF114, RNF125 and RNF138, forms a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a C2HC-, and two C2H2-type zinc fingers, as well as a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM).

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 30520320  30 QYTCPICLEVYHRPVAIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPLCPLCRLPF 76
Cdd:cd16549   1 QFSCPICLEVYHKPVVITSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVASPLCPLCRMPF 47

DNA repair protein rad18; All proteins in this family for which functions are known are involved in nucleotide excision repair.This family is based on the phylogenomic analysis of JA Eisen (1999, Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University). [DNA metabolism, DNA replication, recombination, and repair]

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 30520320    26 GLEAQYTCPICLEVYHRPVaIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVpSPLCPLCRLPFDPKKVDKATHVEKQLSSYK 95
Cdd:TIGR00599  22 PLDTSLRCHICKDFFDVPV-LTSCSHTFCSLCIRRCLSN-QPKCPLCRAEDQESKLRSNWLVSEIVESFK 89

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM65 and similar proteins; TRIM65 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with the innate immune receptor MDA5, enhancing its ability to stimulate interferon-beta signaling. It functions as a potential oncogenic protein that negatively regulates p53 through ubiquitination, providing insight into the development of novel approaches targeting TRIM65 for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment, and also overcoming chemotherapy resistance. Moreover, TRIM65 negatively regulates microRNA-driven suppression of mRNA translation by targeting TNRC6 proteins for ubiquitination and degradation. TRIM65 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 30520320  28 EAQYTCPICLEVYHRPVAIgSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPL---CPLCRLPF 76
Cdd:cd16609   1 EEELTCSICLGLYQDPVTL-PCQHSFCRACIEDHWRQKDEGsfsCPECRAPF 51

C2HC Zing finger domain; This is a zinc finger domain together with a linker region found in RNF125, a small protein (25kD) that contains a RING domain, three zinc fingers (ZnFs) and a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM). The C2HC ZnF plays an essential role in the interaction of RNF125 with the E2 UbcH5a, which originates from the requirement of the C2HC-ZnF for the structural stability of the RING domain. A mutation at one of the contact residues in the C2HC-ZnF, a highly conserved M112, resulted in the loss of ubiquitin ligase activity. Furthermore, mutations at the Zn2+ chelating cysteine residues, C100 and C103 of this domain resulted in a loss of activity.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 30520320    92 SSYKAPCRGCNKKVTLAKMRVHISSCLKVQEQM 124
Cdd:pfam18574   1 ESTEGNCRGCEKQVCLSKMRAHYATCEKYQEYY 33

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM25 and similar proteins; TRIM25, also known as estrogen-responsive finger protein (EFP), RING finger protein 147 (RNF147), or RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase, is an E3 ubiquitin/ISG15 ligase that is induced by estrogen and is therefore particularly abundant in placenta and uterus. TRIM25 regulates various cellular processes through E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, transferring ubiquitin and ISG15 to target proteins. It mediates K63-linked polyubiquitination of retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) that is crucial for downstream antiviral interferon signaling. It is also required for melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS, also known as IPS-1, VISA, Cardiff) mediated activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and interferon production. Upon UV irradiation, TRIM25 interacts with mono-ubiquitinated PCNA and promotes its ISG15 modification (ISGylation), suggesting a crucial role in termination of error-prone translesion DNA synthesis. TRIM25 also functions as a novel regulator of p53 and Mdm2. It enhances p53 and Mdm2 abundance by inhibiting their ubiquitination and degradation in 26S proteasomes. Meanwhile, it inhibits p53's transcriptional activity and dampens the response to DNA damage, and is essential for medaka development and this dependence is rescued by silencing of p53. Moreover, TRIM25 is involved in the host cellular innate immune response against retroviral infection. It interferes with the late stage of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) replication. Furthermore, TRIM25 acts as an oncogene in gastric cancer. Its blockade by RNA interference inhibits migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells through transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling, suggesting it presents a novel target for the detection and treatment of gastric cancer. In addition, TRIM25 acts as an RNA-specific activator for Lin28a/TuT4-mediated uridylation. TRIM25 belongs to the C-IV subclass of TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 30520320  26 GLEAQYTCPICLEVYHRPVAIgSCGHTFCGECLQPC---LQVPSPLCPLCRLPF 76
Cdd:cd16597   1 DLEEELTCSICLELFKDPVTL-PCGHNFCGVCIEKTwdsQHGSEYSCPQCRATF 53

HC subclass of RING (RING-HC) finger and its variants; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers. Some have a different Cys/His pattern. Some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions, especially, the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can chelate Zn in a RING finger as well. This family corresponds to the HC subclass of RING (RING-HC) fingers that are characterized by containing C3HC4-type canonical RING-HC fingers or noncanonical RING-HC finger variants, including C4C4-, C3HC3D-, C2H2C4-, and C3HC5-type modified RING-HC fingers. The canonical RING-HC finger has been defined as C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-C-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C. It binds two Zn ions in a unique "cross-brace" arrangement, which distinguishes it from tandem zinc fingers and other similar motifs. RING-HC fingers can be found in a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle, and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serve as scaffolds for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enables efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 30520320  31 YTCPICLEVYHRPVAIgSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPLCPLC 72
Cdd:cd16449   1 LECPICLERLKDPVLL-PCGHVFCRECIRRLLESGSIKCPIC 41

second RING finger, HC subclass, found in the LON peptidase N-terminal domain and RING finger protein family; The LON peptidase N-terminal domain and RING finger protein family includes LONRF1 (also known as RING finger protein 191 or RNF191), LONRF2 (also known as RING finger protein 192, RNF192, or neuroblastoma apoptosis-related protease), LONRF3 (also known as RING finger protein 127 or RNF127), which are characterized by containing two C3HC4-type RING-HC fingers, four tetratricopeptide (TPR) repeats, and an ATP-dependent protease La (LON) substrate-binding domain at the C-terminus. Their biological functions remain unclear. This model corresponds to the second RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 30520320  33 CPICLEVYHRPVAIgSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQvPSPLCPLCRLP 75
Cdd:cd16514   4 CSLCLRLLYEPVTT-PCGHTFCRACLERCLD-HSPKCPLCRTS 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF) and similar proteins; HLTF, also known as DNA-binding protein/plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 regulator, HIP116, RING finger protein 80, SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 3, or sucrose nonfermenting protein 2-like 3, is a yeast RAD5 homolog found in mammals. It has both E3 ubiquitin ligase and DNA helicase activities, and plays a pivotal role in the template-switching pathway of DNA damage tolerance. It is involved in Lys-63-linked poly-ubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) at Lys-164 and in the regulation of DNA damage tolerance. It shows double-stranded DNA translocase activity with 3'-5' polarity, thereby facilitating regression of the replication fork. HLTF contains an N-terminal HIRAN (HIP116 and RAD5 N-terminal) domain, a SWI/SNF helicase domain that is divided into N- and C-terminal parts by an insertion of a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger involved in the poly-ubiquitination of PCNA.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 30520320  33 CPICLEVYHRPVaIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPLCPLCRLP 75
Cdd:cd16509   6 CAICLDSLTNPV-ITPCAHVFCRRCICEVIQREKAKCPMCRAP 47

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana proteolysis 1 protein (PRT1) and similar proteins; PRT1, also called RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase PRT1, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. It functions in the N-end rule pathway of protein degradation, where it specifically recognizes and ubiquitinates proteins with an N-terminal bulky aromatic amino acid (Phe). It does not act on aliphatic hydrophobic and basic N-terminal residues (Arg or Leu) containing proteins. PRT1 contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 30520320  30 QYTCPICLEVYHRPVaIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPS-PLCPLCRLPFD 77
Cdd:cd23132   2 EFLCCICLDLLYKPV-VLECGHVFCFWCVHRCMNGYDeSHCPLCRRPYD 49

RING finger, HC subclass, found in really interesting new gene proteins RING1, RING2 and similar proteins; RING1, also known as polycomb complex protein RING1, RING finger protein 1 (RNF1), or RING finger protein 1A (RING1A), is a transcriptional repressor that is associated with the Polycomb group (PcG) protein complex involved in stable repression of gene activity. RING2, also known as huntingtin-interacting protein 2-interacting protein 3, HIP2-interacting protein 3, protein DinG, RING finger protein 1B (RING1B), RING finger protein 2 (RNF2), or RING finger protein BAP-1, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with both nucleosomal DNA and an acidic patch on histone H4 to achieve the specific monoubiquitination of K119 on histone H2A (H2AK119ub), thereby playing a central role in histone code and gene regulation. Both RING1 and RING2 are core components of polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) that functions as an E3-ubuiquitin ligase transferring the mono-ubuiquitin mark to the C-terminal tail of Histone H2A at K118/K119. PRC1 is also capable of chromatin compaction, a function not requiring histone tails, and this activity appears important in gene silencing. RING2 acts as the main E3 ubiquitin ligase on histone H2A of the PRC1 complex, while RING1 may rather act as a modulator of RNF2/RING2 activity. Members of this family contain a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 30520320  32 TCPICLEVYHRPVAIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPLCPLCRLP 75
Cdd:cd16531   3 MCPICLGIIKNTMTVKECLHRFCAECIEKALRLGNKECPTCRKH 46

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Dictyostelium discoideum Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor O (RasGEFO) and similar proteins; RasGEFO, also known as RasGEF domain-containing protein O, functions as a Ras guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (RasGEFs), activating Ras by catalyzing the replacement of GDP with GTP. RasGEFs are particularly important for signaling in development and chemotaxis in many organisms, including Dictyostelium. RasGEFO contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger that may be responsible for E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 30520320  28 EAQYTCPICLEVYHRPVAIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSplCPLCR 73
Cdd:cd16507   7 LQSLTCGICQNLFKDPNTLIPCGHAFCLDCLTTNASIKN--CIQCK 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 26 (TRIM26) and similar proteins; TRIM26, also known as acid finger protein (AFP), RING finger protein 95 (RNF95), or zinc finger protein 173 (ZNF173), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that negatively regulates interferon-beta production and antiviral response through polyubiquitination and degradation of nuclear transcription factor IRF3. It functions as an important regulator for RNA virus-triggered innate immune response by bridging TBK1 to NEMO (NF-kappaB essential modulator, also known as IKKgamma) and mediating TBK1 activation. It also acts as a novel tumor suppressor of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating cancer cell proliferation, colony forming ability, migration, and invasion. TRIM26 belongs the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a B-box, and two coiled coil domains, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 30520320  27 LEAQYTCPICLEVYHRPVAIgSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQV----PSPLCPLCRLPF 76
Cdd:cd16598   1 LEEEVTCSICLDYLRDPVTI-DCGHNFCRSCITDYCPIsgghERPVCPLCRKPF 53

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 222 (RNF222) and similar proteins; RNF222 is an uncharacterized C3HC4-type RING-HC finger-containing protein. It may function as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 30520320  32 TCPICLEVYHRPVAIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPLCPLCR 73
Cdd:cd16564   2 ECPVCYEDFDDAPRILSCGHSFCEDCLVKQLVSMTISCPICR 43

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 72 (TRIM72) and similar proteins; TRIM72, also known as Mitsugumin-53 (MG53), is a muscle-specific protein that plays a central role in cell membrane repair by nucleating the assembly of the repair machinery at muscle injury sites. It is required in repair of alveolar epithelial cells under plasma membrane stress failure. It interacts with dysferlin to regulate sarcolemmal repair. Upregulation of TRIM72 develops obesity, systemic insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia, as well as induces diabetic cardiomyopathy through transcriptional activation of the peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha) signaling pathway. Compensation for the absence of AKT signaling by ERK signaling during TRIM72 overexpression leads to pathological hypertrophy. Moreover, TRIM72 functions as a novel negative feedback regulator of myogenesis by targeting insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). It is transcriptionally activated by the synergism of myogenin (MyoD) and myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2). TRIM72 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 30520320  32 TCPICLEVYHRPVAiGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVP---SPLCPLCRLPFDP 78
Cdd:cd16612   6 SCPLCLKLFQSPVT-TECGHTFCQDCLSRVPKEEdggSTSCPTCQAPTKP 54

Variant RING finger, HC subclass (C4C4-type), found in retinoblastoma-binding protein 6 (RBBP6) and similar proteins; RBBP6, also known as proliferation potential-related protein, protein P2P-R, retinoblastoma-binding Q protein 1 (RBQ-1), or p53-associated cellular protein of testis (PACT), is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in multiple processes, such as the control of gene expression, mitosis, cell differentiation, and cell apoptosis. It plays a role in both promoting and inhibiting apoptosis in many human cancers, including esophageal, lung, hepatocellular, and colon cancers, familial myeloproliferative neoplasms, as well as in human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). It functions as an Rb- and p53-binding protein that plays an important role in chaperone-mediated ubiquitination and possibly in protein quality control. It acts as a scaffold protein to promote the assembly of the p53/TP53-MDM2 complex, resulting in an increase of MDM2-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of p53/TP53, and leading to both apoptosis and cell growth. It is also a double-stranded RNA-binding protein that plays a role in mRNA processing by regulating the human polyadenylation machinery and modulating expression of mRNAs with AU-rich 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). Moreover, RBBP6 ubiquitinates and destabilizes the transcriptional repressor ZBTB38 that negatively regulates transcription and levels of the MCM10 replication factor on chromatin. Furthermore, RBBP6 is involved in tunicamycin-induced apoptosis by mediating protein kinase (PKR) activation. RBBP6 contains an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain and a C4C4-type RING finger, whose overall folding is similar to that of the typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. RBBP6 interacts with chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp40 through its N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain. It promotes the ubiquitination of p53 by Hdm2 in an E4-like manner through its RING finger. It also interacts directly with the pro-proliferative transcription factor Y-box-binding protein-1 (YB-1) via its RING finger.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 30520320  30 QYTCPICLEVYHRPVAIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPLCPLCRLPFDP 78
Cdd:cd16620   3 ELKCPICKDLMKDAVLTPCCGNSFCDECIRTALLEEDFTCPTCKEPDVS 51

RING finger, HC subclass, found in breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) and similar proteins; BRCA1, also known as RING finger protein 53 (RNF53), is a RING finger protein encoded by the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 that regulates all DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways. BRCA1 is frequently mutated in patients with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). Its mutation is also associated with an increased risk of pancreatic, stomach, laryngeal, fallopian tube, and prostate cancer. It plays an important role in the DNA damage response signaling and has been implicated in various cellular processes such as cell cycle regulation, transcriptional regulation, chromatin remodeling, DNA DSBs, and apoptosis. BRCA1 contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, and two BRCT (BRCA1 C-terminus domain) repeats at the C-terminus.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 30520320  33 CPICLEVYHRPVAIGsCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPL--CPLCRLPFDPKKVDKATH 86
Cdd:cd16498  19 CPICLELLKEPVSTK-CDHQFCRFCILKLLQKKKKPapCPLCKKSVTKRSLQESTR 73

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 38 (TRIM38) and similar proteins; TRIM38, also known as RING finger protein 15 (RNF15) or zinc finger protein RoRet, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes K63- and K48-linked ubiquitination of cellular proteins and also catalyzes self-ubiquitination. It negatively regulates Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)- and interleukin-1beta-triggered Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation by mediating lysosomal-dependent degradation of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-binding protein (TAB)2/3, two critical components of the TAK1 kinase complex. It also inhibits TLR3/4-mediated activation of NF-kappaB and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) by mediating ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (Traf6) and NAK-associated protein 1 (Nap1), respectively. Moreover, TRIM38 negatively regulates TLR3-mediated interferon beta (IFN-beta) signaling by targeting ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-beta (TRIF). It functions as a valid target for autoantibodies in primary Sjogren's Syndrome. TRIM38 belongs the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a B-box, and two coiled coil domains, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 30520320  32 TCPICLEVYHRPVAIgSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPL--------CPLCRLPF 76
Cdd:cd16600   7 TCSICLQLMTEPVSI-NCGHSYCKRCIVSFLENQSQLepgletfsCPQCRAPF 58

H2 subclass of RING (RING-H2) fingers and its variants; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers: some have different Cys/His patterns while some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions (the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can indeed chelate Zn in a RING finger as well). This family corresponds to the H2 subclass of RING (RING-H2) finger proteins that are characterized by containing C3H2C3-type canonical RING-H2 fingers or noncanonical RING-H2 finger variants, including C4HC3- (RING-CH alias RINGv), C3H3C2-, C3H2C2D-, C3DHC3-, and C4HC2H-type modified RING-H2 fingers. The canonical RING-H2 finger has been defined as C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-H-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C, X is any amino acid and the number of X residues varies in different fingers. It binds two Zn ions in a unique "cross-brace" arrangement, which distinguishes it from tandem zinc fingers and other similar motifs. RING-H2 finger can be found in a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serves as a scaffold for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enables efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 30520320  33 CPICLEVYH--RPVAIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPLCPLCR 73
Cdd:cd16448   1 CVICLEEFEegDVVRLLPCGHVFHLACILRWLESGNNTCPLCR 43

RING finger, HC subclass, found in muscle-specific RING finger protein 2 (MuRF-2) and similar proteins; MuRF-2, also known as tripartite motif-containing protein 55 (TRIM55) or RING finger protein 29 (RNF29), is a muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase in ubiquitin-mediated muscle protein turnover and is also a ligand of the transactivation domain of the serum response transcription factor (SRF). It is predominantly slow-fibre associated and highly expressed in embryonic skeletal muscle. MuRF-2 associates transiently with microtubules, myosin, and titin during sarcomere assembly. It has been implicated in microtubule, intermediate filament, and sarcomeric M-line maintenance in striated muscle development, as well as in signaling from the sarcomere to the nucleus. It plays an important role in the earliest stages of skeletal muscle differentiation and myofibrillogenesis. It is developmentally downregulated and is assembled at the M-line region of the sarcomere and with microtubules. MuRF-2 belongs to the C-II subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a COS (carboxyl-terminal subgroup one signature) box, and an acidic residue-rich (AR) domain. It also harbors a MURF family-specific conserved box (MFC) between its RING-HC finger and Bbox domains.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 30520320  28 EAQYTCPICLEVYHRPVAIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPLCP 70
Cdd:cd16760   1 EKQLICPICLEMFTKPVVILPCQHNLCRKCANDIFQASNPYLP 43

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 125 (RNF125); RNF125, also known as T-cell RING activation protein 1 (TRAC-1), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is predominantly expressed in lymphoid cells, and functions as a positive regulator of T cell activation. It also down-modulates HIV replication and inhibits pathogen-induced cytokine production. It negatively regulates type I interferon signaling, which conjugates Lys(48)-linked ubiquitination to retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and subsequently leads to the proteasome-dependent degradation of RIG-I. Further, RNF125 conjugates ubiquitin to melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), a family protein of RIG-I. It thus acts as a negative regulator of RIG-I signaling, and is a direct target of miR-15b in the context of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. Moreover, RNF125 binds to and ubiquitinates JAK1, prompting its degradation and inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) expression. It also negatively regulates p53 function through physical interaction and ubiquitin-mediated proteasome degradation. Mutations in RNF125 may lead to overgrowth syndromes (OGS). RNF125, together with three closely related proteins: RNF114, RNF138 and RNF166, forms a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a C2HC-, and two C2H2-type zinc fingers, as well as a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM). The UIM of RNF125 binds K48-linked poly-ubiquitin chains and is, together with the RING domain, required for auto-ubiquitination.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 30520320  31 YTCPICLEVYHRPVAIgSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPLCPLCR 73
Cdd:cd16542   2 FDCAVCLEVLHQPVRT-RCGHVFCRPCIATSLRNNTWTCPYCR 43

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Ret finger protein-like 4B (RFPL4B) and similar proteins; RFPL4B, also called RING finger protein 211 (RNF211), is an uncharacterized RING finger protein containing a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 30520320  24 DSGLEAQYTCPICLEVYHRPVAIgSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPL---CPLCR 73
Cdd:cd16623   2 ANRLEMEATCPICLDFFSHPISL-SCAHIFCFDCIQKWMTKREDSiltCPLCR 53

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC3D-type), found in ligand of Numb protein LNX1, LNX2, and similar proteins; The ligand of Numb protein X (LNX) family, also known as PDZ and RING (PDZRN) family, includes LNX1-5, which can interact with Numb, a key regulator of neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation. LNX5 (also known as PDZK4 or PDZRN4L) shows high sequence homology to LNX3 and LNX4, but it lacks the RING domain. LNX1-4 proteins function as E3 ubiquitin ligases and have a unique domain architecture consisting of an N-terminal RING-HC finger for E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and either two or four PDZ domains necessary for substrate-binding. LNX1/LNX2-like proteins contain a modified C3HC3D-type RING-HC finger and four PDZ domains. This model corresponds to the RING finger.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 30520320  31 YTCPICLEVYHRPVAIgSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVpSPLCPLCR 73
Cdd:cd16637   2 LTCHICLQPLVEPLDT-PCGHTFCYKCLTNYLKI-QQCCPLDR 42

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 62 (TRIM62) and similar proteins; TRIM62, also known as Ductal Epithelium Associated Ring Chromosome 1 (DEAR1), is a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that was identified as a dominant regulator of acinar morphogenesis in the mammary gland. It is implicated in the inflammatory response of immune cells by regulating the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway, leading to increased activity of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor in primary macrophages. It is also involved in muscular protein homeostasis, especially during inflammation-induced atrophy, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of ICU-acquired weakness (ICUAW) by activating and maintaining inflammation in myocytes. Moreover, TRIM62 facilitates K27-linked poly-ubiquitination of CARD9 and also regulates CARD9-mediated anti-fungal immunity and intestinal inflammation. It also functions as a chromosome 1p35 tumor suppressor and negatively regulates transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)-driven epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by binding to and promoting the ubiquitination of SMAD3, a major effector of TGFbeta-mediated EMT. TRIM62 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 30520320  25 SGLEAQYTCPICLEVYHRPVAIGsCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSP-LCPLCRLPF 76
Cdd:cd16608   1 SSLKDELLCSICLSIYQDPVSLG-CEHYFCRQCITEHWSRSEHrDCPECRRTF 52

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Candida albicans transcriptional regulator of yeast form adherence 3 (TRY3) and similar proteins; TRY3 acts as a transcription factor required for yeast cell adherence to silicone substrate. It contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 30520320  31 YTCPICLEVYHRPVAIGsCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPLCPLCRLP 75
Cdd:cd23137   3 YACPICMNVAWKPVRLE-CSHVFCLRCLVKAQKQKKDNCPLCRAK 46

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 (AtBARD1) and similar proteins; AtBARD1, also called protein REPRESSOR OF WUSCHEL 1, binds specifically to H3K4me3 regions of target gene (e.g. WUS and WOX5) promoters to repress their transcription via chromatin remodeling. It is required for the shoot apical meristem (SAM) organization and maintenance, by confining WUS expression to the organizing center, and for the quiescent center (QC) development in the root apical meristem (RAM), by repressing WOX5 expression in the root proximal meristem. AtBARD1 plays a role in DNA repair and in cell-cycle control. It is required for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), both natural and induced by genotoxic stress, by homologous recombination (HR). AtBARD1 contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 30520320  27 LEAQYTCPICLEVYHRPVAIgSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPlCPLCRLPFDPKKV 81
Cdd:cd23146   1 MELELKCPICLKLLNRPVLL-PCDHIFCSSCITDSTKVGSD-CPVCKLPYHSQDL 53

RING finger, HC subclass, found in muscle-specific RING finger protein 1 (MuRF-1) and similar proteins; MuRF-1, also known as tripartite motif-containing protein 63 (TRIM63), RING finger protein 28 (RNF28), iris RING finger protein, or striated muscle RING zinc finger, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase in ubiquitin-mediated muscle protein turnover. It is predominantly fast (type II) fibre-associated in skeletal muscle and can bind to many myofibrillar proteins, including titin, nebulin, the nebulin-related protein NRAP, troponin-I (TnI), troponin-T (TnT), myosin light chain 2 (MLC-2), myotilin, and T-cap. The early and robust upregulation of MuRF-1 is triggered by disuse, denervation, starvation, sepsis, or steroid administration resulting in skeletal muscle atrophy. It also plays a role in maintaining titin M-line integrity. It associates with the periphery of the M-line lattice and may be involved in the regulation of the titin kinase domain. It also participates in muscle stress response pathways and gene expression. MuRF-1 belongs to the C-II subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a COS (carboxyl-terminal subgroup one signature) box, and an acidic residue-rich (AR) domain. It also harbors a MURF family-specific conserved box (MFC) between its RING-HC finger and Bbox domains.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 30520320  28 EAQYTCPICLEVYHRPVAIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSP 67
Cdd:cd16759   1 EKQLICPICLEMFTKPVVILPCQHNLCRKCANDIFQAANP 40

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 213 (RNF213) and similar proteins; RNF213, also known as ALK lymphoma oligomerization partner on chromosome 17 or Moyamoya steno-occlusive disease-associated AAA+ and RING finger protein (mysterin), is an intracellular soluble protein that functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and AAA+ ATPase, which possibly contributes to vascular development through mechanical processes in the cell. It plays a unique role in endothelial cells for proper gene expression in response to inflammatory signals from the environment. Mutations in RNF213 may be associated with Moyamoya disease (MMD), an idiopathic cerebrovascular occlusive disorder prevalent in East Asia. It also acts as a nuclear marker for acanthomorph phylogeny. RNF213 contains two tandem enzymatically active AAA+ ATPase modules and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. It can form a huge ring-shaped oligomeric complex.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 30520320  33 CPICLEVYHRPVAIGsCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVpSPLCPLCR 73
Cdd:cd16561   5 CSICLEDLNDPVKLP-CDHVFCEECIRQWLPG-QMSCPLCR 43

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 69 (TRIM69) and similar proteins; TRIM69, also known as RFP-like domain-containing protein trimless or RING finger protein 36 (RNF36), is a testis E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a specific role in apoptosis and may also play an important role in germ cell homeostasis during spermatogenesis. TRIM69 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 30520320  27 LEAQYTCPICLEVYHRPVaIGSCGHTFCGECLQPC--LQVPSPLCPLCR 73
Cdd:cd16611   1 LTEELHCPLCLDFFRDPV-MLSCGHNFCQSCITGFweLQAEDTTCPECR 48

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM4 and similar proteins; TRIM4 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a SPRY/B30.2 domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. TRIM4, also known as RING finger protein 87 (RNF87), is a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that has recently evolved and is present only in higher mammals. It transiently interacts with mitochondria, induces mitochondrial aggregation and sensitizes the cells to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced death. Its interaction with peroxiredoxin 1 (PRX1) is critical for the regulation of H2O2 induced cell death. Moreover, TRIM4 functions as a positive regulator of RIG-I-mediated type I interferon induction. It regulates the K63-linked ubiquitination of RIG-1 and assembly of antiviral signaling complex at the mitochondria.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 30520320  27 LEAQYTCPICLEVYHRPVAIgSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQV---PSPlCPLCRLPFDP 78
Cdd:cd16590   3 IQEELTCPICLDYFQDPVSI-ECGHNFCRGCLHRNWAPgggPFP-CPECRHPSAP 55

RING finger, HC subclass, found in muscle-specific RING finger protein 3 (MuRF-3) and similar proteins; MuRF-3, also known as tripartite motif-containing protein 54 (TRIM54), or RING finger protein 30 (RNF30), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase in ubiquitin-mediated muscle protein turnover. It is ubiquitously detected in all fibre types, is developmentally upregulated, associates with microtubules, the sarcomeric M-line and Z-line, and is required for microtubule stability and myogenesis. It associates with glutamylated microtubules during skeletal muscle development, and is required for skeletal myoblast differentiation and development of cellular microtubular networks. MuRF-3 controls the degradation of four-and-a-half LIM domain (FHL2) and gamma-filamin and is required for maintenance of ventricular integrity after myocardial infarction (MI). MuRF-3 belongs to the C-II subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a COS (carboxyl-terminal subgroup one signature) box, and an acidic residue-rich (AR) domain. It also harbors a MURF family-specific conserved box (MFC) between its RING-HC finger and Bbox domains.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 30520320  33 CPICLEVYHRPVAIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPL 68
Cdd:cd16761   3 CPICLEMFTKPVVILPCQHNLCRKCANDVFQASNPL 38

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein RNF5, RNF185 and similar proteins; RNF5 and RNF185 are E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases that are anchored to the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). RNF5 acts at early stages of cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) biosynthesis, and functions as a target for therapeutic modalities to antagonize mutant CFTR proteins in CF patients carrying the F508del allele. RNF185 controls the degradation of CFTR and CFTR F508del allele in a RING- and proteasome-dependent manner, but does not control that of other classical endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) model substrates. Moreover, both RNF5 and RNF185 play important roles in cell adhesion and migration through the modulation of cell migration by ubiquitinating paxillin. Arabidopsis thaliana RING membrane-anchor proteins (AtRMAs) are also included in this family. They possess E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity and may play a role in the growth and development of Arabidopsis. All members of this family contain a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

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gi 30520320  31 YTCPICLEVYHRPVaIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVP--SPLCPLCR 73
Cdd:cd16534   1 FECNICLDTASDPV-VTMCGHLFCWPCLYQWLETRpdRQTCPVCK 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana protein BENZOIC ACID HYPERSENSITIVE 1 (BAH1) and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Arabidopsis thaliana BAH1 and BAH1-like. BAH1, also known as protein NITROGEN LIMITATION ADAPTATION (NLA), or RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase BAH1, acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates E2-dependent protein ubiquitination. It plays a role in salicylic acid-mediated negative feedback regulation of salicylic acid (SA) accumulation. It may be involved in the overall regulation of SA, benzoic acid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. It controls the adaptability to nitrogen limitation by channeling the phenylpropanoid metabolic flux to the induced anthocyanin synthesis. BAH1-like, also known as RING finger protein 178, or RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase BAH1-like, is a probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Members of this subfamily contain a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

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gi 30520320  27 LEAQYTCPICLEVYHRPVAIGsCGHTFCGECLQPCLQV----------PSPLCPLCR 73
Cdd:cd23127   5 LEFDLTCSICLDTVFDPVALG-CGHLFCNSCACSAASVlifqglkaapPEAKCPLCR 60

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 35 (TRIM35) and similar proteins; TRIM35, also known as hemopoietic lineage switch protein 5 (HLS5), is a putative hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) suppressor that inhibits phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2), which is involved in aerobic glycolysis of cancer cells and further suppresses the Warburg effect and tumorigenicity in HCC. It also negatively regulates Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)- and TLR9-mediated type I interferon production by suppressing the stability of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7). Moreover, TRIM35 regulates erythroid differentiation by modulating globin transcription factor 1 (GATA-1) activity. TRIM35 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 30520320  33 CPICLEVYHRPVAIgSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQV-PSPLCPLCR 73
Cdd:cd16599   7 CPICYEPFREAVTL-RCGHNFCKGCVSRSWERqPRAPCPVCK 47

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC3D-type), found in uncharacterized proteins similar to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 4 (TRAF4); This subfamily corresponds to a group of uncharacterized proteins that shows high sequence similarity with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 4 (TRAF4). TRAF4, also known as cysteine-rich domain associated with RING and Traf domains protein 1, or metastatic lymph node gene 62 protein (MLN 62), or RING finger protein 83 (RNF83), is a member of TRAF protein family, which mainly function in the immune system, where they mediate signaling through tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) and interleukin-1/Toll-like receptors (IL-1/TLRs). It also plays a critical role in the nervous system, as well as in carcinogenesis. Like TRAF4, members of this subfamily contain a modified C3HC3D-type RING-HC finger.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 30520320  27 LEAQYTCPICLEVYHRPVAIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVpSPLCPLCRLPFD 77
Cdd:cd23126   1 LDKKYECPVCCQVLRYPVQFEECGHRVCSSCLPELLRV-EPRCPIDQGPID 50

zinc-RING finger domain;

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 30520320    33 CPICLEVYH--RPVAIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQvpSPLCPLCR 73
Cdd:pfam14634   2 CNKCFKELSktRPFYLTSCGHIFCEECLTRLLQ--ERQCPICK 42

RING finger, HC subclass, found in really interesting new gene 1 protein (RING1) and similar proteins; RING1, also known as polycomb complex protein RING1, RING finger protein 1 (RNF1), or RING finger protein 1A (RING1A), was identified as a transcriptional repressor that is associated with the Polycomb group (PcG) protein complex involved in stable repression of gene activity. It is a core component of polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) that functions as an E3-ubuiquitin ligase that transferring the mono-ubuiquitin mark to the C-terminal tail of Histone H2A at K118/K119. PRC1 is also capable of chromatin compaction, a function not requiring histone tails, and this activity appears important in gene silencing. RING1 interacts with multiple PcG proteins and displays tumorigenic activity. It also shows zinc-dependent DNA binding activity. Moreover, RING1 inhibits transactivation of the DNA-binding protein recombination signal binding protein-Jkappa (RBP-J) by Notch through interaction with the LIM domains of KyoT2. RING1 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

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gi 30520320  28 EAQYTCPICLEVYHRPVAIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPLCPLCR 73
Cdd:cd16739   1 HSELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTKECLHRFCSDCIVTALRSGNKECPTCR 46

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 31 (TRIM31) and similar proteins; TRIM31 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that primarily localizes to the cytoplasm, but is also associated with the mitochondria. It can negatively regulate cell proliferation and may be a potential biomarker of gastric cancer as it is overexpressed from the early stage of gastric carcinogenesis. TRIM31 is downregulated in non-small cell lung cancer and serves as a potential tumor suppressor. It interacts with p52 (Shc) and inhibits Src-induced anchorage-independent growth. TRIM31 belongs to the C-V subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domain, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as an uncharacterized region positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

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gi 30520320  32 TCPICLEVYHRPVAIgSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPL--CPLC 72
Cdd:cd16582   3 ICPICLDILQKPVTI-DCGHNFCLQCITQIGETSCGFfkCPLC 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in really interesting new gene 2 protein (RING2) and similar proteins; RING2, also known as huntingtin-interacting protein 2-interacting protein 3, HIP2-interacting protein 3, protein DinG, RING finger protein 1B (RING1B), RING finger protein 2 (RNF2), or RING finger protein BAP-1, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with both nucleosomal DNA and an acidic patch on histone H4 to achieve the specific monoubiquitination of K119 on histone H2A (H2AK119ub), thereby playing a central role in histone code and gene regulation. RING2 is a core component of polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) that functions as an E3-ubuiquitin ligase transferring the mono-ubuiquitin mark to the C-terminal tail of Histone H2A at K118/K119. PRC1 is also capable of chromatin compaction, a function not requiring histone tails, and this activity appears important in gene silencing. The enzymatic activity of RING2 is enhanced by the interaction with BMI1/PCGF4, and it is dispensable for early embryonic development and much of the gene repression activity of PRC1. Moreover, RING2 plays a key role in terminating neural precursor cell (NPC)-mediated production of subcerebral projection neurons (SCPNs) during neocortical development. It also plays a critical role in nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ)-mediated end-to-end chromosome fusions. Furthermore, RING2 is essential for expansion of hepatic stem/progenitor cells. It promotes hepatic stem/progenitor cell expansion through simultaneous suppression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) Cdkn1a and Cdkn2a, known negative regulators of cell proliferation. RING2 also negatively regulates p53 expression through directly binding with both p53 and MDM2 and promoting MDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitination in selective cancer cell types to stimulate tumor development. RING2 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

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gi 30520320  27 LEAQYTCPICLEVYHRPVAIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPLCPLCR 73
Cdd:cd16740   9 LHSELMCPICLDMLKNTMTTKECLHRFCADCIITALRSGNKECPTCR 55

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 32 (TRIM32) and similar proteins; TRIM32, also known as 72 kDa Tat-interacting protein, zinc finger protein HT2A, or BBS11, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes degradation of several targets, including actin, PIASgamma, Abl interactor 2, dysbindin, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), p73 transcription factor, thin filaments and Z-bands during fasting. It plays important roles in neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells, as well as in controlling cell fate in skeletal muscle progenitor cells. It reduces PI3K-Akt-FoxO signaling in muscle atrophy by promoting plakoglobin-PI3K dissociation. It also functions as a pluripotency-reprogramming roadblock that facilitates cellular transition towards differentiation by modulating the levels of Oct4 and cMyc. Moreover, TRIM32 is an intrinsic influenza A virus (IAV) restriction factor which senses and targets the polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1) for ubiquitination and protein degradation. It also plays a significant role in mediating the biological activity of the HIV-1 Tat protein in vivo, binds specifically to the activation domain of HIV-1 Tat, and can also interact with the HIV-2 and EIAV Tat proteins in vivo. Furthermore, TRIM32 regulates myoblast proliferation by controlling turnover of NDRG2 (N-myc downstream-regulated gene). It negatively regulates tumor suppressor p53 to promote tumorigenesis. It also facilitates degradation of MYCN on spindle poles and induces asymmetric cell division in human neuroblastoma cells. In addition, TRIM32 plays important roles in regulation of hyperactivities and positively regulates the development of anxiety and depression disorders induced by chronic stress. It also plays a role in regeneration by affecting satellite cell cycle progression via modulation of the SUMO ligase PIASy (PIAS4). Defects in TRIM32 leads to limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H (LGMD2H), sarcotubular myopathies (STM) and Bardet-Biedl syndrome. TRIM32 belongs to the C-VII subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif)-NHL family that is defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil domain, as well as a NHL (named after proteins NCL-1, HT2A and Lin-41 that contain repeats folded into a six-bladed beta propeller) repeat domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. The NHL domain mediates the interaction with Argonaute proteins and consequently allows TRIM32 to modulate the activity of certain miRNAs.

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gi 30520320  32 TCPICLEVY----HRPvAIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPL---CPLCR 73
Cdd:cd16587   2 ECPICLESFdegqLRP-KLLHCGHTICEQCLEKLLASLSINgvrCPFCR 49

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in the PA-TM-RING ubiquitin ligase family; The PA-TM-RING family represents a group of transmembrane-type E3 ubiquitin ligases, which has been characterized by an N-terminal transient signal peptide, a PA (protease-associated) domain, a TM (transmembrane) domain, as well as a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger domain. It includes RNF13, RNF167, ZNRF4 (zinc and RING finger 4), GRAIL (gene related to anergy in lymphocytes)/RNF128, RNF130, RNF133, RNF148, RNF149 and RNF150 (which are more closely related), as well as RNF43 and ZNRF3, which have substantially longer C-terminal tail extensions compared with the others. PA-TM-RING proteins are expressed at low levels in all mammalian tissues and species, but they are not present in yeast. They play a common regulatory role in intracellular trafficking/sorting, suggesting that abrogation of their function may result in dysregulation of cellular signaling events in cancer.

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gi 30520320  32 TCPICLEVYHRPVAIG--SCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVpSPLCPLCR 73
Cdd:cd16454   1 TCAICLEEFKEGEKVRvlPCNHLFHKDCIDPWLEQ-HNTCPLCR 43

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 169 (RNF169) and similar proteins; RNF169 is an uncharacterized E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase paralogous to RNF168. It functions as a negative regulator of the DNA damage signaling cascade. RNF169 recognizes polyubiquitin structures but does not itself contribute to double-strand break (DSB)-induced chromatin ubiquitylation. It contributes to regulation of the DSB repair pathway utilization via functionally competing with recruiting repair factors, 53BP1 and RAP80-BRCA1, for association with RNF168-modified chromatin independent of its catalytic activity, limiting the magnitude of the RNF8/RNF168-dependent signaling response to DSBs. RNF169 contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and a C-terminal MIU (motif interacting with ubiquitin) domain.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 30520320  30 QYTCPICLEVYHRPVAIgSCGHTFCGECLQPCL--QVPSPLCPLCRLP 75
Cdd:cd16551   1 ELTCAGCLEVPVEPATL-PCGHTLCRGCANRALdaAEAGPTCPRCRAP 47

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM43, TRIM48, TRIM49, TRIM51, TRIM64 and similar proteins; The family includes a group of closely related uncharacterized tripartite motif-containing proteins, TRIM43, TRIM43B, TRIM48/RNF101, TRIM49/RNF18, TRIM49B, TRIM49C/TRIM49L2, TRIM49D/TRIM49L, TRIM51/SPRYD5, TRIM64, TRIM64B, and TRIM64C, whose biological function remain unclear. TRIM49, also known as testis-specific RING-finger protein, has moderate similarity with SS-A/Ro52 antigen, suggesting it may be one of the target proteins of autoantibodies in the sera of patients with these autoimmune disorders. All family members belong to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains as well as a SPRY/B30.2 domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. In RBCC region, they all have a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

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gi 30520320  32 TCPICLEVYHRPVAIgSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQ-VPSPL-CPLCRLP 75
Cdd:cd16603   6 TCPICMNYFIDPVTI-DCGHSFCRPCLYLNWQdIPFLAqCPECRKT 50

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC3D-type), found in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 7 (TRAF7) and similar proteins; TRAF7, also known as RING finger and WD repeat-containing protein 1 or RING finger protein 119 (RNF119), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in signal transduction pathways that lead either to activation or repression of NF-kappaB transcription factor by promoting K29-linked ubiquitination of several cellular targets, including the NF-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO) and the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB transcription factor. It is also involved in K29-linked polyubiquitination that has been implicated in lysosomal degradation of proteins. Moreover, TRAF7 is required for K48-linked ubiquitination of p53, a key tumor suppressor and a master regulator of various signaling pathways, such as those related to apoptosis, cell cycle and DNA repair. It is also required for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-induced Jun N-terminal kinase activation and promotes cell death by regulating polyubiquitination and lysosomal degradation of c-FLIP protein. Furthermore, TRAF7 functions as small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase involved in other post-translational modification, such as sumoylation. It binds to and stimulates sumoylation of the proto-oncogene product c-Myb, a transcription factor regulating proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. It potentiates MEKK3-induced AP1 and CHOP activation and induces apoptosis. Meanwhile, TRAF7 mediates MyoD1 regulation of the pathway and cell-cycle progression in myoblasts. It also plays a role in Toll-like receptors (TLR) signaling. TRAF7 contains an N-terminal domain with a modified C3HC3D-type RING-HC finger and an adjacent zinc finger, and a unique C-terminal domain that comprises a coiled coil domain and seven WD40 repeats.

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gi 30520320  33 CPICLEVYHRPVaIGSCGHTFCGECL 58
Cdd:cd16644   8 CPLCQRVFKDPV-ITSCGHTFCRRCA 32

Uncharacterized conserved protein, contains RING and CCCH-type Zn-fingers [General function prediction only];

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gi 30520320  19 GPAGGDSGLEAQYTCPICLEVYHRPVAiGSCGHTFCGEC 57
Cdd:COG5152 185 APVISGPGEKIPFLCGICKKDYESPVV-TECGHSFCSLC 222

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger and transmembrane domain-containing protein RNFT1, RNFT2, and similar proteins; Both RNFT1 and RNFT2 are multi-pass membrane proteins containing a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. Their biological roles remain unclear.

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gi 30520320  32 TCPICLEVYHRPVAIgSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSPlCPLCR 73
Cdd:cd16532   2 ICPICQDEFKDPVVL-RCKHIFCEDCVSEWFERERT-CPLCR 41

RING finger, HC subclass, found in postreplication repair protein RAD18 and similar proteins; RAD18, also known as HR18 or RING finger protein 73 (RNF73), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in post replication repair of UV-damaged DNA via its recruitment to stalled replication forks. It associates to the E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UBE2B to form the UBE2B-RAD18 ubiquitin ligase complex involved in mono-ubiquitination of DNA-associated PCNA on K164. It also interacts with another E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme RAD6 to form a complex that monoubiquitinates proliferating cell nuclear antigen at stalled replication forks in DNA translesion synthesis. Moreover, Rad18 is a key factor in double-strand break DNA damage response (DDR) pathways via its association with K63-linked polyubiquitylated chromatin proteins. It can function as a mediator for DNA damage response signals to activate the G2/M checkpoint in order to maintain genome integrity and cell survival after ionizing radiation (IR) exposure. RAD18 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a ubiquitin-binding zinc finger domain (UBZ), a SAP (SAF-A/B, Acinus and PIAS) domain, and a RAD6-binding domain (R6BD).

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 30520320  33 CPICLEVYHRPVAIGSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQVPSpLCPLCRLP 75
Cdd:cd16529   7 CPICFEYFNTAMMITQCSHNYCSLCIRRFLSYKT-QCPTCRAA 48