PHD zinc finger; The plant homeodomain (PHD) finger is a C4HC3 zinc-finger-like motif found in nuclear proteins thought to be involved in epigenetics and chromatin-mediated transcriptional regulation. The PHD finger binds two zinc ions using the so-called 'cross-brace' motif and is thus structurally related to the RING finger and the FYVE finger. It is not yet known if PHD fingers have a common molecular function. Several reports suggest that it can function as a protein-protein interacton domain and it was recently demonstrated that the PHD finger of p300 can cooperate with the adjacent BROMO domain in nucleosome binding in vitro. Other reports suggesting that the PHD finger is a ubiquitin ligase have been refuted as these domains were RING fingers misidentified as PHD fingers.

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gi 767902546   244 CFCMKPFAGRPMIECNECHTWIHLSCAKI--RKSNVPEVFVCQKC 286
Cdd:smart00249   3 SVCGKPDDGGELLQCDGCDRWYHQTCLGPplLEEEPDGKWYCPKC 47

PHD finger found in PHD finger proteins PHF13 and PHF23; PHF13, also termed survival time-associated PHD finger protein in ovarian cancer 1 (SPOC1), is a novel plant homeodomain (PHD) finger-containing protein that shows strong expression in spermatogonia and ovarian cancer cells, modulates chromatin structure and mitotic chromosome condensation, and is important for proper cell division. It is also required for spermatogonial stem cell differentiation and sustained spermatogenesis. The overexpression of PHF13 associates with unresectable carcinomas and shorter survival in ovarian cancer. PHF23, also termed PHD-containing protein JUNE-1, is a hypothetical protein with a PHD finger. It is encoded by gene PHF23 that acts as a candidate fusion partner for the nucleoporin gene NUP98. The NUP98-PHF23 fusion results from a cryptic translocation t(11;17)(p15;p13) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

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gi 767902546 243 TCFCMKPFAGRPMIECNECHTWIHLSCAKIRKSNVPEVFVCQKC 286
Cdd:cd15546    1 TCFCGKPFAGRPMIECSECLTWIHLSCAKIRKNNVPEVFICQKC 44

PHD finger found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae extracellular matrix protein 5 (Ecm5p), Schizosaccharomyces pombe Lid2 complex component Lid2p, and similar proteins; The family includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ecm5p, Schizosaccharomyces pombe Lid2 complex component Lid2p, and similar proteins. Ecm5p is a JmjC domain-containing protein that directly removes histone lysine methylation via a hydroxylation reaction. It associates with the yeast Snt2p and Rpd3 deacetylase, which may play a role in regulating transcription in response to oxidative stress. Ecm5p promotes oxidative stress tolerance, while Snt2p ultimately decreases tolerance. Ecm5p contains an N-terminal ARID domain, a JmjC domain, and a C-terminal plant homeodomain (PHD) finger. Lid2p is a trimethyl H3K4 (H3K4me3) demethylase responsible for H3K4 hypomethylation in heterochromatin. It interacts with the histone lysine-9 methyltransferase, Clr4, through the Dos1/Clr8-Rik1 complex, and mediates H3K9 methylation and small RNA production. It also acts cooperatively with the histone modification enzymes Set1 and Lsd1 and plays an essential role in cross-talk between H3K4 and H3K9 methylation in euchromatin. Lid2p contains a JmjC domain, three PHD fingers and a JmjN domain. This model includes the second PHD finger of Lid2p.

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gi 767902546 244 CFCMKPFAGRpMIECNECHTWIHLSCAKIRKSNVPE--VFVCQKC 286
Cdd:cd15518    2 CFCRQGEGGT-MIECEICKEWYHVKCIKNGRWKLDDddKFVCPIC 45

PHD finger found in PHD finger protein 3 (PHF3), and death-inducer obliterator variants Dido1, Dido2, and Dido3; PHF3 is a human homolog of yeast protein bypass of Ess1 (Bye1), a nuclear protein with a domain resembling the central domain in the transcription elongation factor TFIIS. It is ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues including brain, but its expression is significantly reduced or lost in glioblastomas. PHF3 contains an N-terminal plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, a central RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-binding TFIIS-like domain (TLD) domain, and a C-terminal Spen paralogue and orthologue C-terminal (SPOC) domain. This family also includes Dido gene encoding three alternative splicing variants (Dido1, 2, and 3), which have been implicated in a number of cellular processes such as apoptosis and chromosomal segregation, particularly in the hematopoietic system. Dido1 is important for maintaining embryonic stem (ES) cells and directly regulates the expression of pluripotency factors. It is the shortest isoform that contains only a highly conserved PHD finger responsible for the binding of histone H3 with a higher affinity for trimethylated lysine4 (H3K4me3). Gene Dido1 is a Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) target gene and promotes BMP-induced melanoma progression. It also triggers apoptosis after nuclear translocation and caspase upregulation. Dido3 is the largest isoform and is ubiquitously expressed in all human tissues. It is dispensable for ES cell self-renewal and pluripotency, but is involved in the maintenance of stem cell genomic stability and tumorigenesis. Dido3 contains a PHD finger, a transcription elongation factor S-II subunit M (TFSIIM) domain, a SPOC module, and a long C-terminal region (CT) of unknown homology.

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gi 767902546 244 CFCMKPFAGRPMIECNECHTWIHLSCAKIRKSNVPEV------FVCQKC 286
Cdd:cd15552    2 CICRKPHNNRFMICCDRCEEWFHGDCVGITEAQGKEMeenieeYVCPKC 50

PHD domain found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae bypass of ESS1 protein 1 (Bye1p), the E3 Sumo Ligase SIZ1, and similar proteins; Yeast Bye1p is a nuclear transcription factor with a domain resembling the central domain in the transcription elongation factor TFIIS and plays an inhibitory role during transcription elongation. It functions as a multicopy suppressor of Ess1, a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase involved in proline isomerization of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Bye1p contains an N-terminal plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, a central Pol II-binding TFIIS-like domain (TLD) domain, and a C-terminal Spen paralogue and orthologue C-terminal (SPOC) domain. The PHD domain binds to a histone H3 tail peptide containing trimethylated lysine 4 (H3K4me3). The TLD domain is responsible for the association with chromatin. Plant SIZ1 protein is a SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) E3 ligase that facilitates conjugation of SUMO to substrate target proteins (sumoylation) and belongs to the protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) protein family. It negatively regulates abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, which is dependent on the bZIP transcripton factor ABI5. It also modulates plant growth and plays a role in drought stress response likely through the regulation of gene expression. SIZ1 functions as a floral repressor that not only represses the salicylic acid (SA)-dependent pathway, but also promotes FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) expression by repressing FLOWERING LOCUS D (FLD) activity through sumoylation. SIZ1 contains a PHD finger, which specifically binds methylated histone H3 at lysine 4 and arginine 2.

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gi 767902546 244 CFCMKPFAGRPMIECNECHTWIHLSCAKIRKS------NVPEVFVCQKC 286
Cdd:cd15570    2 CPCGSSMEDGSMIQCEGCKTWQHMDCVLIPDKpadglpELPSKFYCELC 50

PHD finger found in Set1 complex component SPP1; Set1C component SPP1, also called COMPASS component Spp1, or Complex proteins associated with set1 protein Spp1, or Suppressor of PRP protein 1, is a component of the COMPASS complex that links histone methylation to initiation of meiotic recombination. It induces double-strand break (DSB) formation by tethering to recombinationally cold regions. SPP1 interacts with H3K4me3 and Mer2, a protein required for DSB formation, to promote recruitment of potential meiotic DSB sites to the chromosomal axis. SPP1 contains a PHD finger, a zinc binding motif.

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gi 767902546 244 CFCMKPFAGRPMIECNECHTWIHLSCAKIRKSNVPEV--FVCQKC 286
Cdd:cd16039    2 CICQKPDDGRWMIACDGCDEWYHFTCVNIPEADVELVdsFFCPPC 46

PHD finger superfamily; The PHD finger superfamily includes a canonical plant homeodomain (PHD) finger typically characterized as Cys4HisCys3, and a non-canonical extended PHD finger, characterized as Cys2HisCys5HisCys2His. Variations include the RAG2 PHD finger characterized by Cys3His2Cys2His and the PHD finger 5 found in nuclear receptor-binding SET domain-containing proteins characterized by Cys4HisCys2His. The PHD finger is also termed LAP (leukemia-associated protein) motif or TTC (trithorax consensus) domain. Single or multiple copies of PHD fingers have been found in a variety of eukaryotic proteins involved in the control of gene transcription and chromatin dynamics. PHD fingers can recognize the unmodified and modified histone H3 tail, and some have been found to interact with non-histone proteins. They also function as epigenome readers controlling gene expression through molecular recruitment of multi-protein complexes of chromatin regulators and transcription factors. The PHD finger domain SF is structurally similar to the RING and FYVE_like superfamilies.

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gi 767902546 244 CFCMKPF-AGRPMIECNECHTWIHLSCAKI--RKSNVPEVFVCQKC 286
Cdd:cd15489    3 IVCGKGGdLGGELLQCDGCGKWFHADCLGPplSSFVPNGKWICPVC 48

PHD finger found in CXXC-type zinc finger protein 1 (Cfp1); Cfp1, also termed CpG-binding protein, or PHD finger and CXXC domain-containing protein 1 (PCCX1), is a specificity factor that binds to unmethylated CpGs and links H3K4me3 with CpG islands (CGIs). It integrates both promoter CpG content and gene activity for accurate trimethylation of histone H3 Lys 4 (H3K4me3) deposition in embryonic stem cells. Moreover, Cfp1 is an essential component of the SETD1 histone H3K4 methyltransferase complex and functions as a critical regulator of histone methylation, cytosine methylation, cellular differentiation, and vertebrate development. Cfp1 contains a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, a CXXC domain, and a CpG binding protein zinc finger C-terminal domain. Its CXXC domain selectively binds to non-methylated CpG islands, following by a preference for a guanosine nucleotide.

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gi 767902546 244 CFCMKPFAGRPMIECNECHTWIHLSCAKIRKSNVPEV--FVCQKC 286
Cdd:cd15553    2 CICRSSDISRFMIGCDNCEEWYHGDCINITEKEAKAIkeWYCQQC 46

PHD finger found in PHD finger protein 20 (PHF20) and PHD finger protein 20-like protein 1 (P20L1); PHF20, also termed Glioma-expressed antigen 2, or hepatocellular carcinoma-associated antigen 58, or novel zinc finger protein, or transcription factor TZP (referring to Tudor and zinc finger domain containing protein), is a regulator of NF-kappaB activation by disrupting recruitment of PP2A to p65. It also functions as a transcription factor that binds Akt and plays a role in Akt cell survival/growth signaling. Moreover, it transcriptionally regulates p53. The phosphorylation of PHF20 on Ser291 mediated by protein kinase B (PKB) is essential in tumorigenesis via the regulation of p53 mediated signaling. P20L1 is an active malignant brain tumor (MBT) domain-containing protein that binds to monomethylated lysine 142 on DNA (Cytosine-5) Methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) (DNMT1K142me1) and colocalizes at the perinucleolar space in a SET7-dependent manner. Its MBT domain reads and controls enzyme levels of methylated DNMT1 in cells, thus representing a novel antagonist of DNMT1 proteasomal degradation. Both PHF20 and PHF20L1 contain an N-terminal MBT domain, two Tudor domains, a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger and the putative DNA-binding domains, AT hook and Cys2His2-type zinc finger.

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gi 767902546 244 CFCMKPFAGRPMIECNECHTWIHLSCAKI-RKSNVPEVFVCQKC 286
Cdd:cd15549    2 CICGVNEENGLMIQCELCLCWQHGVCMGIeEEESVPERYVCYVC 45

PHD finger found in Arabidopsis thaliana PHD finger protein MALE MEIOCYTE DEATH 1 (MMD1), PHD finger protein MALE STERILITY 1 (MS1), and similar proteins; MMD1 is a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger protein expressed in male meiocytes. It is encoded by the gene DUET, which is required for male meiotic chromosome organization and progression. MMD1 has been implicated in the regulation of gene expression during meiosis. The mmd1 mutation triggers cell death in male meiocytes. MS1 is a nuclear transcriptional activator that is important for tapetal development and pollen wall biosynthesis. It contains a Leu zipper-like domain and a PHD finger motif, both of which are essential for its function.

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gi 767902546 252 GRPMIECNECHTWIHLSCAKIRKS-NVPEVFVCQKC 286
Cdd:cd15556   11 GERMIACDVCEVWQHTRCVGIADNeEPPDHFLCRRC 46

PHD finger found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe meiosis-specific protein hop1 (Hop1p) and similar proteins; Fission yeast Hop1p, also termed linear element-associated protein hop1, is an S. pombe homolog of the synaptonemal complex (SC)-associated protein Hop1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In contrast to S. cerevisiae, S. pombe forms thin threads, known as linear elements (LinEs), in meiotic nuclei, instead of a canonical synaptonemal complex. LinEs contain Rec10 protein and are evolutionary relics of SC axial elements. Fission yeast Hop1p is a linear element (LinE)-associated protein. It also associates with Rec10, which plays a role in recruiting the recombination machinery to chromatin. Hop1p contains an N-terminal HORMA (for Hop1p, Rev7p, and MAD2) domain and a C-terminal plant homeodomain (PHD) finger.

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gi 767902546 255 MIECNECHTWIHLSC---AKIRKSNVPEVFVCQKC 286
Cdd:cd15558   13 MIQCAFCDTWQHLLCygfESAKDPRIPDIHVCYRC 47

PHD finger found in Arabidopsis thaliana histone-lysine N-methyltransferase arabidopsis trithorax-like protein ATX3, ATX4, ATX5, and similar proteins; The family includes A. thaliana ATX3 (also termed protein SET domain group 14, or trithorax-homolog protein 3), ATX4 (also termed protein SET domain group 16, or trithorax-homolog protein 4) and ATX5 (also termed protein SET domain group 29, or trithorax-homolog protein 5), which belong to the histone-lysine methyltransferase family. They show distinct phylogenetic origins from the ATX1 and ATX2 family. They are multi-domain containing proteins that consist of an N-terminal PWWP domain, a canonical Cys4HisCys3 plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, a non-canonical extended PHD (ePHD) finger, Cys2HisCys5HisCys2His, and a C-terminal SET domain; this model corresponds to the Cys4HisCys3 canonical PHD finger.

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gi 767902546 250 FAGRPMIECNECHTWIHLSCAKIRKSNVPEVFVCQKC 286
Cdd:cd15495   11 DDNNPLITCNRCQISVHQKCYGIREVDPDGSWVCRAC 47

PHD finger found in PHD finger protein 3 (PHF3); PHF3 is a human homolog of yeast protein bypass of Ess1 (Bye1), a nuclear protein with a domain resembling the central domain in the transcription elongation factor TFIIS. It is ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues including brain, but its expression is significantly reduced or lost in glioblastomas. PHF3 contains an N-terminal plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, a central RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-binding TFIIS-like domain (TLD) domain, and a C-terminal Spen paralogue and orthologue C-terminal (SPOC) domain.

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gi 767902546 245 FCMKPFAGRPMIECNECHTWIHLSCAKIRKSNVPEV------FVCQKC 286
Cdd:cd15638    4 FCKKPHGNRFMVGCGRCDDWFHGDCVGLSLSQAQQMeeedkeYVCVKC 51