HMG (high mobility group) box;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1958644057 648 IKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEEQARLSKIHLEKYPNY 715
Cdd:pfam00505   1 PKRPMSAFFLFSKEQRAKLKAENPGLKNAEISKILGEKWKALSEEEKKPYEEKAEKEKARYEKEHPEY 68

Chromatin-associated proteins containing the HMG domain [Chromatin structure and dynamics];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1958644057 649 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEE-QARLSKIHLEKYPNYKYKP 719
Cdd:COG5648    72 KRPLSAYFLYSAENRDEIRKENPKLTFGEVGKLLSEKWKELTDEEKEPYYKEaNSDRERYQREKEEYNKKLP 143

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in group D SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (Sox) transcription factors; SoxD transcription factors includes three members, Sox5, Sox6, and Sox13. They function as important transcriptional regulators of glial development in the central nervous system. SoxD proteins influence multiple stages of oligodendrocyte development and modulate SoxE protein function. This subfamily also contains SoxD transcription factor homolog EGL-13, which specifies distinct O2 and CO2 sensory neuron fates in Caenorhabditis elegans. SOX-5 plays important roles in various cancer types. It binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-AACAAT-3'. SOX-6 plays a key role in cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell fate determination, as well as neurogenesis and skeleton formation. It is a tumor suppressor and downregulated in various cancers. SOX-6 binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-AACAAT-3'. SOX-13, also called Islet cell antigen 12 (ICA12), or type 1 diabetes auto-antigen ICA12, modulates T cell specification and is an autoimmune antigen. It binds to the sequence 5'-AACAAT-3'.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1958644057 647 HIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEEQARLSKIHLEKYPNYKYKPRPKR 723
Cdd:cd22030     1 HIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEEQARLSKQHLEKYPDYKYKPRPKR 77

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in group A, group B and group G of SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (Sox) transcription factors; This subfamily includes SoxA, SoxB, and SoxG proteins. SRY is the only member of group A SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (Sox) transcription factors. SRY, also called testis-determining factor, is a transcriptional regulator that controls a genetic switch in male development. It promotes DNA bending and is also involved in pre-mRNA splicing. The SRY HMG box recognizes DNA by partial intercalation in the minor groove. It binds to the DNA consensus sequence 5'-[AT]AACAA[AT]-3'. SoxB transcription factors play critical roles in the regulation of neurogenesis. They can be divided into two main subgroups, SoxB1 (Sox-1/Sox-2/Sox-3) and SoxB2 (SOX-14/SOX-21). SoxB1 proteins suppress neurogenesis by maintaining neural cells in an undifferentiated state. SoxB2 proteins may have the opposite activity and promote neuronal differentiation. SOX-5 is the only member of group G Sox transcription factors. It is also called SOX-12, SOX-20, SOX-26, or SOX-27. SOX-5 is a crucial transcription factor involved in the regulation of embryonic development and in cell fate determination. It binds to the 5'-AACAAT-3' sequence. SOX-15 can be a tumor suppressor in multiple cancer types.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1958644057 647 HIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEEQARLSKIHLEKYPNYKYKPRPK 722
Cdd:cd22028     1 RVKRPMNAFMVWSREQRRKIAQENPKMHNSEISKRLGAEWKQLSEDEKRPFIDEAKRLRAQHMKEHPDYKYRPRRK 76

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in group F SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (Sox) transcription factors; SoxF transcription factors includes three members: Sox7, Sox17, and Sox18. They regulate endothelial cell fate as well as development and differentiation of the developing heart, blood cells, and lymphatic vessels.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1958644057 647 HIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEEQARLSKIHLEKYPNYKYKPRPK 722
Cdd:cd22032     1 RIRRPMNAFMVWAKDERKRLADENPDLHNAELSKMLGKKWKSLSLAEKRPFVEEAERLRVQHMQDYPNYKYRPRRR 76

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 18 (SOX18) and similar proteins; SOX-18 is a transcription factor involved in the development of cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels during embryonic development. It binds to the consensus sequence 5'-AACAAAG-3' and is able to trans-activate transcription via this site. SOX-18 belongs to the group F of SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (Sox) transcription factors.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1958644057 645 EPHIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEEQARLSKIHLEKYPNYKYKPRPKRT 724
Cdd:cd22048     1 ESRIRRPMNAFMVWAKDERKRLAQQNPDLHNAVLSKMLGQSWKSLSAAEKRPFVEEAERLRVQHLQDHPNYKYRPRRKKQ 80

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in group B SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (Sox) transcription factors; SoxB transcription factors play critical roles in the regulation of neurogenesis. They can be divided into two main subgroups, SoxB1 (Sox-1/Sox-2/Sox-3) and SoxB2 (SOX-14/SOX-21). SoxB1 proteins suppress neurogenesis by maintaining neural cells in an undifferentiated state. SoxB2 proteins may have the opposite activity and promote neuronal differentiation. SOX-1 is involved in the regulation of embryonic development and cell fate determination. It also acts as a tumor suppressor that plays an anti-tumorigenicity role in different cells and its expression is inhibited in a variety of cancers. SOX-2 plays an important role in various phases of embryonic development, including cell fate and differentiation. Its overexpression and gene amplification may be associated with tumor aggression and metastasis in various cancer types, including breast, prostate, lung, ovarian and colon cancer. SOX-3 is required during the formation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. It plays a role in both normal neural development and carcinogenesis. SOX-14, also called SOX-28, acts as a negative regulator of transcription. It is mainly involved in the regulation of neural development. It can also promote proliferation and invasion capacity of cervical cancer cells by activating the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. SOX-21, also called SOX-A, or SOX-25, promotes the progression of vertebrate neurogenesis.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1958644057 647 HIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEEQARLSKIHLEKYPNYKYKPRPK 722
Cdd:cd01388     2 RVKRPMNAFMVWSRGQRRKMAQENPKMHNSEISKRLGAEWKLLSEAEKRPFIDEAKRLRALHMKEHPDYKYRPRRK 77

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 12 (SOX12) and similar proteins; SOX-12, also called SOX-22, is a transcription factor essential for embryonic development and cell fate determination. It binds to the sequence 5'-AACAAT-3'. SOX-12 belongs to the group C of SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (Sox) transcription factors.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1958644057 647 HIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEEQARLSKIHLEKYPNYKYKPRPK 722
Cdd:cd22038    11 HIKRPMNAFMVWSQIERRKIMEQWPDMHNAEISKRLGRRWKLLQDYEKIPFIKEAERLRLKHMADYPDYKYRPRKK 86

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 15 (SOX15) and similar proteins; SOX-15, also called SOX-12, SOX-20, SOX-26, or SOX-27, is a crucial transcription factor involved in the regulation of embryonic development and in cell fate determination. It binds to the 5'-AACAAT-3' sequence. SOX-15 can be a tumor suppressor in multiple cancer types. SOX-5 is the only member of group G SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (Sox) transcription factors.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1958644057 648 IKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEEQARLSKIHLEKYPNYKYKPRPK 722
Cdd:cd22035     8 VKRPMNAFMVWSSAQRRQMAQEHPKMHNSEISKRLGAAWKLLPEAEKRPFVEEAKRLRARHMRDYPDYKYRPRRK 82

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 11 (SOX11) and similar proteins; SOX-11 is a neural transcriptional factor involved in precursor survival, neuronal fate determination, migration and morphogenesis. SOX-11 belongs to group C SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (Sox) transcription factors.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1958644057 647 HIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEEQARLSKIHLEKYPNYKYKPRPK 722
Cdd:cd22037    11 HIKRPMNAFMVWSKIERRKIMEQSPDMHNAEISKRLGKRWKMLKDSEKIPFIREAERLRLKHMADYPDYKYRPRKK 86

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 30 (SOX30) and similar proteins; SOX-30 is a crucial transcription factor that controls the transition from a late meiotic to a post-meiotic gene expression program and subsequent round spermatid development. It specially prevents Wnt-signaling to suppress metastasis. SOX-30 binds to the DNA sequence 5'-ACAAT-3' and shows a preference for guanine residues surrounding this core motif. SOX-30 is the only member of the group H of SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (Sox) transcription factors.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1958644057 647 HIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEEQARLSKIHLEKYPNYKYKPRP 721
Cdd:cd22033     1 HIKRPMNAFMVWARIHRPALAKANPNANNADISVQLGEEWNKLTEEQKKPYYDEAQKLKEQHRKEHPGWVYQPRP 75

high mobility group;

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1958644057  647 HIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEEQARLSKIHLEKYPNYK 716
Cdd:smart00398   1 KPKRPMSAFMLFSQENRAKIKAENPDLSNAEISKKLGERWKLLSEEEKAPYEEKAKKDKERYEEEMPEYK 70

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in protein capicua (CIC) and similar proteins; CIC is a transcriptional repressor which plays a role in the development of the central nervous system (CNS). In concert with ATXN1 and ATXN1L, CIC is involved in brain development.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1958644057 647 HIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEEQARLSKIHLEKYPNYKYKPRPKR 723
Cdd:cd21990     1 HIRRPMNAFMIFSKRHRALVHQRHPNQDNRTVSKILGEWWYALGPEEKQKYHDLAFQVKEAHFKAHPDWKWCSKDRK 77

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in the transcription factor 7 (TCF-7)-like family; The TCF7-like family includes TCF-7, TCF7-like 1 (TF7L1), lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF-1), and similar proteins. TCF-7, also called T-cell-specific transcription factor 1, or T-cell factor 1 (TCF-1), is a T lymphocyte-specific transcriptional activator involved in T-cell lymphocyte differentiation. It is necessary for the survival of CD4(+) CD8(+) immature thymocytes. It binds to the T-lymphocyte-specific enhancer element (5'-WWCAAAG-3') found in the promoter of the CD3E gene. TF7L1, also called HMG box transcription factor 3 (TCF-3), participates in the Wnt signaling pathway. It binds to DNA and acts as a repressor in the absence of CTNNB1, and as an activator in its presence. TF7L2, also called HMG box transcription factor 4, or T-cell-specific transcription factor 4, or T-cell factor 4, or TCF-4, participates in the Wnt signaling pathway and modulates MYC expression by binding to its promoter in a sequence-specific manner. It acts as a repressor in the absence of CTNNB1, and it activates transcription from promoters with several copies of the TCF motif 5'-CCTTTGATC-3' in the presence of CTNNB1. LEF-1, also called T cell-specific transcription factor 1-alpha (TCF1-alpha), is a transcription factor that binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner. It may participate in the Wnt signaling pathway. All family members contain one HMG-box domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1958644057 647 HIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEEQARLSKIHLEKYP------NYKYKPR 720
Cdd:cd21996     1 HIKKPLNAFMLYMKEMRAKVVAECTLKESAAINQILGRRWHALSREEQAKYYELARKERQLHMQLYPgwsardNYGKKKK 80

                  ....
gi 1958644057 721 PKRT 724
Cdd:cd21996    81 RKRK 84

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae non-histone chromosomal proteins NHP6A, NHP6B and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae high-mobility-group proteins NHP6A and its closely related paralog NHP6B. NHP6A and NHP6B seem to be functionally redundant. They are DNA-binding proteins that induce severe bending of DNA and are required for DNA-binding by the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. They augment the fidelity of transcription by RNA polymerase III independently of any role in the FACT complex. They may also play essential roles in transcriptional initiation fidelity of some but not all tRNA genes.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1958644057 638 ARGRASSEPHI-KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPyYEEQARLSKIHLEK 711
Cdd:cd01390     3 KKGRKKKDPNApKRGLSAYMFFSQDNREKVKEENPDATFGEVGKLLGEKWKELSEEEKAP-YEEKAAKDKKRYEE 76

second high mobility group (HMG)-box found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial ARS-binding factor 2 (ABF2), intrastrand cross-link recognition protein (Ixr1) and similar proteins; ABF2 is a close relative of the nuclear, chromosomal high-mobility group protein HMG1 in yeast mitochondria. It specifically binds to the autonomously replicating sequence 1 (ARS1). It might play a positive role in gene expression and replication. Ixr1, also called structure-specific recognition protein (SSRP), is a homolog of the yeast mitochondrial regulator ABF2. It binds to platinated DNA and confers sensitivity to the anticancer drug cisplatin. Both ABF2 and Ixr1 contain two HMG-box domains. This model corresponds to the second one.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1958644057 649 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEE 700
Cdd:cd22012     3 KRPASAYFLFAKEVRPKLKEENPNEKYTDITKLISEKWRSLDESEKEPYQEE 54

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in basic helix-loop-helix and HMG box domain-containing protein 1 (BHMG1) and similar proteins; BHMG1 is an uncharacterized HMG-box containing protein that contains a degenerate basic motif not likely to bind DNA.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1958644057 649 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEEQARLSKIHLEKYP 713
Cdd:cd21977     2 KKWVNGFIMFCRLNRKNYIDKHPGLASTELTKELGQLWRELSAEEKKPYCVRARELSQLHNRKVK 66

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in the high mobility group protein 20 (HMG20) subfamily; The HMG20 subfamily includes HMG20A and HMG20B. HMG20A, also called HMG box-containing protein 20A, HMG domain-containing protein 1, HMG domain-containing protein HMGX1, HMGXB1, or iBRAF, is a chromatin-associated protein involved in neuronal differentiation and maturation. It is required for SNAI1-mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition. HMG20A acts as an inhibitor of HMG20B. HMG20B, also called SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily E member 1-related, SMARCE1-related protein (SMARCE1R), BRCA2-associated factor 35 (BRAF35), HMG box-containing protein 20B, HMG domain-containing protein 2, HMG domain-containing protein HMGX2, Sox-like transcriptional factor, or structural DNA-binding protein BRAF35, is a DNA binding factor that acts as a repressor of erythroid differentiation. It is required for correct progression through the G2 phase of the cell cycle and entry into mitosis. It is also required for RCOR1/CoREST mediated repression of neuronal specific gene promoters. HMG20B is a core subunit of the Lys-specific demethylase 1/REST co-repressor 1 (LSD1-CoREST) histone demethylase complex. Both HMG20A and HMG20B contain one HMG-box.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1958644057 649 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEE 700
Cdd:cd21980     3 KAPLTGYVRFLNERREKLRAENPDLSFPEITKILGAEWSSLSAEEKQKYLDE 54

first high mobility group (HMG)-box found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae intrastrand cross-link recognition protein (Ixr1) and similar proteins; Ixr1, also called structure-specific recognition protein (SSRP), is a homolog of the yeast mitochondrial regulator ABF2. It binds to platinated DNA and confers sensitivity to the anticancer drug cisplatin. Ixr1 contains two HMG-box domains. This model corresponds to the first one.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1958644057 649 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAF-PDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEEQARLSKIHLEKYPNYKYKPRP 721
Cdd:cd22011     2 KRPSSAYFLFSQEIRKNLKSQGsPEEKVPELSKRAAEQWRSLTLAEKQPYYDEVEVLKKQYDVEKEEYEKELPP 75

third high mobility group (HMG)-box found in Arabidopsis thaliana high mobility group B protein 6 (HMGB6) and similar proteins; HMGB6, also called nucleosome/chromatin assembly factor group D 06 (or D 6), WRKY transcription factor 53 (WRKY53), or WRKY DNA-binding protein 53, is a master regulator of age-induced leaf senescence. It acts in a complex transcription factor signaling network regulating senescence specific gene expression; hydrogen peroxide might be involved in signal transduction. The subfamily also includes Arabidopsis thaliana HMGB13 (also known as nucleosome/chromatin assembly factor group D 13). Both HMGB6 and HMGB13 contain three HMG-box domains. This model corresponds to the third one.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1958644057 649 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEEQARLSKIHLEKYPNYK 716
Cdd:cd22008    11 KKPASSYLLFGKEYRKKLQEERPGANNATVTALISLKWKELGEEEKQVYNDKAAVLMEKYKKEVEEYN 78

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in Arabidopsis thaliana FACT complex subunit SSRP1 and similar proteins; SSRP1, also called facilitates chromatin transcription complex subunit SSRP1, high mobility group B protein 8, nucleosome/chromatin assembly factor group D 08 (or D 8), protein NUCLEAR FUSION DEFECTIVE 8, or recombination signal sequence recognition protein 1, is a component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication, and DNA repair. SSRP1 may bind specifically to double-stranded DNA. It is required for karyogamy during female gametophyte development, when the two polar nuclei fuse to form the diploid central cell nucleus. SSRP1 contains only one HMG-box domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1958644057 649 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPyYEEQARLSK 706
Cdd:cd22013    10 KRALSGFMFFSLMERENLKKEKPGISFGEVGKVLGEKWKNMSADDKAP-YEAKAQVDK 66

high mobility group protein; Provisional

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1958644057 630 AEARVYRDARGRASSEPHI-KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHN--SNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPyYEEQARLSK 706
Cdd:PTZ00199    4 KQGKVLVRKNKRKKKDPNApKRALSAYMFFAKEKRAEIIAENPELAKdvAAVGKMVGEAWNKLSEEEKAP-YEKKAQEDK 82

                  ....*
gi 1958644057 707 IHLEK 711
Cdd:PTZ00199   83 VRYEK 87

second high mobility group (HMG)-box found in the high mobility group protein B (HMGB) family; HMGB proteins are chromatin-associated nuclear proteins that act as architectural factors in nucleoprotein structures, which regulate DNA-dependent processes including transcription. In mammals, four family members are present: HMGB1, HMGB2, HMGB3 and HMGB4. They regulate the expression of a wide range of genes through architectural remodeling of the chromatin structure. HMGB1, also called high mobility group protein 1 (HMG-1), is a prototypical alarmin or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule when released from cells. It plays important roles in the regulation of a wide range of processes, including transcription, replication, DNA repair, and nucleosome formation, in the nucleus. It also plays multiple roles in regulating inflammation and responses to cell and tissue stress. HMGB2, also called high mobility group protein 2 (HMG-2), has been implicated in numerous cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and tumor growth. It acts as a chromatin-associated nonhistone protein involved in transcriptional regulation and nucleic-acid-mediated innate immune responses in mammalian. It binds DNA to stabilize nucleosomes and promote transcription. HMGB3, also called high mobility group protein 2a (HMG-2a), or high mobility group protein 4 (HMG-4), is an X-linked member of HMGB family and functions as a universal sentinel for nucleic acid-mediated innate immune responses. HMGB3 has been implicated in the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation, as well as inflammatory response. HMGB4 is expressed by neuronal cells and affects the expression of genes involved in neural differentiation. It is a factor that regulates chromatin and expression of neuronal differentiation markers. The family also includes high mobility group protein B1 pseudogene 1 (HMGB1P1) and nuclear auto-antigen Sp-100. HMGB1P1, also called putative high mobility group protein B1-like 1 (HMGB1L1), or putative high mobility group protein 1-like 1 (HMG-1L1), is an HMG-box containing protein that binds preferentially single-stranded DNA and unwinds double-stranded DNA. Sp-100, also called nuclear dot-associated Sp100 protein, or speckled 100 kDa. It is a tumor suppressor that is a major constituent of the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies, a subnuclear organelle involved in many physiological processes including cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Through the regulation of ETS1, Sp-100 may play a role in angiogenesis, controlling endothelial cell motility and invasion. It may also play roles in the regulation of telomeres lengthening, TP53-mediated transcription, FAS-mediated apoptosis, etc. In addition, the family includes Drosophila melanogaster high mobility group protein DSP1 (dDSP1) and similar proteins. dDSP1, also called protein dorsal switch 1, is a Drosophila HMG1 protein that binds preferentially single-stranded DNA and unwinds double-stranded DNA. It converts Dorsal and nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B from transcriptional activators to repressors. Members of the HMGB family contain two HMG-box domains. This model corresponds to the second one.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1958644057 649 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEEQARLSkihlEKY 712
Cdd:cd21979     4 KRPPSAFFLFCSEHRPKIKGEHPGLSIGDVAKKLGEMWNNTSAKDKQPYEKKAAKLK----EKY 63

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in protein maelstrom (MAEL) and similar proteins; MAEL is an RNA-binding protein that has evolved from an ancient nuclease active in protists. It plays a central role during spermatogenesis by repressing transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for germline integrity. It acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1958644057 649 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQA---FPDMHNsnISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPyYEEQARLSK 706
Cdd:cd21992     1 KKKKNAFYFFMLELKPELERKgknFPGMAE--AAPLASPKWKSLSPEEKEP-YEEMAKEEK 58

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily E member 1 (SMARCE1) and similar proteins; SMARCE1, also called BRG1-associated factor 57 (BAF57), is a ubiquitously expressed protein involved in transcriptional activation and repression of select genes by chromatin remodeling. It is a component of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes that carry out key enzymatic activities, changing chromatin structure by altering DNA-histone contacts within a nucleosome in an ATP-dependent manner. SMARCE1 has a single HMG domain that displays non-specific DNA-binding characteristics. It also contains a kinesin-like coiled-coil (KLCC) domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1958644057 649 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEE 700
Cdd:cd21983     6 EKPLMPYMRYSRKVWDQVKASNPDLKLWEIGKIIGQMWRELSDEEKQEYIEE 57

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in HMG domain-containing protein 3 (HMGXB3) and similar proteins; HMGXB3, also called HMG box-containing protein 3, or protein SMF, is involved in DNA-damage repair and cell-cycle regulation.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1958644057 649 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQpYYEEQARLSKIHLEkyPNYK 716
Cdd:cd21981    41 KKPRSAYLLYYYDIHLKVQQEFPHLPQSEINKKISESWKLLSVAEKS-YYLEKAKLEKEGLD--PNSK 105

first high mobility group (HMG)-box found in upstream-binding factor 1 (UBF1) and similar proteins; UBF1, also called UBTF, nucleolar transcription factor 1, or auto-antigen NOR-90, is a nucleolar transcription factor that recognizes the ribosomal RNA gene promoter and activates transcription mediated by RNA polymerase I through cooperative interactions with the transcription factor SL1/TIF-IB complex. It binds specifically to the upstream control element. UBF1 contains six HMG-box domains. This model corresponds to the first one. This model also includes the first HMG-box domain of upstream-binding factor 1-like protein 1 (UBTFL1), which contains two HMG-box domains.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1958644057 649 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEEQARLSKIHLEKY 712
Cdd:cd21998     5 KKPLTPYFRFFMEKRAKYAKKHPEMSNLELTKILSKKYKELPEKKKQKYIQDYEKEKEEYEQKM 68

fourth high mobility group (HMG)-box found in upstream-binding factor 1 (UBF1) and similar proteins; UBF1, also called UBTF, nucleolar transcription factor 1, or auto-antigen NOR-90, is a nucleolar transcription factor that recognizes the ribosomal RNA gene promoter and activates transcription mediated by RNA polymerase I through cooperative interactions with the transcription factor SL1/TIF-IB complex. It binds specifically to the upstream control element. UBF1 contains six HMG-box domains. This model corresponds to the fourth one.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1958644057 647 HIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSnQEKQPYYEEQARLSK 706
Cdd:cd22001     2 KPKRPISAMFIYSKEKRSKLKKKHPELSEQELTRLLAKKYNELP-DKKKAKYKKKEALAK 60

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in high mobility group protein 20B (HMG20B) and similar proteins; HMG20B, also called SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily E member 1-related, SMARCE1-related protein (SMARCE1R), BRCA2-associated factor 35 (BRAF35), HMG box-containing protein 20B, HMG domain-containing protein 2 (HMGXB2), HMG domain-containing protein HMGX2, Sox-like transcriptional factor, or structural DNA-binding protein BRAF35, is a DNA binding factor that acts as a repressor of erythroid differentiation. It is required for correct progression through the G2 phase of the cell cycle and entry into mitosis. It is also required for RCOR1/CoREST mediated repression of neuronal specific gene promoters. HMG20B is a core subunit of the Lys-specific demethylase 1/REST co-repressor 1 (LSD1-CoREST) histone demethylase complex.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1958644057 649 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSNISKILGSRWKSMSNQEKQPYYEEQARLSKIHLEKYPNYKYKPRPKRTC 725
Cdd:cd22018     3 KAPVTGYVRFLNERREQIRTQHPDLPFPEITKMLGAEWSKLQPHEKQRYLDEAERDKQQYMKELREYQQSEAYKMCT 79