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Glucose-6-phosphate transport defect(GSD1B)

MedGen UID:
78644
Concept ID:
C0268146
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Glycogen storage disease type 1B; Glycogen Storage Disease Type Ib; GSD Ib; GSD1B
SNOMED CT: Glycogen storage disease type Ib (30102006); Glucose 6-phosphate transport defect (30102006); Glucose-6-phosphate transport defect (30102006)
 
Gene (location): SLC37A4 (11q23.3)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0009288
OMIM®: 232220

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Glycogen Storage Disease Type I
Glycogen storage disease type I (GSD I) is characterized by accumulation of glycogen and fat in the liver and kidneys resulting in hepatomegaly and nephromegaly. Severely affected infants present in the neonatal period with severe hypoglycemia due to fasting intolerance. More commonly, untreated infants present at age three to four months with hepatomegaly, severe hypoglycemia with or without seizures, lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. Affected children typically have doll-like faces with full cheeks, relatively thin extremities, short stature, and a protuberant abdomen. Xanthoma and diarrhea may be present. Impaired platelet function and development of reduced or dysfunctional von Willebrand factor can lead to a bleeding tendency with frequent epistaxis and menorrhagia in females. Individuals with untreated GSD Ib are more likely to develop impaired neutrophil and monocyte function as well as chronic neutropenia resulting in recurrent bacterial infections, gingivitis, periodontitis, and genital and intestinal ulcers. Long-term complications of untreated GSD I include short stature, osteoporosis, delayed puberty, renal disease (including proximal and distal renal tubular acidosis, renal stones, and kidney failure), gout, systemic hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, hepatic adenomas with potential for malignancy, pancreatitis, and polycystic ovaries. Seizures and cognitive impairment may occur in individuals with prolonged periods of hypoglycemia. Normal growth and puberty are expected in treated children. Most affected individuals live into adulthood. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Deeksha S Bali  |  Areeg El-Gharbawy  |  Stephanie Austin, et. al.   view full author information

Additional description

From MedlinePlus Genetics
Many people with GSDIb have a shortage of white blood cells (neutropenia), which can make them prone to recurrent bacterial infections. Neutropenia is usually apparent by age 1. Many affected individuals also have inflammation of the intestinal walls (inflammatory bowel disease). People with GSDIb may have oral problems including cavities, inflammation of the gums (gingivitis), chronic gum (periodontal) disease, abnormal tooth development, and open sores (ulcers) in the mouth. The neutropenia and oral problems are specific to people with GSDIb and are typically not seen in people with GSDIa.

Researchers have described two types of GSDI, which differ in their signs and symptoms and genetic cause. These types are known as glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSDIa) and glycogen storage disease type Ib (GSDIb). Two other forms of GSDI have been described, and they were originally named types Ic and Id. However, these types are now known to be variations of GSDIb; for this reason, GSDIb is sometimes called GSD type I non-a.

People with GSDI may experience delayed puberty. Beginning in young to mid-adulthood, affected individuals may have thinning of the bones (osteoporosis), a form of arthritis resulting from uric acid crystals in the joints (gout), kidney disease, and high blood pressure in the blood vessels that supply the lungs (pulmonary hypertension). Females with this condition may also have abnormal development of the ovaries (polycystic ovaries). In affected teens and adults, tumors called adenomas may form in the liver. Adenomas are usually noncancerous (benign), but occasionally these tumors can become cancerous (malignant).

Signs and symptoms of this condition typically appear around the age of 3 or 4 months, when babies start to sleep through the night and do not eat as frequently as newborns. Affected infants may have low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), which can lead to seizures. They can also have a buildup of lactic acid in the body (lactic acidosis), high blood levels of a waste product called uric acid (hyperuricemia), and excess amounts of fats in the blood (hyperlipidemia). As they get older, children with GSDI have thin arms and legs and short stature. An enlarged liver may give the appearance of a protruding abdomen. The kidneys may also be enlarged. Affected individuals may also have diarrhea and deposits of cholesterol in the skin (xanthomas).

Glycogen storage disease type I (also known as GSDI or von Gierke disease) is an inherited disorder caused by the buildup of a complex sugar called glycogen in the body's cells. The accumulation of glycogen in certain organs and tissues, especially the liver, kidneys, and small intestines, impairs their ability to function normally.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/glycogen-storage-disease-type-i

Clinical features

From HPO
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
MedGen UID:
4904
Concept ID:
C0017668
Disease or Syndrome
Segmental accumulation of scar tissue in individual (but not all) glomeruli.
Proteinuria
MedGen UID:
10976
Concept ID:
C0033687
Finding
Increased levels of protein in the urine.
Nephrolithiasis
MedGen UID:
98227
Concept ID:
C0392525
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of calculi (stones) in the kidneys.
Enlarged kidney
MedGen UID:
108156
Concept ID:
C0542518
Finding
An abnormal increase in the size of the kidney.
Decreased glomerular filtration rate
MedGen UID:
163428
Concept ID:
C0853068
Finding
An abnormal reduction in the volume of fluid filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time.
Hypertensive disorder
MedGen UID:
6969
Concept ID:
C0020538
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of chronic increased pressure in the systemic arterial system.
Short stature
MedGen UID:
87607
Concept ID:
C0349588
Finding
A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).
Hepatomegaly
MedGen UID:
42428
Concept ID:
C0019209
Finding
Abnormally increased size of the liver.
Pancreatic fibrosis
MedGen UID:
120607
Concept ID:
C0267952
Disease or Syndrome
Inflammation of the large intestine
MedGen UID:
662273
Concept ID:
C0578878
Disease or Syndrome
Inflammation, or an inflammatory state in the large intestine.
Protuberant abdomen
MedGen UID:
340750
Concept ID:
C1854928
Finding
A thrusting or bulging out of the abdomen.
Hepatocellular carcinoma
MedGen UID:
389187
Concept ID:
C2239176
Neoplastic Process
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the major histologic type of malignant primary liver neoplasm. It is the fifth most common cancer and the third most common cause of death from cancer worldwide. The major risk factors for HCC are chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, prolonged dietary aflatoxin exposure, alcoholic cirrhosis, and cirrhosis due to other causes. Hepatoblastomas comprise 1 to 2% of all malignant neoplasms of childhood, most often occurring in children under 3 years of age. Hepatoblastomas are thought to be derived from undifferentiated hepatocytes (Taniguchi et al., 2002).
Gout
MedGen UID:
42280
Concept ID:
C0018099
Disease or Syndrome
Recurrent attacks of acute inflammatory arthritis of a joint or set of joints caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood which crystallize and are deposited in joints, tendons, and surrounding tissues.
Osteoporosis
MedGen UID:
14535
Concept ID:
C0029456
Disease or Syndrome
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone density and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue with a consequent increase in bone fragility. According to the WHO criteria, osteoporosis is defined as a BMD that lies 2.5 standard deviations or more below the average value for young healthy adults (a T-score below -2.5 SD).
Pancreatitis
MedGen UID:
14586
Concept ID:
C0030305
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of inflammation in the pancreas.
Splenomegaly
MedGen UID:
52469
Concept ID:
C0038002
Finding
Abnormal increased size of the spleen.
Neutropenia
MedGen UID:
163121
Concept ID:
C0853697
Finding
An abnormally low number of neutrophils in the peripheral blood.
Recurrent bacterial infections
MedGen UID:
334943
Concept ID:
C1844383
Finding
Increased susceptibility to bacterial infections, as manifested by recurrent episodes of bacterial infection.
Lactic acidosis
MedGen UID:
1717
Concept ID:
C0001125
Disease or Syndrome
An abnormal buildup of lactic acid in the body, leading to acidification of the blood and other bodily fluids.
Hyperlipidemia
MedGen UID:
5692
Concept ID:
C0020473
Disease or Syndrome
An elevated lipid concentration in the blood.
Hypoglycemia
MedGen UID:
6979
Concept ID:
C0020615
Disease or Syndrome
A decreased concentration of glucose in the blood.
Hyperuricemia
MedGen UID:
149260
Concept ID:
C0740394
Disease or Syndrome
An abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood.
Elevated circulating hepatic transaminase concentration
MedGen UID:
338525
Concept ID:
C1848701
Finding
Elevations of the levels of SGOT and SGPT in the serum. SGOT (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase) and SGPT (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase) are transaminases primarily found in the liver and heart and are released into the bloodstream as the result of liver or heart damage. SGOT and SGPT are used clinically mainly as markers of liver damage.
Reduced hepatic glucose-6-phosphate translocase activity
MedGen UID:
1052542
Concept ID:
CN376714
Finding
Activity of glucose-6-phosphate translocase in liver below the lower limit of normal.
Oral ulcer
MedGen UID:
57699
Concept ID:
C0149745
Disease or Syndrome
Erosion of the mucous mebrane of the mouth with local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.
Doll-like facies
MedGen UID:
383894
Concept ID:
C1856361
Finding
A characteristic facial appearance with a round facial form, full cheeks, a short nose, and a relatively small chin.
Xanthomatosis
MedGen UID:
21939
Concept ID:
C0043325
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of multiple xanthomas (xanthomata) in the skin. Xanthomas are yellowish, firm, lipid-laden nodules in the skin.
Xanthelasma
MedGen UID:
56357
Concept ID:
C0155210
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of xanthomata in the skin of the eyelid.
Delayed puberty
MedGen UID:
46203
Concept ID:
C0034012
Pathologic Function
Passing the age when puberty normally occurs with no physical or hormonal signs of the onset of puberty.
Lipemia retinalis
MedGen UID:
137918
Concept ID:
C0339477
Disease or Syndrome
A creamy appearance of the retinal blood vessels that occurs when the concentration of lipids in the blood are extremely increased, with pale pink to milky white retinal vessels and altered pale reflexes from choroidal vasculature.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Grünert SC, Derks TGJ, Mundy H, Dalton RN, Donadieu J, Hofbauer P, Jones N, Uçar SK, LaFreniere J, Contreras EL, Pendyal S, Rossi A, Schneider B, Spiegel R, Stepien KM, Wesol-Kucharska D, Veiga-da-Cunha M, Wortmann SB
Mol Genet Metab 2024 Mar;141(3):108144. Epub 2024 Jan 17 doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.108144. PMID: 38277989
Derks TGJ, Venema A, Köller C, Bos E, Overduin RJ, Stolwijk NN, Hofbauer P, Bolhuis MS, van Eenennaam F, Groen H, Hollak CEM, Wortmann SB
J Inherit Metab Dis 2024 Mar;47(2):244-254. Epub 2024 Jan 7 doi: 10.1002/jimd.12714. PMID: 38185897
Küçükçongar Yavaş A, Engin Erdal A, Bilginer Gürbüz B, Ünlüsoy Aksu A, Kasapkara ÇS
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023 Nov 27;36(11):1092-1099. Epub 2023 Oct 5 doi: 10.1515/jpem-2023-0336. PMID: 37791580

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