NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

Chesnut RM, Carney N, Maynard H, et al. Rehabilitation for Traumatic Brain Injury. Rockville (MD): Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (US); 1999 Feb. (Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 2.)

  • This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

Bibliography

  1. Abrams D, Toms Barker L Enhancing employment success for individuals with traumatic brain injury. Report to Social Security Administration by Sharp Rehabilitation Center, San Diego, CA; 1991.
  2. Ainsley J, Gliner J Factors in the employability of the brain injured adult. Cogn Rehabil. 1989:28–33.
  3. Alberico AM, Ward JD, Choi SC, et al Outcome after severe head injury. Relationship to mass lesions, diffuse injury, and ICP course in pediatric and adult patients. J Neurosurg. 1987;67(5):648–56. [PubMed: 3668633]
  4. Andersen J, Sharkey W, Schwartz ML, et al Injury severity score, head injury, and patient wait days: Contributions to extended trauma patient length of stay. J Trauma. 1992;33(2):219–20. [PubMed: 1507284]
  5. Anderson DC, Bundlie S, Rockswold GL Multimodality evoked potentials in closed head trauma. Arch Neurol. 1984;41(4):369–74. [PubMed: 6703937]
  6. Anderson SI, Wilson CL, McDowell IP, et al Late rehabilitation for closed head injury: a follow-up study of patients 1 year from time of discharge. Brain Inj. 1996;10:115–24. [PubMed: 8696311]
  7. Annoni JM, Beer S, Kesselring J Severe traumatic brain injury: Epidemiology and outcome after 3 years. Disabil Rehabil. 1992;14(1):23–6. [PubMed: 1534029]
  8. Aronow HU Rehabiltation effectiveness with severe brain injury: Translating research into policy. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1987;2:24–36.
  9. Ashley MJ, Krych DK Long-term outcome follow-up of postacute traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: An assessment of functional and behavioral measures of daily living. J Rehabil Outcomes Measures. 1997;1:40–7.
  10. Ashley MJ, Krych DK, Lehr R Cost-benefit analysis for post-acute rehabilitation of the traumatically brain-injured patient. J Ins Med. 1990;22:156–61.
  11. Ashley MJ, Lehr PR Jr, Krych DK, et al Post-acute rehabilitation outcome: Relationship to case-management techniques and strategy. J Ins Med. 1994;26(3):348–54. [PubMed: 10150511]
  12. Ashley MJ, Persel CS, Krych DK Changes in reimbursement climate: Relationship among outcome, cost, and payor type in the postacute rehabilitation environment. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1993;8(4):30–47.
  13. Asikainen I, Kaste M, Sarna S Patients with traumatic brain injury referred to a rehabilitation and re-employment programme: social and professional outcome for 508 Finnish patients 5 or more years after injury. Brain Inj. 1996;10:883–99. [PubMed: 8939307]
  14. Barth JT, Macciocchi SN, Giordani B, et al Neuropsychological sequelae of minor head injury. Neurosurgery. 1983;13:529–33. [PubMed: 6646380]
  15. Basso A, Capitani E, Vignolo LA Influence of rehabilitation on language skills in aphasic patients: A controlled study. Arch Neurol. 1979;36(4):190–6. [PubMed: 426663]
  16. Batchelor J, Shores EA, Marosszeky JE, et al Cognitive rehabilitation of severely closed-head-injured patients using computer-assisted and noncomputerized treatment techniques. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1988;3(3):78–85.
  17. Bell KR, Tallman CA Community re-entry of long-term institutionalized brain-injured persons. Brain Inj. 1995;9:315–20. [PubMed: 7606240]
  18. Ben-Yishay Y, Silver S, Plasetsky E, et al Relationship between employability and vocational outcome after intensive holistic cognitive rehabilitation. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1987;2(1):35–48.
  19. Benedict R The effectiveness of cognitive remediation strategies for victim of traumatic brain injury: A review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 1989;9:605–62.
  20. Bergman TA, Rockswold GL, Haines SJ, et al Outcome of severe closed head injury in the Midwest. A review and comparison with other major head trauma studies. Minn Med. 1987;70(7):397–401. [PubMed: 3614179]
  21. Bishara SN, Partridge FM, Godfrey HP, et al Post-traumatic amnesia and Glasgow Coma Scale related to outcome in survivors in a consecutive series of patients with severe closed-head injury. Brain Inj. 1992;6(4):373–80. [PubMed: 1638271]
  22. Blackerby WF Intensity of rehabilitation and length of stay. Brain Inj. 1990;4:167–73. [PubMed: 2331546]
  23. Born JD, Albert A, Hans P, et al Relative prognostic value of best motor response and brain stem reflexes in patients with severe head injury. Neurosurgery. 1985;16(5):595–601. [PubMed: 4000430]
  24. Bond MR The stages of recovery from severe head injury with special reference to late outcome. Int Rehabil Med. 1979;1(4):155–9. [PubMed: 263003]
  25. Bowers SA, Marshall LF Outcome in 200 consecutive cases of severe head injury treated in San Diego County: A prospective analysis. Neurosurgery. 1980;6(3):237–42. [PubMed: 7383286]
  26. Braakman R, Gelpke GJ, Habbema JD, et al Systematic selection of prognostic features in patients with severe head injury. Neurosurgery. 1980;6(4):362–70. [PubMed: 7393417]
  27. Brooks N, Campsie L, Symington C, et al The five-year outcome of severe blunt head injury: A relative's view. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1986;49:764–70. [PMC free article: PMC1028899] [PubMed: 3746307]
  28. Brooks N, McKinlay W, Symington C, et al Return to work within the first seven years of severe head injury. Brain Inj. 1987;1(1):5–19. [PubMed: 3454672]
  29. Brooks N, Symington C, Beattie A, et al The effects of severe head injury on patient and relative within seven years of injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1987;2:1–13.
  30. Bullock R, Chesnut R, Clifton G, et al Guidelines for the management of severe head injury. Revision 1. New York: Brain Trauma Foundation; 1998. [PubMed: 9028756]
  31. Burke DC Planning a system of care for head injuries. Brain Inj. 1987;1:189–98. [PubMed: 3454682]
  32. Burke WH, Wesolowski MD, Guth ML Comprehensive head injury rehabilitation: an outcome evaluation. Brain Inj. 1988;2:313–22. [PubMed: 3203177]
  33. Burr M The rehabilitation and long-term management of the adult patient with head injury. Aust Fam Physician. 1981;10:14–6. [PubMed: 6786274]
  34. Carey RG, Seibert JH, Posavac EJ Who makes the most progress in inpatient rehabilitation? An analysis of functional gain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;69(5):337–43. [PubMed: 3365113]
  35. Carlton TO, Stephenson MD Social work and the management of severe head injury. [Review] [53 refs] Soc Sci Med. 1990;31:5–11. [PubMed: 2195664]
  36. Carnevale GJ Natural-setting behavior management for individuals with traumatic brain injury: Results of a three-year caregiver training program. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1996;11(1):27–38.
  37. Cavallo MM, Kay T, Ezrachi O Problems and changes after traumatic brain injury: Differing perceptions within and between families. Brain Inj. 1992;6(4):327–35. [PubMed: 1638266]
  38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Unpublished data from the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Personal communication from David Thurman. May 1998.
  39. Chan L, Koepsell TD, Deyo RA, et al The effect of Medicare's payment system for rehabilitation hospitals on length of stay, charges, and total payments. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:978–85. [PubMed: 9309104]
  40. Chandler SK Predictors of vocational indecision and vocational outcome for adults with traumatic brain injuries. Dissertation Abstracts International. 1901;54
  41. Chelimsky ES, Shadish W, editors Evaluation for the 21st century: A handbook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1997.
  42. Chen SH, Thomas JD, Glueckauf RL, et al The effectiveness of computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation for persons with traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1997;11:197–209. [PubMed: 9058001]
  43. Chesnut RM, Alexander D, Antoinette T, et al Toward an integrated approach to quantitative research on the rehabilitation of patients with TBI: A call for consensus formation of a universal, uniform data set. Forthcoming.
  44. Chesnut RM, Marshall LF, Klauber MR, et al The role of secondary brain injury in determining outcome from severe head injury. J Trauma. 1993;34(2):216–22. [PubMed: 8459458]
  45. Chesnut RM, Marshall SB, Piek J, et al Early and late systemic hypotension as a frequent and fundamental source of cerebral ischemia following severe brain injury in the Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1993;59:121–5. [PubMed: 8310858]
  46. Choi SC, Narayan RK, Anderson RL, et al Enhanced specificity of prognosis in severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 1988;69(3):381–5. [PubMed: 3404236]
  47. Cicerone K, Giacino J Remediation of executive function deficits after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 1992;2:12–22.
  48. Cicerone KD, Smith LC, Ellmo W, et al Neuropsychological rehabilitation of mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1996;10:277–86. [PubMed: 9044693]
  49. Cifu DX, Keyser-Marcus L, Lopez E, et al Acute predictors of successful return to work 1 year after traumatic brain injury: A multicenter analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(2):125–31. [PubMed: 9041891]
  50. Cifu DX, Kreutzer JS, Marwitz JH, et al Functional outcomes of older adults with traumatic brain injury: A prospective, multicenter analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(9):883–8. [PubMed: 8822678]
  51. Coelho CA, DeRuyter F, Stein M Treatment efficacy: Cognitive-communicative disorders resulting from traumatic brain injury in adults. J Speech Hear Res. 1996;39(5):S5–17. [PubMed: 8898262]
  52. Cole JR, Cope DN, Cervelli L Rehabilitation of the severely brain-injured patient: a community-based, low-cost model program. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1985;66:38–40. [PubMed: 3917662]
  53. Commission for Case Management Certification CCM certification guide. Certified case manager. Rolling Meadows, IL; 1996.
  54. Cope DN The effectiveness of traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: A review. Brain Inj. 1995;9:649–70. [PubMed: 8680395]
  55. Cope DN, Cole JR, Hall KM, et al Brain injury: analysis of outcome in a post-acute rehabilitation system. Part 2: Subanalyses [see comments] Brain Inj. 1991;5(2):127–39. [PubMed: 1908341]
  56. Cope DN, Hall K Head injury rehabilitation: benefit of early intervention. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1982;63:433–7. [PubMed: 7115044]
  57. Corrigan JD, Bogner JA, Mysiw WJ, et al Systematic bias in outcome studies of persons with traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(2):132–7. [PubMed: 9041892]
  58. Courtney C A model for community support and case coordination networks for persons with traumatic brain injury. Final report submitted to Rehabilitation Services Administration, CSDA #84.235, Award H128A91121. St Paul: State of Minnesota Department of Jobs and Training, Division of Rehabilitation Services and Minnesota Head Injury Association; 1992.
  59. Cowen TD, Meythaler JM, DeVivo MJ, et al Influence of early variables in traumatic brain injury on functional independence measure scores and rehabilitation length of stay and charges [see comments] Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995;76:797–803. [PubMed: 7668948]
  60. Crepeau F, Scherzer P Predictors and indicators of work status after traumatic brain injury: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 1993;3(1):5–35.
  61. Curl RM, Chisholm LA Unlocking coworker potential in competitive employment: Keys to a cooperative approach. J Vocat Rehabil. 1993;3:72–84.
  62. Curl RM, Fraser RT, Cook RG, et al Traumatic brain injury vocational rehabilitation: preliminary findings for the coworker as trainer project. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1996;11(1):75–85.
  63. Davis CH, Fardanesh L, Rubner D, et al Profiles of functional recovery in fifty traumatically brain-injured patients after acute rehabilitation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;76:213–8. [PubMed: 9207707]
  64. David R, Enderby P, Bainton D Treatment of acquired aphasia: Speech therapists and volunteers compared. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1982;45(11):957–61. [PMC free article: PMC491629] [PubMed: 6184453]
  65. Dawson DR, Chipman M The disablement experienced by traumatically brain-injured adults living in the community. Brain Inj. 1995;9(4):339–53. [PubMed: 7640680]
  66. Deacon D, Campbell K Decision making following closed head injury: Can response speed be trained? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1991;13:639–51. [PubMed: 1955521]
  67. Deshpande AA, Millis SR, Zafonte RD, et al Risk factors for acute care transfer among traumatic brain injury patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78:350–2. [PubMed: 9111452]
  68. Devany CW, Kreutzer JS, Halberstadt LJ, et al Referrals for supported employment after brain injury: Neuropsychological, behavioral, and emotional characteristics. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1991;6(3):59–70.
  69. Dikengil A, Lowry M, Delgado P An interdisciplinary group treatment for the severely brain-injured patient: participation by four disciplines. J Cogn Rehabil. 1993;11:20–4.
  70. Dikmen S, Machamer J, Temkin N Psychosocial outcome in patients with moderate to severe head injury: 2-year follow-up. Brain Inj. 1993;7(2):113–24. [PubMed: 8453410]
  71. Dikmen S, Reitan RM, Temkin NR Neuropsychological recovery in head injury. Arch Neurol. 1983;40(6):333–8. [PubMed: 6847436]
  72. Dikmen SS, Temkin NR, Machamer JE, et al Employment following traumatic head injuries. Arch Neurol. 1994;51:177–86. [PubMed: 8304843]
  73. Dombovy ML, Olek AC Recovery and rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1997;11(5):305–18. [PubMed: 9146836]
  74. Eames P, Cotterill G, Kneale TA, et al Outcome of intensive rehabilitation after severe brain injury: A long-term follow-up study. Brain Inj. 1996;10:631–50. [PubMed: 8853867]
  75. Eames P, Wood R Rehabilitation after severe brain injury: A follow-up study of a behavior modification approach. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985;48(7):613–19. [PMC free article: PMC1028400] [PubMed: 4031905]
  76. Edna TH, Cappelen J Return to work and social adjustment after traumatic head injury. Acta Neurochir. 1987;85(1-2):40–3. [PubMed: 3604770]
  77. Ehrlich J, Sipes A Group treatment of communication skills for head trauma patients. Cogn Rehabil. 1985;3:32–37.
  78. Eliason MR, Topp BW Predictive validity of Rappaport's Disability Rating Scale in subjects with acute brain dysfunction. Phys Ther. 1984;64(9):1357–60. [PubMed: 6473516]
  79. Ellerd DA, Moore SC Follow-up at twelve and thirty months of persons with traumatic brain injury engaged in supported employment placements. J Appl Rehabil Couns. 1992;23(3):48–50.
  80. Engberg A Severe traumatic brain injury-- epidemiology, external causes, prevention, and rehabilitation of mental and physical sequelae. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1995;164:1–151. [PubMed: 8585391]
  81. Evans R, Ruff RM Outcome and value: A perspective on rehabilitation outcomes achieved in acquired brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1992;7(4):24–36.
  82. Evans RW, Watke M Catastrophic neurologic injury: Improving outcomes through case management. Case Manager. 1995;6(3):83–5, 87-8.
  83. Ewing CL, Thomas DJ, Sansces A, et al Impact of injury of the head and spine. Springfield, IL: Thomas; 1983.
  84. Ezrachi O, Ben-Yishay Y, Kay T, et al Predicting employment in traumatic brain injury following neuropsychological rehabilitation. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1991;6:71–84.
  85. Fabiano RJ, Crewe N Variables associated with employment following severe traumatic brain injury. Rehabil Psychol. 1995;40:223–31.
  86. Fairweather G, Sanders DL, Maynard H et al Community life for the mentally ill: An experiment in social innovation. Chicago: Aldine; 1969.
  87. Fearnside MR, Cook RJ, McDougall P, et al The Westmead Head Injury Project. Physical and social outcomes following severe head injury. Br J Neurosurg. 1993;7(6):643–50. [PubMed: 8161426]
  88. Fiedler RC, Granger CV Uniform data system for medical rehabilitation: report of first admissions for 1995. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;76(1):76–81. [PubMed: 9036916]
  89. Finset A, Dyrnes S, Krogstad JM, et al Self-reported social networks and interpersonal support 2 years after severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1995;9:141–50. [PubMed: 7787834]
  90. Fraser R, Dikmen S, McLean A, et al Employability of head injury survivors: First year post-injury. Special issue: Traumatic brain injury. Rehabil Counsel Bull. 1988;31(4):276–288.
  91. Freeman MR, Mittenberg W, Dicowden M, Bat-Ami M Executive and compensatory memory retraining in traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1992;6:65–70. [PubMed: 1739854]
  92. Fryer LJ, Haffer WJ Cognitive rehabilitation and community readaption: Outcomes from two program models. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1987;2:51–63.
  93. Fussey K, Tyerman A An exploration of memory retraining in rehabilitation following closed head-injury. Int J Rehabil Res. 1985;8:465–7.
  94. Gerber L Case management models: Geriatric nursing prototypes for growth. J Gerontol Nurs. 1994;20(7):18–24. [PubMed: 8046214]
  95. Giacino JT, Kezmarsky MA, DeLuca J, et al Monitoring rate of recovery to predict outcome in minimally responsive patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(11):897–901. [PubMed: 1929808]
  96. Girard D, Brown J, Burnett-Stolnack M, et al The relationship of neuropsychological status and productive outcomes following traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1996;10:663–76. [PubMed: 8853869]
  97. Gleckman AD, Brill S The impact of brain injury on family functioning: implications for subacute rehabilitation programmes. Brain Inj. 1995;9:385–93. [PubMed: 7640684]
  98. Glisky EL, Delaney SM Implicit memory and new semantic learning in posttraumatic amnesia. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1996;1:31–42.
  99. Glisky EL, Schacter DL Long-term retention of computer learning by patients with memory disorders. Neuropsychologia. 1988;26:173–8. [PubMed: 3283597]
  100. Glisky EL, Schacter DL, Tulving E Learning and retention of computer-related vocabulary in memory-impaired patients: Method of vanishing cues. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1986a;8:292–312. [PubMed: 3755140]
  101. Glisky EL, Schacter Dl, Tulving E Computer learning by memory-impaired patients: Acquisition and retention of complex knowledge. Neuropsychologia. 1986b;24:313–28. [PubMed: 3755511]
  102. Gloag D Rehabilitation after head injury: 2--Behaviour and emotional problems, long term needs, and the requirements for services. Br Med J Clin Res Ed. 1985;290:913–6. [PMC free article: PMC1417714] [PubMed: 3919841]
  103. Gobiet W Improved clinical outcome with early rehabilitation. Neurosurg Rev. 1989;12 Suppl 1:143–6. [PubMed: 2812363]
  104. Godfrey H, Knight R, Bishara S The relationship between social skill and family problem-solving following very severe closed head injury. Brain Inj. 1991;5(2):207–11. [PubMed: 1873606]
  105. Goering PN, Wasylenki DA, Farkas M, et al What difference does case management make? Hosp Comm Psychiatry. 1988;39:272–6. [PubMed: 3356432]
  106. Goka R, Arakaki A Brain injury rehabilitation; the continuum of care. Brain Inj Rehabil. 1994;26:420–5. [PubMed: 10150807]
  107. Goldstein G, Beers S, Longmore S, et al Efficacy of memory training: A technological extention and replication. Clin Neuropsychologist. 1996;10:66–72.
  108. Goldstein G, McCue M, Turner S, et al An efficacy study of memory training for patients with closed-head injury. Clin Neuropsychologist. 1988;2:251–9.
  109. Goldstein G, Ruthven L Rehabilitation of the brain-damaged adult. Chapter 6, The Wichita Program. New York: Plenum Press; 1983.
  110. Goldstein K The organism: A holistic approach to biology derived from pathological data in man. New York: Urzone; 1995.
  111. Goodwin D Nursing case management activities: How they differ between employment settings. J Nurs Adm. 1994;24(2):29–34. [PubMed: 8301392]
  112. Gopinath SP, Robertson CS, Contant CF, et al Jugular venous desaturation and outcome after head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57(6):717–23. [PMC free article: PMC1072976] [PubMed: 8006653]
  113. Gouvier WD, Blanton PD, LaPorte KK, et al Reliability and validity of the Disability Rating Scale and the Levels of Cognitive Functioning Scale in monitoring recovery from severe head injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987;68(2):94–7. [PubMed: 3813863]
  114. Granger CV, Hamilton BB, Sherwin FS Guide for use of the uniform data set for medical rehabilitation. Buffalo, NY: Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation; 1986.
  115. Gray JM, Robertson I, Pentland B, et al Microcomputer-based attentional retraining after brain damage: A randomised group controlled trial. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 1992;2:97–115.
  116. Gray JM, Shepherd M, McKinlay WW, et al Negative symptoms in the traumatically brain-injured during the first year postdischarge, and their effect on rehabilitation status, work status and family burden. Clin Rehabil. 1994;8:188–97.
  117. Greenspan AI, Wrigley JM, Kresnow M, et al Factors influencing failure to return to work due to traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1996;10(3):207–18. [PubMed: 8777392]
  118. Greenwood RJ, McMillan TM, Brooks DN, et al Effects of case management after severe head injury [see comments] BMJ. 1994;308:1199–205. [PMC free article: PMC2540066] [PubMed: 8180536]
  119. Groah SL, Cifu DX The rehabilitative management of the traumatic brain injury patient with associated femoral neuropathy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995;76:480–3. [PubMed: 7741623]
  120. Gronwall D Paced auditory serial-addition task: A measure of recovery from concussion. Percept Mot Skills. 1977;44:367–73. [PubMed: 866038]
  121. Gronwall D Rehabilitation programs for patients with mild head injury: Components, problems, and evaluation. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1986;1(2):53–62.
  122. Gronwall D, Wrightson P Duration of post-traumatic amnesia after mild head injury. J Clin Neuropsychol. 1980;2(1):51–60.
  123. Groswasser Z, Mendelson L, Strern MJ, et al Re-evaluation of prognostic factors in rehabilitation after severe head injury. Assessment thirty months after trauma. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1977;9:147–9. [PubMed: 594694]
  124. Haffey WJ, Abrams DL Employment outcomes for participants in a brain injury work reentry program: Preliminary findings. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1991;6:24–34.
  125. Hagen C, Malkmus D, Durham P, et al Levels of cognitive functioning. Rehabilitation of the head injured adult. Comprehensive physical management. Downey, CA: Professional Staff Association, Rancho Los Amigos Hospital; 1979.
  126. Hall K, Cope D The benefit of rehabilitation in traumatic brain injury. A literature review. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1995;10(1):1–1.
  127. Hall K, Cope DN, Rappaport M Glasgow Outcome Scale and Disability Rating Scale: Comparative usefulness in following recovery in traumatic head injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1985;66(1):35–7. [PubMed: 3966866]
  128. Hall KM, Mann N, High WM Jr, et al Functional measures after traumatic brain injury: ceiling effects of FIM, FIM+FAM, DRS, and CIQ. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1996;11(5):27–39.
  129. Hall M, Brandys C, Yetman L Multidisciplinary approaches to management of acute head injury. J Neurosci Nurs. 1992;24:199–204. [PubMed: 1517666]
  130. Harrick L, Krefting L, Johnston J, et al Stability of functional outcomes following transitional living programme participation: 3-year follow-up. Brain Inj. 1994;8:439–47. [PubMed: 7951206]
  131. Hawkins ML, Lewis FD, Medeiros RS Serious traumatic brain injury: An evaluation of functional outcomes. J Trauma. 1996;41:257–63; discussion 263-4. [PubMed: 8760533]
  132. Heilbronner RL, Roueche JR, Everson SA, et al Comparing patient perspectives of disability and treatment effects with quality of participation in a post-acute brain injury rehabilitation programme. Brain Inj. 1989;3:387–95. [PubMed: 2819318]
  133. Heinemann AW, Hamilton B, Linacre JM, et al Functional status and therapeutic intensity during inpatient rehabilitation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1995;74(4):315–26. [PubMed: 7632391]
  134. Heinemann AW, Sahgal V, Cichowski K, et al Functional outcome following traumatic brain injury. J Neuro Rehabil. 1990;4:27–37.
  135. Helffenstein D, Wechsier R The use of interpersonal process recall (PR) in the remediation of interpersonal and communication skill deficits in the newly brain injured. Clin Neuropsychol. 1982;4:139–43.
  136. Hendryx P Psychosocial changes perceived by closed-head-injured adults and their families. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1989;(70):526–30. [PubMed: 2742468]
  137. High WM Jr, Boake C, Lehmkuhl L Critical analysis of studies evaluating the effectiveness of rehabilitation after traumatic head injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1995;10(1):14–26.
  138. High WM Jr, Hall KM, Rosenthal M, et al Factors affecting hospital length of stay and charges following traumatic brain injury of injured adults living in the community. Brain Inj. 1996;9(4):339–53.
  139. High WM Jr, Hall KM, Rosenthal M, et al Factors affecting hospital length of stay and charges following traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1996;11:85–96.
  140. Hunter WH Gunshot wound of the head: a fortunate outcome. J S C Med Assoc. 1981;77:447–8. [PubMed: 6944571]
  141. Ip RY, Dornan J, Schentag C Traumatic brain injury: factors predicting return to work or school. Brain Inj. 1995;9:517–32. [PubMed: 7550223]
  142. Jacobs HE The Los Angeles Head Injury Survey: Procedures and initial findings. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;69(6):425–31. [PubMed: 3132129]
  143. Jacobs HE, Hart T, Mory KD, et al Single-subject evaluation designs in rehabilitation: case studies on inpatient units. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1996;11:86–94.
  144. Jaffe KM, Massagli TL, Martin KM, et al Pediatric traumatic brain injury: Acute and rehabilitation costs. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74:681–6. [PubMed: 8328886]
  145. Jennett B, Bond M Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage: A practical scale. Lancet. 1975:1480–4. [PubMed: 46957]
  146. Jennett B, Snoek J, Bond MR, et al Disability after severe head injury: Observations of the use of the Glasgow Outcome Scale. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1981;44(4):285–93. [PMC free article: PMC490949] [PubMed: 6453957]
  147. Jennett B, Teasdale G, Galbraith S, et al Prognosis in patients with severe head injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1979;28(1):149–52. [PubMed: 158290]
  148. Johnson D, Roethig-Johnston K Head injury. Early rehabilitation of head-injured patients. Nurs Times. 1989;85:25–8. [PubMed: 2928171]
  149. Johnson R Return to work after sever head injury. Int Disabil Studies. 1987;9:49–54. [PubMed: 3680106]
  150. Johnson R Employment after severe head injury: do the Manpower Services Commission schemes help? Injury. 1989;20:5–9. [PubMed: 2592068]
  151. Johnston MV Outcomes of community re-entry programmes for brain injury survivors. Part 2: Further investigations [see comments] Brain Inj. 1991;5:155–68. [PubMed: 1651796]
  152. Johnston MV, Hall KM Outcomes evaluation in TBI rehabilitation. Part I: Overview and system principles. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:SC2–SC28. [PubMed: 7993176]
  153. Johnston MV, Lewis FD Outcomes of community re-entry programmes for brain injury survivors. Part 1: Independent living and productive activities. Brain Injury. 1991;5(2):141–54. [PubMed: 1873601]
  154. Jones C Outcome following closed head injury. J Neurosurg Nurs. 1981;13(4):178–83. [PubMed: 6921219]
  155. Jones ML, Evans RW Outcome validation in post-acute rehabilitation: Trends and correlates in treatment and outcome. J Ins Med. 1992;24(3):186–92. [PubMed: 10147828]
  156. Jones PA, Andrews PJ, Midgley S, et al Measuring the burden of secondary insults in head-injured patients during intensive care. J Neurosurg Anesth. 1994;6(1):4–14. [PubMed: 8298263]
  157. Jorgensen HS Hospital rehabilitation of patients with severe brain injuries. II. Prognosis and effect of early intensive, specialized rehabilitation. Ugeskr Laeger. 1997;159(26):4093–9. [PubMed: 9229866]
  158. Kaitaro T, Koskinen S, Kaipio ML Neurophysiological problems in everyday life: A 5-year follow-up study of young severely closed-head-injured patients. Brain Inj. 1995;9(7):713–27. [PubMed: 8680398]
  159. Kerner M, Acker M Computer delivery of memory retraining with head injured patients. Cogn Rehabil. 1985;Nov/Dec: 26–31.
  160. King NS, Crawford S, Wenden FJ, et al Interventions and service need following mild and moderate head injury: the Oxford Head Injury Service. Clin Rehabil. 1997;11:13–27. [PubMed: 9065356]
  161. Klauber MR, Marshall LF, Luerssen TG, et al Determinants of head injury mortality: Importance of the low risk patient. Neurosurgery. 1989;24(1):31–6. [PubMed: 2927596]
  162. Klonoff H, Clark C, Klonoff PS Long-term outcome of head injuries: A 23 year follow up study of children with head injuries. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56:410–5. [PMC free article: PMC1014960] [PubMed: 8482963]
  163. Kock C, Fuhrmann R [Early neurologic rehabilitation--an urgent requirement] [German] Rehabilitation. 1992;31(4):217–9. [PubMed: 1484994]
  164. Kosubek C, Feldmann M, Schwendemann G Early neurological rehabilitation. Local demand for early rehabilitation places for adult patients illustrated for the Land Bremen [Early neurologic-neurosurgical rehabilitation--on the epidemiology of the need for early rehabilitation beds by adult patients exemplified by the Bremen federal district][German] Rehabilitation (Stuttgart). 1996;35(1):29–32. [PMC free article: PMC26585] [PubMed: 8693185]
  165. Kozloff R Networks of social support and the outcome from severe head injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1987;2(3):14–23.
  166. Kraft JF, Schwab KA, Salazar AM, et al Occupational and educational achievements of head injured Vietnam veterans at 15-year follow-up. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74(6):596–601. [PubMed: 8503749]
  167. Kraus J, Sorenson S Epidemiology. In Silver JM, Yudofsky SC, Hales RE (eds), Neuropsychiatry of traumatic brain injury. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1994.
  168. Kraus JF, McArthur DL Epidemiologic aspects of brain injury. Neurologic Clinics. 1996;14(2):435–50. [PubMed: 8827181]
  169. Kreutzer J, Wehman P, Morton MV, et al Supported employment and compensatory strategies for enhancing vocational outcome following traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1988;2:205–23. [PubMed: 3167277]
  170. Kreutzer JS, Conder R, Wehman P, et al Compensatory strategies for enhancing independent living and vocational outcome following traumatic brain injury. Cogn Rehabil. 1989;7:30–5.
  171. Kreutzer JS, Doherty R, Harris JA Alcohol abuse among persons with traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1990;5:9–20.
  172. Kreutzer JS, Marwitz JH, Kepler K Traumatic brain injury: family response and outcome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73(3):771–8. [PubMed: 1642529]
  173. Kwasnica CM, Heinemann A Coping with traumatic brain injury: Representative case studies. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75(4):384–9. [PubMed: 8172495]
  174. Leathem J, Heath E, Woolley C Relatives' perceptions of role change, social support and stress after traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1996;10(1):27–38. [PubMed: 8680390]
  175. Lehmkulh LD, Hall KM, Mann N, et al Factors that influence costs and length of stay in persons with traumatic brain injury in acute care and inpatient rehabilitation. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1993;8(2):88–100.
  176. Levin HS, Benton AL, Grossman RG Neurobehavioral consequences of closed head injury. New York: Oxford University Press; 1982.
  177. Levin HS, Gary HE Jr, Eisenberg HM, et al Neurobehavioral outcome 1 year after severe head injury. Experience of the Traumatic Coma Data Bank. J Neurosurg. 1990;73(5):699–709. [PubMed: 2213159]
  178. Levin HS, O'Donnell VM, Grossman RG The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test. A practical scale to assess cognition after head injury. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1979;167(11):675–84. [PubMed: 501342]
  179. Lewin ICF The cost of disorders of the brain. Washington, DC: National Foundation for the Brain; 1992.
  180. Lezak MD Assessment for rehabilitation planning. In Meier MJ, Benton AL, Diller L, eds. Neuropsycholog-ical rehabilitation. New York: Guilford Press; 1987.
  181. Lezak MD Neuropsychological assessment. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995.
  182. Li L, Lu SF, Jiang XH Clinical analysis of 80 cases of post-traumatic chronic subdural hematoma. Acta Acad Med Wuhan. 1984;4:252–6. [PubMed: 6527849]
  183. Livingston MG, Brooks DN, Bond MR Patient outcome in the year following severe head injury and relatives' psychiatric and social functioning. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985;48:876–81. [PMC free article: PMC1028487] [PubMed: 4045482]
  184. Lloyd LF, Cuvo AJ Maintenance and generalization of behaviours after treatment of persons with traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1994;8:529–40. [PubMed: 7987289]
  185. Lomas J, Kertesz A Patterns of spontaneous recovery in aphasic groups: A study of adult stroke patients. Brain Lang. 1978;5(3):388–401. [PubMed: 656906]
  186. Lyle DM, Pierce JP, Freeman EA, et al Clinical course and outcome of severe head injury in Australia. J Neurosurg. 1986;65:15–8. [PubMed: 3712023]
  187. Mackay LE, Bernstein BA, Chapman PE, et al Early intervention in severe head injury: long-term benefits of a formalized program. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73(7):635–41. [PubMed: 1622318]
  188. Malec JF, Basford JS Postacute brain injury rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77:198–207. [PubMed: 8607747]
  189. Malec JF, Buffington AL, Moessner AM, et al Maximizing vocational outcome after brain injury: integration of medical and vocational hospital-based services. Mayo Clinic Proc. 1995;70(12):1165–71. [PubMed: 7490918]
  190. Malec JF, Questad K Rehabilitation of memory after craniocerebral trauma. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1983;64:436–8. [PubMed: 6615184]
  191. Malec JF, Smigielski JS, DePompolo RW, et al Outcome evaluation and prediction in a comprehensive-integrated post-acute outpatient brain injury rehabilitation programme. Brain Inj. 1993;7(1):15–29. [PubMed: 8425113]
  192. Malia K, Powell G, Torode S Coping and psychosocial function after brain injury. Brain Inj. 1995a;9:607–17. [PubMed: 7581356]
  193. Malia K, Powell G, Torode S Personality and psychosocial function after brain injury. Brain Inj. 1995b;9:697–712. [PubMed: 8680397]
  194. Mantyla M Post-traumatic cerebral atrophy. A study on brain-injured veterans on the Finnish wars of 1939-40 and 1941-45. Ann Clin Res. 1981;13:1–47. [PubMed: 7283378]
  195. Marion DW, editor Traumatic brain injury. New York: Thieme; 1999; pp. 121-2.
  196. Marion DW, Carlier PM Problems with initial Glasgow Coma Scale assessment caused by prehospital treatment of patients with head injuries: Results of a national survey. J Trauma. 1994;36(1):89–95. [PubMed: 8295256]
  197. Marks C, Parente F, Anderson J Retention of gains in outpatient cognitive rehabilitation therapy. Cogn Rehabil. 1986;4:20–3.
  198. Marmarou A, Anderson RL, Ward JD, et al Impact of ICP instability and hypotension on outcome in patients with severe head trauma. J Neurosurg. 1991;75(Suppl):S159–66.
  199. Marshall LF, Becker DP, Bowers SA, et al The National Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Part 1: Design, purpose, goals, and results. J Neurosurg. 1983;59:276–84. [PubMed: 6345728]
  200. Marshall LF, Bowers-Marshall S, Klauber MR, et al A new classification of head injury based on computerized tomography. J Neurosurg. 1991;75(Suppl):S14–20.
  201. Marshall LF, Gautille T, Klauber MR, et al The outcome of severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 1991;75(Suppl):S28–36.
  202. Maslow A Motivation and personality, 3rd ed. New York: Harper & Row; 1987.
  203. Masson F, Maurette P, Salmi LR, et al Prevalence of impairments 5 years after a head injury, and their relationship with disabilities and outcome. Brain Inj. 1996;10:487–97. [PubMed: 8806009]
  204. Mayer T, Walker ML, Shasha I, et al Effect of multiple trauma on outcome of pediatric patients with neurologic injuries. Childs Brain. 1981;8(3):189–97. [PubMed: 7238136]
  205. McLaughlin AM, Peters S Evaluation of an innovative cost-effective programme for brain injury patients: response to a need for flexible treatment planning. Brain Inj. 1993;7(1):71–5. [PubMed: 8425118]
  206. McMillan TM, Greenwood RJ, Morris JR, et al An introduction to the concept of head injury case management with respect to the need for service provision. Clin Rehabil. 1988;2:319–22.
  207. McMordie WR, Barker SL The financial trauma of head injury. Brain Inj. 1988;2(4):357–64. [PubMed: 3203182]
  208. Menard MR Comparison of disability behavior after different sites and types of injury in a workers' compensation population. J Occup Env Medicine. 1996;38:1161–70. [PubMed: 8941907]
  209. Middleton DK, Lambert MJ, Seggar LB Neuropsychological rehabilitation: microcomputer-assisted treatment of brain-injured adults. Percept Motor Skills. 1991;72:527–30. [PubMed: 1852561]
  210. Mills VM, Nesbeda T, Katz DI, et al Outcomes for traumatically brain-injured patients following post-acute rehabilitation programmes. Brain Inj. 1992;6(3):219–28. [PubMed: 1581745]
  211. Morgan AS, Chapman P, Tokarski L Improved care of the traumatically brain injured. Presented at Eastern Association for Surgery of Trauma. First Annual Conference; January 15,1988; Longboat Key, FL.
  212. Morton MV, Wehman P Psychosocial and emotional sequelae of individuals with traumatic brain injury: A literature review and recommendations. Brain Inj. 1995;9(1):81–92. [PubMed: 7874099]
  213. Murphy LD, McMillan TM, Greenwood RJ, et al Services for severely head-injured patients in north London and environs. Brain Inj. 1990;4:95–100. [PubMed: 2297604]
  214. Najenson T, Groswasser Z, Mendelson L, et al Rehabilitation outcome of brain damaged patients after severe head injury. Int Rehabil Med. 1980;2(1):17–22. [PubMed: 7440083]
  215. Neistadt ME Occupational therapy treatments for constructional deficits. Am J Occup Ther. 1992;46(2):141–8. [PubMed: 1595825]
  216. Niemann H, Ruff RM, Baser CA Computer-assisted attention retraining in head-injured individuals: A controlled efficacy study of an outpatient program. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1990;58(6):811–7. [PubMed: 2292631]
  217. Novack TA, Caldwell SG, Duke LW, et al Focused versus unstructured intervention for attention deficits after traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1996;11(3):52–60.
  218. Oddy M, Humphrey M Social recovery during the year following severe head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1980;43(9):798–802. [PMC free article: PMC490670] [PubMed: 7420103]
  219. Olver JH Brain injury: The need to assess outcome. Curr Opin Neurol. 1995;8:443–6. [PubMed: 8845928]
  220. Olver JH, Ponsford JL, Curran CA Outcome following traumatic brain injury: A comparison between 2 and 5 years after injury. Brain Inj. 1996;10(11):841–8. [PubMed: 8905161]
  221. Ommaya AK, Salazar AM, Dannenberg AL, et al Outcome after traumatic brain injury in the U.S. military medical system. J Trauma. 1996;41:972–5. [PubMed: 8970548]
  222. Ostby S, Sakata R, Leung P Perceived persistence of problems in post-head-injury rehabilitation. Brain Inj. 1991;5(1):9–16. [PubMed: 2043914]
  223. O'Reilly M, Green G, Braunling-McMorrow D Self administered written prompts to teach home accident prevention skills to adults with brain injuries. J Appl Behav Anal. 1990;23:431–46. [PMC free article: PMC1286259] [PubMed: 2074235]
  224. Palmer CD The brain trauma rehabilitation program Southfield Rehabilitation Center. Cogn Rehabil. 1985;3:4–9.
  225. Panikoff LB Recovery trends of functional skills in the head-injured adult. Am J Occup Ther. 1983;37(11):735–43. [PubMed: 6650646]
  226. Panting AM, Merry PH Long-term rehabilitation of severe head injuries with particular reference to need for social and medical support for the patient's family. Rehabilitation. 1972:8233–7.
  227. Parente R, Parente-Anderson J Retraining memory: Theory and application. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1989;4:55–65.
  228. Partridge TM An investigation into the vocational rehabilitation practices provided by brain injury services throughout the United Kingdom. Work. 1996;7:63–72. [PubMed: 24441622]
  229. Pazzaglia P, Frank G, Frank F, et al Clinical course and prognosis of acute post-traumatic coma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1975;38(2):149–54. [PMC free article: PMC491878] [PubMed: 1151395]
  230. Pentland B, Miller JD Head injury rehabilitation in Edinburgh. Health Bull. 1986;44(2):105–9. [PubMed: 3700092]
  231. Perry WD Surviving head injury: A social worker's account. Health Soc Work. 1986;11:204–8. [PubMed: 3744165]
  232. Peters MD, Gluck M, McCormick M Behaviour rehabilitation of the challenging client in less restrictive settings. Brain Inj. 1992;6(4):299–314. [PubMed: 1638264]
  233. Pettifer S Leisure as compensation for employment and unfulfilling work: Reality or pipedream. J Occup Sci. 1993;1(2):20–8.
  234. Ponsford JL, Kinsella G Evaluation of a remedial programme for attentional deficits following closed-head injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1988;10(6):693–708. [PubMed: 3235646]
  235. Ponsford JL, Olver JH, Curran C A profile of outcome: 2 years after traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1995;9(1):1–10. [PubMed: 7874089]
  236. Possl J, Yves Von Cramon D Clients' view of neuropsychological rehabilitation. Brain Inj. 1996;10:125–32. [PubMed: 8696312]
  237. Powell T, Pancsofar EL, Steere KE, et al Supported employment: Providing integrated employment opportunities for persons with disabilities. New York: Longman; 1991.
  238. Pressley M Teaching cognitive strategies to brain-injured clients. Semin Speech Language. 1993;14:1–16.
  239. Prevey M, Delaney R, De l'Aune W, et al A method of assessing the efficacy of memory rehabilitation techniques using a "real-world" memory task: Learning a computer language. J Rehabil Res Dev. 1991;228:53–60. [PubMed: 1941650]
  240. Prigatano G Neuropsychological rehabilitation of the traumatically brain injured. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1986.
  241. Prigatano GP, Fordyce DJ, Zeiner HK, et al Neuropsychological rehabilitation after closed head injury in young adults. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984;47(5):505–13. [PMC free article: PMC1027828] [PubMed: 6736983]
  242. Ragnarsson KT, Thomas JP, Zasler ND Model systems of care for individuals with traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1993;8(2):1–11.
  243. Rao N, Kilgore KM Predicting return to work in traumatic brain injury using assessment scales. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73(10):911–6. [PubMed: 1417465]
  244. Rappaport M, Hall KM, Hopkins K, et al Disability rating scale for severe head trauma: Coma to community. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1982;63(3):118–23. [PubMed: 7073452]
  245. Rappaport M, Herrero-Backe C, Rappaport ML, et al Head injury outcome up to ten years later. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1989;70(13):885–92. [PubMed: 2596962]
  246. Reeder KP, Rosenthal M, Lichtenberg P, et al Impact of age on functional outcome following traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1996;11(3):22–31.
  247. Resnick C The effect of head injury on family and marital stability. Soc Work Health Care. 1993;18(2):49–62. [PubMed: 8332939]
  248. Rivara JB, Jaffe KM, Fay GC, et al Family functioning and injury severity as predictors of child functioning one year following traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74:1047–55. [PubMed: 8215855]
  249. Robertson CS, Contant CF, Gokaslan ZL, et al Cerebral blood flow, arteriovenous oxygen difference, and outcome in head injured patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55(7):594–603. [PMC free article: PMC489173] [PubMed: 1640238]
  250. Roe A The psychology of occupations. New York: Wiley; 1956.
  251. Roessler R, Schriner K, Price P Employment concerns of people with head injuries. J Rehabil. 1992;58:17–22.
  252. Rosenbaum MNT, Najenson T Changes in life patterns and symptoms of low mood as reported by wives of severely injured soldiers. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1976;44(6):881–8. [PubMed: 993425]
  253. Rosenthal M, Young T Effective family intervention after traumatic brain injury: Theory and practice. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1988;3(4):42–50.
  254. Ross T, Temkin NR, Newell D Neuropsychological outcome in relation to head injury severity. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;73:341–7. [PubMed: 7917164]
  255. Ruff R, Mahaffey R, Engel J, et al Efficacy study of THINKable in the attention and memory retraining of traumatically head-injured patients. Brain Inj. 1994;8:3–14. [PubMed: 8124315]
  256. Ruff RM, Baser CA, Johnston JW, et al Neuropsychological rehabilitation: An experimental study with head-injured patients. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1989;4(3):20–36.
  257. Ruff RM, Niemann H Cognitive rehabilitation versus day treatment in head-injured adults: Is there an impact on emotional and psychosocial adjustment? Brain Inj. 1990;4(4):339–47. [PubMed: 2252966]
  258. Ruff RM, Marshall LF, Crouch J, et al Predictors of outcome following severe head trauma: Follow-up data from the Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Brain Inj. 1993;7(2):101–11. [PubMed: 8453409]
  259. Ruff RM, Marshall LF, Klauber MR, et al Alcohol abuse and neurological outcome of the severely head injured. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1990;5:21–31.
  260. Rusk HA, Block JM, Lowman EW Rehabilitation following traumatic brain damage: Immediate and long-term follow-up results in 127 cases. Med Clin North Am. 1969;53(3):677–84. [PubMed: 5780626]
  261. Russell WR Cerebral involvement in head injury. Brain. 1932;55:549–603.
  262. Russell WR Amnesia following head injuries. Lancet. 1935;2:762–3.
  263. Russell WR, Smith A Post-traumatic amnesia in closed head injury. Arch Neurol. 1961;5:4–17. [PubMed: 13744864]
  264. Russell WR, Nathan PW Traumatic amnesias. Brain. 1946;69:280–301. [PubMed: 20287646]
  265. Ryan T, Ruff R The efficacy of structured memory retraining in a group comparison of head trauma patients. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 1988;3:165–79. [PubMed: 14591268]
  266. Sahgal V, Heinemann A Recovery of function during inpatient rehabilitation for moderate traumatic brain injury. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1989;21:71–9. [PubMed: 2749197]
  267. Sakata R, Ostby S, Leung P Functional status, referral and cost of treatment for persons with traumatic head injury. Brain Inj. 1991;5(4):411–9. [PubMed: 1786504]
  268. Sale P, West M, Sherron P, et al Exploratory analysis of job separations from supported employment for persons with traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1991;6(3):1–11.
  269. Sample PRA, Rowntree AJ Employment intervention strategies for individuals with brain injury. Occup Ther Health Care. 1995;9(1):45–56. [PubMed: 23931562]
  270. Sander AM, Kreutzer JS, Rosenthal M, et al A multicenter longitudinal investigation of return to work and community integration following traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1996;11(5):70–84.
  271. Saneda DL, Corrigan JD Predicting clearing of post-traumatic amnesia following closed-head injury. Brain Inj. 1992;6(2):167–74. [PubMed: 1571721]
  272. Sanguinetti M, Catanzaro M A comparison of discharge teaching on the consequences of brain injury. J Neurosci Nurs. 1987;19(5):271–5. [PubMed: 2960761]
  273. Sarno MT The status of research in recovery from aphasia. In Y Lebrun & R Hoops (Eds), Recovery in aphasics. Amsterdam: Swets and Zeitlinger; 1976.
  274. Sawin K The AHCPR effectiveness initiatives: Opportunities for rehabilitation nursing. Rehabil Nurs. 1990;15:264–6. [PubMed: 2399362]
  275. Sbordone RJ, Liter JC, Pettler-Jennings P Recovery of function following severe traumatic brain injury: A retrospective 10-year follow-up. Brain Inj. 1995;9(3):285–99. [PubMed: 7541681]
  276. Schalen W, Hansson L, Nordstrom G, et al Psychosocial outcome 5-8 years after severe traumatic brain lesions and the impact of rehabilitation services. Brain Inj. 1994;8:49–64. [PubMed: 8124317]
  277. Schalen WN, Nordstrom G, Nordstrom CH Economic aspects of capacity for work after severe traumatic brain lesions. Brain Inj. 1994;8(1):37–47. [PubMed: 8124316]
  278. Scherzer BP Rehabilitation following severe head trauma: Results of a three-year program. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986;67(6):366–74. [PubMed: 3718196]
  279. Schmitter-Edgecombe M, Fahy JF, Whelan JP, et al Memory remediation after severe closed head injury: Notebook training versus supportive therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1995;63(3):484–9. [PubMed: 7608363]
  280. Schwab K, Grafman J, Salazar AM, et al Residual impairments and work status 15 years after penetrating head injury: Report from the Vietnam Head Injury Study. Neurology. 1993;43(1):95–103. [PMC free article: PMC123722] [PubMed: 8423917]
  281. Shepherd G Psychological disorder and unemployment. Bull Br Psychol Soc. 1981;34:345–8.
  282. Sherburne E A rehabilitation protocol for the neuroscience intensive care unit. J Neurosci Nurs. 1986;18:140–5. [PubMed: 2941500]
  283. Skord KG, Miranti SV Towards a more integrated approach to job placement and retention for persons with traumatic brain injury and premorbid disadvantages. Brain Inj. 1994;8:383–92. [PubMed: 8081353]
  284. Smigielski JS, Malec JF, Thompson JM, et al Mayo Medical Center Brain Injury Outpatient Program: Treatment procedures and early outcome data. Mayo Clin Proc. 1992;67:767–74. [PubMed: 1434916]
  285. Smith-Knapp K, Corrigan JD, Arnett JA Predicting functional independence from neuropsychological tests following traumatic brain injury [see comments] Brain Inj. 1996;10:651–61. [PubMed: 8853868]
  286. Sohlberg M, Mateer C Effectiveness of an attention training program. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1987;9:117–30. [PubMed: 3558744]
  287. Sohlberg M, Mateer C Introduction to cognitive rehabilitation, theory and practice. New York: Guilford Press; 1989.
  288. Sosin DM, Sniezek JE, Waxweiler RJ Trends in death associated with traumatic brain injury, 1979 through 1992. Success and failure. JAMA. 1995;273:1778–80. [PubMed: 7769773]
  289. Sparadeo FR, Gill D Effects of prior alcohol use on head injury recovery. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1989:475–82.
  290. Sparadeo FR, Strauss D, Barth JT The incidence, impact, and treatment of substance abuse in head trauma rehabilitation. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1990;5(3):1–8.
  291. Spatt J, Zebenholzer K, Oder W Psychosocial long-term outcome of severe head injury as perceived by patients, relatives, and professionals. Acta Neurol Scand. 1997;95:173–9. [PubMed: 9088387]
  292. Spettell CM, Ellis DW, Ross SE, et al Time of rehabilitation admission and severity of trauma: Effect on brain injury outcome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;75(5):320–5. [PubMed: 2009049]
  293. Spivack G, Spettell CM, Ellis DW, et al Effects of intensity of treatment and length of stay on rehabilitation outcomes. Brain Inj. 1992;6(5):419–34. [PubMed: 1393175]
  294. Stambrook M, Moore AD, Kowalchuk S, et al Early metabolic and neurologic predictors of long-term quality of life after closed head injury. Can J Surg. 1990;33:115–8. [PubMed: 2268809]
  295. Stambrook M, Moore AD, Peters LC, et al Effects of mild, moderate and severe closed head injury on long-term vocational status. Brain Inj. 1990;4:183–90. [PubMed: 2331548]
  296. Stonnington HH, Burns CT, Sale PR Return to work for persons with traumatic brain injury: A supported employment approach. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1990;71(13):1047–52. [PubMed: 2256804]
  297. Swaine BR, Sullivan SJ Longitudinal profile of early motor recovery following severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1996;10:347–66. [PubMed: 8735665]
  298. Talbot LR, Whitaker HA Brain-injured persons in an altered state of consciousness: Measures and intervention strategies. Brain Inj. 1994;8:689–99. [PubMed: 7849688]
  299. Tate RL, Lulham JM, Broe GA, et al Psychosocial outcome for the survivors of severe blunt head injury: The results from a consecutive series of 100 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52(10):1128–34. [PMC free article: PMC1031696] [PubMed: 2795038]
  300. Teasdale G, Jennett B Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: A practical scale. Lancet. 1974:281–4. [PubMed: 4136544]
  301. Tellier A, Adams KM, Walker AE, et al Long-term effects of severe penetrating head injury on psychosocial adjustment. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1990;58:531–7. [PubMed: 2123899]
  302. Tennant A, Macdermott N, Neary D The long-term outcome of head injury: Implications for service planning. Brain Inj. 1995;9(6):595–605. [PubMed: 7581355]
  303. Thatcher RW, Cantor DS, McAlister R, et al Comprehensive predictions of outcome in closed head-injured patients. The development of prognostic equations. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1991;620:82–101. [PubMed: 2035948]
  304. Thienprasit P, Fisher SV, Alcorn MH Long term outcome of closed head injury. Minn Med. 1985;68:559–61. [PubMed: 4021975]
  305. Thomas-Stonell N, Johnson P, Schuller R, et al Evaluation of a computer-based program for remediation of cognitive-communication skills. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1994;9(4):25–37.
  306. Thomsen IV Late psychosocial outcome in severe traumatic brain injury: Preliminary results of a third follow-up study after 20 years. Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl. 1992;26:142–52. [PubMed: 1488637]
  307. Thomsen IV Verbal learning in aphasic and non-aphasic patients with severe head injuries. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1977;9(2):73–7. [PubMed: 897614]
  308. Tobis JS, Puri KB, Sheridan J Rehabilitation of the severely brain-injured patient. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1982;14:83–8. [PubMed: 7100833]
  309. Torkelson RM, Jellinek HM, Malec JF, et al Traumatic brain injury: Psychological and medical factors related to rehabilitation outcome. Rehabil Psychol. 1983;28(3):169–76.
  310. Treadwell K, Page T Functional analysis: Identifying the environmental determinants of severe behavior disorders. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1996;11(1):62–74.
  311. Tuel SM, Presty SK, Meythaler JM, et al Functional improvement in severe head injury after readmission for rehabilitation. Brain Inj. 1992;6(4):363–72. [PubMed: 1638270]
  312. Twum M, Parente R Role of imagery and verbal labeling in the performance of paired associates tasks by persons with closed head injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1994;16:630–9. [PubMed: 7962364]
  313. van Aalst JA, Morris JA Jr, Yates HK, et al Severely injured geriatric patients return to independent living: A study of factors influencing function and independence. J Trauma. 1991;31:1096–101; discussion 1101-2. [PubMed: 1875435]
  314. van Balen HG, Mulder T, Keyser A Towards a disability-oriented epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. Disabil Rehabil. 1996;18:181–90. [PubMed: 8744906]
  315. Vanzomeren V Residual complaints of patients two years after severe head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985;48:21–8. [PMC free article: PMC1028178] [PubMed: 3973618]
  316. Vilkki J, Ahola K, Holst P, et al Prediction of psychosocial recovery after head injury with cognitive tests and neurobehavioral ratings. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1994;16:325–38. [PubMed: 7929700]
  317. Vogenthaler DR, Smith KR Jr, Goldfader P Head injury, a multivariate study: Predicting long-term productivity and independent living outcome [see comments] Brain Inj. 1989;3:369–85. [PubMed: 2819317]
  318. Vollmer DG, Torner JC, Jane JA, et al Age and outcome following traumatic coma: Why do older patients fare worse? J Neurosurg. 1991;75(Suppl):S37–49.
  319. Walker WC, Kreutzer JS, Witol AD Level of care options for the low-functioning brain injury survivor. Brain Inj. 1996;10:65–75. [PubMed: 8680394]
  320. Wax W, MacKenzie E, Rice D Head injuries: Costs and consequences. J Neurosurg. 1991;48:673–8.
  321. Waxman K, Sundine MJ, Young RF Is early prediction of outcome in severe head injury possible? Arch Surg. 1991;126(10):1237–41; discussion 1242. [PubMed: 1929824]
  322. Weddell R, Oddy M, Jenkins D Social adjustment after rehabilitation: A two year follow-up of patients with severe head injury. Psychol Med. 1980;10(2):257–63. [PubMed: 7384328]
  323. Wehman P, West M, Fry R, et al Effect of supported employment on the vocational outcomes of persons with traumatic brain injury. Special Issue: Supported employment. J Appl Beh Anal. 1989;22(4):395–405. [PMC free article: PMC1286196] [PubMed: 2515185]
  324. Wehman PH, Kreutzer JS, Stonnington HH, et al Supported employment for persons with traumatic brain injury: A preliminary report. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1988;3(4):82–93.
  325. Wehman PH, Kreutzer J, West M, et al Employment outcomes of persons following traumatic brain injury: Pre-injury, post-injury, and supported employment. Brain Inj. 1989;3(4):397–412. [PubMed: 2819319]
  326. Wehman PH, Kreutzer JS, Sale P, et al Cognitive impairment and remediation: Implications for employment following traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1989;4(3):66–75.
  327. Wehman PH, Kreutzer JS, West MD, et al Return to work for persons with traumatic brain injury: A supported employment approach. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1990;71:1047–52. [PubMed: 2256804]
  328. Wehman PH, Revell WG, Kregel J, et al Supported employment: An alternative model for vocational rehabilitation of persons with severe neurologic, psychiatric, or physical disability. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(2):101–5. [PubMed: 1991008]
  329. Wehman PH, Sherron P, Kregel J, et al Return to work for persons following severe traumatic brain injury. Supported employment outcomes after five years. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;72(6):355–63. [PubMed: 8260128]
  330. West M, Fry R, Pastor J, et al Helping postacute traumatically brain injured clients return to work: Three case studies. Int J Rehabil Res. 1990;13:291–8. [PubMed: 2100296]
  331. West M, Wehman P, Kregel J, et al Costs of operating a supported work program for traumatically brain-injured individuals. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72:127–31. [PubMed: 1991014]
  332. Whitlock JA Jr Functional outcome of low-level traumatically brain-injured admitted to an acute rehabilitation programme. Brain Inj. 1992;6(5):447–59. [PubMed: 1393177]
  333. Whitlock JA Jr, Hamilton BB Functional outcome after rehabilitation for severe traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995;76(12):1103–12. [PubMed: 8540785]
  334. Wilson B Recovery and compensatory strategies in head injured memory impaired people several years after insult. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55:177–80. [PMC free article: PMC1014719] [PubMed: 1564475]
  335. Wilson BA Syndromes of acquired dyslexia and patterns of recovery: A 6- to 10-year follow-up study of seven brain-injured people. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1994;16:354–71. [PubMed: 7929703]
  336. Wilson BA, Evans JJ, Emslie H, et al Evaluation of NeuroPage: A new memory aid. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;63:113–5. [PMC free article: PMC2169639] [PubMed: 9221980]
  337. Wood RL Rehabilitation of patients with disorders of attention. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1986;1:43–53.
  338. Wood RL, Fussey I Computer based cognitive retraining: A controlled study. Int Disabil Studies. 1987;9:149–53. [PubMed: 3440786]
  339. Woolf PD, Hamill RW, Lee LA, et al The predictive value of catecholamines in assessing outcome in traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 1987;66(6):875–82. [PubMed: 3572517]
  340. Woolf SH, Battista RN, Anderson GM, et al Assessing the clinical effectiveness of preventive maneuvers: Analytic principles and systematic methods in reviewing evidence and developing clinical practice recommendations. A report by the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. J Clin Epidemiol. 1990;43:891–905. [PubMed: 2145399]
  341. Wrigley JM, Yoels WC, Webb CR, et al Social and physical factors in the referral of people with traumatic brain injuries to rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75(2):149–55. [PubMed: 8311670]
  342. Ylvisaker M, Feeney TJ Executive functions after traumatic brain injury: Supported cognition and self-advocacy. Semin Speech Lang. 1996;17(3):217–32. [PubMed: 8912437]
  343. Zafonte RD, Hammond FM, Mann NR, et al Relationship between Glasgow Coma Scale and functional outcome. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;75:364–9. [PubMed: 8873704]
  344. Zafonte RD, Hammond FM, Mann NR, et al Revised trauma score: An additive predictor of disability following traumatic brain injury? Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;75:456–61. [PubMed: 8985110]
Bookshelf ID: NBK32905