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Jadad AR, Boyle M, Cunningham C, et al. Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 1999 Nov. (Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 11.)

  • This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

Cover of Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

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Appendix H: Reference List of All Included Articles by Categories

Drug vs. Drug studies RCTs only (n=22)

  1. Arnold LE, Christopher J, Huestis R, Smeltzer DJ Methylphenidate vs dextroamphetamine vs caffeine in minimal brain dysfunction: controlled comparison by placebo washout design with Bayes' analysis. Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1978 Apr;35(4):463–73. [PubMed: 365123]
  2. Arnold LE, Huestis RD, Smeltzer DJ, Scheib J, Wemmer D, Colner G Levoamphetamine vs dextroamphetamine in minimal brain dysfunction. Replication, time response, and differential effect by diagnostic group and family rating. Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976 Mar;33(3):292–301. [PubMed: 769721]
  3. Borcherding BG, Keysor CS, Cooper TB, Rapoport JL Differential effects of methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine on the motor activity level of hyperactive children. Source Database: Medline. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1989 Dec;2(4):255–63. [PubMed: 2692588]
  4. Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Elia J, Marsh WL, Ritchie GF, Hamburger SD, Rapoport JL Controlled stimulant treatment of ADHD and comorbid Tourette's syndrome: Effects of stimulant and dose. Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997 May;36(5):589–96. [PubMed: 9136492]
  5. Conners CK, Taylor E Pemoline, methylphenidate, and placebo in children with minimal brain dysfunction. Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980 Aug;37(8):922–30. [PubMed: 7406656]
  6. Conners CK, Taylor E, Meo G, Kurtz MA, Fournier M Magnesium pemoline and dextroamphetamine: A controlled study in children with minimal brain dysfunction. Source Database: Medline. Psychopharmacologia. 1972;26(4):321–36. [PubMed: 4508756]
  7. Efron D, Jarman F, Barker M Methylphenidate versus Dexamphetamine in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A double-blind, crossover trial. Source Database: Consultant. Paediatrics. 1997;100(6):–. [PubMed: 9382907]
  8. Elia J, Borcherding BG, Rapoport JL, Keysor CS Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine treatments of hyperactivity: Are there true nonresponders? Source Database: Medline. Psychiatry Res. 1991 Feb;36(2):141–55. [PubMed: 2017529]
  9. Fitzpatrick PA, Klorman R, Brumaghim JT, Borgstedt AD Effects of sustained-release and standard preparations of methylphenidate on attention deficit disorder. Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1992;31(2):226–34. [PubMed: 1564023]
  10. Gross MD A comparison of dextro-amphetamine and racemic-amphetamine in the treatment of the hyperkinetic syndrome or minimal brain dysfunction. Source Database: Medline. Dis Nerv Syst. 1976 Jan;37(1):14–6. [PubMed: 1106966]
  11. Kauffman RE, Smith-Wright D, Reese CA, Simpson R, Jones F Medication compliance in hyperactive children. Source Database: Medline. Pediatr Pharmacol. 1981;1(3):231–7. [PubMed: 7346742]
  12. Matochik JA, Liebenauer LL, King C, Szymanski HV, Cohen RM, Zametkin AJ Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder after chronic stimulant treatment. Source Database: Embase. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(5):658–64. [PubMed: 8166305]
  13. Pelham WE J, Greenslade KE, Vodde-Hamilton M, Murphy DA, Greenstein JJ, Gnagy EM, Guthrie KJ, Hoover MD, Dahl RE Relative efficacy of long-acting stimulants on children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: A comparison of standard methylphenidate, sustained-release methylphenidate, sustained-release dextroamphetamine, and pemoline. Source Database: Medline. Pediatrics. 1990 Aug;86(2):226–37. [PubMed: 2196522]
  14. Pelham WE J, Sturges J, Hoza J, Schmidt C, Bijlsma JJ, Milich R, Moorer S Sustained release and standard methylphenidate effects on cognitive and social behavior in children with attention deficit disorder. Source Database: Medline. Pediatrics. 1987 Oct;80(4):491–501. [PMC free article: PMC138812] [PubMed: 3658567]
  15. Quinn PO, Rapoport JL One-year follow-up of hyperactive boys treated with imipramine or methylphenidate. Source Database: Medline. Am J Psychiatry. 1975 Mar;132(3):241–5. [PubMed: 1090193]
  16. Rapport MD, Carlson GA, Kelly KL, Pataki C Methylphenidate and desipramine in hospitalized children: I. Separate and combined effects on cognitive function. Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993 Mar;32(2):333–42. [PubMed: 8444762]
  17. Spring C, Yellin AM, Greenberg L Effects of imipramine and methylphenidate on perceptual-motor performance of hyperactive children. Source Database: Medline. Percept Mot Skills. 1976 Oct;42(43):459–70. [PubMed: 790293]
  18. Srinivas NR, Hubbard JW, Quinn D, Midha KK Enantioselective pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dl-threo-methylphenidate in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Source Database: Medline. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1992 Nov;52(5):561–8. [PubMed: 1424430]
  19. Stephens RS, Pelham WE, Skinner R State-dependent and main effects of methylphenidate and pemoline on paired-associate learning and spelling in hyperactive children. Source Database: Embase. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1984;52(1):104–13. [PubMed: 6699239]
  20. Werry JS, Aman MG, Diamond E Imipramine and methylphenidate in hyperactive children. Source Database: Medline. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1980 Jan;21(1):27–35. [PubMed: 7358801]
  21. Whitehouse D, Shah U, Palmer FB Comparison of sustained-release and standard methylphenidate in the treatment of minimal brain dysfunction. Source Database: Medline. J Clin Psychiatry. 1980 Aug;41(8):282–5. [PubMed: 7400107]
  22. Winsberg BG, Press M, Bialer I, Kupietz S Dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate in the treatment of hyperactive-aggressive children. Source Database: Medline. Pediatrics. 1974 Feb;53(2):236–41. [PMC free article: PMC126268] [PubMed: 4590730]

Drug vs. Non-Drug studies RCTs only (n=12)

  1. Arnold LE, Kleykamp D, Votolato NA, Taylor WA, Kontras SB, Tobin K Gamma-linolenic acid for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Placebo-controlled comparison to D-amphetamine. Source Database: Medline. Biol Psychiatry. 1989;25(2):222–8. [PubMed: 2539203]
  2. Arnold LE, Abikoff HB, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott G, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Hoza B, Jensen PS, Kraemer HC, March JS, Newcorn JH, Pelham WE, Richters JE, Schiller E, Severe JB, Swanson JM, Vereen D, Wells KC, for the MTA National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD (the MTA): Design challenges and choices. (same study as MTA Cooperative Study Group, 1999). Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54(9):865–70. [PubMed: 9294378]
  3. Brown RT, Wynne ME, Medenis R Methylphenidate and cognitive therapy: a comparison of treatment approaches with hyperactive boys. Source Database: Medline. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1985 Mar;13(1):69–87. [PubMed: 3973253]
  4. Conrad WG, Dworkin ES, Shai A, Tobiessen JE Effects of amphetamine tharapy and prescriptive tutoring on the behavior and achievement of lower class hyperactive children. Source Databse: reference list Schachar review article. J Learn Disabil. 1971;4:509–17.
  5. Firestone P, Crowe D, Goodman JT, McGrath P Vicissitudes of follow-up studies: differential effects of parent training and stimulant medication with hyperactives. Source Database: Medline. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1986 Apr;56(2):184–94. [PubMed: 3706498]
  6. Firestone P, Kelly MJ, Goodman JT, Davey J Differential effects of parent training and stimulant medication with hyperactives: A progress report. Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 1981;20(1):135–47. [PubMed: 7217546]
  7. Gittelman-Klein R, Klein DF, Abikoff H, Katz S, Gloisten AC, Kates W Relative efficacy of methylphenidate and behavior modification in hyperkinetic children: an interim report. (Same study as Klein and Abikoff, 1997). Source Database: Medline. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1976;4(4):361–79. [PubMed: 1002948]
  8. Greenhill LL, Abikoff HB, Arnold LE, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott G, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Hoza B, Jensen PS, March JS, Newcorn J, Pelham WE, Severe JB, Swanson JS, Vitiello B, Wells K Medication treatment strategies in the MTA study: Relevance to clinicians and researchers. (same study as MTA Cooperative Group, 1999). Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;34(10):1304–13. [PubMed: 8885584]
  9. Hinshaw SP, March JS, Abikoff H, Arnold LE, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott GR, Halperin J, Greenhill LL, Hechtman LT, Hoza B, Jensen PS, Newcorn JH, McBurnett K, Pelham WE, Richters JE, Severe JB, Schiller E, Swanson J, Vereen D, Wells K, Wigal T Comprehensive assessment of childhood Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in the context of a multisite, multimodal clinical trial. (same study as MTA Cooperative Group, 1999). Source Database: Medline. J Attention Dis. 1997;1(4):217–34.
  10. Klein RG, Abikoff H Behavior therapy and methylphenidate in the treatment of children with ADHD. Source Database: Medline. J Attention Dis. 1997;2(2):89–114.
  11. MTA Cooperative Group 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Dec;56(12):1073–86. [PubMed: 10591283]
  12. Richters JE, Arnold IE, Jensen PS, Abikoff H, Conners CK, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Pelham WE, Swanson JM NIMH Collaborative Multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of children with ADHD: I. Background and rationale. (same study as MTA Cooperative Group, 1999). Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995 Aug;34(8):987–1000. [PubMed: 7665456]

Combination Therapy Papers RCTs only (n=26)

  1. Arnold LE, Abikoff HB, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott G, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Hoza B, Jensen PS, Kraemer HC, March JS, Newcorn JH, Pelham WE, Richters JE, Schiller E, Severe JB, Swanson JM, Vereen D, Wells KC, for the MTA National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD (the MTA): Design challenges and choices. (same study as MTA Cooperative Study Group, 1999). Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54(9):865–70. [PubMed: 9294378]
  2. Borden, KA, Brown, RT Attributional outcomes: The subtle messages of treatments for attention deficit disorder. Source Database: PsycINFO. Cognitive Ther Res. 1989 Apr;13(2):147–60.
  3. Brown RT, Borden KA, Wynne ME, Schleser R, Clingerman SR Methylphenidate and cognitive therapy with ADD children: A methodological reconsideration. Source Database: Medline. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1986 Dec;14(4):481–97. [PubMed: 3782621]
  4. Brown RT, Borden KA, Wynne ME, Spunt AL Patterns of compliance in a treatment program for children with attention deficit disorder. Source Database: PsycINFO. J Compliance Health Care. 1988;3(1):23–39.
  5. Brown RT, Wynne ME, Medenis R Methylphenidate and cognitive therapy: A comparison of treatment approaches with hyperactive boys. Source Database: Medline. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1985 Mar;13(1):69–87. [PubMed: 3973253]
  6. Carlson CL, Pelham-WE J, Milich R, Dixon J Single and combined effects of methylphenidate and behavior therapy on the classroom performance of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Source Database: Embase. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1992;20(2):213–32. [PubMed: 1593027]
  7. Christensen DE Effects of combining methylphenidate and a classroom token system in modifying hyperactive behavior. Source Database: Medline. Am J Ment Defic. 1975 Nov;80(3):266–76. [PubMed: 1103623]
  8. Conrad WG, Dworkin ES, Shai A, Tobiessen JE Effects of amphetamine tharapy and prescriptive tutoring on the behavior and achievement of lower class hyperactive children. Source Database: reference list Schachar review article. J Learn Disabil. 1971;4:509–17.
  9. Firestone P, Crowe D, Goodman JT, McGrath P Vicissitudes of follow-up studies: differential effects of parent training and stimulant medication with hyperactives. Source Database: Medline. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1986 Apr;56(2):184–94. [PubMed: 3706498]
  10. Firestone P, Kelly MJ, Goodman JT, Davey J Differential effects of parent training and stimulant medication with hyperactives: A progress report. (Same study as Firestone, Crowe, Goodman et al., 1986). Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 1981;20(1):135–47. [PubMed: 7217546]
  11. Garfinkel BD, Webster CD, Sloman L Responses to methylphenidate and varied doses of caffeine in children with attention deficit disorder. Source Database: Medline. Can J Psychiatry. 1981 Oct;26(6):395–401. [PubMed: 7028238]
  12. Gittelman-Klein R, Klein DF, Abikoff H, Katz S, Gloisten, AC, Kates W Relative efficacy of methylphenidate and behavior modification in hyperkinetic children: an interim report. Source Database: Medline. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1976;4(4):361–79. [PubMed: 1002948]
  13. Gittelman-Klein R, Klein DF, Katz S, Saraf K, Pollack E Comparative effects of methylphenidate and thioridazine in hyperkinetic children. I. Clinical results. Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976 Oct;33(10):1217–31. [PubMed: 971031]
  14. Greenhill LL, Abikoff HB, Arnold LE, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott G, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Hoza B, Jensen PS, March JS, Newcorn J, Pelham WE, Severe JB, Swanson JS, Vitiello B, Wells K Medication treatment strategies in the MTA study: Relevance to clinicians and researchers. (same study as MTA Cooperative Group, 1999). Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;34(10):1304–13. [PubMed: 8885584]
  15. Hinshaw SP, Buhrmester D, Heller T Anger control in response to verbal provocation: Effects of stimulant medication for boys with ADHD. Source Database: Medline. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1989 Aug;17(4):393–407. [PubMed: 2677081]
  16. Hinshaw SP, Henker B, Whalen CK Cognitive-behavioral and pharmacologic interventions for hyperactive boys: comparative and combined effects. Source Database: Medline. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1984 Oct;52(5):739–49. [PubMed: 6501659]
  17. Hinshaw SP, March JS, Abikoff H, Arnold LE, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott GR, Halperin J, Greenhill LL, Hechtman LT, Hoza B, Jensen PS, Newcorn JH, McBurnett K, Pelham WE, Richters JE, Severe JB, Schiller E, Swanson J, Vereen D, Wells K, Wigal T Comprehensive assessment of childhood Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in the context of a multisite, multimodal clinical trial. (same study as MTA Cooperative Group, 1999). Source Database: Medline. J Attention Dis. 1997;1(4):217–34.
  18. Klein RG, Abikoff H Behavior therapy and methylphenidate in the treatment of children with ADHD. (Same study as Gittelman-Klein, Klein, Abikoff et al., 1976). Source Database: Medline. J Attention Dis. 1997;2(2):89–114.
  19. Levy F, Hobbes G Does haloperidol block methylphenidate? Source Database: Medline. Motivation or attention? Psychopharmacology. 1996 Jul;126(1):70–4. [PMC free article: PMC53046] [PubMed: 8853219]
  20. Long N, Rickert VI, Ashcraft EW Bibliotherapy as an adjunct to stimulant medication in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Source Database: Medline. J Pediatr Health Care. 1993 Mar;7(2):82–8. [PubMed: 8492283]
  21. MTA Cooperative Group 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Dec;56(12):1073–86. [PubMed: 10591283]
  22. Pataki CS, Carlson GA, Kelly KL, Rapport MD, Biancaniello TM Side effects of methylphenidate and desipramine alone and in combination in children. (Same study as Rapport, Carlson, Kelly et al., 1993). Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993;32(5):1065–72. [PubMed: 8407753]
  23. Pelham WE, Carlson C, Sams SE, Vallano G, Dixon MJ, Hoza B Separate and combined effects of methylphenidate and behavior modificationon boys with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in the classroom. Source Database: Embase. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1993;61(3):506–15. [PubMed: 8326053]
  24. Rapport MD, Carlson GA, Kelly KL, Pataki C Methylphenidate and desipramine in hospitalized children: I. Separate and combined effects on cognitive function. Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993 Mar;32(2):333–42. [PubMed: 8444762]
  25. Richters JE, Arnold IE, Jensen PS, Abikoff H, Conners CK, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Pelham WE, Swanson JM NIMH Collaborative Multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of children with ADHD: I. Background and rationale. (same study as MTA Cooperative Group, 1999). Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995 Aug;34(8):987–1000. [PubMed: 7665456]
  26. Schechter MD, Timmons GD Objectively measured hyperactivity-II. Caffeine and amphetamine effects. Source Database: Medline. J Clin Pharmacol. 1985 May;25(4):276–80. [PubMed: 4008672]
  27. Solanto MV, Wender EH, Bartell SS Effects of methylphenidate and behavioral contingencies on sustained attention in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A test of the reward dysfunction hypothesis. Source Database: Embase. J Child Adolesc Psychoparmacol. 1997;7(2):123–36. [PubMed: 9334897]

Tricyclic Antidepressants vs. Placebo, n=12

  1. Biederman J, Baldessarini RJ, Wright V, Keenan K, Faraone S A double-blind placebo controlled study of desipramine in the treatment of ADD: III. Lack of impact of comorbidity and family history factors on clinical response. Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993 Jan;32(1):199–204. [PubMed: 8428872]
  2. Biederman J, Baldessarini RJ, Wright V, Knee D, Harmatz JS, Goldblatt A A double-blind placebo controlled study of desipramine in the treatment ADD: II. Serum drug levels and cardiovascular findings. Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1989 Nov;28(6):903–11. [PubMed: 2808261]
  3. Biederman J, Baldessarini RJ, Wright V, Knee D, Harmatz JS A double-blind placebo controlled study of desipramine in the treatment of ADD: I. Efficacy. Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1989 Sep;28(5):777–84. [PubMed: 2676967]
  4. Conners CK, Taylor E Pemoline, methylphenidate, and placebo in children with minimal brain dysfunction. Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980;37(8):922–30. [PubMed: 7406656]
  5. Donnelly M, Zametkin AJ, Rapoport JL, Ismond DR, Weingartner H, Lane E, Oliver J, Linnoila M, Potter WZ Treatment of childhood hyperactivity with desipramine: Plasma drug concentration, cardiovascular effects, plasma and urinary catecholamine levels, and clinical response. Source Database: Medline. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986 Jan;39(1):72–81. [PubMed: 3510796]
  6. Gualtieri CT, Evans RW Motor performance in hyperactive children treated with imipramine. Source Database: Medline. Percept Mot Skills. 1988 Jun;66(3):763–9. [PubMed: 3043370]
  7. Gualtieri CT, Keenan PA, Chandler M Clinical and neuropsychological effects of desipramine in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Source Database: Medline. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1991 Jun;11(3):155–9. [PubMed: 2066453]
  8. Rapport MD, Carlson GA, Kelly KL, Pataki C Methylphenidate and desipramine in hospitalized children: I. Separate and combined effects on cognitive function. Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993;32(2):333–42. [PubMed: 8444762]
  9. Singer HS, Brown J, Quaskey S, Rosenberg LA, Mellits ED, Denckla MB The treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Tourette's syndrome: A double-blind placebo-controlled study with clonidine and desipramine. Source Database: Medline. Pediatrics. 1995 Jan;95(1):74–81. [PMC free article: PMC161813] [PubMed: 7770313]
  10. Werry JS; Aman MG; Diamond E Imipramine and methylphenidate in hyperactive children. Source Database: Medline. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1980;21(1):27–35. [PubMed: 7358801]
  11. Wilens TE, Biederman J, Prince J, Spencer TJ, Faraone SV, Warburton R, Schleifer D, Harding M, Linehan C, Geller D Six-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of desipramine for adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Six-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of desipramine for adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Source Databse: Medline. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153(9):1147–53. [PubMed: 8780417]
  12. Winsberg BG, Kupietz SS, Yepes LE, Goldstein S Ineffectiveness of imipramine in children who fail to respond to methylphenidate. Source Database: Medline. J Autism Dev Disord. 1980 Jun;10(2):129–37. [PubMed: 6765502]

Long-Term Therapy Studies (n = 18)

  1. Arnold LE, Abikoff HB, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott G, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Hoza B, Jensen PS, Kraemer HC, March JS, Newcorn JH, Pelham WE, Richters JE, Schiller E, Severe JB, Swanson JM, Vereen D, Wells KC, for the MTA National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD (the MTA): Design challenges and choices. (same study as MTA Cooperative Study Group, 1999). Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54(9):865–70. [PubMed: 9294378]
  2. Brown RT, Borden KA, Wynne ME, Schleser R, Clingerman SR Methylphenidate and cognitive therapy with ADD children: A methodological reconsideration. Source Database: Medline. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1986 Dec;14(4):481–97. [PubMed: 3782621]
  3. Brown RT, Borden KA, Wynne ME, Spunt AL Patterns of compliance in a treatment program for children with attention deficit disorder. Source Database: PsycINFO. J Compliance Health Care. 1988;3(1):23–39.
  4. Brown RT, Wynne ME, Medenis R Methylphenidate and cognitive therapy: A comparison of treatment approaches with hyperactive boys. Source Database: Medline. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1985 Mar;13(1):69–87. [PubMed: 3973253]
  5. Conrad WG, Dworkin ES, Shai A, Tobiessen JE Effects of amphetamine tharapy and prescriptive tutoring on the behavior and achievement of lower class hyperactive children. Source Database: reference list Schachar review article. J Learn Disabil. 1971;4:509–17.
  6. Fehlings DL, Roberts W, Humphries T, Dawe G Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Does cognitive behavioral therapy improve home behavior? Source Database: Medline. J Dev Behav Pediatrics. 1991 Aug;12(4):223–8. [PubMed: 1939676]
  7. Firestone P, Crowe D, Goodman JT, McGrath P Vicissitudes of follow-up studies: Differential effects of parent training and stimulant medication with hyperactives. Source Database: Medline. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1986 Apr;56(2):184–94. [PubMed: 3706498]
  8. Gillberg C, Melander H, von Knorring AL, Janols LO, Thernlund G, Hagglof B, Eidevall-Wallin L, Gustafsson P, Kopp S Long-term stimulant treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997 Sep;54(9):857–64. [PubMed: 9294377]
  9. Gittelman-Klein R, Klein DF, Katz S, Saraf K, Pollack E Comparative effects of methylphenidate and thioridazine in hyperkinetic children. I. Clinical results. Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976 Oct;33(10):1217–31. [PubMed: 971031]
  10. Greenhill LL, Rieder RO, Wender PH, Buchsbaum M, Zhan TP Lithium carbonate in the treatment of hyperactive children. Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1973 May;28(5):636–40. [PubMed: 4573417]
  11. Greenhill LL, Abikoff HB, Arnold LE, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott G, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Hoza B, Jensen PS, March JS, Newcorn J, Pelham WE, Severe JB, Swanson JS, Vitiello B, Wells K Medication treatment strategies in the MTA study: Relevance to clinicians and researchers. (same study as MTA Cooperative Group, 1999). Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;34(10):1304–13. [PubMed: 8885584]
  12. Hinshaw SP, March JS, Abikoff H, Arnold LE, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott GR, Halperin J, Greenhill LL, Hechtman LT, Hoza B, Jensen PS, Newcorn JH, McBurnett K, Pelham WE, Richters JE, Severe JB, Schiller E, Swanson J, Vereen D, Wells K, Wigal T Comprehensive assessment of childhood Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in the context of a multisite, multimodal clinical trial. (same study as MTA Cooperative Group, 1999). Source Database: Medline. J Attention Dis. 1997;1(4):217–34.
  13. Kupietz SS, Winsberg BG, Richardson E, Maitinsky S Effects of methylphenidate dosage in hyperactive reading-disabled children: I. Behavior and cognitive performance effects. Source Database: PsycINFO. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1988 Jan;27(1):70–7. [PubMed: 3343209]
  14. Linden M, Habib T, Radojevic V A controlled study of the effects of EEG biofeedback on cognition and behavior of children with attention deficit disorder and learning disabilities. Source Database: Medline. Biofeedback Self Regul. 1996 Mar;21(1):35–49. [PubMed: 8833315]
  15. MTA Cooperative Group 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Dec;56(12):1073–86. [PubMed: 10591283]
  16. Quinn PO, Rapoport JL One-year follow-up of hyperactive boys treated with imipramine or methylphenidate. Source Database: Medline. Am J Psychiatry. 1975 Mar;132(3):241–5. [PubMed: 1090193]
  17. Richters JE, Arnold IE, Jensen PS, Abikoff H, Conners CK, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Pelham WE, Swanson JM NIMH Collaborative Multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of children with ADHD: I. Background and rationale. (same study as MTA Cooperative Group, 1999). Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995 Aug;34(8):987–1000. [PubMed: 7665456]
  18. Schachar RJ, Tannock R, Cunningham C, Corkum PV Behavioral, situational, and temporal effects of treatment of ADHD with methylphenidate. Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997 Jun;36(6):754–63. [PubMed: 9183129]

Adult Studies (n = 13)

  1. Conners CK, Levin ED, Sparrown E, Hinton SC, Erhardt D, Meck WH, Rose JE, March J Nicotine and attention in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Source Database: Medline. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1996;32(1):67–73. [PubMed: 8927677]
  2. DeVeaugh-Geiss J, Joseph A Paradoxical response to amphetamine in a hyperkinetic adult. Source Database: Embase. Psychosomatics. 1980; 21(3):247–52. [PubMed: 7367570]
  3. Ernst M, Liebenauer LL, Jons PH, Tebeka D, Cohen RM, Zametkin AJ Selegiline in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Clinical efficacy and safety. Source Database: Medline. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1996;32(3):327–34. [PubMed: 8961775]
  4. Ernst M, Liebenauer LL, Tebeka D, Jons PH, Eisenhofer G, Murphy DL, Zametkin A J Selegiline in ADHD adults: Plasma monoamines and monoamine metabolites. (Same study as Ernst, Liebenauer, Jons et al., 1996) Source Database: Medline. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1997 Apr;16(4):276–84. [PubMed: 9094145]
  5. Evans SW, Vallano G, Pelham W Treatment of parenting behavior with a psychostimulant: A case study of an adult with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Source Database: Embase. J Child Adolesc Psychoparmacol. 1994;4(1):63–9.
  6. Matochik JA, Liebenauer LL, King C, Szymanski HV, Cohen RM, Zametkin AJ Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder after chronic stimulant treatment. Source Database: Embase. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(5):658–64. [PubMed: 8166305]
  7. Mattes JA, Boswell L, Oliver H Methylphenidate effects on symptoms of attention deficit disorder in adults. Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984 Nov;41(11):1059–63. [PubMed: 6388523]
  8. Reimherr FW, Wender PH, Ebert MH, Wood DR Cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid in adults with attention deficit disorder, residual type. Source Database: Medline. Psychiatry Res. 1984 Jan;11(1):71–8. [PubMed: 6200893]
  9. Spencer T, Wilens T, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Ablon JS, Lapey K A double-blind, crossover comparison of methylphenidate and placebo in adults with childhood-onset attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995 Jun;52(6):434–43. [PubMed: 7771913]
  10. Wender PH, Reimherr FW, Wood DR Attention deficit disorder ('minimal brain dysfunction') in adults. A replication study of diagnosis and drug treatment. Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981 Apr;38(4):449–56. [PubMed: 7011250]
  11. Wender PH, Reimherr FW, Wood D, Ward M A controlled study of methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type, in adults. Source Database: Medline. Am J Psychiatry. 1985 May;142(5):547–52. [PubMed: 3885760]
  12. Wilens TE, Biederman J, Prince J, Spencer TJ, Faraone SV, Warburton R, Schleifer D, Harding M, Linehan C, Geller D Six-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of desipramine for adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Source Database: Medline. Am J Psychiatry. 1996 Sep;153(9):1147–53. [PubMed: 8780417]
  13. Wood DR, Reimherr FW, Wender PH Treatment of attention deficit disorder with DL-phenylalanine. Source Database: Medline. Psychiatry Res. 1985 Sep;16(1):21–6. [PubMed: 3903813]

Adverse Effect Studies RCTs ONLY (n = 31)

  1. Ahmann PA, Waltonen SJ, Olson KA, Theye FW, Van Erem AJ, LaPlant RJ Placebo-controlled evaluation of Ritalin side effects. Source Database: Medline. Pediatrics. 1993 Jun;91(6):1101–6. [PMC free article: PMC375534] [PubMed: 8502509]
  2. Arnold LE, Christopher J, Huestis R, Smeltzer DJ Methylphenidate vs dextroamphetamine vs caffeine in minimal brain dysfunction: Controlled comparison by placebo washout design with Bayes' analysis. Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1978 Apr;35(4):463–73. [PubMed: 365123]
  3. Arnold LE, Huestis R, Smeltzer,DJ, Scheib J, Wemmer D, Colner G Levoamphetamine vs dextroamphetamine in minimal brain dysfunction. Replication, time response, and differential effect by diagnostic group and family rating. Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976;33(3):292–301. [PubMed: 769721]
  4. Barkley RA, McMurray M B, Edelbrock CS, Robbins K Side effects of methylphenidate in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systemic, placebo-controlled evaluation. Source Database: Medline. Pediatrics. 1990 Aug;86(2):184–92. [PubMed: 2196520]
  5. Barrickman LL, Perry PJ, Allen AJ, Kuperman S, Arndt SV, Herrmann KJ, Schumacher, E Bupropion versus methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995 May;34(5):649–57. [PubMed: 7775360]
  6. Buitelaar JK, van der Gaag RJ, Swaab-Barneveld H, Kuiper M Pindolol and methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical efficacy and side-effects. Source Database: Medline. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1996 Jul;37(5):587–95. [PubMed: 8807439]
  7. Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Elia J, Marsh WL, Ritchie GF, Hamburger SD, Rapoport JL Controlled stimulant treatment of ADHD and comorbid Tourette's syndrome: Effects of stimulant and dose. Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997 May;36(5):589–96. [PubMed: 9136492]
  8. Conners CK, Taylor E Pemoline, methylphenidate, and placebo in children with minimal brain dysfunction. Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980 Aug;37(8):922–30. [PubMed: 7406656]
  9. Elia J, Borcherding BG, Rapoport JL, Keysor CS Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine treatments of hyperactivity: Are there true nonresponders? Source Database: Medline. Psychiatry Res. 1991 Feb;36(2):141–55. [PubMed: 2017529]
  10. Fine S, Johnston C Drug and placebo side effects in methylphenidate-placebo trial for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Source Database: Medline. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 1993;4(1):25–30. [PubMed: 8404241]
  11. Fitzpatrick PA, Klorman R, Brumaghim JT, Borgstedt AD Effects of sustained-release and standard preparations of methylphenidate on attention deficit disorder. Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1992 Mar;31(2):226–34. [PubMed: 1564023]
  12. Gadow KD, Nolan EE, Sverd J Methylphenidate in hyperactive boys with comorbid tic disorder: II. Short-term behavioral effects in school settings. (Same study as Gadow, Sverd, Sprafkin et al., 1995). Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1992 May;31(3):462–71. [PubMed: 1592778]
  13. Gadow KD, Nolan E, Sprafkin J, Sverd J School observations of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid tic disorder: Effects of methylphenidate treatment. (Same study as Gadow, Sverd, Sprafkin et al., 1995). Source Database: Medline. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1995 Jun;16(3):167–76. [PubMed: 7560119]
  14. Gadow KD, Sverd J, Sprafkin J, Nolan EE, Ezor SN Efficacy of methylphenidate for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with tic disorder [published erratum appears in Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995 Oct;52(10):836] Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995 Jun;52(6):444–55. [PubMed: 7771914]
  15. Gillberg C, Melander H, von Knorring AL, Janols LO, Thernlund G, Hagglof B, Eidevall-Wallin L, Gustafsson P, Kopp S Long-term stimulant treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997 Sep;54(9):857–64. [PubMed: 9294377]
  16. Gittelman-Klein R, Klein DF, Katz S, Saraf K, Pollack E Comparative effects of methylphenidate and thioridazine in hyperkinetic children. I. Clinical results. Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976 Oct;33(10):1217–31. [PubMed: 971031]
  17. Gittleman-Klein RG, Landa B, Mattes JA, Klein DF Methylphenidate and growth in hyperactive children. A controlled withdrawal study. (Same study as Gittleman-Klein, Klein, Katz et al., 1976). Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988 Dec;45(12):1127–30. [PubMed: 3058088]
  18. Greenberg LM, Deem MA, McMahon S Effects of dextroamphetamine, chlorpromazine, and hydroxyzine on behavior and performance in hyperactive children. Source Database: Medline. Am J Psychiatry. 1972 Nov;129(5):532–9. [PubMed: 4562464]
  19. Handen BL, Feldman H, Gosling A, Breaux AM, McAuliffe S Adverse side effects of methylphenidate among mentally retarded children with ADHD. Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1991 Mar;30(2):241–5. [PubMed: 2016228]
  20. Klorman R, Brumaghim JT, Fitzpatrick PA, Borgstedt AD Clinical effects of a controlled trial of methylphenidate on adolescents with attention deficit disorder. Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1990 Sep;29(5):702–9. [PubMed: 2228922]
  21. Klorman R, Coons HW, Borgstedt AD Effects of methylphenidate on adolescents with a childhood history of attention deficit disorder: I. Clinical findings [published erratum appears in J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1987 Sep; 26(5): 820] Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 26(3):–. 363–7. [PubMed: 3298201]
  22. Matochik JA, Liebenauer LL, King C, Szymanski HV, Cohen RM, Zametkin AJ Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder after chronic stimulant treatment. Source Database: Embase. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(5):658–64. [PubMed: 8166305]
  23. Pataki CS, Carlson GA, Kelly KL, Rapport MD, Biancaniello TM Side effects of methylphenidate and desipramine alone and in combination in children. (Same study as Rapport, Carlson, Kelly et al., 1993). Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993 Sep;32(5):1065–72. [PubMed: 8407753]
  24. Pelham WE J, Greenslade KE, Vodde-Hamilton M, Murphy DA, Greenstein JJ, Gnagy EM, Guthrie KJ, Hoover MD, Dahl RE Relative efficacy of long-acting stimulants on children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: A comparison of standard methylphenidate, sustained-release methylphenidate, sustained-release dextroamphetamine, and pemoline. Source Database: Medline. Pediatrics. 1990 Aug;86(2):226–37. [PubMed: 2196522]
  25. Quinn PO, Rapoport JL One-year follow-up of hyperactive boys treated with imipramine or methylphenidate. Source Database: Medline. Am J Psychiatry. 1975 Mar;132(3):241–5. [PubMed: 1090193]
  26. Rapport MD, Carlson GA, Kelly KL, Pataki C Methylphenidate and desipramine in hospitalized children: I. Separate and combined effects on cognitive function. Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993;32(2):333–42. [PubMed: 8444762]
  27. Schachar RJ, Tannock R, Cunningham C, Corkum PV Behavioral, situational, and temporal effects of treatment of ADHD with methylphenidate. Source Database: Medline. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36(6):754–63. [PubMed: 9183129]
  28. Spencer T, Wilens T, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Ablon JS, Lapey K A double-blind, crossover comparison of methylphenidate and placebo in adults with childhood-onset attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Source Database: Medline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:444–55. [PubMed: 7771913]
  29. Stein MA, Blondis TA, Schnitzler ER, O'Brien T, Fishkin J, Blackwell B, Szumowski E, Roizen NJ Methylphenidate dosing: Twice daily versus three times daily. Source Database: Medline. Pediatrics. 1996 Oct;98(4 Pt 1):748–56. [PubMed: 8885956]
  30. Wender PH, Reimherr FW, Wood D, Ward M A controlled study of methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type, in adults. Source Database: Medline. Am J Psychiatry. 1985 May;142(5):547–52. [PubMed: 3885760]
  31. Winsberg BG, Press M, Bialer I, Kupietz S Dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate in the treatment of hyperactive-aggressive children. Source Database: Medline. Pediatrics. 1974 Feb;53(2):236–41. [PMC free article: PMC126268] [PubMed: 4590730]
  32. Zeiner P Body growth and cardiovascular function after extended treatment (1.75 years) with methylphenidate in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity Disorder. Source Database: Embase. J Child Adolesc Psychoparmacol. 1995;5(2):129–38.

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