NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
Balk E, Chung M, Lichtenstein A, et al. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Intermediate Markers of Cardiovascular Disease. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2004 Mar. (Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 93.)
This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.
Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Intermediate Markers of Cardiovascular Disease.
Show details- 1.
- USDA. Individual Fatty Acid Intakes: Results from the 1995 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (data table set 4). Available online at http://www.barc.usda.gov/bhnrc/foodsurvey/home.htm.
- 2.
- Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes: Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrition). 2002. The National Academy Press. [PubMed: 12449285]
- 3.
- Simopoulos A P, Leaf A. Essentiality of and recommended dietary intakes for omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. Ann Nutr Metab. 1999;43(2):127–30. [PubMed: 10436312]
- 4.
- Fallon, S and Enig MG. Tripping Lightly Down the Prostaglandin Pathways.The Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation. Avaliable online at http://www
.price-pottenger .org/Articles/Prostaglandin.htm. 2001. - 5.
- Nair J, Vaca C E, Velic I. et al. High dietary omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids drastically increase the formation of etheno-DNA base adducts in white blood cells of female subjects. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 1997 Aug;6(8):597–601. [PubMed: 9264272]
- 6.
- James M J, Gibson R A, Cleland L G. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory mediator production. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(1 Suppl.):343S–8S. [PubMed: 10617994]
- 7.
- Krummel D. Nutrition in Cardiovascular Disease. In: Mahan LK and Escot-Stump S, editors. Krause's Food, Nutrition, and Diet Therapy. W.B. Saunder Company; 1996.
- 8.
- Hornstra, G. Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and health benefits. Amended and updated version of the English translation of “Oméga-3 et bénéfice santé”, initially published by Catherine Anselmino, Centre d'Etude et d'Information sur les Vitamines, Roche Vitamines France, Neuilly-sur-Seine (NutriScience). Available online: http://www.vita-web.com/whatsnew/Omega 3.pdf. Catherine Anselmino, Centre d'Etude et d'Information sur les Vitamines, Roche Vitamines France, Neuilly-sur-Seine (NutriScience).
- 9.
- Wright, J. D., Ervin, B, and Briefel, R. R. Consensus workshop on dietary assessment: nutrition monitoring and tracking the year 2000 objectives. Available on line at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/nutri94acc.pdf. 1994. Hyattsville, MD, National Center for Health Statistics.
- 10.
- U.S.Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 16. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page. 2003.
- 11.
- Bang H O, Dyerberg J, Sinclair H M. The composition of the Eskimo food in north western Greenland. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980 Dec;33(12):2657–61. [PubMed: 7435433]
- 12.
- Dyerberg J, Bang H O, Stoffersen E. et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid and prevention of thrombosis and atherosclerosis? Lancet. 1978 Jul 15;2(8081):117–9. [PubMed: 78322]
- 13.
- Kromann N, Green A. Epidemiological studies in the Upernavik district, Greenland. Incidence of some chronic diseases 1950-1974. Acta Medica Scandinavica. 1980;208(5):401–6. [PubMed: 7457208]
- 14.
- Lindeberg S, Lundh B. Apparent absence of stroke and ischaemic heart disease in a traditional Melanesian island: a clinical study in Kitava. Journal of Internal Medicine. 1993 Mar;233(3):269–75. [PubMed: 8450295]
- 15.
- Oomen C M, Feskens E J, Rasanen L. et al. Fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality in Finland, Italy, and The Netherlands. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 May 15;151(10):999–1006. [PubMed: 10853639]
- 16.
- Bang H O, Dyerberg J, Hjoorne N. The composition of food consumed by Greenland Eskimos. Acta Medica Scandinavica. 1976;200(12):69–73. [PubMed: 961471]
- 17.
- Kristensen S D, Iversen A M, Schmidt E B. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and coronary thrombosis. Lipids. 2001;36:S79–S82. [PubMed: 11837997]
- 18.
- Leaf A, Weber P C. Cardiovascular effects of n-3 fatty acids. New England Journal of Medicine. 1988 Mar 3;318(9):549–57. [PubMed: 3277056]
- 19.
- Ridker P M, Rifai N, Clearfield M. et al. Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events. New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 Jun 28;344(26):1959–65. [PubMed: 11430324]
- 20.
- McLennan P L, Abeywardena M Y, Charnock J S. Influence of dietary lipids on arrhythmias and infarction after coronary artery ligation in rats. Canadian Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology. 1985 Nov;63(11):1411–7. [PubMed: 4075259]
- 21.
- Kang J X, Leaf A. Antiarrhythmic effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Recent studies. Circulation. 1996 Oct 1;94(7):1774–80. [PubMed: 8840874]
- 22.
- Nair S S, Leitch J W, Falconer J. et al. Prevention of cardiac arrhythmia by dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids and their mechanism of action. Journal of Nutrition. 1997 Mar;127(3):383–93. [PubMed: 9082021]
- 23.
- Vajreswari A, Narayanareddy K. Effect of dietary fats on some membrane-bound enzyme activities, membrane lipid composition and fatty acid profiles of rat heart sarcolemma. Lipids. 1992;27(5):339–43. [PubMed: 1406062]
- 24.
- Grynberg A, Fournier A, Sergiel J P. et al. Membrane docosahexaenoic acid vs. eicosapentaenoic acid and the beating function of the cardiomyocyte and its regulation through the adrenergic receptors. Lipids. 1996 Mar;31(Suppl):S205–S210. [PubMed: 8729120]
- 25.
- Chobanian A V, Bakris G L, Black H R. et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2560–72. [PubMed: 12748199]
- 26.
- Appel L J, Miller E R III, Seidler A J. et al. Does supplementation of diet with ‘fish oil’ reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1993 Jun 28;153(12):1429–38. [PubMed: 8141868]
- 27.
- Knapp H R. Hypotensive effects of omega 3 fatty acids: mechanistic aspects. World Review of Nutrition & Dietetics. 1991;66:313–28. [PubMed: 2053347]
- 28.
- Sirtori C R, Galli C. N-3 fatty acids and diabetes. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2002 Oct;56(8):397–406. [PubMed: 12442912]
- 29.
- Konard R J, Stoller J Z, Gao Z Y. et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5) augments glucose-induced insulin secretion from beta-TC3 insulinoma cells. Pancreas. 1996 Oct;13(3):253–8. [PubMed: 8884846]
- 30.
- Baylin A, Kabagambe E K, Siles X. et al. Adipose tissue biomarkers of fatty acid intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:750–7. [PubMed: 12324287]
- 31.
- Romon M, Nuttens M-C, Theret N, et al. Comparison between fat intake assessed by a 3-day food record and phospholipid fatty acid composition of red blood cells: Results from the monitoring of cardiovascular disease-Lille study. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental 995;44(9):1139–45. [PubMed: 7666786]
- 32.
- Dewailly E, Blanchet C, Gingras S. et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors and n-3 fatty acid status in the adult population of James Bay Cree. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 Jul;76(1):85–92. [PubMed: 12081820]
- 33.
- Parkinson A J, Cruz A L, Heyward W L. et al. Elevated concentrations of plasma omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids among Alaskan Eskimos. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59(2):384–8. [PubMed: 8310989]
- 34.
- Yamori Y, Nara Y, Iritani N. et al. Comparison of serum phospholipid fatty acids among fishing and farming Japanese populations and American inlanders. Journal of Nutritional Science & Vitaminology. 1985 Aug;31(4):417–22. [PubMed: 3935760]
- 35.
- Dyerberg J, Bang H O, Hjorne N. Fatty acid composition of the plasma lipids in Greenland Eskimos. Am J Clin Nutr. 1975 Sep;28(9):958–66. [PubMed: 1163480]
- 36.
- Amiano P, Dorronsoro M, De Renobales M. et al. Very-long-chain omega-3 fatty acids as markers for habitual fish intake in a population consuming mainly lean fish: the EPIC cohort of Gipuzkoa. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 Oct;55(10):827–32. [PubMed: 11593343]
- 37.
- Harris RP, Helfand M, Woolf SH, et al. Current methods of the US Preventive Services Task Force: a review of the process. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001 Apr;20(3:Suppl):Suppl-35. [PubMed: 11306229]
- 38.
- Berlin J A, Longnecker M P, Greenland S. Meta-analysis of epidemiologic dose-response data. Epidemiology. 1993;4(3):218–28. [PubMed: 8512986]
- 39.
- Greenland S. Quantitative methods in the review of epidemiologic literature. Epidemiologic Reviews. 1987;9:1–30. [PubMed: 3678409]
- 40.
- Balk E M, Bonis P A, Moskowitz H. et al. Correlation of quality measures with estimates of treatment effect in meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2002 Jun 12;287(22):2973–82. [PubMed: 12052127]
- 41.
- Jadad A R, Moore R A, Carroll D. et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Controlled Clinical Trials. 1996 Feb;17(1):1–12. [PubMed: 8721797]
- 42.
- Schulz K F, Chalmers I, Hayes R J. et al. Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA. 1995 Feb 1;273(5):408–12. [PubMed: 7823387]
- 43.
- Juni P, Witschi A, Bloch R. et al. The hazards of scoring the quality of clinical trials for meta-analysis. JAMA. 1999 Sep 15;282(11):1054–60. [PubMed: 10493204]
- 44.
- National Kidney Foundation (. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2002 Feb;39(2:Suppl 2):Suppl-246. [PubMed: 11904577]
- 45.
- Normand S L. Meta-analysis: formulating, evaluating, combining, and reporting. Stat Med. 1999;18(3):321–59. [PubMed: 10070677]
- 46.
- Allman-Farinelli M A, Hall D, Kingham K. et al. Comparison of the effects of two low fat diets with different alpha-linolenic:linoleic acid ratios on coagulation and fibrinolysis. Atherosclerosis. 1999 Jan;142(1):159–68. [PubMed: 9920517]
- 47.
- Bonaa K H, Bjerve K S, Straume B. et al. Effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on blood pressure in hypertension. A population-based intervention trial from the Tromso study. New England Journal of Medicine. 1990 Mar 22;322(12):795–801. [PubMed: 2137901]
- 48.
- Bonaa K H, Bjerve K S, Nordoy A. Docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids in plasma phospholipids are divergently associated with high density lipoprotein in humans. Arteriosclerosis & Thrombosis. 1992 Jun;12(6):675–81. [PubMed: 1534256]
- 49.
- de Lorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N. et al. Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1994 Jun 11;343(8911):1454–9. [PubMed: 7911176]
- 50.
- DeLany J P, Vivian V M, Snook J T. et al. Effects of fish oil on serum lipids in men during a controlled feeding trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990 Sep;52(3):477–85. [PubMed: 2203252]
- 51.
- Djousse L, Folsom A R, Province M A. et al. Dietary linolenic acid and carotid atherosclerosis: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Apr;77(4):819–25. [PubMed: 12663278]
- 52.
- Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I. et al. Long-term metabolic effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Apr;61(4):831–6. [PubMed: 7702027]
- 53.
- Finnegan Y E, Minihane A M, Leigh-Firbank E C. et al. Plant- and marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have differential effects on fasting and postprandial blood lipid concentrations and on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Apr;77(4):783–95. [PubMed: 12663273]
- 54.
- Freese R, Mutanen M, Valsta L M. et al. Comparison of the effects of two diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids differing in their linoleic/alpha-linolenic acid ratio on platelet aggregation. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1994 Jan;71(1):73–7. [PubMed: 7909389]
- 55.
- Hamazaki T, Sawazaki S, Asaoka E. et al. Docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil does not affect serum lipid concentrations of normolipidemic young adults. Journal of Nutrition. 1996 Nov;126(11):2784–9. [PubMed: 8914949]
- 56.
- Junker R, Kratz M, Neufeld M. et al. Effects of diets containing olive oil, sunflower oil, or rapeseed oil on the hemostatic system. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 2001 Feb;85(2):280–6. [PubMed: 11246548]
- 57.
- Kwon J S, Snook J T, Wardlaw G M. et al. Effects of diets high in saturated fatty acids, canola oil, or safflower oil on platelet function, thromboxane B2 formation, and fatty acid composition of platelet phospholipids. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991 Aug;54(2):351–8. [PubMed: 1677525]
- 58.
- Schaefer E J, Lichtenstein A H, Lamon-Fava S. et al. Effects of National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 diets relatively high or relatively low in fish-derived fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins in middle-aged and elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Feb;63(2):234–41. [PubMed: 8561065]
- 59.
- National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circlulation 2002; 106(25):3143–421. [PubMed: 12485966]
- 60.
- Bairati I, Roy L, Meyer F. Effects of a fish oil supplement on blood pressure and serum lipids in patients treated for coronary artery disease. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1992 Jan;8(1):41–6. [PubMed: 1617510]
- 61.
- Borchgrevink C F, Skaga E, Berg K J. et al. Absence of prophylactic effect of linolenic acid in patients with coronary heart-disease. Lancet. 1966 Jul 23;2(7456):187–9. [PubMed: 4161161]
- 62.
- Brox J, Olaussen K, Osterud B. et al. A long-term seal- and cod-liver-oil supplementation in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Lipids. 2001 Jan;36(1):7–13. [PubMed: 11214732]
- 63.
- Cairns J A, Gill J, Morton B. et al. Fish oils and low-molecular-weight heparin for the reduction of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. The EMPAR Study. Circulation. 1996 Oct 1;94(7):1553–60. [PubMed: 8840843]
- 64.
- Franzen D, Schannwell M, Oette K. et al. A prospective, randomized, and double-blind trial on the effect of fish oil on the incidence of restenosis following PTCA. Catheterization & Cardiovascular Diagnosis. 1993 Apr;28(4):301–10. [PubMed: 8462079]
- 65.
- GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico. Lancet 1999 Aug 7;354(9177):447–55. [PubMed: 10465168]
- 66.
- Grimsgaard S, Bonaa K H, Hansen J B. et al. Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in humans have similar triacylglycerol-lowering effects but divergent effects on serum fatty acids. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 Sep;66(3):649–59. [PubMed: 9280188]
- 67.
- Hanninen O O, Agren J J, Laitinen M V. et al. Dose-response relationships in blood lipids during moderate freshwater fish diet. Annals of Medicine. 1989 Jun;21(3):203–7. [PubMed: 2765262]
- 68.
- Leigh-Firbank E C, Minihane A M, Leake D S. et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from fish oils: differential associations with lipid responses. Br J Nutr. 2002 May;87(5):435–45. [PubMed: 12010583]
- 69.
- Leng G C, Lee A J, Fowkes F G. et al. Randomized controlled trial of gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in peripheral arterial disease. Clinical Nutrition. 1998 Dec;17(6):265–71. [PubMed: 10205349]
- 70.
- Lungershausen Y K, Abbey M, Nestel P J. et al. Reduction of blood pressure and plasma triglycerides by omega-3 fatty acids in treated hypertensives. Journal of Hypertension. 1994 Sep;12(9):1041–5. [PubMed: 7852747]
- 71.
- Mori T A, Vandongen R, Beilin L J. et al. Effects of varying dietary fat, fish, and fish oils on blood lipids in a randomized controlled trial in men at risk of heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 May;59(5):1060–8. [PubMed: 8172092]
- 72.
- Natvig H, Borchgrevink C F, Dedichen J. et al. A controlled trial of the effect of linolenic acid on incidence of coronary heart disease. The Norwegian vegetable oil experiment of 1965-66. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation - Supplement. 1968;105:1–20. [PubMed: 5756076]
- 73.
- Nilsen D W, Albrektsen G, Landmark K. et al. Effects of a high-dose concentrate of n-3 fatty acids or corn oil introduced early after an acute myocardial infarction on serum triacylglycerol and HDL cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Jul;74(1):50–6. [PubMed: 11451717]
- 74.
- Osterud B, Elvevoll E, Barstad H. et al. Effect of marine oils supplementation on coagulation and cellular activation in whole blood. Lipids. 1995 Dec;30(12):1111–8. [PubMed: 8614301]
- 75.
- Sacks F M, Hebert P, Appel L J. et al. Short report: the effect of fish oil on blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. Journal of Hypertension. 1994 Feb;12(2):209–13. [PubMed: 8021472]
- 76.
- Singh R B, Dubnov G, Niaz M A. et al. Effect of an Indo-Mediterranean diet on progression of coronary artery disease in high risk patients (Indo-Mediterranean Diet Heart Study): A randomised single-blind trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9344):1455–61. [PubMed: 12433513]
- 77.
- Sirtori C R, Crepaldi G, Manzato E. et al. One-year treatment with ethyl esters of n-3 fatty acids in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and glucose intolerance: reduced triglyceridemia, total cholesterol and increased HDL-C without glycemic alterations. Atherosclerosis. 1998 Apr;137(2):419–27. [PubMed: 9622285]
- 78.
- von Schacky C, Angerer P, Kothny W. et al. The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1999 Apr 6;130(7):554–62. [PubMed: 10189324]
- 79.
- Angerer P, Kothny W, Stork S. et al. Effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on progression of atherosclerosis in carotid arteries. Cardiovascular Research. 2002 Apr;54(1):183–90. [PubMed: 12062374]
- 80.
- Kris-Etherton P M, Harris W S, Appel L J. et al. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2002 Nov;106(21):2747–57. [PubMed: 12438303]
- 81.
- Maresta A, Balduccelli M, Varani E. et al. Prevention of postcoronary angioplasty restenosis by omega-3 fatty acids: main results of the Esapent for Prevention of Restenosis ITalian Study (ESPRIT). American Heart Journal. 2002 Jun;143(6):E5. [PubMed: 12075272]
- 82.
- Kostner K M, Kostner G M. Lipoprotein(a): still an enigma? Curr Opin Lipidol. 2002;13:391–6. [PubMed: 12151854]
- 83.
- Alaswad K, Pogson G W, Harris W S. et al. Effects of phenytoin, niacin, gemfibrozil, and omega-3 fatty acids on high density lipoproteins in patients with hypoalphalipoproteinemia. Preventive Cardiology. 1999;2(4):144–50.
- 84.
- Conquer J A, Cheryk L A, Chan E. et al. Effect of supplementation with dietary seal oil on selected cardiovascular risk factors and hemostatic variables in healthy male subjects. Thromb Res. 1999;96(3):239–50. [PubMed: 10588467]
- 85.
- Deslypere J P. Influence of supplementation with N-3 fatty acids on different coronary risk factors in men--a placebo controlled study. Verhandelingen - Koninklijke Academie voor Geneeskunde van Belgie. 1992;54(3):189–216. [PubMed: 1413984]
- 86.
- Durrington P N, Bhatnagar D, Mackness M I. et al. An omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate administered for one year decreased triglycerides in simvastatin treated patients with coronary heart disease and persisting hypertriglyceridaemia. Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2001 May;85(5):544–8. [PMC free article: PMC1729738] [PubMed: 11303007]
- 87.
- Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Berg K. et al. Serum Lp(a) lipoprotein levels in patients with coronary artery disease and the influence of long-term n-3 fatty acid supplementation. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation. 1995 Jul;55(4):295–300. [PubMed: 7569731]
- 88.
- Luo J, Rizkalla S W, Vidal H. et al. Moderate intake of n-3 fatty acids for 2 months has no detrimental effect on glucose metabolism and could ameliorate the lipid profile in type 2 diabetic men. Results of a controlled study. Diabetes Care. 1998 May;21(5):717–24. [PubMed: 9589230]
- 89.
- Marckmann P, Bladbjerg E M, Jespersen J. Dietary fish oil (4 g daily) and cardiovascular risk markers in healthy men. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 1997 Dec;17(12):3384–91. [PubMed: 9437183]
- 90.
- Nenseter M S, Osterud B, Larsen T. et al. Effect of Norwegian fish powder on risk factors for coronary heart disease among hypercholesterolemic individuals. Nutrition Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases. 2000 Dec;10(6):323–30. [PubMed: 11302007]
- 91.
- Prisco D, Paniccia R, Filippini M. et al. No changes in PAI-1 levels after four-month n-3 PUFA ethyl ester supplementation in healthy subjects. Thrombosis Research. 1994 Nov 1;76(3):237–44. [PubMed: 7863474]
- 92.
- Swahn E, von Schenck H, Olsson A G. Omega-3 ethyl ester concentrate decreases total apolipoprotein CIII and increases antithrombin III in postmyocardial infarction patients. Clinical Drug Investigation. 1998;15(6):473–82. [PubMed: 18370504]
- 93.
- Schectman G, Kaul S, Kissebah A H. Effect of fish oil concentrate on lipoprotein composition in NIDDM. Diabetes. 1988 Nov;37(11):1567–73. [PubMed: 3181646]
- 94.
- Schectman G, Kaul S, Kissebah A H. Heterogeneity of low density lipoprotein responses to fish-oil supplementation in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Arteriosclerosis. 1989 May;9(3):345–54. [PubMed: 2497720]
- 95.
- Agren J J, Hanninen O, Laitinen M. et al. Boreal freshwater fish diet modifies the plasma lipids and prostanoids and membrane fatty acids in man. Lipids. 1988 Oct;23(10):924–9. [PubMed: 3200117]
- 96.
- Agren J J, Pekkarinen H, Litmanen H. et al. Fish diet and physical fitness in relation to membrane and serum lipids, prostanoid metabolism and platelet aggregation in female students. European Journal of Applied Physiology & Occupational Physiology. 1991;63(5):393–8. [PubMed: 1773818]
- 97.
- Agren J J, Hanninen O, Julkunen A. et al. Fish diet, fish oil and docosahexaenoic acid rich oil lower fasting and postprandial plasma lipid levels. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 Nov;50(11):765–71. [PubMed: 8933125]
- 98.
- Balestrieri G P, Maffi V, Sleiman I. et al. Fish oil supplementation in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Recenti Progressi in Medicina. 1996 Mar;87(3):102–5. [PubMed: 8650428]
- 99.
- Chan D C, Watts G F, Barrett P H. et al. Effect of atorvastatin and fish oil on plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein oncentrations in individuals with visceral obesity. Clinical Chemistry. 2002 Jun;48(6:Pt 1):877–83. [PubMed: 12029003]
- 100.
- Cobiac L, Clifton P M, Abbey M. et al. Lipid, lipoprotein, and hemostatic effects of fish vs fish-oil n-3 fatty acids in mildly hyperlipidemic males. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991 May;53(5):1210–6. [PubMed: 1826986]
- 101.
- Green P, Fuchs J, Schoenfeld N. et al. Effects of fish-oil ingestion on cardiovascular risk factors in hyperlipidemic subjects in Israel: a randomized, double-blind crossover study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990 Dec;52(6):1118–24. [PubMed: 2239789]
- 102.
- Harris W S, Ginsberg H N, Arunakul N. et al. Safety and efficacy of Omacor in severe hypertriglyceridemia. Journal of Cardiovascular Risk. 1997 Oct;4(56):385–91. [PubMed: 9865671]
- 103.
- Jensen T, Stender S, Goldstein K. et al. Partial normalization by dietary cod-liver oil of increased microvascular albumin leakage in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and albuminuria. New England Journal of Medicine. 1989 Dec 7;321(23):1572–7. [PubMed: 2685599]
- 104.
- McGrath L T, Brennan G M, Donnelly J P. et al. Effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on peroxidation of serum lipids in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis. 1996 Apr 5;121(2):275–83. [PubMed: 9125301]
- 105.
- Nikkila M. Influence of fish oil on blood lipids in coronary artery disease. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991 Apr;45(4):209–13. [PubMed: 1831755]
- 106.
- Nordoy A, Bonaa K H, Nilsen H. et al. Effects of Simvastatin and omega-3 fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in patients with combined hyperlipidaemia. Journal of Internal Medicine. 1998 Feb;243(2):163–70. [PubMed: 9566646]
- 107.
- Silva J M, Souza I, Silva R. et al. The triglyceride lowering effect of fish oils is affected by fish consumption. International Journal of Cardiology. 1996 May;57(1):75–80. [PubMed: 8960947]
- 108.
- Sirtori C R, Gatti E, Tremoli E. et al. Olive oil, corn oil, and n-3 fatty acids differently affect lipids, lipoproteins, platelets, and superoxide formation in type II hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Jul;56(1):113–22. [PubMed: 1319109]
- 109.
- Wilt T J, Lofgren R P, Nichol K L. et al. Fish oil supplementation does not lower plasma cholesterol in men with hypercholesterolemia. Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. Ann Intern Med. 1989;111(11):900–5. [PubMed: 2683921]
- 110.
- Hanninen O, Agren J J. Effects of moderate freshwater fish diet on lipid metabolism of Finnish students. Journal of Internal Medicine Supplement. 1989;225(731):77–81. [PubMed: 2706044]
- 111.
- Deck C, Radack K. Effects of modest doses of omega-3 fatty acids on lipids and lipoproteins in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1989 Aug;149(8):1857–62. [PubMed: 2669667]
- 112.
- Radack K, Deck C, Huster G. The effects of low doses of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1991 Jun;151(6):1173–80. [PubMed: 1828336]
- 113.
- Radack K L, Deck C C, Huster G A. n-3 fatty acid effects on lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins at very low doses: results of a randomized controlled trial in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990 Apr;51(4):599–605. [PubMed: 2181859]
- 114.
- Geleijnse J M, Giltay E J, Grobbee D E. et al. Blood pressure response to fish oil supplementation: Metaregression analysis of randomized trials. J Hypertens. 2002;20(8):1493–9. [PubMed: 12172309]
- 115.
- Haines A P, Sanders T A, Imeson J D. et al. Effects of a fish oil supplement on platelet function, haemostatic variables and albuminuria in insulin-dependent diabetics. Thrombosis Research. 1986 Sep 15;43(6):643–55. [PubMed: 3020732]
- 116.
- Hendra T J, Britton M E, Roper D R. et al. Effects of fish oil supplements in NIDDM subjects. Controlled study. Diabetes Care. 1990 Aug;13(8):821–9. [PubMed: 2209315]
- 117.
- Jain S, Gaiha M, Bhattacharjee J. et al. Effects of low-dose omega-3 fatty acid substitution in type-2 diabetes mellitus with special reference to oxidative stress--a prospective preliminary study. J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 Aug;50:1028–33. [PubMed: 12421024]
- 118.
- Lungershausen YK, Howe PRC, Clifton PM, et al. Evaluation of an omega-3 fatty acid supplement in diabetics with microalbuminuria. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 827 (pp 369–381), 1997 1997. [PubMed: 9329768]
- 119.
- Rossing P, Hansen B V, Nielsen F S. et al. Fish oil in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care. 1996 Nov;19(11):1214–9. [PubMed: 8908382]
- 120.
- Woodman R J, Mori T A, Burke V. et al. Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on glycemic control, blood pressure, and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic patients with treated hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(5):1007–15. [PubMed: 12399272]
- 121.
- Bonnema S J, Jespersen L T, Marving J. et al. Supplementation with olive oil rather than fish oil increases small arterial compliance in diabetic patients. Diabetes Nutr Metab. 1995;8(2):81–7.
- 122.
- Dunstan D W, Mori T A, Puddey I B. et al. The independent and combined effects of aerobic exercise and dietary fish intake on serum lipids and glycemic control in NIDDM. A randomized controlled study. Diabetes Care. 1997 Jun;20(6):913–21. [PubMed: 9167099]
- 123.
- McVeigh G E, Brennan G M, Johnston G D. et al. Dietary fish oil augments nitric oxide production or release in patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1993 Jan;36(1):33–8. [PubMed: 8436250]
- 124.
- Pedersen H, Petersen M, Major-Pedersen A. et al. Influence of fish oil supplementation on in vivo and in vitro oxidation resistance of low-density lipoprotein in type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57:713–20. [PubMed: 12771973]
- 125.
- Toft I, Bonaa K H, Ingebretsen O C. et al. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on glucose homeostasis and blood pressure in essential hypertension. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Dec 15;123(12):911–8. [PubMed: 7486485]
- 126.
- Westerveld H T, de Graaf J C, van Breugel H H. et al. Effects of low-dose EPA-E on glycemic control, lipid profile, lipoprotein(a), platelet aggregation, viscosity, and platelet and vessel wall interaction in NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1993 May;16(5):683–8. [PubMed: 8495604]
- 127.
- Dunstan D W, Mori T A, Puddey I B. et al. Exercise and fish intake: Effects on serum lipids and glycemic control for type 2 diabetics. Cardiology Review. 1998;15(8):34–7.
- 128.
- Freese R, Mutanen M. Small effects of linseed oil or fish oil supplementation on postprandial changes in hemostatic factors. Thrombosis Research. 1997 Jan 15;85(2):147–52. [PubMed: 9058488]
- 129.
- Grundt H, Nilsen D W, Hetland O. et al. Improvement of serum lipids and blood pressure during intervention with n-3 fatty acids was not associated with changes in insulin levels in subjects with combined hyperlipidaemia. Journal of Internal Medicine. 1995 Mar;237(3):249–59. [PubMed: 7891046]
- 130.
- Mackness M I, Bhatnagar D, Durrington P N. et al. Effects of a new fish oil concentrate on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with hypertriglyceridaemia. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1994 Dec;48(12):859–65. [PubMed: 7889894]
- 131.
- Mori T A, Bao D Q, Burke V. et al. Dietary fish as a major component of a weight-loss diet: effect on serum lipids, glucose, and insulin metabolism in overweight hypertensive subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Nov;70(5):817–25. [PubMed: 10539741]
- 132.
- Mori T A, Burke V, Puddey I B. et al. Purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids have differential effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins, LDL particle size, glucose, and insulin in mildly hyperlipidemic men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 May;71(5):1085–94. [PubMed: 10799369]
- 133.
- Chan D C, Watts G F, Mori T A. et al. Randomized controlled trial of the effect of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on the metabolism of apolipoprotein B-100 and chylomicron remnants in men with visceral obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Feb;77(2):300–7. [PubMed: 12540386]
- 134.
- Rivellese A A, Maffettone A, Iovine C. et al. Long-term effects of fish oil on insulin resistance and plasma lipoproteins in NIDDM patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Diabetes Care. 1996 Nov;19(11):1207–13. [PubMed: 8908381]
- 135.
- Ridker P M. Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation. 2003;107(3):363–9. [PubMed: 12551853]
- 136.
- Madsen T, Skou H A, Hansen V E. et al. C-reactive protein, dietary n-3 fatty acids, and the extent of coronary artery disease. American Journal of Cardiology. 2001;88(10):1139–42. [PubMed: 11703959]
- 137.
- Madsen T, Christensen J H, Blom M. et al. The effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids on serum concentrations of C-reactive protein: a dose-response study. British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 Apr;89(4):517–22. [PubMed: 12654170]
- 138.
- Mezzano D, Leighton F, Martinez C. et al. Complementary effects of Mediterranean diet and moderate red wine intake on haemostatic cardiovascular risk factors. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 Jun;55(6):444–51. [PubMed: 11423921]
- 139.
- Chan D C, Watts G F, Mori T A. et al. Factorial study of the effects of atorvastatin and fish oil on dyslipidaemia in visceral obesity. Eur J Clin Invest. 2002 Jun;32(6):429–36. [PubMed: 12059988]
- 140.
- Agren J J, Vaisanen S, Hanninen O. et al. Hemostatic factors and platelet aggregation after a fish-enriched diet or fish oil or docosahexaenoic acid supplementation. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids. 1997 Oct;57(45):419–21. [PubMed: 9430389]
- 141.
- Dunstan D W, Mori T A, Puddey I B. et al. A randomised, controlled study of the effects of aerobic exercise and dietary fish on coagulation and fibrinolytic factors in type 2 diabetics. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1999 Mar;81(3):367–72. [PubMed: 10102462]
- 142.
- Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I. et al. Long-term effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on haemostatic variables and bleeding episodes in patients with coronary artery disease. Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis. 1995 Feb;6(1):17–22. [PubMed: 7795149]
- 143.
- Freese R, Mutanen M. Alpha-linolenic acid and marine long-chain n-3 fatty acids differ only slightly in their effects on hemostatic factors in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Sep;66(3):591–8. [PubMed: 9280178]
- 144.
- Gans R O, Bilo H J, Weersink E G. et al. Fish oil supplementation in patients with stable claudication. American Journal of Surgery. 1990 Nov;160(5):490–5. [PubMed: 2240382]
- 145.
- Grundt H, Nilsen D W, Hetland O. et al. Atherothrombogenic risk modulation by n-3 fatty acids was not associated with changes in homocysteine in subjects with combined hyperlipidaemia. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1999 Apr;81(4):561–5. [PubMed: 10235439]
- 146.
- Hansen J B, Olsen J O, Wilsgard L. et al. Effects of dietary supplementation with cod liver oil on monocyte thromboplastin synthesis, coagulation and fibrinolysis. Journal of Internal Medicine Supplement. 1989;225(731):133–9. [PubMed: 2539830]
- 147.
- Hansen J B, Olsen J O, Wilsgard L. et al. Comparative effects of prolonged intake of highly purified fish oils as ethyl ester or triglyceride on lipids, haemostasis and platelet function in normolipaemic men. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993 Jul;47(7):497–507. [PubMed: 8404785]
- 148.
- Misso N L A, Thompson P J. Fish oil supplementation inhibits platelet aggregation and ATP release induced by platelet-activating factor and other agonists. Platelets. 1995;6(5):275–82. [PubMed: 21043713]
- 149.
- Muller A D, van Houwelingen A C, Dam-Mieras M C. et al. Effect of a moderate fish intake on haemostatic parameters in healthy males. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1989 Jun 30;61(3):468–73. [PubMed: 2799760]
- 150.
- Nordoy A, Bonaa K H, Sandset P M. et al. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids and simvastatin on hemostatic risk factors and postprandial hyperlipemia in patients with combined hyperlipemia. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 2000 Jan;20(1):259–65. [PubMed: 10634827]
- 151.
- Radack K, Deck C, Huster G. Dietary supplementation with low-dose fish oils lowers fibrinogen levels: a randomized, double-blind controlled study. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Nov 1;111(9):757–8. [PubMed: 2802434]
- 152.
- Toft I, Bonaa K H, Ingebretsen O C. et al. Fibrinolytic function after dietary supplementation with omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 1997 May;17(5):814–9. [PubMed: 9157942]
- 153.
- Gough S C L, Grant P J. The fibrinolytic system in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Med. 1991;8:898–905. [PubMed: 1838039]
- 154.
- Mannucci P M. von Willebrand Factor: A Marker of Endothelial Damage? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998;18:1359–62. [PubMed: 9743222]
- 155.
- Berrettini M, Parise P, Ricotta S. et al. Increased plasma levels of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) after n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in patients with chronic atherosclerotic disease. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1996 Mar;75(3):395–400. [PubMed: 8701396]
- 156.
- Seljeflot I, Arnesen H, Brude I R. et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids and/or antioxidants on endothelial cell markers. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1998 Aug;28(8):629–35. [PubMed: 9767357]
- 157.
- Hansen J B, Berge L N, Svensson B. et al. Effects of cod liver oil on lipids and platelets in males and females. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993 Feb;47(2):123–31. [PubMed: 8436090]
- 158.
- Junker R, Pieke B, Schulte H. et al. Changes in hemostasis during treatment of hypertriglyceridemia with a diet rich in monounsaturated and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in comparison with a low-fat diet. Thrombosis Research. 2001 Mar 1;101(5):355–66. [PubMed: 11297752]
- 159.
- Salonen R, Nikkari T, Seppanen K. et al. Effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on platelet aggregability and platelet produced thromboxane. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1987 Jun 3;57(3):269–72. [PubMed: 3660329]
- 160.
- Wensing A G, Mensink R P, Hornstra G. Effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from plant and marine origin on platelet aggregation in healthy elderly subjects. Br J Nutr. 1999 Sep;82(3):183–91. [PubMed: 10655965]
- 161.
- Bairati I, Roy L, Meyer F. Double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of fish oil supplements in prevention of recurrence of stenosis after coronary angioplasty. Circulation. 1992 Mar;85(3):950–6. [PubMed: 1537131]
- 162.
- Bellamy C M, Schofield P M, Faragher E B. et al. Can supplementation of diet with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce coronary angioplasty restenosis rate? European Heart Journal. 1992 Dec;13(12):1626–31. [PubMed: 1289091]
- 163.
- Dehmer G J, Popma J J, van den Berg E K. et al. Reduction in the rate of early restenosis after coronary angioplasty by a diet supplemented with n-3 fatty acids. New England Journal of Medicine. 1988 Sep 22;319(12):733–40. [PubMed: 2842680]
- 164.
- Grigg L E, Kay T W, Valentine P A. et al. Determinants of restenosis and lack of effect of dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid on the incidence of coronary artery restenosis after angioplasty. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1989 Mar 1;13(3):665–72. [PubMed: 2537349]
- 165.
- Johansen O, Brekke M, Seljeflot I. et al. N-3 fatty acids do not prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty: results from the CART study. Coronary Angioplasty Restenosis Trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1999 May;33(6):1619–26. [PubMed: 10334433]
- 166.
- Kaul U, Sanghvi S, Bahl V K. et al. Fish oil supplements for prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. International Journal of Cardiology. 1992 Apr;35(1):87–93. [PubMed: 1563884]
- Milner M R, Gallino R A, Leffingwell A. et al. Usefulness of fish oil supplements in preventing clinical evidence of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. American Journal of Cardiology. 1989 Aug 1;64(5):294–9. [PubMed: 2526993]
- 168.
- Nye E R, Ablett M B, Robertson M C. et al. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on restenosis rate, clinical course and blood lipids in patients after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Medicine. 1990 Aug;20(4):549–52. [PubMed: 2222347]
- 169.
- Reis G J, Boucher T M, Sipperly M E. et al. Randomised trial of fish oil for prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Lancet. 1989 Jul 22;2(8656):177–81. [PubMed: 2568519]
- 170.
- O'Leary D H, Polak J F, Kronmal R A. et al. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. New Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 7;340(1):14–22. [PubMed: 9878640]
- 171.
- O'Leary D H, Polak J F. Intima-media thickness: a tool for atherosclerosis imaging and event prediction. Am J Cardiol. 2002 Nov 21;90(10C):18L–21L. [PubMed: 12459422]
- 172.
- Bemelmans W J E, Lefrandt J D, Feskens E J M. et al. Change in saturated fat intake is associated with progression of carotid and femoral intima-media thickness, and with levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Atherosclerosis. 2002;163(1):113–20. [PubMed: 12048128]
- 173.
- Yamada T, Malcom G T, Strong J P. et al. Difference in atherosclerosis between the populations of a fishing and a farming village in Japan. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997;811:412–9. [PubMed: 9186617]
- 174.
- Salachas A, Papadopoulos C, Sakadamis G. et al. Effects of a low-dose fish oil concentrate on angina, exercise tolerance time, serum triglycerides, and platelet function. Angiology. 1994 Dec;45(12):1023–31. [PubMed: 7985829]
- 175.
- Solomon S A, Cartwright I, Pockley G. et al. A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of eicosapentaenoic acid-rich fish oil in patients with stable angina pectoris. Current Medical Research & Opinion. 1990;12(1):1–11. [PubMed: 2188794]
- 176.
- Toth K, Ernst E, Habon T. et al. Hemorheological and hemodynamical effects of fish oil (Ameu) in patients with ischemic heart disease and hyperlipoproteinemia. Clinical Hemorheology. 1995;15(6):867–75.
- 177.
- Verheugt F W A, Schouten J A, Eeltink J C. et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of angina pectoris: Effect on objective signs of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical & Experimental. 1986;39(2):208–13.
- 178.
- Warren S E, Siguel E N, Gervino E. et al. Effects of cod liver oil on plasma lipids, eicosanoids, platelet aggregation, and exercise in stable angina pectoris. Journal of Applied Cardiology. 1988;3(4):227–36.
- 179.
- Stein P K, Bosner M S, Kleiger R E. et al. Heart rate variability: a measure of cardiac autonomic tone. Am Heart J. 1994;127(5):1376–81. [PubMed: 8172068]
- 180.
- van Ravenswaaij-Arts C M, Kollee L A, Hopman J C. et al. Heart rate variability. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118(6):436–47. [PubMed: 8439119]
- 181.
- Christensen J H, Gustenhoff P, Korup E. et al. Effect of fish oil on heart rate variability in survivors of myocardial infarction: a double blind randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 1996 Mar 16;312(7032):677–8. [PMC free article: PMC2350515] [PubMed: 8597736]
- 182.
- Christensen J H, Korup E, Aaroe J. et al. Fish consumption, n-3 fatty acids in cell membranes, and heart rate variability in survivors of myocardial infarction with left ventricular dysfunction. American Journal of Cardiology. 1997 Jun 15;79(12):1670–3. [PubMed: 9202361]
- 183.
- Christensen J H, Christensen M S, Dyerberg J. et al. Heart rate variability and fatty acid content of blood cell membranes: a dose-response study with n-3 fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Sep;70(3):331–7. [PubMed: 10479194]
- 184.
- Sacks F M, Hebert P, Appel L J. et al. The effect of fish oil on blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group. Journal of Hypertension - Supplement. 1994;12(7):S23–S31. [PubMed: 7769501]
- Agren J J, Hanninen O, Laitinen M, Seppanen K, Bernhardt I, Fogelholm L. et al. Boreal freshwater fish diet modifies the plasma lipids and prostanoids and membrane fatty acids in man. Lipids. 1988;23(10):924–929. [PubMed: 3200117]
- Agren J J, Pekkarinen H, Litmanen H, Hanninen O. Fish diet and physical fitness in relation to membrane and serum lipids, prostanoid metabolism and platelet aggregation in female students. European Journal of Applied Physiology & Occupational Physiology. 1991;63(5):393–398. [PubMed: 1773818]
- Agren J J, Hanninen O, Julkunen A, Fogelholm L, Vidgren H, Schwab U. et al. Fish diet, fish oil and docosahexaenoic acid rich oil lower fasting and postprandial plasma lipid levels. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996;50(11):765–771. [PubMed: 8933125]
- Agren J J, Vaisanen S, Hanninen O, Muller A D, Hornstra G. Hemostatic factors and platelet aggregation after a fish-enriched diet or fish oil or docosahexaenoic acid supplementation. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids. 1997;57(45):419–421. [PubMed: 9430389]
- Alaswad K, Pogson G W, Harris W S, Sherwani K, Bell H H. Effects of phenytoin, niacin, gemfibrozil, and omega-3 fatty acids on high density lipoproteins in patients with hypoalphalipoproteinemia. Preventive Cardiology. 1999;2(4):144–150.
- Allman-Farinelli M A, Hall D, Kingham K, Pang D, Petocz P, Favaloro E J. Comparison of the effects of two low fat diets with different alpha-linolenic:linoleic acid ratios on coagulation and fibrinolysis. Atherosclerosis. 1999;142(1):159–168. [PubMed: 9920517]
- Angerer P, Kothny W, Stork S, von Schacky C. Effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on progression of atherosclerosis in carotid arteries. Cardiovascular Research. 2002;54(1):183–190. [PubMed: 12062374]
- Bairati I, Roy L, Meyer F. Double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of fish oil supplements in prevention of recurrence of stenosis after coronary angioplasty. Circulation. 1992a;85(3):950–956. [PubMed: 1537131]
- Bairati I, Roy L, Meyer F. Effects of a fish oil supplement on blood pressure and serum lipids in patients treated for coronary artery disease. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1992b;8(1):41–46. [PubMed: 1617510]
- Balestrieri G P, Maffi V, Sleiman I, Spandrio S, Di Stefano O, Salvi A. et al. Fish oil supplementation in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Recenti Progressi in Medicina. 1996;87(3):102–105. [PubMed: 8650428]
- Bellamy C M, Schofield P M, Faragher E B, Ramsdale D R. Can supplementation of diet with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce coronary angioplasty restenosis rate? European Heart Journal. 1992;13(12):1626–1631. [PubMed: 1289091]
- Bemelmans W J E, Lefrandt J D, Feskens E J M, Broer J, Tervaert J W C, May J F. et al. Change in saturated fat intake is associated with progression of carotid and femoral intima-media thickness, and with levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Atherosclerosis. 2002;163(1):113–120. [PubMed: 12048128]
- Berrettini M, Parise P, Ricotta S, Iorio A, Peirone C, Nenci G G. Increased plasma levels of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) after n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in patients with chronic atherosclerotic disease. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1996;75(3):395–400. [PubMed: 8701396]
- Bonaa K H, Bjerve K S, Nordoy A. Docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids in plasma phospholipids are divergently associated with high density lipoprotein in humans. Arteriosclerosis & Thrombosis. 1992;12(6):675–681. [PubMed: 1534256]
- Bonnema S J, Jespersen L T, Marving J, Gregersen G. Supplementation with olive oil rather than fish oil increases small arterial compliance in diabetic patients. Diabetes Nutr Metab. 1995;8(2):81–87.
- Borchgrevink C F, Skaga E, Berg K J, Skjaeggestad O. Absence of prophylactic effect of linolenic acid in patients with coronary heart-disease. Lancet. 1966;2(7456):187–189. [PubMed: 4161161]
- Brox J, Olaussen K, Osterud B, Elvevoll E O, Bjornstad E, Brattebog G. et al. A long-term seal- and cod-liver-oil supplementation in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Lipids. 2001;36(1):7–13. [PubMed: 11214732]
- Cairns J A, Gill J, Morton B, Roberts R, Gent M, Hirsh J. et al. Fish oils and low-molecular-weight heparin for the reduction of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. The EMPAR Study. Circulation. 1996;94(7):1553–1560. [PubMed: 8840843]
- Chan D C, Watts G F, Barrett P H, Beilin L J, Mori T A. Effect of atorvastatin and fish oil on plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations in individuals with visceral obesity. Clinical Chemistry. 2002;48(6:Pt 1):877–883. [PubMed: 12029003]
- Chan D C, Watts G F, Mori T A, Barrett P H, Redgrave T G, Beilin L J. Randomized controlled trial of the effect of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on the metabolism of apolipoprotein B-100 and chylomicron remnants in men with visceral obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(2):300–307. [PubMed: 12540386]
- Christensen J H, Gustenhoff P, Korup E, Aaroe J, Toft E, Moller J. et al. Effect of fish oil on heart rate variability in survivors of myocardial infarction: a double blind randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 1996;312(7032):677–678. [PMC free article: PMC2350515] [PubMed: 8597736]
- Christensen J H, Korup E, Aaroe J, Toft E, Moller J, Rasmussen K. et al. Fish consumption, n-3 fatty acids in cell membranes, and heart rate variability in survivors of myocardial infarction with left ventricular dysfunction. American Journal of Cardiology. 1997;79(12):1670–1673. [PubMed: 9202361]
- Christensen J H, Christensen M S, Dyerberg J, Schmidt E B. Heart rate variability and fatty acid content of blood cell membranes: a dose-response study with n-3 fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(3):331–337. [PubMed: 10479194]
- Cobiac L, Clifton P M, Abbey M, Belling G B, Nestel P J. Lipid, lipoprotein, and hemostatic effects of fish vs fish-oil n-3 fatty acids in mildly hyperlipidemic males. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991;53(5):1210–1216. [PubMed: 1826986]
- Conquer J A, Cheryk L A, Chan E, Gentry P A, Holub B J. Effect of supplementation with dietary seal oil on selected cardiovascular risk factors and hemostatic variables in healthy male subjects. Thromb Res. 1999;96(3):239–250. [PubMed: 10588467]
- de Lorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, Salen P, Martin J L, Monjaud I. et al. Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1994;343(8911):1454–1459. [PubMed: 7911176]
- Deck C, Radack K. Effects of modest doses of omega-3 fatty acids on lipids and lipoproteins in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1989;149(8):1857–1862. [PubMed: 2669667]
- Dehmer G J, Popma J J, van den Berg E K, Eichhorn E J, Prewitt J B, Campbell W B. et al. Reduction in the rate of early restenosis after coronary angioplasty by a diet supplemented with n-3 fatty acids. New England Journal of Medicine. 1988;319(12):733–740. [PubMed: 2842680]
- DeLany J P, Vivian V M, Snook J T, Anderson P A. Effects of fish oil on serum lipids in men during a controlled feeding trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990;52(3):477–485. [PubMed: 2203252]
- Deslypere J P. Influence of supplementation with N-3 fatty acids on different coronary risk factors in men--a placebo controlled study. Verhandelingen - Koninklijke Academie voor Geneeskunde van Belgie. 1992;54(3):189–216. [PubMed: 1413984]
- Djousse L, Folsom A R, Province M A, Hunt S C, Ellison R C. Dietary linolenic acid and carotid atherosclerosis: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(4):819–825. [PubMed: 12663278]
- Dunstan D W, Mori T A, Puddey I B, Beilin L J, Burke V, Morton A R. et al. The independent and combined effects of aerobic exercise and dietary fish intake on serum lipids and glycemic control in NIDDM. A randomized controlled study. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(6):913–921. [PubMed: 9167099]
- Dunstan D W, Mori T A, Puddey I B, Beilin L J, Burke V, Morton A R. et al. Exercise and fish intake: Effects on serum lipids and glycemic control for type 2 diabetics. Cardiology Review. 1998;15(8):34–37.
- Dunstan D W, Mori T A, Puddey I B, Beilin L J, Burke V, Morton A R. et al. A randomised, controlled study of the effects of aerobic exercise and dietary fish on coagulation and fibrinolytic factors in type 2 diabetics. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1999;81(3):367–372. [PubMed: 10102462]
- Durrington P N, Bhatnagar D, Mackness M I, Morgan J, Julier K, Khan M A. et al. An omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate administered for one year decreased triglycerides in simvastatin treated patients with coronary heart disease and persisting hypertriglyceridaemia. Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2001;85(5):544–548. [PMC free article: PMC1729738] [PubMed: 11303007]
- Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Berg K, Seljeflot I, Abdelnoor M. Serum Lp(a) lipoprotein levels in patients with coronary artery disease and the influence of long-term n-3 fatty acid supplementation. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation. 1995a;55(4):295–300. [PubMed: 7569731]
- Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I, Hostmark A T. Long-term metabolic effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995b;61(4):831–836. [PubMed: 7702027]
- Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I, Kierulf P. Long-term effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on haemostatic variables and bleeding episodes in patients with coronary artery disease. Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis. 1995c;6(1):17–22. [PubMed: 7795149]
- Finnegan Y E, Minihane A M, Leigh-Firbank E C, Kew S, Meijer G W, Muggli R. et al. Plant- and marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have differential effects on fasting and postprandial blood lipid concentrations and on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(4):783–795. [PubMed: 12663273]
- Franzen D, Schannwell M, Oette K, Hopp H W. A prospective, randomized, and double-blind trial on the effect of fish oil on the incidence of restenosis following PTCA. Catheterization & Cardiovascular Diagnosis. 1993;28(4):301–310. [PubMed: 8462079]
- Freese R, Mutanen M, Valsta L M, Salminen I. Comparison of the effects of two diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids differing in their linoleic/alpha-linolenic acid ratio on platelet aggregation. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1994;71(1):73–77. [PubMed: 7909389]
- Freese R, Mutanen M. Small effects of linseed oil or fish oil supplementation on postprandial changes in hemostatic factors. Thrombosis Research. 1997a;85(2):147–152. [PubMed: 9058488]
- Freese R, Mutanen M. Alpha-linolenic acid and marine long-chain n-3 fatty acids differ only slightly in their effects on hemostatic factors in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997b;66(3):591–598. [PubMed: 9280178]
- Gans R O, Bilo H J, Weersink E G, Rauwerda J A, Fonk T, Popp-Snijders C. et al. Fish oil supplementation in patients with stable claudication. American Journal of Surgery. 1990;160(5):490–495. [PubMed: 2240382]
- GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico. Lancet. 1999;354(9177):447–455. [PubMed: 10465168]
- Green P, Fuchs J, Schoenfeld N, Leibovici L, Lurie Y, Beigel Y. et al. Effects of fish-oil ingestion on cardiovascular risk factors in hyperlipidemic subjects in Israel: a randomized, double-blind crossover study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;52(6):1118–1124. [PubMed: 2239789]
- Grigg L E, Kay T W, Valentine P A. et al. Determinants of restenosis and lack of effect of dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid on the incidence of coronary artery restenosis after angioplasty. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1989 Mar 1;13(3):665–72. [PubMed: 2537349]
- Grimsgaard S, Bonaa K H, Hansen J B, Nordoy A. Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in humans have similar triacylglycerol-lowering effects but divergent effects on serum fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66(3):649–659. [PubMed: 9280188]
- Grundt H, Nilsen D W, Hetland O. et al. Improvement of serum lipids and blood pressure during intervention with n-3 fatty acids was not associated with changes in insulin levels in subjects with combined hyperlipidaemia. Journal of Internal Medicine. 1995 Mar;237(3):249–59. [PubMed: 7891046]
- Grundt H, Nilsen D W, Hetland O. et al. Atherothrombogenic risk modulation by n-3 fatty acids was not associated with changes in homocysteine in subjects with combined hyperlipidaemia. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1999 Apr;81(4):561–5. [PubMed: 10235439]
- Haines A P, Sanders T A, Imeson J D. et al. Effects of a fish oil supplement on platelet function, haemostatic variables and albuminuria in insulin-dependent diabetics. Thrombosis Research. 1986 Sep 15;43(6):643–55. [PubMed: 3020732]
- Hamazaki T, Sawazaki S, Asaoka E. et al. Docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil does not affect serum lipid concentrations of normolipidemic young adults. Journal of Nutrition. 1996 Nov;126(11):2784–9. [PubMed: 8914949]
- Hanninen O O, Agren J J, Laitinen M V. et al. Dose-response relationships in blood lipids during moderate freshwater fish diet. Annals of Medicine. 1989 Jun;21(3):203–7. [PubMed: 2765262]
- Hansen J B, Olsen J O, Wilsgard L. et al. Effects of dietary supplementation with cod liver oil on monocyte thromboplastin synthesis, coagulation and fibrinolysis. Journal of Internal Medicine Supplement. 1989;225(731):133–9. [PubMed: 2539830]
- Hansen J B, Olsen J O, Wilsgard L. et al. Comparative effects of prolonged intake of highly purified fish oils as ethyl ester or triglyceride on lipids, haemostasis and platelet function in normolipaemic men. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993a Jul;47(7):497–507. [PubMed: 8404785]
- Hansen J B, Berge L N, Svensson B. et al. Effects of cod liver oil on lipids and platelets in males and females. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993b Feb;47(2):123–31. [PubMed: 8436090]
- Harris W S, Ginsberg H N, Arunakul N. et al. Safety and efficacy of Omacor in severe hypertriglyceridemia. Journal of Cardiovascular Risk. 1997 Oct;4(56):385–91. [PubMed: 9865671]
- Hendra T J, Britton M E, Roper D R. et al. Effects of fish oil supplements in NIDDM subjects. Controlled study. Diabetes Care. 1990 Aug;13(8):821–9. [PubMed: 2209315]
- Jain S, Gaiha M, Bhattacharjee J. et al. Effects of low-dose omega-3 fatty acid substitution in type-2 diabetes mellitus with special reference to oxidative stress--a prospective preliminary study. J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 Aug;50:1028–33. [PubMed: 12421024]
- Jensen T, Stender S, Goldstein K. et al. Partial normalization by dietary cod-liver oil of increased microvascular albumin leakage in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and albuminuria. New England Journal of Medicine. 1989 Dec 7;321(23):1572–7. [PubMed: 2685599]
- Johansen O, Brekke M, Seljeflot I. et al. N-3 fatty acids do not prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty: results from the CART study. Coronary Angioplasty Restenosis Trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1999 May;33(6):1619–26. [PubMed: 10334433]
- Junker R, Kratz M, Neufeld M. et al. Effects of diets containing olive oil, sunflower oil, or rapeseed oil on the hemostatic system. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 2001 Feb;85(2):280–6. [PubMed: 11246548]
- Kaul U, Sanghvi S, Bahl V K. et al. Fish oil supplements for prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. International Journal of Cardiology. 1992 Apr;35(1):87–93. [PubMed: 1563884]
- Kwon J S, Snook J T, Wardlaw G M. et al. Effects of diets high in saturated fatty acids, canola oil, or safflower oil on platelet function, thromboxane B2 formation, and fatty acid composition of platelet phospholipids. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991 Aug;54(2):351–8. [PubMed: 1677525]
- Leigh-Firbank E C, Minihane A M, Leake D S. et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from fish oils: differential associations with lipid responses. Br J Nutr. 2002 May;87(5):435–45. [PubMed: 12010583]
- Leng G C, Lee A J, Fowkes F G. et al. Randomized controlled trial of gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in peripheral arterial disease. Clinical Nutrition. 1998 Dec;17(6):265–71. [PubMed: 10205349]
- Lungershausen Y K, Abbey M, Nestel P J. et al. Reduction of blood pressure and plasma triglycerides by omega-3 fatty acids in treated hypertensives. Journal of Hypertension. 1994 Sep;12(9):1041–5. [PubMed: 7852747]
- Lungershausen YK, Howe PRC, Clifton PM, et al. Evaluation of an omega-3 fatty acid supplement in diabetics with microalbuminuria. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 827 (pp 369–381), 1997 1997. [PubMed: 9329768]
- Luo J, Rizkalla S W, Vidal H. et al. Moderate intake of n-3 fatty acids for 2 months has no detrimental effect on glucose metabolism and could ameliorate the lipid profile in type 2 diabetic men. Results of a controlled study. Diabetes Care. 1998 May;21(5):717–24. [PubMed: 9589230]
- Mackness M I, Bhatnagar D, Durrington P N. et al. Effects of a new fish oil concentrate on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with hypertriglyceridaemia. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1994 Dec;48(12):859–65. [PubMed: 7889894]
- Madsen T, Christensen J H, Blom M, Schmidt E B. The effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids on serum concentrations of C-reactive protein: a dose-response study. British Journal of Nutrition. 2003;89(4):517–522. [PubMed: 12654170]
- Madsen T, Skou H A, Hansen V E. et al. C-reactive protein, dietary n-3 fatty acids, and the extent of coronary artery disease. American Journal of Cardiology. 2001;88(10):1139–42. [PubMed: 11703959]
- Marckmann P, Bladbjerg E M, Jespersen J. Dietary fish oil (4 g daily) and cardiovascular risk markers in healthy men. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 1997 Dec;17(12):3384–91. [PubMed: 9437183]
- Maresta A, Balduccelli M, Varani E. et al. Prevention of postcoronary angioplasty restenosis by omega-3 fatty acids: main results of the Esapent for Prevention of Restenosis ITalian Study (ESPRIT). American Heart Journal. 2002 Jun;143(6):E5. [PubMed: 12075272]
- McGrath L T, Brennan G M, Donnelly J P, Johnston G D, Hayes J R, McVeigh G E. Effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on peroxidation of serum lipids in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis. 1996;121(2):275–83. [PubMed: 9125301]
- McVeigh G E, Brennan G M, Johnston G D. et al. Dietary fish oil augments nitric oxide production or release in patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1993 Jan;36(1):33–8. [PubMed: 8436250]
- Mezzano D, Leighton F, Martinez C. et al. Complementary effects of Mediterranean diet and moderate red wine intake on haemostatic cardiovascular risk factors. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 Jun;55(6):444–51. [PubMed: 11423921]
- Milner M R, Gallino R A, Leffingwell A. et al. Usefulness of fish oil supplements in preventing clinical evidence of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. American Journal of Cardiology. 1989 Aug 1;64(5):294–9. [PubMed: 2526993]
- Misso N L A, Thompson P J. Fish oil supplementation inhibits platelet aggregation and ATP release induced by platelet-activating factor and other agonists. Platelets. 1995;6(5):275–82. [PubMed: 21043713]
- Mori T A, Vandongen R, Beilin L J. et al. Effects of varying dietary fat, fish, and fish oils on blood lipids in a randomized controlled trial in men at risk of heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 May;59(5):1060–8. [PubMed: 8172092]
- Mori T A, Bao D Q, Burke V. et al. Dietary fish as a major component of a weight-loss diet: effect on serum lipids, glucose, and insulin metabolism in overweight hypertensive subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Nov;70(5):817–25. [PubMed: 10539741]
- Mori T A, Burke V, Puddey I B. et al. Purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids have differential effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins, LDL particle size, glucose, and insulin in mildly hyperlipidemic men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 May;71(5):1085–94. [PubMed: 10799369]
- Muller A D, van Houwelingen A C, Dam-Mieras M C. et al. Effect of a moderate fish intake on haemostatic parameters in healthy males. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1989 Jun 30;61(3):468–73. [PubMed: 2799760]
- Natvig H, Borchgrevink C F, Dedichen J. et al. A controlled trial of the effect of linolenic acid on incidence of coronary heart disease. The Norwegian vegetable oil experiment of 1965-66. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation - Supplement. 1968;105:1–20. [PubMed: 5756076]
- Nenseter M S, Osterud B, Larsen T. et al. Effect of Norwegian fish powder on risk factors for coronary heart disease among hypercholesterolemic individuals. Nutrition Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases. 2000 Dec;10(6):323–30. [PubMed: 11302007]
- Nikkila M. Influence of fish oil on blood lipids in coronary artery disease. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991 Apr;45(4):209–13. [PubMed: 1831755]
- Nilsen D W, Albrektsen G, Landmark K. et al. Effects of a high-dose concentrate of n-3 fatty acids or corn oil introduced early after an acute myocardial infarction on serum triacylglycerol and HDL cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Jul;74(1):50–6. [PubMed: 11451717]
- Nordoy A, Bonaa K H, Nilsen H. et al. Effects of Simvastatin and omega-3 fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in patients with combined hyperlipidaemia. Journal of Internal Medicine. 1998 Feb;243(2):163–70. [PubMed: 9566646]
- Nordoy A, Bonaa K H, Sandset P M. et al. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids and simvastatin on hemostatic risk factors and postprandial hyperlipemia in patients with combined hyperlipemia. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 2000 Jan;20(1):259–65. [PubMed: 10634827]
- Nye E R, Ablett M B, Robertson M C. et al. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on restenosis rate, clinical course and blood lipids in patients after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Medicine. 1990 Aug;20(4):549–52. [PubMed: 2222347]
- Osterud B, Elvevoll E, Barstad H. et al. Effect of marine oils supplementation on coagulation and cellular activation in whole blood. Lipids. 1995 Dec;30(12):1111–8. [PubMed: 8614301]
- Pedersen H, Petersen M, Major-Pedersen A, Jensen T, Nielsen N S, Lauridsen S T, Marckmann P. Influence of fish oil supplementation on in vivo and in vitro oxidation resistance of low-density lipoprotein in type 2 diabetes. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003;57:716–20. [PubMed: 12771973]
- Prisco D, Paniccia R, Filippini M. et al. No changes in PAI-1 levels after four-month n-3 PUFA ethyl ester supplementation in healthy subjects. Thrombosis Research. 1994 Nov 1;76(3):237–44. [PubMed: 7863474]
- Radack K, Deck C, Huster G. Dietary supplementation with low-dose fish oils lowers fibrinogen levels: a randomized, double-blind controlled study. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Nov 1;111(9):757–8. [PubMed: 2802434]
- Radack K, Deck C, Huster G. The effects of low doses of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1991 Jun;151(6):1173–80. [PubMed: 1828336]
- Radack K L, Deck C C, Huster G A. n-3 fatty acid effects on lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins at very low doses: results of a randomized controlled trial in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990 Apr;51(4):599–605. [PubMed: 2181859]
- Reis G J, Boucher T M, Sipperly M E. et al. Randomised trial of fish oil for prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Lancet. 1989 Jul 22;2(8656):177–81. [PubMed: 2568519]
- Rivellese A A, Maffettone A, Iovine C. et al. Long-term effects of fish oil on insulin resistance and plasma lipoproteins in NIDDM patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Diabetes Care. 1996 Nov;19(11):1207–13. [PubMed: 8908381]
- Rossing P, Hansen B V, Nielsen F S. et al. Fish oil in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care. 1996 Nov;19(11):1214–9. [PubMed: 8908382]
- Sacks F M, Hebert P, Appel L J. et al. Short report: the effect of fish oil on blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. Journal of Hypertension. 1994 Feb;12(2):209–13. [PubMed: 8021472]
- Salachas A, Papadopoulos C, Sakadamis G. et al. Effects of a low-dose fish oil concentrate on angina, exercise tolerance time, serum triglycerides, and platelet function. Angiology. 1994 Dec;45(12):1023–31. [PubMed: 7985829]
- Salonen R, Nikkari T, Seppanen K. et al. Effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on platelet aggregability and platelet produced thromboxane. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1987 Jun 3;57(3):269–72. [PubMed: 3660329]
- Schaefer E J, Lichtenstein A H, Lamon-Fava S. et al. Effects of National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 diets relatively high or relatively low in fish-derived fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins in middle-aged and elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Feb;63(2):234–41. [PubMed: 8561065]
- Schectman G, Kaul S, Kissebah A H. Effect of fish oil concentrate on lipoprotein composition in NIDDM. Diabetes. 1988 Nov;37(11):1567–73. [PubMed: 3181646]
- Schectman G, Kaul S, Kissebah A H. Heterogeneity of low density lipoprotein responses to fish-oil supplementation in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Arteriosclerosis. 1989;9(3):345–354. [PubMed: 2497720]
- Seljeflot I, Arnesen H, Brude I R. et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids and/or antioxidants on endothelial cell markers. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1998 Aug;28(8):629–35. [PubMed: 9767357]
- Silva J M, Souza I, Silva R. et al. The triglyceride lowering effect of fish oils is affected by fish consumption. International Journal of Cardiology. 1996 May;57(1):75–80. [PubMed: 8960947]
- Singh R B, Dubnov G, Niaz M A. et al. Effect of an Indo-Mediterranean diet on progression of coronary artery disease in high risk patients (Indo-Mediterranean Diet Heart Study): A randomised single-blind trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9344):1455–61. [PubMed: 12433513]
- Sirtori C R, Gatti E, Tremoli E. et al. Olive oil, corn oil, and n-3 fatty acids differently affect lipids, lipoproteins, platelets, and superoxide formation in type II hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Jul;56(1):113–22. [PubMed: 1319109]
- Sirtori C R, Crepaldi G, Manzato E. et al. One-year treatment with ethyl esters of n-3 fatty acids in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and glucose intolerance: reduced triglyceridemia, total cholesterol and increased HDL-C without glycemic alterations. Atherosclerosis. 1998 Apr;137(2):419–27. [PubMed: 9622285]
- Solomon S A, Cartwright I, Pockley G. et al. A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of eicosapentaenoic acid-rich fish oil in patients with stable angina pectoris. Current Medical Research & Opinion. 1990;12(1):1–11. [PubMed: 2188794]
- Swahn E, von Schenck H, Olsson A G. Omega-3 ethyl ester concentrate decreases total apolipoprotein CIII and increases antithrombin III in postmyocardial infarction patients. Clinical Drug Investigation. 1998;15(6):473–82. [PubMed: 18370504]
- Toft I, Bonaa K H, Ingebretsen O C. et al. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on glucose homeostasis and blood pressure in essential hypertension. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Dec 15;123(12):911–8. [PubMed: 7486485]
- Toft I, Bonaa K H, Ingebretsen O C. et al. Fibrinolytic function after dietary supplementation with omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 1997 May;17(5):814–9. [PubMed: 9157942]
- Toth K, Ernst E, Habon T. et al. Hemorheological and hemodynamical effects of fish oil (Ameu) in patients with ischemic heart disease and hyperlipoproteinemia. Clinical Hemorheology. 1995;15(6):867–75.
- Verheugt F W A, Schouten J A, Eeltink J C. et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of angina pectoris: Effect on objective signs of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical & Experimental. 1986;39(2):208–13.
- von Schacky C, Angerer P, Kothny W. et al. The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1999 Apr 6;130(7):554–62. [PubMed: 10189324]
- Warren S E, Siguel E N, Gervino E. et al. Effects of cod liver oil on plasma lipids, eicosanoids, platelet aggregation, and exercise in stable angina pectoris. Journal of Applied Cardiology. 1988;3(4):227–36.
- Wensing A G, Mensink R P, Hornstra G. Effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from plant and marine origin on platelet aggregation in healthy elderly subjects. Br J Nutr. 1999 Sep;82(3):183–91. [PubMed: 10655965]
- Westerveld H T, de Graaf J C, van Breugel H H. et al. Effects of low-dose EPA-E on glycemic control, lipid profile, lipoprotein(a), platelet aggregation, viscosity, and platelet and vessel wall interaction in NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1993 May;16(5):683–8. [PubMed: 8495604]
- Wilt T J, Lofgren R P, Nichol K L, Schorer A E, Crespin L, Downes D, Eckfeldt J. Fish oil supplementation does not lower plasma cholesterol in men with hypercholesterolemia. Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1989;111(11):900–5. [PubMed: 2683921]
- Woodman R J, Mori T A, Burke V. et al. Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on glycemic control, blood pressure, and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic patients with treated hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(5):1007–15. [PubMed: 12399272]
- Yamada T, Malcom G T, Strong J P. et al. Difference in atherosclerosis between the populations of a fishing and a farming village in Japan. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997;811:412–9. [PubMed: 9186617]
References
Bibliography of Included Studies
- References and Included Studies - Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascul...References and Included Studies - Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Intermediate Markers of Cardiovascular Disease
Your browsing activity is empty.
Activity recording is turned off.
See more...