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Sharma M, Clark H, Armour T, et al. Acute Stroke: Evaluation and Treatment. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2005 Jul. (Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 127.)

  • This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

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Acute Stroke: Evaluation and Treatment.

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Appendix E. Evidence Tables

Evidence Table 1. Randomized clinical trials

Pre-Post Studies

Evidence Table 3. Pre-post design

Summary Table: Intervention J: Community education for stroke (excluded pre-post studies)

Listing of Studies Included in Evidence Tables

  1. Agarwal PK. Hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign: can it be used to select intra-arterial versus intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke? Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004;17(23):182–90. [PubMed: 14707420]
  2. Akins PT, Delemos C, Wentworth D, Byer J, Schorer SJ, Atkinson RP. Can emergency department physicians safely and effectively initiate thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke? Neurology. 2000;55(12):1801–5. [PubMed: 11134376]
  3. Albers GW, Clark WM, Madden KP, Hamilton SA. ATLANTIS trial: results for patients treated within 3 hours of stroke onset. Alteplase Thrombolysis for Acute Noninterventional Therapy in Ischemic Stroke. Stroke. 2002;33(2):493–95. [PubMed: 11823658]
  4. Alexandrov AV, Molina CA, Grotta JC, Garami Z, Ford SR, Alvarez-Sabin J. et al. Ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(21):2170–8. [PubMed: 15548777]
  5. Auer LM, Deinsberger W, Niederkorn K, Gell G, Kleinert R, Schneider G. et al. Endoscopic surgery versus medical treatment for spontaneous intracerebral hematoma: a randomized study. J Neurosurg. 1989;70(4):530–5. [PubMed: 2926492]
  6. Batjer HH, Reisch JS, Allen BC, Plaizier LJ, Su CJ. Failure of surgery to improve outcome in hypertensive putaminal hemorrhage. A prospective randomized trial. Arch Neurol. 1990;47(10):1103–6. [PubMed: 2222242]
  7. Clark WM, Wissman S, Albers GW, Jhamandas JH, Madden KP, Hamilton S. Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (Alteplase) for ischemic stroke 3 to 5 hours after symptom onset. The ATLANTIS Study: a randomized controlled trial. Alteplase Thrombolysis for Acute Noninterventional Therapy in Ischemic Stroke.[see comment] JAMA. 1999;282(21):2019–26. [PubMed: 10591384]
  8. Clark WM, Albers GW, Madden KP, Hamilton S. The rtPA (alteplase) 0- to 6-hour acute stroke trial, part A (A0276g): results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Thromblytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke study investigators. Stroke. 2000;31(4):811–6. [PubMed: 10753980]
  9. del Zoppo GJ, Higashida RT, Furlan AJ, Pessin MS, Rowley HA, Gent M. PROACT: a phase II randomized trial of recombinant pro-urokinase by direct arterial delivery in acute middle cerebral artery stroke. PROACT Investigators. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism.[see comment] Stroke. 1998;29(1):4–11. [PubMed: 9445320]
  10. Eggers J, Koch B, Meyer K, Konig I, Seidel G. Effect of ultrasound on thrombolysis of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Ann Neurol. 2003;53(6):797–800. [PubMed: 12783427]
  11. Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L, Gent M, Rowley H, Kase C. et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism.[see comment] JAMA. 1999;282(21):2003–11. [PubMed: 10591382]
  12. Gray CS, Hildreth AJ, Alberti GK, O'Connell JE. Collaboration GIST. Poststroke hyperglycemia: natural history and immediate management. Stroke. 2004;35(1):122–6. [PubMed: 14671236]
  13. Haley EJ, Brott TG, Sheppard GL, Barsan W, Broderick J, Marler K. et al. Pilot randomized trial of tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke. The TPA Bridging Study Group. Stroke. 1993;24(7):1000–4. [PubMed: 8322373]
  14. Hermier M, Nighoghossian N, Adeleine P, Berthezene Y, Derex L, Yilmaz H. et al. Early magnetic resonance imaging prediction of arterial recanalization and late infarct volume in acute carotid artery stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003;23(2):240–8. [PubMed: 12571455]
  15. Hill MD, Barber PA, Demchuk AM, Sevick RJ, Newcommon NJ, Green T. et al. Building a “brain attack” team to administer thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke. CMAJ. 2000;162(11):1589–93. [PMC free article: PMC1231342] [PubMed: 10862236]
  16. Jahnke HK, Zadrozny D, Garrity T, Hopkins S, Frey JL, Christopher M. Stroke teams and acute stroke pathways: one emergency department's two-year experience. J Emerg Nurs. 2003;29(2):133–9. [PubMed: 12660695]
  17. Juvela S, Heiskanen O, Poranen A, Valtonen S, Kuurne T, Kaste M. et al. The treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. A prospective randomized trial of surgical and conservative treatment.[see comment] J Neurosurg. 1989;70(5):755–8. [PubMed: 2651586]
  18. Kase CS, Furlan AJ, Wechsler LR, Higashida RT, Rowley HA, Hart RG. et al. Cerebral hemorrhage after intra-arterial thrombolysis for ischemic stroke: the PROACT II trial. Neurology. 2001;57(9):1603–10. [PubMed: 11706099]
  19. Kay R, Poon WS, Nicholls MG. Effect of intravenous ketanserin on arterial and intracranial pressures in patients with systemic hypertension following intracerebral haemorrhage. J Hum Hypertens. 1993;7(4):369–71. [PubMed: 8410928]
  20. Keris V, Rudnicka S, Vorona V, Enina G, Tilgale B, Fricbergs J. Combined intraarterial/intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22(2):352–8. [PMC free article: PMC7973942] [PubMed: 11156782]
  21. Kilpatrick MM, Yonas H, Goldstein S, Kassam AB, Gebel JJ, Wechsler LR. et al. CT-based assessment of acute stroke: CT, CT angiography, and xenon-enhanced CT cerebral blood flow.[see comment] Stroke. 2001;32(11):2543–9. [PubMed: 11692014]
  22. Lattimore SU, Chalela J, Davis L, DeGraba T, Ezzeddine M, Haymore J. et al. Impact of establishing a primary stroke center at a community hospital on the use of thrombolytic therapy: the NINDS Suburban Hospital Stroke Center experience. Stroke. 2003;34(6):e55–e57. [PubMed: 12750543]
  23. Lewandowski CA, Frankel M, Tomsick TA, Broderick J, Frey J, Clark W. et al. Combined intravenous and intra-arterial r-TPA versus intra-arterial therapy of acute ischemic stroke: Emergency Management of Stroke (EMS) Bridging Trial. Stroke. 1999;30(12):2598–605. [PubMed: 10582984]
  24. Lin CS, Tsai J, Woo P, Chang H. Prehospital delay and emergency department management of ischemic stroke patients in Taiwan, R.O.C. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1999;3(3):194–200. [PubMed: 10424855]
  25. Marler J, Tilley BC, Lu Y, Brott TG, Lyden PC, Grotta JC. et al. Early stroke treatment associated with better outcome: the NINDS rt-PA stroke study. Neurology. 2000;55(11):1649–55. [PubMed: 11113218]
  26. Morgenstern LB, Frankowski RF, Shedden P, Pasteur W, Grotta JC. Surgical treatment for intracerebral hemorrhage (STICH): a single-center, randomized clinical trial. Neurology. 1998;51(5):1359–63. [PubMed: 9818860]
  27. Morgenstern LB, Bartholomew LK, Grotta JC, Staub L, King M, Chan W. Sustained benefit of a community and professional intervention to increase acute stroke therapy. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(18):2198–2202. [PubMed: 14557217]
  28. Nishiyama T, Yokoyama T, Matsukawa T, Hanaoka K. Continuous nicardipine infusion to control blood pressure after evacuation of acute cerebral hemorrhage. Can J Anaesth. 2000;47(12):1196–1201. [PubMed: 11132741]
  29. Patel SC, Levine SR, Tilley BC, Grotta JC, Lu M, Frankel M. et al. Lack of clinical significance of early ischemic changes on computed tomography in acute stroke.[see comment] JAMA. 2001;286(22):2830–2838. [PubMed: 11735758]
  30. Roberts HC, Dillon WP, Furlan AJ, Wechsler LR, Rowley HA, Fischbein NJ. et al. Computed tomographic findings in patients undergoing intra-arterial thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke due to middle cerebral artery occlusion: results from the PROACT II trial.[see comment] Stroke. 2002;33(6):1557–65. [PubMed: 12052991]
  31. Scott JF, Robinson GM, French JM, O'Connell JE, Alberti KG, Gray CS. Glucose potassium insulin infusions in the treatment of acute stroke patients with mild to moderate hyperglycemia: the Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST). Stroke. 1999;30(4):793–9. [PubMed: 10187881]
  32. Smith RW, Scott PA, Grant RJ, Chudnofsky CR, Frederiksen SM. Emergency physician treatment of acute stroke with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator: a retrospective analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 1999;6(6):618–25. [PubMed: 10386679]
  33. Suarez JI, Zaidat OO, Sunshine JL, Tarr R, Selman WR, Landis DM. Endovascular administration after intravenous infusion of thrombolytic agents for the treatment of patients with acute ischemic strokes. Neurosurgery. 2002;50(2):251–9. [PubMed: 11844259]
  34. Teernstra OP, Evers SM, Lodder J, Leffers P, Franke CL, Blaauw G. et al. Stereotactic treatment of intracerebral hematoma by means of a plasminogen activator: a multicenter randomized controlled trial (SICHPA). Stroke. 2003;34(4):968–74. [PubMed: 12649510]
  35. Zuccarello M, Brott T, Derex L, Kothari R, Sauerbeck L, Tew J. et al. Early surgical treatment for supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: a randomized feasibility study.[see comment] Stroke. 1999;30(9):1833–9. [PubMed: 10471432]

Reference List

1.
Albers GW, Clark WM, Madden KP, Hamilton SA. ATLANTIS trial: results for patients treated within 3 hours of stroke onset. Alteplase Thrombolysis for Acute Noninterventional Therapy in Ischemic Stroke.[see comment] Stroke. 2002;33(2):493–495. [PubMed: 11823658]
2.
Clark WM, Albers GW, Madden KP, Hamilton S. The rtPA (alteplase) 0- to 6-hour acute stroke trial, part A (A0276g): results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Thromblytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke study investigators. Stroke. 2000;31(4):811–816. [PubMed: 10753980]
3.
t AV, Molina CA, Grotta JC, Garami Z, Ford SR, Alvarez-Sabin J. et al. Ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(21):2170–2178. [PubMed: 15548777]
4.
Auer LM, Deinsberger W, Niederkorn K, Gell G, Kleinert R, Schneider G. et al. Endoscopic surgery versus medical treatment for spontaneous intracerebral hematoma: a randomized study. J Neurosurg. 1989;70(4):530–535. [PubMed: 2926492]
5.
Batjer HH, Reisch JS, Allen BC, Plaizier LJ, Su CJ. Failure of surgery to improve outcome in hypertensive putaminal hemorrhage. A prospective randomized trial. Arch Neurol. 1990;47(10):1103–1106. [PubMed: 2222242]
6.
Clark WM, Wissman S, Albers GW, Jhamandas JH, Madden KP, Hamilton S. Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (Alteplase) for ischemic stroke 3 to 5 hours after symptom onset. The ATLANTIS Study: a randomized controlled trial. Alteplase Thrombolysis for Acute Noninterventional Therapy in Ischemic Stroke.[see comment] JAMA. 1999;282(21):2019–2026. [PubMed: 10591384]
7.
del Zoppo GJ, Higashida RT, Furlan AJ, Pessin MS, Rowley HA, Gent M. PROACT: a phase II randomized trial of recombinant pro-urokinase by direct arterial delivery in acute middle cerebral artery stroke. PROACT Investigators. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism.[see comment] Stroke. 1998;29(1):4–11. [PubMed: 9445320]
8.
Eggers J, Koch B, Meyer K, Konig I, Seidel G. Effect of ultrasound on thrombolysis of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Ann Neurol. 2003;53(6):797–800. [PubMed: 12783427]
9.
Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L, Gent M, Rowley H, Kase C. et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism.[see comment] JAMA. 1999;282(21):2003–2011. [PubMed: 10591382]
10.
Gray CS, Hildreth AJ, Alberti GK, O'Connell JE, Collaboration GIST. Poststroke hyperglycemia: natural history and immediate management. Stroke. 2004;35(1):122–126. [PubMed: 14671236]
11.
Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, von KR, Davalos A, Meier D. et al. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Second European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study Investigators.[see comment] Lancet. 1998;352(9136):1245–1251. [PubMed: 9788453]
12.
Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, Toni D, Lesaffre E, von KR. et al. Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute hemispheric stroke. The European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS)[see comment] JAMA. 1995;274(13):1017–1025. [PubMed: 7563451]
13.
Haley EJ, Brott TG, Sheppard GL, Barsan W, Broderick J, Marler K. et al. Pilot randomized trial of tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke. The TPA Bridging Study Group. Stroke. 1993;24(7):1000–1004. [PubMed: 8322373]
14.
Kase CS, Furlan AJ, Wechsler LR, Higashida RT, Rowley HA, Hart RG. et al. Cerebral hemorrhage after intra-arterial thrombolysis for ischemic stroke: the PROACT II trial. Neurology. 2001;57(9):1603–1610. [PubMed: 11706099]
15.
Keris V, Rudnicka S, Vorona V, Enina G, Tilgale B, Fricbergs J. Combined intraarterial/intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22(2):352–358. [PMC free article: PMC7973942] [PubMed: 11156782]
16.
Lewandowski CA, Frankel M, Tomsick TA, Broderick J, Frey J, Clark W. et al. Combined intravenous and intra-arterial r-TPA versus intra-arterial therapy of acute ischemic stroke: Emergency Management of Stroke (EMS) Bridging Trial. Stroke. 1999;30(12):2598–2605. [PubMed: 10582984]
17.
Marler J, Tilley BC, Lu Y, Brott TG, Lyden PC, Grotta JC. et al. Early stroke treatment associated with better outcome: the NINDS rt-PA stroke study. Neurology. 2000;55(11):1649–1655. [PubMed: 11113218]
18.
Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Fernandes HM, Murray GD, Teasdale GM, Hope DT. et al. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005;365(9457):387–397. [PubMed: 15680453]
19.
Morgenstern LB, Frankowski RF, Shedden P, Pasteur W, Grotta JC. Surgical treatment for intracerebral hemorrhage (STICH): a single-center, randomized clinical trial. Neurology. 1998;51(5):1359–1363. [PubMed: 9818860]
20.
Patel SC, Levine SR, Tilley BC, Grotta JC, Lu M, Frankel M. et al. Lack of clinical significance of early ischemic changes on computed tomography in acute stroke.[see comment] JAMA. 2001;286(22):2830–2838. [PubMed: 11735758]
21.
Roberts HC, Dillon WP, Furlan AJ, Wechsler LR, Rowley HA, Fischbein NJ. et al. Computed tomographic findings in patients undergoing intra-arterial thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke due to middle cerebral artery occlusion: results from the PROACT II trial.[see comment] Stroke. 2002;33(6):1557–1565. [PubMed: 12052991]
22.
Scott JF, Robinson GM, French JM, O'Connell JE, Alberti KG, Gray CS. Glucose potassium insulin infusions in the treatment of acute stroke patients with mild to moderate hyperglycemia: the Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST). Stroke. 1999;30(4):793–799. [PubMed: 10187881]
23.
Teernstra OP, Evers SM, Lodder J, Leffers P, Franke CL, Blaauw G. et al. Stereotactic treatment of intracerebral hematoma by means of a plasminogen activator: a multicenter randomized controlled trial (SICHPA). Stroke. 2003;34(4):968–974. [PubMed: 12649510]
24.
Zuccarello M, Brott T, Derex L, Kothari R, Sauerbeck L, Tew J. et al. Early surgical treatment for supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: a randomized feasibility study.[see comment] Stroke. 1999;30(9):1833–1839. [PubMed: 10471432]
25.
Morgenstern LB, Bartholomew LK, Grotta JC, Staub L, King M, Chan W. Sustained benefit of a community and professional intervention to increase acute stroke therapy. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(18):2198–2202. [PubMed: 14557217]
26.
Suarez JI, Zaidat OO, Sunshine JL, Tarr R, Selman WR, Landis DM. Endovascular administration after intravenous infusion of thrombolytic agents for the treatment of patients with acute ischemic strokes. Neurosurgery. 2002;50(2):251–259. [PubMed: 11844259]
27.
Akins PT, Delemos C, Wentworth D, Byer J, Schorer SJ, Atkinson RP. Can emergency department physicians safely and effectively initiate thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke? Neurology. 2000;55(12):1801–1805. [PubMed: 11134376]
28.
Hermier M, Nighoghossian N, Adeleine P, Berthezene Y, Derex L, Yilmaz H. et al. Early magnetic resonance imaging prediction of arterial recanalization and late infarct volume in acute carotid artery stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003;23(2):240–248. [PubMed: 12571455]
29.
Hill MD, Barber PA, Demchuk AM, Sevick RJ, Newcommon NJ, Green T. et al. Building a “brain attack” team to administer thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke. CMAJ. 2000;162(11):1589–1593. [PMC free article: PMC1231342] [PubMed: 10862236]
30.
Jahnke HK, Zadrozny D, Garrity T, Hopkins S, Frey JL, Christopher M. Stroke teams and acute stroke pathways: one emergency department's two-year experience. J Emerg Nurs. 2003;29(2):133–139. [PubMed: 12660695]
31.
Kilpatrick MM, Yonas H, Goldstein S, Kassam AB, Gebel JJ, Wechsler LR. et al. CT-based assessment of acute stroke: CT, CT angiography, and xenon-enhanced CT cerebral blood flow.[see comment] Stroke. 2001;32(11):2543–2549. [PubMed: 11692014]
32.
Lattimore SU, Chalela J, Davis L, DeGraba T, Ezzeddine M, Haymore J. et al. Impact of establishing a primary stroke center at a community hospital on the use of thrombolytic therapy: the NINDS Suburban Hospital Stroke Center experience. Stroke. 2003;34(6):e55–e57. [PubMed: 12750543]
33.
Smith RW, Scott PA, Grant RJ, Chudnofsky CR, Frederiksen SM. Emergency physician treatment of acute stroke with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator: a retrospective analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 1999;6(6):618–625. [PubMed: 10386679]
34.
Agarwal PK. Hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign: can it be used to select intra-arterial versus intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke? Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004;17(23):182–190. [PubMed: 14707420]
35.
Kay R, Poon WS, Nicholls MG. Effect of intravenous ketanserin on arterial and intracranial pressures in patients with systemic hypertension following intracerebral haemorrhage. J Hum Hypertens. 1993;7(4):369–371. [PubMed: 8410928]
36.
Nishiyama T, Yokoyama T, Matsukawa T, Hanaoka K. Continuous nicardipine infusion to control blood pressure after evacuation of acute cerebral hemorrhage. Can J Anaesth. 2000;47(12):1196–1201. [PubMed: 11132741]
37.
Alberts MJ, Perry A, Dawson DV, Bertels C. Effects of public and professional education on reducing the delay in presentation and referral of stroke patients. Stroke. 1992;23(3):352–356. [PubMed: 1542895]
38.
Barsan WG, Brott TG, Broderick JP, Haley EJ, Levy DE, Marler J. Urgent therapy for acute stroke. Effects of a stroke trial on untreated patients. Stroke. 1994;25(11):2132–2137. [PubMed: 7974533]
39.
Becker K, Fruin M, Gooding T, Tirschwell D, Love P, Mankowski T. Community-based education improves stroke knowledge. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;11(1):34–43. [PubMed: 11173792]
40.
Smith WS, Corry MD, Fazackerley J, Isaacs SM. Improved paramedic sensitivity in identifying stroke victims in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1999;3(3):207–210. [PubMed: 10424857]
41.
Weinhardt J, Parker C. Developing a patient education video as a tool to case manage patients who have had strokes. Nurs Case Manag. 1999;4(4):198–200. [PubMed: 10690108]

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