Lactulose for hepatic encephalopathy. Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics. 1976;18(1):3–4. [PubMed: 1105127]

Propranolol doses not decrease the development of large esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis A controlled study. Hepatology. 1995;22(4 Pt.2):155A.

Test predicts cirrhosis likelihood. AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2006;20(6):450. [PubMed: 16838463]

Bleeding from ruptured oesophageal varices. Prescrire International. 2012;21(125):73–77. [PubMed: 22428197]

Liver disease: the NHS atlas of variation in healthcare for people with liver disease. 2013. [2015]. Available from: http://www​.rightcare​.nhs.uk/index.php/atlas​/liver-disease-nhs-atlas-of-variation-in-healthcare-for-people-with-liver-disease.

Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). 2015. [2015]. Available from: http://www​.cprd.com.

Abdel-Wahab MF, Esmat G, Farrag A, el-Boraey Y, Strickland GT. Ultrasonographic prediction of esophageal varices in Schistosomiasis mansoni. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1993;88(4):560–563. [PubMed: 8470638]

Abdelgawad IA. Clinical utility of simple non-invasive liver fibrosis indices for predicting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among Egyptian patients. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2015;68(2):154–160. [PubMed: 25430496]

Abel Wahab MF, El-Kateeb AA, El-Wakeel MR, Maklouf MM, Younis TA, El-Deeb TM, et al. Comparative study between different diagnostic techniques in huge splenomegaly cases in El-Minia Province. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association. 1995;70(1-2):37–55. [PubMed: 17214200]

Abid S, Mumtaz K, Abbas Z, Hamid S, Jafri N, Ali SH, et al. Efficacy of infusion of L-ornithine L-aspartate in cirrhotic patients with portosystemic encephalopathy: a placebo controlled study. Journal of Hepatology. 2005;42(Suppl.2):84.

Abou-Assi SG, Moghimi R, Habib A, Mihas AA, Heuman DM, Sanyal A. Nutritional and metabolic improvement in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites randomized to transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) or total paracentesis (TP). Hepatology. 2004;40(4 Suppl.1):226A.

Adams LA, George J, Bugianesi E, Rossi E, De Boer WB, van der Poorten D, et al. Complex non-invasive fibrosis models are more accurate than simple models in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2011;26(10):1536–1543. [PubMed: 21950746]

Addario L, Scaglione G, Tritto G, Di Costanzo GG, De Luca M, Lampasi F, et al. Prognostic value of quantitative liver function tests in viral cirrhosis: A prospective study. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2006;18(7):713–720. [PubMed: 16772827]

Adebayo D, Bureau C, Valla D, Peck-Radosavljevic M, McCune A, Vargas V, et al. Alfapump system versus large volume paracentesis in the treatment of refractory ascites. A multicenter randomised controlled study. Journal of Hepatology. 2015;62(Suppl.2):S849–S850.

Afdhal N, Bacon BR, Patel K, Lawitz EJ, Gordon SC, Nelson DR, et al. Accuracy of fibroscan, compared with histology, in analysis of liver fibrosis in patients with hepatitis B or C: a United States multicenter study. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2015;13(4):772–773. [PubMed: 25528010]

Agrawal SR, Gupta R, Sharma S, Sarin SK. Comparable efficacy of propranolol plus isosorbide mononitrate and endoscopic variceal ligation in the prevention of variceal bleeding. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2002;55(5):AB195.

Ahmed AC, Chaudhary S, Khan IM. Comparison of intravenous ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone in the management of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis of liver at Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences. 2014;8(1):82–84.

Ahmed L, Salama H, Ahmed R, Hamdy S, Al-Akel W, Shafi SA, et al. Non-invasive fibrosis seromarkers as a predictor of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C and/or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Arab Journal of Gastroenterology. 2009;10(1):14–20. [PubMed: 24842131]

Al Hasani F, Knoepfli M, Gemperli A, Kollar A, Banz V, Kettenbach J, et al. Factors affecting screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. Annals of Hepatology. 2014;13(2):204–210. [PubMed: 24552862]

Albers I, Hartmann H, Bircher J, Creutzfeldt W. Superiority of the Child-Pugh classification to quantitative liver function tests for assessing prognosis of liver cirrhosis. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1989;24(3):269–276. [PubMed: 2734585]

Albillos A, Banares R, Gonzalez M, Catalina MV, Molinero LM. A meta-analysis of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus paracentesis for refractory ascites. Journal of Hepatology. 2005;43(6):990–996. [PubMed: 16139922]

Albillos A, de la Hera A, Reyes E, Monserrat J, Munoz L, Nieto M, et al. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha expression by activated monocytes and altered T-cell homeostasis in ascitic alcoholic cirrhosis: amelioration with norfloxacin. Journal of Hepatology. 2004;40(4):624–631. [PubMed: 15030978]

Alexander T, Thomas K, Cherian AM, Kanakasabapathy Effect of three antibacterial drugs in lowering blood & stool ammonia production in hepatic encephalopathy. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1992;96:292–296. [PubMed: 1459672]

Ali B, Zaidi YA, Alam A, Anjum HS. Efficacy of Rifaximin in prevention of recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis of liver. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan. 2014;24(4):269–273. [PubMed: 24709242]

Allan RB, Thoirs KA. A comparison of liver surface and hepatic vein wall ultrasound as markers for fibrosis or cirrhosis of the liver. Radiography. 2014;20(1):8–14.

Als-Nielsen B, Kjaergard LL, Gluud C. Benzodiazepine receptor antagonists for acute and chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2001;(4) CD002798. [PubMed: 11687160] [CrossRef]

Als-Nielsen B, Gluud LL, Gluud C. Non-absorbable disaccharides for hepatic encephalopathy: systematic review of randomised trials. BMJ. 2004;328(7447):1046. [PMC free article: PMC403844] [PubMed: 15054035]

Als-Nielsen B, Gluud LL, Gluud C. Benzodiazepine receptor antagonists for hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004;(2) CD002798. [PubMed: 15106178] [CrossRef]

Als-Nielsen B, Gluud LL, Gluud C. Nonabsorbable disaccharides for hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004;(2) CD003044. [PubMed: 15106187] [CrossRef]

Als-Nielsen B, Koretz RL, Gluud LL, Gluud C. Branched-chain amino acids for hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003;(1) CD001939. [PubMed: 12804416] [CrossRef]

Altman C, Bernard B, Roulot D, Vitte RL, Ink O. Randomized comparative multicenter study of hydroxyethyl starch versus albumin as a plasma expander in cirrhotic patients with tense ascites treated with paracentesis. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1998;10(1):5–10. [PubMed: 9512946]

Alvarez RF, Mattos AA, Correa EB, Cotrim HP, Nascimento TV. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus norfloxacin in the prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis. Arquivos De Gastroenterologia. 2005;42(4):256–262. [PubMed: 16444382]

Amarapurkar DN, Chandnani MR, Dharod MV, Baijal R, Kumar P, Patel N, et al. Care of Patients with cirrhosis-How are we doing? Hepatology. 2013;58(4 Suppl.1):345A–346A.

Anastasiou J, Alisa A, Virtue S, Portmann B, Murray-Lyon I, Williams R. Noninvasive markers of fibrosis and inflammation in clinical practice: prospective comparison with liver biopsy. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2010;22(4):474–480. [PubMed: 19887952]

Anderson FH, Zeng L, Rock NR, Yoshida EM. An assessment of the clinical utility of serum ALT and AST in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology Research. 2000;18(1):63–71. [PubMed: 10838037]

Ando E, Kuromatsu R, Tanaka M, Takada A, Fukushima N, Sumie S, et al. Surveillance program for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan: results of specialized department of liver disease. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2006;40(10):942–948. [PubMed: 17063116]

Angeli P. Terlipressin for the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome in patients with cirrhosis. Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs. 2013;1(3):241–248.

Angeli P, Merkel C. Pathogenesis and management of hepatorenal syndrome in patients with cirrhosis. Journal of Hepatology. 2008;48(Suppl.1):S93–103. [PubMed: 18304678]

Ara R, Brazier J. Deriving an algorithm to convert the eight mean SF-36 dimension scores into a mean EQ-5D preference-based score from published studies (where patient level data are not available). Value in Health. 2008;11(7):1131–1143. [PubMed: 18489495]

Arroyo V, Colmenero J. Use of albumin in the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis An independent verdict. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2003;35(9):668–672. [PubMed: 14563192]

Asbach P, Klatt D, Schlosser B, Biermer M, Muche M, Rieger A, et al. Viscoelasticity-based staging of hepatic fibrosis with multifrequency MR elastography. Radiology. 2010;257(1):80–86. [PubMed: 20679447]

Atterbury CE, Bar MS, Bessoff J. A double blind comparison of lactulose (L) and neomycin (N) plus sorbitol (S) in the treatment of acute nitrogenous portalsystemic encephalopathy (PSE). Gastroenterology. 1976;70(5 II):977.

Atterbury CE, Maddrey WC, Conn HO. Neomycin-sorbitol and lactulose in the treatment of acute portal-systemic encephalopathy. A controlled, double-blind clinical trial. American Journal of Digestive Diseases. 1978;23(5):398–406. [PubMed: 354373]

Attia KA, Ackoundou-N'guessan KC, N'dri-yoman AT, Mahassadi AK, Messou E, Bathaix YF, et al. Child-Pugh-Turcott versus Meld score for predicting survival in a retrospective cohort of black African cirrhotic patients. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2008;14(2):286–291. [PMC free article: PMC2675128] [PubMed: 18186569]

Aube C, Oberti F, Korali N, Namour MA, Loisel D, Tanguy JY, et al. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis. Journal of Hepatology. 1999;30(3):472–478. [PubMed: 10190731]

Aube C, Winkfield B, Oberti F, Vuillemin E, Rousselet MC, Caron C, et al. New Doppler ultrasound signs improve the non-invasive diagnosis of cirrhosis or severe liver fibrosis. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2004;16(8):743–751. [PubMed: 15256975]

Avery GS, Davies EF, Brogden RN. Lactulose: a review of its therapeutic and pharmacological properties with particular reference to ammonia metabolism and its mode of action of portal systemic encephalopathy. Drugs. 1972;4(1):7–48. [PubMed: 4564869]

Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R, Devarajan P, Johnson C, Karvellas CJ, Kutsiogiannis DJ, et al. Review article: Acute kidney injury in critical illness. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia. 2010;57(11):985–998. [PubMed: 20931312]

Bai M, Qi XS, Yang ZP, Yang M, Fan D, Han G. TIPS improves liver transplantation-free survival in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites: an updated meta-analysis. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014;20(10):2704–2714. [PMC free article: PMC3949280] [PubMed: 24627607]

Bai M, Yang Z, Qi XS, Fan D, Han G. l-ornithine-l-aspartate for hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2013;28(5):783–792. [PubMed: 23425108]

Bajaj JS, Barrett AC, Bortey E, Paterson C, Forbes WP. Prolonged remission from hepatic encephalopathy with rifaximin: results of a placebo crossover analysis. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2015;41(1):39–45. [PMC free article: PMC4284039] [PubMed: 25339518]

Banares R, Moitinho E, Piqueras B, Casado M, Garcia-Pagan JC, de Diego A, et al. Carvedilol, a new nonselective beta-blocker with intrinsic anti- Alpha1-adrenergic activity, has a greater portal hypotensive effect than propranolol in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1999;30(1):79–83. [PubMed: 10385642]

Banares R, Nevens F, Larsen FS, Jalan R, Albillos A, Dollinger M, et al. Extracorporeal albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system in acute-on-chronic liver failure: the RELIEF trial. Hepatology. 2013;57(3):1153–1162. [PubMed: 23213075]

Banerjee R, Pavlides M, Tunnicliffe EM, Piechnik SK, Sarania N, Philips R, et al. Multiparametric magnetic resonance for the non-invasive diagnosis of liver disease. Journal of Hepatology. 2014;60(1):69–77. [PMC free article: PMC3865797] [PubMed: 24036007]

Bansky G, Meier PJ, Riederer E, Walser H, Ziegler WH, Schmid M. Effects of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil in hepatic encephalopathy in humans. Gastroenterology. 1989;97(3):744–750. [PubMed: 2546850]

Barada K. Hepatorenal syndrome: pathogenesis and novel pharmacological targets. Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 2004;4(2):189–197. [PubMed: 15063365]

Bardou-Jacquet E, Legros L, Soro D, Latournerie M, Guillygomarc'h A, Le Lan C, et al. Effect of alcohol consumption on liver stiffness measured by transient elastography. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2013;19(4):516–522. [PMC free article: PMC3558575] [PubMed: 23382630]

Barritt AS, Arguedas MR. Practice patterns in screening for varices: an American survey. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2009;41(9):676–682. [PMC free article: PMC3292195] [PubMed: 19251491]

Bass N, Ahmed A, Johnson L, Gardner J. Rifaximin treatment is beneficial for mild hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology. 2004;40(Suppl.4):646.

Bauer TM, Follo A, Navasa M, Vila J, Planas R, Clemente G, et al. Daily norfloxacin is more effective than weekly rufloxacin in prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis recurrence. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2002;47(6):1356–1361. [PubMed: 12064813]

Bavu E, Gennisson JL, Couade M, Bercoff J, Mallet V, Fink M, et al. Noninvasive in vivo liver fibrosis evaluation using supersonic shear imaging: a clinical study on 113 hepatitis C virus patients. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. 2011;37(9):1361–1373. [PubMed: 21775051]

Beckebaum S, Iacob S, Klein CG, Dechene A, Varghese J, Baba HA, et al. Assessment of allograft fibrosis by transient elastography and noninvasive biomarker scoring systems in liver transplant patients. Transplantation. 2010;89(8):983–993. [PubMed: 20335832]

Becker U, Deis A, Sorensen TIA, Gronbaek M, Borch-Johnsen K, Muller C, et al. Prediction of risk of liver disease by alcohol intake, sex, and age: A prospective population study. Hepatology. 1996;23(5):1025–1029. [PubMed: 8621128]

Bellentani S, Pozzato G, Saccoccio G, Crovatto M, Croce LS, Mazzoran L, et al. Clinical course and risk factors of hepatitis C virus related liver disease in the general population: Report from the Dionysos study. Gut. 1999;44(6):874–880. [PMC free article: PMC1727553] [PubMed: 10323892]

Bellentani S, Saccoccio G, Costa G, Tiribelli C, Manenti F, Sodde M, et al. Drinking habits as cofactors of risk for alcohol induced liver damage. The Dionysos Study Group. Gut. 1997;41(6):845–850. [PMC free article: PMC1891602] [PubMed: 9462221]

Ben Jazia E, Kaabia N, Benabdelkader A, Khalifa M, Harrabi I, Braham A, et al. Noninvasive fibrosis markers for the prediction of significant fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection in Tunisia. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice. 2009;17(6):385–387.

Bendtsen F, Henriksen JH, Sorensen TI. Long-term effects of oral propranolol on splanchnic and systemic haemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis and oesophageal varices. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1991;26(9):933–939. [PubMed: 1947785]

Berenguer J, Sala T, Barrios J, Rodrigo M, Garrido G, Carrasquer J, et al. Controlled study of lactulose in hepatic encephalopathy. Medicina Española. 1971;66:266–273.

Berges W, Erckenbrecht J, Teschke R, Wienbeck M. Prevention of bleeding esophageal varices by use of beta blockers. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 1983;08(36):1376–1377.

Bernard B, Grange JD, Khac EN, Amiot X, Opolon P, Poynard T. Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with ascites: a meta-analysis. Digestion. 1998;59(Suppl.2):54–57. [PubMed: 9718422]

Bernard B, Grange JD, Khac EN, Amiot X, Opolon P, Poynard T. Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis. Hepatology. 1999;29(6):1655–1661. [PubMed: 10347104]

Bernardi M, Caraceni P, Navickis RJ, Wilkes MM. Albumin infusion in patients undergoing large-volume paracentesis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Hepatology. 2012;55(4):1172–1181. [PubMed: 22095893]

Berretta M, Garlassi E, Cacopardo B, Cappellani A, Guaraldi G, Cocchi S, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-infected patients: check early, treat hard. Oncologist. 2011;16(9):1258–1269. [PMC free article: PMC3228175] [PubMed: 21868692]

Berzigotti A, Rossi V, Tiani C, Pierpaoli L, Zappoli P, Riili A, et al. Prognostic value of a single HVPG measurement and Doppler-ultrasound evaluation in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Journal of Gastroenterology. 2011;46(5):687–695. [PubMed: 21213113]

Berzigotti A, Abraldes JG, Tandon P, Erice E, Gilabert R, Garcia-Pagan JC, et al. Ultrasonographic evaluation of liver surface and transient elastography in clinically doubtful cirrhosis. Journal of Hepatology. 2010;52(6):846–853. [PubMed: 20385422]

Beuers U, Jager F, Wahllander A, Ansari H, Kirsch CM. Prognostic value of the intravenous 14C-aminopyrine breath test compared to the Child-Pugh score and serum bile acids in 84 cirrhotic patients. Digestion. 1991;50(3-4):212–218. [PubMed: 1812046]

Bhardwaj A, Kedarisetty CK, Kumar M, Sarin SK. A prospective, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial of carvedilol for early primary prophylaxis of esophageal varices in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2013;58(4 Suppl.1):294A.

Bhise SB, Dias RJ, Mali KK. Prognostic value of the monoethylglycinexylidide test in alcoholic cirrhosis. Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology. 2007;13(3):118–123. [PubMed: 19858627]

Bircher J, Muller J, Guggenheim P, Haemmerli UP. Treatment of chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy with lactulose. The Lancet. 1966;1(7443):890–892. [PubMed: 4159616]

Bischof DA, Pawlik TM. Systematic review with meta-analysis: Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma with ultrasound and AFP is associated with improvements in tumour detection, receipt of curative therapy and overall survival in patients with cirrhosis. Evidence-Based Medicine. 2014;19(6):225–226. [PubMed: 25081827]

Biselli M, Conti F, Gramenzi A, Frigerio M, Cucchetti A, Fatti G, et al. A new approach to the use of alpha-fetoprotein as surveillance test for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. British Journal of Cancer. 2015;112(1):69–76. [PMC free article: PMC4453600] [PubMed: 25314061]

Blanc P, Daures JP, Liautard J, Buttigieg R, Desprez D, Pageaux G, et al. Treatment of acute hepatic encphalopathy by lactulose-neomycin combination versus placebo. A randomized controlled assay. Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique. 1994;18(12):1063–1068. [PubMed: 7750678]

Blanco CI, Vazquez-Elizondo G, Maldonado Garza HJ, Landeros CM, Bosques Padilla FJ. L-ornithine L-aspartate is as effective as nonabsorbable disaccharides in the management of acute hepatic encephalopathy. results of a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, non-inferiority, clinical trial. Hepatology. 2011;54(4 Suppl.):1255A–1256A.

Block JP. Rifaximin improves the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management. 2010;17(5):16–19.

Bolondi L, Sofia S, Siringo S, Gaiani S, Cassali A, Zironi G, et al. Surveillance programme of cirrhotic patients for early diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a cost effectiveness analysis. Gut. 2001;48(2):251–259. [PMC free article: PMC1728189] [PubMed: 11156649]

Boozari B, Potthoff A, Mederacke I, Hahn A, Reising A, Rifai K, et al. Evaluation of sound speed for detection of liver fibrosis: prospective comparison with transient dynamic elastography and histology. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2010;29(11):1581–1588. [PubMed: 20966469]

Borzio M, Fornari F, de Sio I, Andriulli A, Terracciano F, Parisi G, et al. Adherence to American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases guidelines for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: results of an Italian field practice multicenter study. Future Oncology. 2013;9(2):283–294. [PubMed: 23414477]

Bosch J. Is treatment with nadolol effective against the growth of small esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis? Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2005;2(1):18–19. [PubMed: 16265094]

Bosch J, Groszmann R, Grace N, Navasa M, Conn HO, Rodes J. Propranolol in the prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis: a double-blind, multicenter controlled trial. Journal of Hepatology. 1990;10(1):2.

Bosch J, Groszmann R, Grace N, Navasa M, Mastai R, Conn HO, et al. Propranolol in the prevention of the first hemorrhage from esophageal varices: results of a randomized, double-blin, cooperative clinical trial. Journal of Hepatology. 1988;7(Suppl.1):S12.

Bota S, Paternostro R, Etschmaier A, Schwarzer R, Salzl P, Mandorfer M, et al. Performance of 2-D shear wave elastography in liver fibrosis assessment compared with serologic tests and transient elastography in clinical routine. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. 2015;41(9):2340–2349. [PubMed: 26004669]

Bota S, Sporea I, Sirli R, Popescu A, Jurchis A. Factors which influence the accuracy of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. 2013;39(3):407–412. [PubMed: 23245820]

Botta F, Giannini E, Romagnoli P, Fasoli A, Malfatti F, Chiarbonello B, et al. MELD scoring system is useful for predicting prognosis in patients with liver cirrhosis and is correlated with residual liver function: A European study. Gut. 2003;52(1):134–139. [PMC free article: PMC1773509] [PubMed: 12477775]

Bottero J, Lacombe K, Guechot J, Serfaty L, Miailhes P, Bonnard P, et al. Performance of 11 biomarkers for liver fibrosis assessment in HIV/HBV co-infected patients. Journal of Hepatology. 2009;50(6):1074–1083. [PubMed: 19398234]

Bourliere M, Penaranda G, Ouzan D, Renou C, Botta-Fridlund D, Tran A, et al. Optimized stepwise combination algorithms of non-invasive liver fibrosis scores including Hepascore in hepatitis C virus patients. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2008;28(4):458–467. [PubMed: 18498446]

Bourliere M, Penaranda G, Renou C, Botta-Fridlund D, Tran A, Portal I, et al. Validation and comparison of indexes for fibrosis and cirrhosis prediction in chronic hepatitis C patients: proposal for a pragmatic approach classification without liver biopsies. Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2006;13(10):659–670. [PubMed: 16970597]

Boursier J, Brochard C, Bertrais S, Michalak S, Gallois Y, Fouchard-Hubert I, et al. Combination of blood tests for significant fibrosis and cirrhosis improves the assessment of liver-prognosis in chronic hepatitis C. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2014;40(2):178–188. [PubMed: 24889599]

Boursier J, Cesbron E, Tropet A-L, Pilette C. Comparison and improvement of MELD and Child-Pugh score accuracies for the prediction of 6-month mortality in cirrhotic patients. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2009;43(6):580–585. [PubMed: 19197195]

Boursier J, de Ledinghen V, Zarski JP, Rousselet MC, Sturm N, Foucher J, et al. A new combination of blood test and fibroscan for accurate non-invasive diagnosis of liver fibrosis stages in chronic hepatitis C. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2011;106(7):1255–1263. [PubMed: 21468012]

Boursier J, Bacq Y, Halfon P, Leroy V, de Ledinghen V, de Muret A, et al. Improved diagnostic accuracy of blood tests for severe fibrosis and cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2009;21(1):28–38. [PubMed: 19060630]

Boursier J, de Ledinghen V, Zarski JP, Fouchard-Hubert I, Gallois Y, Oberti F, et al. Comparison of eight diagnostic algorithms for liver fibrosis in hepatitis C: new algorithms are more precise and entirely noninvasive. Hepatology. 2012;55(1):58–67. [PubMed: 21898504]

Boursier J, Vergniol J, Sawadogo A, Dakka T, Michalak S, Gallois Y, et al. The combination of a blood test and Fibroscan improves the non-invasive diagnosis of liver fibrosis. Liver International. 2009;29(10):1507–1515. [PubMed: 19725892]

Boursier J, Zarski JP, de Ledinghen V, Rousselet MC, Sturm N, Le Bail B, et al. Determination of reliability criteria for liver stiffness evaluation by transient elastography. Hepatology. 2013;57(3):1182–1191. [PubMed: 22899556]

Boyer T, Medicis J, Pappas SC, Potenziano J, Jamil K. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study to confirm the reversal of hepatorenal syndrome type 1 with terlipressin: The REVERSE trial design. Open Access Journal of Clinical Trials. 2012;4:39–49.

Boyer T, Medicis J, Pappas SC, Potenziano J, Jamil K. Erratum to: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study to confirm the reversal of hepatorenal syndrome type 1 with terlipressin: The REVERSE trial design. Open Access Journal of Clinical Trials. 2012;4:59. (Open Access Journal of Clinical Trials (2012), 4, (39-49))

Boyer T, Sanyal AJ, Pappas SC, Wong F, Jamil K. Percentage change in serum creatinine (SCR) is a sensitive indicator of therapeutic response to terlipressin in hepatorenal syndrome type 1 (HRS-1). Journal of Hepatology. 2015;62(Suppl.2):S379–S380.

Bucci L, Palmieri GC. Double-blind, double-dummy comparison between treatment with rifaximin and lactulose in patients with medium to severe degree hepatic encephalopathy. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1993;13(2):109–118. [PubMed: 8325041]

Burroughs A. Should neither sclerotherapy nor propranolol be used prophylactically for oesophageal varices? HPB Surgery. 1992;6(2):134–137. [PMC free article: PMC2443020] [PubMed: 1292588]

Burroughs A. Is the use of albumin of value in cirrhosis? The case not so in favour, or is there an alternative? Digestive and Liver Disease. 2003;35(9):664–667. [PubMed: 14563191]

Cadranel JF, El-Younsi M, Pidoux B, Zylberberg P, Benhamou Y, Valla D, et al. Flumazenil therapy for hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients: a double-blind pragmatic randomized, placebo study. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1995;7(4):325–329. [PubMed: 7600138]

Cales P, Boursier J, Oberti F, Bardou D, Zarski J-P, de Ledinghen V. Cirrhosis diagnosis and liver fibrosis staging: transient elastometry versus cirrhosis blood test. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2015;49(6):512–519. [PubMed: 24828359]

Cales P, Boursier J, Bertrais S, Oberti F, Gallois Y, Fouchard-Hubert I, et al. Optimization and robustness of blood tests for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Clinical Biochemistry. 2010;43(16-17):1315–1322. [PubMed: 20713037]

Cales P, Boursier J, Chaigneau J, Laine F, Sandrini J, Michalak S, et al. Diagnosis of different liver fibrosis characteristics by blood tests in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver International. 2010;30(9):1346–1354. [PubMed: 20666992]

Cales P, Boursier J, Ducancelle A, Oberti F, Hubert I, Hunault G, et al. Improved fibrosis staging by elastometry and blood test in chronic hepatitis C. Liver International. 2014;34(6):907–917. [PubMed: 24102852]

Cales P, Desmorat H, Vinel JP, Caucanas JP, Ravaud A, Gerin P, et al. Incidence of large oesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis: application to prophylaxis of first bleeding. Gut. 1990;31(11):1298–1302. [PMC free article: PMC1378703] [PubMed: 2253916]

Cales P, Oberti F, Payen JL, Naveau S, Guyader D, Blanc P, et al. Lack of effect of propranolol in the prevention of large oesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized trial. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1999;11(7):741–745. [PubMed: 10445794]

Calvaruso V, Di Marco V, Ferraro D, Petta S, Cali A, Grazia Bavetta M, et al. Fibrosis evaluation by transient elastography in patients with long-term sustained HCV clearance. Hepatitis Monthly. 2013;13(5):e7176. [PMC free article: PMC3741694] [PubMed: 23967020]

Campbell MS, Brensinger CM, Sanyal AJ, Gennings C, Wong F, Kowdley K, et al. Quality of life in refractory ascites: transjugular intrahepatic portal-systemic shunting versus medical therapy. Hepatology. 2005;42(3):635–640. [PubMed: 16108073]

Canavan C, Eisenburg J, Meng L, Corey K, Hur C. Ultrasound elastography for fibrosis surveillance is cost effective in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus in the UK. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2013;58(9):2691–2704. [PMC free article: PMC4067701] [PubMed: 23720196]

Carl I, Addley J, McDougall NI, Cash WJ. Transient hepatic elastography reliably excludes cirrhosis in an unselected liver disease population. Journal of Hepatology. 2012;56(Suppl.2):S409–S410.

Carrion JA, Navasa M, Bosch J, Bruguera M, Gilabert R, Forns X. Transient elastography for diagnosis of advanced fibrosis and portal hypertension in patients with hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. Liver Transplantation. 2006;12(12):1791–1798. [PubMed: 16823833]

Carton JA, Collazos J, De La Fuente B, Garcia-Alcalde ML, Suarez-Zarracina T, Rodriguez-Guardado A, et al. Factors associated with liver fibrosis in intravenous drug users coinfected with HIV and HCV. Antiviral Therapy. 2011;16(1):27–35. [PubMed: 21311106]

Carulli L. Telomere shortening as genetic risk factor of liver cirrhosis. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2015;21(2):379–383. [PMC free article: PMC4292269] [PubMed: 25593453]

Casper M, Mengel M, Fuhrmann C, Herrmann E, Reichert M, Appenrodt B, et al. Design of the INCA trial (impact of NOD2 genotypeguided antibiotic prevention on survival in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites): Prospective, doubleblind, randomised clinical trial evaluating the impact of genotype-stratified care. Journal of Hepatology. 2015;62(Suppl.2):S847–S848.

Casper M, Mengel M, Fuhrmann C, Herrmann E, Appenrodt B, Schiedermaier P, et al. The INCA trial (Impact of NOD2 genotype-guided antibiotic prevention on survival in patients with liver Cirrhosis and Ascites): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2015;16:83. [PMC free article: PMC4359533] [PubMed: 25887140]

Cassinotto C, Lapuyade B, Ait-Ali A, Vergniol J, Gaye D, Foucher J, et al. Liver fibrosis: noninvasive assessment with acoustic radiation force impulse elastography--comparison with FibroScan M and XL probes and FibroTest in patients with chronic liver disease. Radiology. 2013;269(1):283–292. [PubMed: 23630312]

Cassinotto C, Lapuyade B, Mouries A, Hiriart JB, Vergniol J, Gaye D, et al. Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis with impulse elastography: Comparison of Supersonic Shear Imaging with ARFI and FibroScan. Journal of Hepatology. 2014;61(3):550–557. [PubMed: 24815876]

Castera L, Winnock M, Pambrun E, Paradis V, Perez P, Loko MA, et al. Comparison of transient elastography (FibroScan), FibroTest, APRI and two algorithms combining these non-invasive tests for liver fibrosis staging in HIV/HCV coinfected patients: ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH and FIBROSTIC collaboration. HIV Medicine. 2014;15(1):30–39. [PubMed: 24007567]

Castera L, Le Bail B, Roudot-Thoraval F, Bernard PH, Foucher J, Merrouche W, et al. Early detection in routine clinical practice of cirrhosis and oesophageal varices in chronic hepatitis C: comparison of transient elastography (FibroScan) with standard laboratory tests and non-invasive scores. Journal of Hepatology. 2009;50(1):59–68. [PubMed: 19013661]

Castera L, Vergniol J, Foucher J, Le Bail B, Chanteloup E, Haaser M, et al. Prospective comparison of transient elastography, Fibrotest, APRI, and liver biopsy for the assessment of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(2):343–350. [PubMed: 15685546]

Cavallin M, Fasolato S, Marenco S, Piano S, Tonon M, Angeli P. The treatment of hepatorenal syndrome. Digestive Diseases. 2015;33(4):548–554. [PubMed: 26159272]

Cavallin M, Kamath PS, Merli M, Fasolato S, Toniutto P, Salerno F, et al. Terlipressin plus albumin versus midodrine and octreotide plus albumin in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: A randomized trial. Hepatology. 2015;62(2):567–574. [PubMed: 25644760]

Cestari R, Minelli L, Lanzini A, Missale G, Ravelli P, Salerni B. Digestive endoscopy and portal hypertension. North Italian Endoscopic Club. Italian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1996;28(Suppl.2):18–33. [PubMed: 14509962]

Chan AWH, Chan RCK, Wong GLH, Wong VWS, Choi PC, Chan HLY, et al. New simple prognostic score for primary biliary cirrhosis: Albumin-bilirubin score. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2015;30(9):1391–1396. [PubMed: 25753927]

Chandna S, Naumovich CN, Poreddy S, Zucker SD. Identification of a subset of patients at high risk for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) post liver transplantation: Is universal surveillance necessary? Gastroenterology. 2015;148(4 Suppl.1):S1035.

Chang PE, Lui HF, Chau YP, Lim KH, Yap WM, Tan CK, et al. Prospective evaluation of transient elastography for the diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis in Asians: comparison with liver biopsy and aspartate transaminase platelet ratio index. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2008;28(1):51–61. [PubMed: 18410556]

Chang T-S, Wu YC, Tung SY, Wei KL, Hsieh Y-Y, Huang HC, et al. Alpha-Fetoprotein Measurement Benefits Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance in Patients with Cirrhosis. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2015;110(6):836–844. [PubMed: 25869392]

Chanteloup E, Foucher J, Castera L. FibroScan^® is a new non invasive method for the detection of cirrhosis and its complications in patients with chronic liver diseases. Results of a prospective study in 456 patients. Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Desease (AASLD). 2004;55

Chasalani N, Imperiale TF, Ismail A, Carey M, Wilcox CM, Madichetty H, et al. Predictors of large esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999;94(11):3285–3291. [PubMed: 10566731]

Chawla YK, Kashinath RC, Duseja A, Dhiman RK. Predicting Mortality Across a Broad Spectrum of Liver Disease-An Assessment of Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD), Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP), and Creatinine-Modified CTP Scores. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology. 2011;1(3):161–168. [PMC free article: PMC3940129] [PubMed: 25755381]

Chen CY, Sheu MZ, Tsai TL, Su SY, Lin YL. Endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL)VL) with multiple band ligator for prophylaxis of first hemorrhage esophageal varices. Endoscopy. 1999;31(Suppl 1):E35.

Chen CY, Sheu MZ, Tsai TL, Su SY, Lin YL. Multiple band ligator for prophylaxis of first hemorrhage of esophageal varices. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2000;15(Suppl.):B76.

Chen CJ, Yang HI. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B REVEALed. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2011;26(4):628–638. [PubMed: 21323729]

Chen G, Chitturi S, Kaye GL, Teoh NC, Farrell GC. Hazardous alcohol use is more strongly associated with cirrhosis complications than obesity and diabetes in patients with chronic hepatitis C: Preliminary results of a case-control study. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2014;29(Suppl.2):154.

Chen JG, Parkin DM, Chen QG, Lu JH, Shen QJ, Zhang BC, et al. Screening for liver cancer: results of a randomised controlled trial in Qidong, China. Journal of Medical Screening. 2003;10(4):204–209. [PubMed: 14738659]

Chen RP, Zhu Ge XJ, Huang ZM, Ye XH, Hu CY, Lu GR, et al. Prophylactic use of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt aids in the treatment of refractory ascites: metaregression and trial sequential meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2014;48(3):290–299. [PubMed: 24030734]

Chen SH, Li YF, Lai HC, Kao JT, Peng CY, Chuang PH, et al. Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis via spleen stiffness measurement using acoustic radiation force impulse sonoelastography in patients with chronic hepatitis B or C. Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2012;19(9):654–663. [PubMed: 22863270]

Chen WJ, Hu QL, Ao ZX, Liu GQ, Zhang LH, Wang YH. Clinical observation on therapteutic effects of propranolol for prevention and treatment of esophagous varices of portal hypertension. Chinese Journal of Clinical Hepatology. 1993;9(1):34–35.

Choi PC, Kim HJ, Choi WH, Park DI, Park JH, Cho YK, et al. Model for end-stage liver disease, model for end-stage liver disease-sodium and Child-Turcotte-Pugh scores over time for the prediction of complications of liver cirrhosis. Liver International. 2009;29(2):221–226. [PubMed: 18544124]

Choi YR, Lee JM, Yoon JH, Han JK, Choi BI. Comparison of magnetic resonance elastography and gadoxetate disodium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of hepatic fibrosis. Investigative Radiology. 2013;48(8):607–613. [PubMed: 23538889]

Cholongitas E, Papatheodoridis GV, Vangeli M, Terreni N, Patch D, Burroughs A. Systematic review: The model for end-stage liver disease - Should it replace Child-Pugh's classification for assessing prognosis in cirrhosis? Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2005;22(11-12):1079–1089. [PubMed: 16305721]

Chon YE, Jung ES, Park JY, Kim DY, Ahn SH, Han KH, et al. The accuracy of noninvasive methods in predicting the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic decompensation in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2012;46(6):518–525. [PubMed: 22688146]

Choong CC, Venkatesh SK, Siew EPY. Accuracy of routine clinical ultrasound for staging of liver fibrosis. Journal of Clinical Imaging Science. 2012;2:58. [PMC free article: PMC3515928] [PubMed: 23230540]

Chou R, Cuevas C, Fu R, Devine B, Wasson N, Ginsburg A, et al. Imaging Techniques for the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2015;162(10):697–711. [PubMed: 25984845]

Christensen E. Prognostic models including the Child-Pugh, MELD and Mayo risk scores--where are we and where should we go? Journal of Hepatology. 2004;41(2):344–350. [PubMed: 15288486]

Christensen E, Schlichting P, Fauerholdt L. Prognostic value of Child-Turcotte criteria in medically treated cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1984;4(3):430–435. [PubMed: 6724511]

Christensen K, Mossner BK, Hansen JF, Jarnbjer EF, Pedersen C, Christensen PB. Liver Stiffness Measurement among Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B and C: Results from a 5-Year Prospective Study. PloS One. 2014;9(11):e111912. [PMC free article: PMC4219798] [PubMed: 25369038]

Chung JH, Ahn HS, Kim SG, Lee YN, Kim YS, Jeong SW, et al. The usefulness of transient elastography, acoustic-radiation-force impulse elastography, and real-time elastography for the evaluation of liver fibrosis. Clinical and Molecular Hepatology. 2013;19(2):156–164. [PMC free article: PMC3701848] [PubMed: 23837140]

Clewell JD, Walker-Renard P. Prostaglandins for the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1994;28(1):54–55. [PubMed: 8123962]

Cobbold JFL, Crossey MME, Colman P, Goldin RD, Murphy PS, Patel N, et al. Optimal combinations of ultrasound-based and serum markers of disease severity in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2010;17(8):537–545. [PubMed: 19804501]

Coco B, Oliveri F, Maina AM, Ciccorossi P, Sacco R, Colombatto P, et al. Transient elastography: a new surrogate marker of liver fibrosis influenced by major changes of transaminases. Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2007;14(5):360–369. [PubMed: 17439526]

Colecchia A, Colli A, Casazza G, Mandolesi D, Schiumerini R, Reggiani LB, et al. Spleen stiffness measurement can predict clinical complications in compensated HCV-related cirrhosis: A prospective study. Journal of Hepatology. 2014;60(6):1158–1164. [PubMed: 24607624]

Colli A, Cocciolo M, Riva C, Martinez E, Prisco A, Pirola M, et al. Abnormalities of Doppler waveform of the hepatic veins in patients with chronic liver disease: correlation with histologic findings. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1994;162(4):833–837. [PubMed: 8141001]

Colombo M. Screening. Hepatology Research. 2007;37(Suppl.2):S146–S151. [PubMed: 17877477]

Colombo S, Buonocore M, Del Poggio A, Jamoletti C, Elia S, Mattiello M, et al. Head-to-head comparison of transient elastography (TE), real-time tissue elastography (RTE), and acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis. Journal of Gastroenterology. 2012;47(4):461–469. [PubMed: 22223175]

Conn HO, Leevy CM, Vlahcevic ZR, Rodgers JB, Maddrey WC, Seeff L, et al. Comparison of lactulose and neomycin in the treatment of chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy. A double blind controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 1977;72(4 Pt.1):573–583. [PubMed: 14049]

Corazza GR, Tacconi C, Zoli G. Use of pyridoxine-alpha-ketoglutarate (PAK) in hepatic encephalopathy. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research. 1982;2(4 Suppl 1):7–13.

Corpechot C, Carrat F, Poujol-Robert A, Gaouar F, Wendum D, Chazouilleres O, et al. Noninvasive elastography-based assessment of liver fibrosis progression and prognosis in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2012;56(1):198–208. [PubMed: 22271046]

Corpechot C, El Naggar A, Poujol-Robert A, Ziol M, Wendum D, Chazouilleres O, et al. Assessment of biliary fibrosis by transient elastography in patients with PBC and PSC. Hepatology. 2006;43(5):1118–1124. [PubMed: 16628644]

Corpechot C, Gaouar F, El Naggar A, Kemgang A, Wendum D, Poupon R, et al. Baseline values and changes in liver stiffness measured by transient elastography are associated with severity of fibrosis and outcomes of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(4):970–976. [PubMed: 24389304]

Corrao G, Bagnardi V, Zambon A, Torchio P. Meta-analysis of alcohol intake in relation to risk of liver cirrhosis. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 1998;33(4):381–392. [PubMed: 9719397]

Cowan GSJ. Disease-specific amino acid infusion (F080) in hepatic encephalopathy: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 1986;10(2):247. [PubMed: 3514982]

Craxi A, Colombo P, D'Amico G, Di Blasi F, Di Marco V, Magrin S, et al. Hepatitis B infection and liver cirrhosis: a reappraisal from the Mediterranean area. Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanita. 1987;24(2):257–265. [PubMed: 3453607]

Crespo G, Lens S, Gambato M, Carrion JA, Marino Z, Lombard M, et al. Liver stiffness 1 year after transplantation predicts clinical outcomes in patients with recurrent hepatitis C. American Journal of Transplantation. 2014;14(2):375–383. [PubMed: 24410892]

Crespo G, Fernandez-Varo G, Marino Z, Casals G, Miquel R, Martinez SM, et al. ARFI, FibroScan, ELF, and their combinations in the assessment of liver fibrosis: a prospective study. Journal of Hepatology. 2012;57(2):281–287. [PubMed: 22521355]

Cross TJS, Calvaruso V, Maimone S, Carey I, Chang TP, Pleguezuelo M, et al. Prospective comparison of Fibroscan, King's score and liver biopsy for the assessment of cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C infection. Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2010;17(8):546–554. [PubMed: 19874477]

Crossan C, Tsochatzis EA, Longworth L, Gurusamy K, Davidson B, Rodriguez-Peralvarez M, et al. Cost-effectiveness of non-invasive methods for assessment and monitoring of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic liver disease: systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technology Assessment. 2015;19(9):1–410. [PMC free article: PMC4781028] [PubMed: 25633908]

Cucchetti A, Trevisani F, Cescon M, Ercolani G, Farinati F, Poggio PD, et al. Cost-effectiveness of semi-annual surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients of the Italian Liver Cancer population. Journal of Hepatology. 2012;56(5):1089–1096. [PubMed: 22245900]

Cucchetti A, Trevisani F, Pecorelli A, Erroi V, Farinati F, Ciccarese F, et al. Estimation of lead-time bias and its impact on the outcome of surveillance for the early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Hepatology. 2014;61(2):333–341. [PubMed: 24717522]

Curto TM, Lagier R, Lok AS, Everhart JE, Rowland CM, Sninsky JJ, et al. Predicting cirrhosis and clinical outcomes in patients with advanced chronic hepatitis C with a panel of genetic markers (CRS7). Pharmacogenetics and Genomics. 2011;21(12):851–860. [PMC free article: PMC3215092] [PubMed: 21946897]

D'Ambrosio R, Aghemo A, Rumi MG, Primignani M, Dell'Era A, Lampertico P, et al. The course of esophageal varices in patients with hepatitis C cirrhosis responding to interferon/ribavirin therapy. Antiviral Therapy. 2011;16(5):677–684. [PubMed: 21817189]

D'Ambrosio R, Aghemo A, Fraquelli M, Rumi MG, Donato MF, Paradis V, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of Fibroscan for cirrhosis is influenced by liver morphometry in HCV patients with a sustained virological response. Journal of Hepatology. 2013;59(2):251–256. [PubMed: 23528378]

D'Amico G, Luca A, Morabito A, Miraglia R, D'Amico M. Uncovered transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for refractory ascites: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2005;129(4):1282–1293. [PubMed: 16230081]

Dagradi AE. The natural history of esophageal varices in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. An endoscopic and clinical study. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1972;57(6):520–540. [PubMed: 4538104]

Das A. A cost analysis of long term antibiotic prophylaxis for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1998;93(10):1895–1900. [PubMed: 9772051]

Davenport A, Ahmad J, Al-Khafaji A, Kellum JA, Genyk YS, Nadim MK. Medical management of hepatorenal syndrome. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2012;27(1):34–41. [PubMed: 22287700]

Day CP. Heavy drinking greatly increases the risk of cirrhosis in patients with HCV hepatitis. Gut. 2001;49(6):750–751. [PMC free article: PMC1728532] [PubMed: 11709504]

de Franchis R. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. Journal of Hepatology. 2010;53(4):762–768. [PubMed: 20638742]

De La Hall MP. Genetic and acquired factors that influence individual susceptibility to alcohol-associated liver disease. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1992;7(4):417–426. [PubMed: 1515569]

de Ledinghen V, Vergniol J, Barthe C, Foucher J, Chermak F, Le Bail B, et al. Non-invasive tests for fibrosis and liver stiffness predict 5-year survival of patients chronically infected with hepatitis B virus. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2013;37(10):979–988. [PubMed: 23557139]

de Ledinghen V, Wong VW-S, Vergniol J, Wong GL-H, Foucher J, Chu SH, et al. Diagnosis of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis using liver stiffness measurement: comparison between M and XL probe of FibroScan. Journal of Hepatology. 2012;56(4):833–839. [PubMed: 22173167]

De Marco F, Santamaria AP, D'Arienzo A. Rifaximin in collateral treatment of portal-systemic encephalopathy: A preliminary report. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental. 1984;36(4):668–674.

Debernardi VW, Elia C, Stradella D, Bruno M, Fadda M, de Angelis C, et al. Prospective randomized trial: endoscopic follow up 3 vs 6 months after esophageal variceal eradication by band ligation in cirrhosis. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2014;25(7):674–679. [PubMed: 25018142]

Deffieux T, Gennisson JL, Bousquet L, Corouge M, Cosconea S, Amroun D, et al. Investigating liver stiffness and viscosity for fibrosis, steatosis and activity staging using shear wave elastography. Journal of Hepatology. 2015;62(2):317–324. [PubMed: 25251998]

Degos F, Perez P, Roche B, Mahmoudi A, Asselineau J, Voitot H, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of FibroScan and comparison to liver fibrosis biomarkers in chronic viral hepatitis: a multicenter prospective study (the FIBROSTIC study). Journal of Hepatology. 2010;53(6):1013–1021. [PubMed: 20850886]

Delahooke TE, Hayes P. Are cirrhosis and its complications inevitable in hepatitis C virus infection? Scottish Medical Journal. 2000;45(2):35–37. [PubMed: 10862433]

Deleuran T, Gronbaek H, Vilstrup H, Jepsen P. Cirrhosis and mortality risks of biopsy-verified alcoholic pure steatosis and steatohepatitis: a nationwide registry-based study. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2012;35(11):1336–1342. [PubMed: 22490057]

Deltenre P, Mathurin P, Dharancy S, Moreau R, Bulois P, Henrion J, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in refractory ascites: a meta-analysis. Liver International. 2005;25(2):349–356. [PubMed: 15780061]

Demeulenaere L, Van WL. Liver cirrhosis in alcoholics. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 1977;12(1):11–14. [PMC free article: PMC5366717] [PubMed: 926054]

Deschenes M, Barkun AN. Comparison of endoscopic ligation and propranolol for the primary prevention of variceal bleeding. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2000;51(5):630–633. [PubMed: 10896486]

Dever JB, Sheikh MY. Review article: spontaneous bacterial peritonitis - bacteriology, diagnosis, treatment, risk factors and prevention. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2015;41(11):1116–1131. [PubMed: 25819304]

Dhyani M, Anvari A, Samir AE. Ultrasound elastography: liver. Abdominal Imaging. 2015;40(4):698–708. [PMC free article: PMC7474555] [PubMed: 25690689]

Di Marco V, Bronte F, Cabibi D, Calvaruso V, Alaimo G, Borsellino Z, et al. Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis in thalassaemia major patients by transient elastography (TE) - lack of interference by iron deposition. British Journal of Haematology. 2010;148(3):476–479. [PubMed: 19930183]

Di Pascoli L, Buja A, Bolognesi M, Montagnese S, Gatta A, Gregori D, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of beta-blockers vs endoscopic surveillance in patients with cirrhosis and small varices. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014;20(30):10464–10469. [PMC free article: PMC4130854] [PubMed: 25132763]

Dinesen L, Caspary WF, Chapman RW, Dietrich CF, Sarrazin C, Braden B. 13C-methacetin-breath test compared to also noninvasive biochemical blood tests in predicting hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2008;40(9):743–748. [PubMed: 18339592]

Dolman GE, Nieboer D, Steyerberg EW, Harris S, Ferguson A, Zaitoun AM, et al. The performance of transient elastography compared to clinical acumen and routine tests - what is the incremental diagnostic value? Liver International. 2013;33(2):172–179. [PubMed: 23136951]

Donnan PT, McLernon D, Dillon JF, Ryder S, Roderick P, Sullivan F. Development of a decision support tool for primary care management of patients with abnormal liver function tests without clinically apparent liver disease: a record-linkage population cohort study and decision analysis (ALFIE). Health Technology Assessment. 2009;13(25):1–156. England. [PubMed: 19413926]

Dragosics B, Ferenci P, Hitchman E, Denk H. Long-term follow-up study of asymptomatic HBsAg-positive voluntary blood donors in Austria: A clinical and histologic evaluation of 242 cases. Hepatology. 1987;7(2):302–306. [PubMed: 3557309]

Drastich P, Spicak J, Petrtyl J, Bruha R, Lata J, Pribramska V, et al. Endoscopic ligation of the esophageal varices compared with beta-blockers for prophylaxis of the first bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis. Ceska a Slovenska Gastroenterologie a Hepatologie. 2005;59(3):116–121.

Dultz G, Piiper A, Zeuzem S, Kronenberger B, Waidmann O. Proton pump inhibitor treatment is associated with the severity of liver disease and increased mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2015;41(5):459–466. [PubMed: 25523381]

Dultz G, Seelhof M, Herrmann E, Welker M-W, Friedrich-Rust M, Teuber G, et al. Baseline MELD score predicts hepatic decompensation during antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C and advanced cirrhosis. PloS One. 2013;8(8):e71262. [PMC free article: PMC3731309] [PubMed: 23936497]

DuPont HL. Therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action of rifaximin in gastrointestinal diseases. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2015;90(8):1116–1124. [PubMed: 26162610]

Durbec JP, Bidart JM, Sarles H. Risks of chronic pancreatitis, hepatocirrhosis and pancreas cancer. Role of alcohol consumption, results of 3 retrospective studies (cases-controls). Materia Medica Polona. 1981;13(1):10–14. [PubMed: 7321581]

Dyal HK, Aguilar M, Bhuket T, Liu B, Holt EW, Torres SA, et al. Concurrent obesity, diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with an increased risk of progression to advanced fibrosis among patients with chronic hepatitis c virus infection: A systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(4 Suppl.1):S404–S405.

Ebell MH. Probability of cirrhosis in patients with hepatitis C. American Family Physician. 2003;68(9):1831–1833. [PubMed: 14620604]

El Guesiry D, Moez P, Hossam N, Kassem M. Usefulness of non-invasive serum markers for predicting liver fibrosis in Egyptian patients with chronic HCV infection. Egyptian Journal of Immunology. 2011;18(2):1–12. [PubMed: 23082465]

El-Serag HB. Hepatocellular carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine. 2011;365(1118):1127. [PubMed: 21992124]

El-Serag HB, Kramer JR, Chen GJ, Duan Z, Richardson PA, Davila JA. Effectiveness of AFP and ultrasound tests on hepatocellular carcinoma mortality in HCV-infected patients in the USA. Gut. 2011;60(7):992–997. [PubMed: 21257990]

El-Zayadi AR, Badran HM, Shawky S, Emara S, El-Bareedy A, Sobhi M. Effect of surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma on tumor staging and treatment decisions in Egyptian patients. Hepatology International. 2010;4(2):500–506. [PMC free article: PMC2900559] [PubMed: 20827407]

Elder CA, Restino MS. Beta-adrenergic antagonists for primary prevention of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices. Clinical Pharmacy. 1992;11(4):337–341. [PubMed: 1563229]

Elia C, Debernardi VW, Ferruzzi G, Bruno M, Caronna S, Musso A, et al. Follow up of esophageal varices at 3 vs 6 months after eradication by endoscopic banding in cirrhotic patients. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2012;44(Suppl.2):S187.

Elta GH. Prophylaxis for variceal bleeding. Gastroenterology. 1991;100(6):1778–1780. [PubMed: 2019385]

Eltabbakh M, Zaghla H, Abdel-Razek W, Elshinnawy H, Ezzat S, Gomaa A, et al. Utility and cost-effectiveness of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in a resource-limited setting. Medical Oncology. 2015;32(1):432. [PubMed: 25502085]

Eltawil KM, Laryea M, Peltekian K, Molinari M. Rifaximin vs. conventional oral therapy for hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2012;18(8):767–777. [PMC free article: PMC3286139] [PubMed: 22371636]

Engelmann C, Brosteanu O, Tenckhoff H, Babatz J, Lammert F, Manns M, et al. Alfapump system versus transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and paracentesis in the treatment of ascites. A multicentre randomised controlled study (agua-trial). Journal of Hepatology. 2015;62(Suppl.2):S846–S847.

Everhart JE, Lok AS, Kim HY, Morgan TR, Lindsay KL, Chung RT, et al. Weight-related effects on disease progression in the hepatitis C antiviral long-term treatment against cirrhosis trial. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(2):549–557. [PMC free article: PMC3148692] [PubMed: 19445938]

Fagiuoli S, Colli A, Bruno R, Burra P, Craxi A, Gaeta GB, et al. Management of infections in cirrhotic patients: report of a consensus conference. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2014;46(3):204–212. [PubMed: 24021271]

Falavigna M, Kieling C, Wolff FH, Medeiros Lídia RF, Cheinquer H. Antibiotics for hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2007;(1) CD006314. [CrossRef]

Fasani P, Sangiovanni A, De Fazio C, Borzio M, Bruno S, Ronchi G, et al. High prevalence of multinodular hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis attributable to multiple risk factors. Hepatology. 1999;29(6):1704–1707. [PubMed: 10347111]

Fassio E, Terg R, Landeira G, Abecasis R, Salemne M, Podesta A, et al. Paracentesis with Dextran 70 vs. paracentesis with albumin in cirrhosis with tense ascites. Results of a randomized study. Journal of Hepatology. 1992;14(2-3):310–316. [PubMed: 1380024]

Fattovich G, Brollo L, Giustina G, Noventa F, Pontisso P, Alberti A, et al. Natural history and prognostic factors for chronic hepatitis type B. Gut. 1991;32(3):294–298. [PMC free article: PMC1378837] [PubMed: 2013423]

Feher J, Lang I, Varga L, Tompos G. Effect of ornithine-aspartate infusion on elevated serum ammonia concentration in cirrhotic patients - results of a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind multicentre trial. Medical Science Monitor. 1997;3(5):669–673.

Feng C, Huang F, Nie W, Liu X, Ren S. Comparison of endoscopic band ligation and propranolol for the primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Journal of Central South University. 2012;37(5):513–516. [PubMed: 22659666]

Fera G. Rifaximin in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. European Journal of Clinical Research. 1993;4(1):57–66.

Ferlitsch A, Salzl P, Reiberger T, Homoncik M, Payer BA, Schwengerer B, et al. Comparison of liver stiffness assessment by Fibroscan-« and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging-« for the evaluation of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Zeitschrift Fur Gastroenterologie. 2010;48(05):4.

Fernandez J, Monteagudo J, Bargallo X, Jimenez W, Bosch J, Arroyo V, et al. A randomized unblinded pilot study comparing albumin versus hydroxyethyl starch in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatology. 2005;42(3):627–634. [PubMed: 16108036]

Fernandez M, Trepo E, Gustot T, Degre D, Verset L, Demetter P, et al. Fibroscan (Transient Elastography) is the most reliable non-invasive method for the assessment of severe fibrosis and cirrhosis in alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology. 2012;56(Suppl.1):821A–822A.

Fernandez-Rodriguez A, Berenguer J, Jimenez-Sousa MA, Guzman-Fulgencio M, Micheloud D, Miralles P, et al. Prediction of hepatic fibrosis in patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus based on genetic markers. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2013;64(5):434–442. [PubMed: 23797694]

Ferraioli G, Tinelli C, Dal Bello B, Zicchetti M, Filice G, Filice C, et al. Accuracy of real-time shear wave elastography for assessing liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C: a pilot study. Hepatology. 2012;56(6):2125–2133. [PubMed: 22767302]

Ferraioli G, Tinelli C, Dal Bello B, Zicchetti M, Lissandrin R, Filice G, et al. Performance of liver stiffness measurements by transient elastography in chronic hepatitis. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2013;19(1):49–56. [PMC free article: PMC3542745] [PubMed: 23326162]

Ferraioli G, Tinelli C, Malfitano A, Dal Bello B, Filice G, Filice C, et al. Performance of real-time strain elastography, transient elastography, and aspartate-to-platelet ratio index in the assessment of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2012;199(1):19–25. [PubMed: 22733889]

Ferral H, Male R, Cardiel M, Munoz L, Ferrari F. Cirrhosis: diagnosis by liver surface analysis with high-frequency ultrasound. Gastrointestinal Radiology. 1992;17(1):74–78. [PubMed: 1544561]

Ferrante WA, Maxfield WS. Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of liver scans, liver function tests and liver biopsies. Southern Medical Journal. 1968;61(12):1255–1263. [PubMed: 4304055]

Ferrarese A, Germani G, Rodriguez-Castro KI, Nadal E, Zanetto A, Bortoluzzi I, et al. Bleeding-unrelated mortality is not increased in patients with cirrhosis and ascites on treatment with beta-blockers: A meta-analysis. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2014;46(Suppl.1):e31.

Ferruzzi G, Debernardi VW, Elia C, Musso A, Bruno M, Saracco G, et al. Follow up of esophageal varices at 3 vs 6 months after eradication by endoscopic banding in cirrhotic patients. A prospective randomized trial. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2011;43(Suppl.2):S81–S82.

Filly RA, Reddy SG, Nalbandian AB, Lu Y, Callen PW. Sonographic evaluation of liver nodularity: Inspection of deep versus superficial surfaces of the liver. Journal of Clinical Ultrasound. 2002;30(7):399–407. [PubMed: 12210457]

Forestier J, Dumortier J, Guillaud O, Ecochard M, Roman S, Boillot O, et al. Noninvasive diagnosis and prognosis of liver cirrhosis: a comparison of biological scores, elastometry, and metabolic liver function tests. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2010;22(5):532–540. [PubMed: 20164779]

Fouad SA, Esmat S, Omran D, Rashid L, Kobaisi MH. Noninvasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2012;18(23):2988–2994. [PMC free article: PMC3380327] [PubMed: 22736923]

Foucher J, Chanteloup E, Vergniol J, Castera L, Le Bail B, Adhoute X, et al. Diagnosis of cirrhosis by transient elastography (FibroScan): a prospective study. Gut. 2006;55(3):403–408. [PMC free article: PMC1856085] [PubMed: 16020491]

Foucher J, Vergniol L, Castera L, Chanteloup E, Darriet M, Couzigou P. Fibrosis evaluation in chronic liver diseases: comparison of FibroScan^® with liver biopsy, FibroTest^®, Forns score, APRI, hyaluronan, prothrombin time, and AST/ALT ratio. Annual Meeting of the European Association of the Study of the Liver. 2005

Fraquelli M, Giunta M, Pozzi R, Rigamonti C, Della Valle S, Massironi S, et al. Feasibility and reproducibility of spleen transient elastography and its role in combination with liver transient elastography for predicting the severity of chronic viral hepatitis. Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2014;21(2):90–98. [PubMed: 24383922]

Fraquelli M, Rigamonti C, Casazza G, Conte D, Donato MF, Ronchi G, et al. Reproducibility of transient elastography in the evaluation of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease. Gut. 2007;56(7):968–973. [PMC free article: PMC1994385] [PubMed: 17255218]

Frazee LA, Marinos AE, Rybarczyk AM, Fulton SA. Long-term prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2005;39(5):908–912. [PubMed: 15769829]

Freeman AJ, Dore GJ, Law MG, Thorpe M, Von Overbeck J, Lloyd AR, et al. Estimating progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology. 2001;34(4 Pt.1):809–816. [PubMed: 11584380]

Freeman AJ, Law MG, Kaldor JM, Dore GJ. Predicting progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2003;10(4):285–293. [PubMed: 12823595]

Friedrich-Rust M, Lupsor M, de Knegt R, Dries V, Buggisch P, Gebel M, et al. Point shear wave elastography by acoustic radiation force impulse quantification in comparison to transient elastography for the noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C: a prospective international multicenter study. Ultraschall in Der Medizin. 2015;36(3):239–247. [PubMed: 25970201]

Friedrich-Rust M, Muller C, Winckler A, Kriener S, Herrmann E, Holtmeier J, et al. Assessment of liver fibrosis and steatosis in PBC with FibroScan, MRI, MR-spectroscopy, and serum markers. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2010;44(1):58–65. [PubMed: 19581812]

Friedrich-Rust M, Ong MF, Herrmann E, Dries V, Samaras P, Zeuzem S, et al. Real-time elastography for noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic viral hepatitis. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2007;188(3):758–764. [PubMed: 17312065]

Friedrich-Rust M, Romen D, Vermehren J, Kriener S, Sadet D, Herrmann E, et al. Acoustic radiation force impulse-imaging and transient elastography for non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis and steatosis in NAFLD. European Journal of Radiology. 2012;81(3):e325–e331. [PubMed: 22119555]

Friedrich-Rust M, Rosenberg W, Parkes J, Herrmann E, Zeuzem S, Sarrazin C. Comparison of ELF, FibroTest and FibroScan for the non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis. BMC Gastroenterology. 2010;10:103. [PMC free article: PMC2944336] [PubMed: 20828377]

Friedrich-Rust M, Wunder K, Kriener S, Sotoudeh F, Richter S, Bojunga J, et al. Liver fibrosis in viral hepatitis: noninvasive assessment with acoustic radiation force impulse imaging versus transient elastography. Radiology. 2009;252(2):595–604. [PubMed: 19703889]

Frossard JL, Giostra E, Rubbia-Brandt L, Hadengue A, Spahr L. The role of transient elastography in the detection of liver disease in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Liver International. 2013;33(7):1121–1127. [PubMed: 23560827]

Funakoshi N, Duny Y, Valats JC, Segalas-Largey F, Flori N, Bismuth M, et al. Meta-analysis: beta-blockers versus banding ligation for primary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding. Annals of Hepatology. 2012;11(3):369–383. [PubMed: 22481457]

Gaba RC, Kallwitz ER, Parvinian A, Bui JT, Von Roenn NM, Berkes JL, et al. Imaging surveillance and multidisciplinary review improves curative therapy access and survival in HCC patients. Annals of Hepatology. 2013;12(5):766–773. [PubMed: 24018494]

Gaia S, Campion D, Evangelista A, Spandre M, Cosso L, Brunello F, et al. Non-invasive score system for fibrosis in chronic hepatitis: proposal for a model based on biochemical, FibroScan and ultrasound data. Liver International. 2015;35(8):2027–2035. [PubMed: 25495478]

Gaiani S, Gramantieri L, Venturoli N, Piscaglia F, Siringo S, D'Errico A, et al. What is the criterion for differentiating chronic hepatitis from compensated cirrhosis? A prospective study comparing ultrasonography and percutaneous liver biopsy. Journal of Hepatology. 1997;27(6):979–985. [PubMed: 9453422]

Ganne-Carrie N, Ziol M, de Ledinghen V, Douvin C, Marcellin P, Castera L, et al. Accuracy of liver stiffness measurement for the diagnosis of cirrhosis in patients with chronic liver diseases. Hepatology. 2006;44(6):1511–1517. [PubMed: 17133503]

Gara N, Zhao X, Kleiner DE, Liang TJ, Hoofnagle JH, Ghany MG. Discordance among transient elastography, aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index, and histologic assessments of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2013;11(3):303–308. [PMC free article: PMC3642246] [PubMed: 23142332]

Garceau AJ. The natural history of cirrhosis. II. The influence of alcohol and prior hepatitis on pathology and prognosis. New England Journal of Medicine. 1964;271(23):1173–1179. [PubMed: 14203532]

Garcia-Compean D, Blanc P, Larrey D, Daures JP, Hirtz J, Mendoza E, et al. Treatment of cirrhotic tense ascites with Dextran-40 versus albumin associated with large volume paracentesis: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Hepatology. 2002;1(1):29–35. [PubMed: 15114293]

Garcia-Compean D, Jaquez-Quintana JO, Lavalle-Gonzalez FJ, Gonzalez-Gonzalez JA, Maldonado Garza HJ, Villarreal-Perez JZ. Plasma cytokine levels imbalance in cirrhotic patients with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus. A prospective study. Annals of Hepatology. 2014;13(4):403–410. [PubMed: 24927611]

Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace N, Carey W. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46(3):922–938. [PubMed: 17879356]

Gawrieh S, Shaker R. Variceal band ligation versus propranolol for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Current Gastroenterology Reports. 2005;7(3):175–176. [PubMed: 15913473]

Ge J, Yu Y-Z, Li T, Guo Z-Y, Wu H, Tang S-C, et al. IL-17A G197A gene polymorphism contributes to susceptibility for liver cirrhosis development from patients with chronic hepatitis B infection in chinese population. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2015;8(6):9793–9798. [PMC free article: PMC4537967] [PubMed: 26309658]

Gebo KA, Chander G, Jenckes MW, Ghanem KG, Herlong HF, Torbenson MS, et al. Screening tests for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review. Hepatology. 2002;36(5 Suppl.1):S84–S92. [PubMed: 12407580]

Giannini E, Botta F, Borro P, Dulbecco P, Testa E, Mansi C, et al. Application of the platelet count/spleen diameter ratio to rule out the presence of oesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis: a validation study based on follow-up. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2005;37(10):779–785. [PubMed: 15996912]

Giannini E, Botta F, Fumagalli A, Malfatti F, Testa E, Chiarbonello B, et al. Can inclusion of serum creatinine values improve the Child-Turcotte-Pugh score and challenge the prognostic yield of the model for end-stage liver disease score in the short-term prognostic assessment of cirrhotic patients? Liver International. 2004;24(5):465–470. [PubMed: 15482344]

Giannini E, Botta F, Testa E, Romagnoli P, Polegato S, Malfatti F, et al. The 1-year and 3-month prognostic utility of the AST/ALT ratio and model for end-stage liver disease score in patients with viral liver cirrhosis. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002;97(11):2855–2860. [PubMed: 12425560]

Giannini E, Risso D, Botta F, Chiarbonello B, Fasoli A, Malfatti F, et al. Validity and clinical utility of the aspartate aminotransferase-alanine aminotransferase ratio in assessing disease severity and prognosis in patients with hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003;163(2):218–224. [PubMed: 12546613]

Giannini E, Risso D, Caglieris S, Testa R. Longitudinal modifications of the MELD score have prognostic meaning in patients with liver cirrhosis. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2005;39(10):912–914. [PubMed: 16208118]

Gines A, Planas R, Angeli P, Guarner C, Salerno F, Gines P, et al. Treatment of patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites using LeVeen shunt with titanium tip: comparison with therapeutic paracentesis. Hepatology. 1995;22(1):124–131. [PubMed: 7601403]

Gines P, Angeli P, Lenz K, Moller S, Moore K, Moreau R, et al. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Journal of Hepatology. 2010;53(3):397–417. [PubMed: 20633946]

Gines P, Arroyo V, Vargas V, Planas R, Casafont F, Panes J, et al. Paracentesis with intravenous infusion of albumin as compared with peritoneovenous shunting in cirrhosis with refractory ascites. New England Journal of Medicine. 1991;325(12):829–835. [PubMed: 1875966]

Gines P, Rimola A, Planas R, Vargas V, Marco F, Almela M, et al. Norfloxacin prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis recurrence in cirrhosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology. 1990;12(4 Pt.1):716–724. [PubMed: 2210673]

Gines P, Uriz J, Calahorra B, Garcia-Tsao G, Kamath PS, Del Arbol LR, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting versus paracentesis plus albumin for refractory ascites in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2002;123(6):1839–1847. [PubMed: 12454841]

Giorgio A, Amoroso P, Lettieri G, Fico P, de Stefano G, Finelli L, et al. Cirrhosis: value of caudate to right lobe ratio in diagnosis with US. Radiology. 1986;161(2):443–445. [PubMed: 3532188]

Giraldez A, Sousa JM, Bozada JM, Cayuela A, Pascasio JM, Garcia I, et al. Results of an upper endoscopy protocol in liver transplant candidates. Revista Espanola De Enfermedades Digestivas. 2003;95(8):555–54. [PubMed: 14510630]

Gluud C, Dejgaard A, Hardt F, Kristensen M, Köhler O, Melgaard B, et al. Preliminary treatment results with balanced amino acid infusion to patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology Supplement. 1983;86:19.

Gluud LL, Klingenberg S, Nikolova D, Gluud C. Banding ligation versus beta-blockers as primary prophylaxis in esophageal varices: systematic review of randomized trials. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2007;102(12):2842–2849. [PubMed: 18042114]

Gluud LL, Vilstrup H, Morgan MY. The effect of treatment for hepatic encephalopathy with nonabsorbable disaccharides on morbidity and mortality in patients with cirrhosis: Systematic review and meta-analyses. Journal of Hepatology. 2015;62(Suppl.2):S353.

Gluud LL, Dam G, Les I, Cordoba J, Marchesini G, Borre M, et al. Branched-chain amino acids for people with hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;(2) CD001939. [PubMed: 26377410] [CrossRef]

Gobel T, Schadewaldt-Tummers J, Greiner L, Poremba C, Haussinger D, Erhardt A. Transient elastography improves detection of liver cirrhosis compared to routine screening tests. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2015;21(3):953–960. [PMC free article: PMC4299349] [PubMed: 25624730]

Godfrey EM, Patterson AJ, Priest AN, Davies S, Joubert I, Krishnan A, et al. A comparison of MR elastography and 31P MR spectroscopy with histological staging of liver fibrosis. European Radiology. 2012;22(12):2790–2797. [PubMed: 22752441]

Goertz RS, Zopf Y, Jugl V, Heide R, Janson C, Strobel D, et al. Measurement of liver elasticity with acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) technology: an alternative noninvasive method for staging liver fibrosis in viral hepatitis. Ultraschall in Der Medizin. 2010;31(2):151–155. [PubMed: 20306380]

Gomez-Dominguez E, Mendoza J, Garcia-Buey L, Trapero M, Gisbert JP, Jones EA, et al. Transient elastography to assess hepatic fibrosis in primary biliary cirrhosis. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2008;27(5):441–447. [PubMed: 18081731]

Goodgame B, Shaheen NJ, Galanko J, El-Serag HB. The risk of end stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma among persons infected with hepatitis C virus: publication bias? American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003;98(11):2535–2542. [PubMed: 14638360]

Gordon SC, Lamerato LE, Rupp LB, Holmberg SD, Moorman AC, Spradling PR, et al. Prevalence of cirrhosis in hepatitis C patients in the chronic hepatitis cohort study (CHeCS): a retrospective and prospective observational study. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2015;110(8):1169–1177. [PMC free article: PMC5731242] [PubMed: 26215529]

Gordon T, Kannel WB. Drinking and mortality. The Framingham Study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1984;120(1):97–107. [PubMed: 6741928]

Gosink BB, Lemon SK, Scheible W, Leopold GR. Accuracy of ultrasonography in diagnosis of hepatocellular disease. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1979;133(1):19–23. [PubMed: 110064]

Goto Y, Okuda K, Akasu G, Kinoshita H, Tanaka H. Noninvasive diagnosis of compensated cirrhosis using an analysis of the time-intensity curve portal vein slope gradient on contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Surgery Today. 2014;44(8):1496–1505. [PMC free article: PMC4097203] [PubMed: 24136649]

Gotzberger M, Singer J, Kaiser C, Gulberg V. Intrarenal resistance index as a prognostic parameter in patients with liver cirrhosis compared with other hepatic scoring systems. Digestion. 2012;86(4):349–354. [PubMed: 23207318]

Gough IR, Balderson GA. Malignant ascites. A comparison of peritoneovenous shunting and nonoperative management. Cancer. 1993;71(7):2377–2382. [PubMed: 7680947]

Grace N, Conn HO, Bosch J, Groszmann R, Rodes J, Wright SC, et al. Propranolol in the prevention of first hemorrhage from esophageal varices (EVH): a multicenter controller trial. Hepatology. 1988;8(5):1220.

Grace N, Conn HO, Groszmann R, Richardson CR, Matloff DS, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Propranolol for prevention of first esophageal variceal hemorrhage (EVH): a lifetime commitment? Hepatology. 1990;12(2):407.

Grgurevic I, Cikara I, Horvat J, Lukic IK, Heinzl R, Banic M, et al. Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis with acoustic radiation force impulse imaging: increased liver and splenic stiffness in patients with liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Ultraschall in Der Medizin. 2011;32(2):160–166. [PubMed: 21104600]

Grimm G, Ferenci P, Katzenschlager R, Madl C, Schneeweiss B, Laggner AN, et al. Improvement of hepatic encephalopathy treated with flumazenil. The Lancet. 1988;2(8625):1392–1394. [PubMed: 2904525]

Groeneweg M, Gyr K, Amrein R, Scollo-Lavizzari G, Williams R, Yoo JY, et al. Effect of flumazenil on the electroencephalogram of patients with portosystemic encephalopathy. Results of a double blind, randomised, placebo-controlled multicentre trial. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1996;98(1):29–34. [PubMed: 8689991]

Grungreiff K, Kleine F-D, Musil HE, Diete U, Franke D, Klauck S, et al. Valine enriched branched-chain amino acids in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Zeitschrift Fur Gastroenterologie. 1993;31(4):235–241. [PubMed: 8493803]

Gulberg V, Deibert P, Ochs A, Rossle M, Gerbes A. Prevention of infectious complications after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in cirrhotic patients with a single dose of ceftriaxone. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 1999;46(26):1126–1130. [PubMed: 10370679]

Guzelbulut F, Cetinkaya ZA, Sezikli M, Yasar B, Ozkara S, Ovunc AOK. AST-platelet ratio index, Forns index and FIB-4 in the prediction of significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology. 2011;22(3):279–285. [PubMed: 21805418]

Hadengue A, Gadano A, Giostra E, Negro F, Moreau R, Valla D, et al. Terlipressin in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS): a double blind cross-over study. Hepatology. 1995;22(4 Pt.2):165A.

Haktanir A, Cihan BS, Celenk C, Cihan S. Value of Doppler sonography in assessing the progression of chronic viral hepatitis and in the diagnosis and grading of cirrhosis. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2005;24(3):311–321. [PubMed: 15723843]

Hamberg KJ, Carstensen B, Sorensen TI, Eghoje K. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of cirrhosis among alcohol-abusing men. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1996;49(11):1295–1301. [PubMed: 8892498]

Han KH, Kim do Y, Park JY, Ahn SH, Kim J, Kim SU, et al. Survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients may be improved in surveillance interval not more than 6 months compared with more than 6 months: a 15-year prospective study. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2013;47(6):538–544. [PubMed: 23340065]

Haque M, Robinson C, Owen D, Yoshida EM, Harris A. Comparison of acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI) to liver biopsy histologic scores in the evaluation of chronic liver disease: A pilot study. Annals of Hepatology. 2010;9(3):289–293. [PubMed: 20720270]

Harkisoen S, Arends JE, van den Hoek JAR, Whelan J, van Erpecum KJ, Boland GJ, et al. Historic and current hepatitis B viral DNA and quantitative HBsAg level are not associated with cirrhosis in non-Asian women with chronic hepatitis B. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2014;29:133–138. [PubMed: 25449247]

Hashemi SJ, Hajiani E, Masjedizadeh A, Makvandi M, Shayesteh AA, Alavinejad SP, et al. Occult hepatitis B infection in patients with cryptogenic liver cirrhosis in southwest of iran. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology. 2015;8(3):e16873. [PMC free article: PMC4386076] [PubMed: 25861432]

Hassan EA, Abd El-Rehim ASED. A revised scope in different prognostic models in cirrhotic patients: Current and future perspectives, an Egyptian experience. Arab Journal of Gastroenterology. 2013;14(4):158–164. [PubMed: 24433645]

Hayes P, Davis JM, Lewis JA, Bouchier IA. Meta-analysis of value of propranolol in prevention of variceal haemorrhage. The Lancet. 1990;336(8708):153–156. [PubMed: 1973480]

He L, Deng T, Luo HS. Genetic polymorphism in alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (ADH2) gene and alcoholic liver cirrhosis risk. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2015;8(5):7786–7793. [PMC free article: PMC4509275] [PubMed: 26221330]

Hedin K, Babic A, Fryden A. Liver guide for monitoring of chronic hepatitis C. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. 2000:340–343. [PMC free article: PMC2243716] [PubMed: 11079901]

Held C. Metronidazole in hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Klinische Wochenschrift. 1988;66(Suppl.13):63.

Held C, Jennerjahn A. Metronidazol for hepatic encephalopathy. Zeitschrift Für Klinische Medizin. 1987;42(7):625–627.

Hess CF, Schmiedl U, Koelbel G, Knecht R, Kurtz B. Diagnosis of liver cirrhosis with US: receiver-operating characteristic analysis of multidimensional caudate lobe indexes. Radiology. 1989;171(2):349–351. [PubMed: 2649915]

Hirayama C, Ichida F, Takahashi Y. A controlled clinical trial of nicotinohydroxamic acid and neomycin in advanced chronic liver disease. Digestion. 1982;25(2):115–123. [PubMed: 6217100]

Horng MH, Sun YN, Lin XZ. Texture feature coding method for classification of liver sonography. Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics. 2002;26(1):33–42. [PubMed: 11734372]

Howard CD, Seifert CF. Flumazenil in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1993;27(1):46–48. [PubMed: 8431621]

Hsiang JC, Gane EJ, Bai WW, Gerred SJ. Type 2 diabetes: a risk factor for liver mortality and complications in hepatitis B cirrhosis patients. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2015;30(3):591–599. [PubMed: 25250942]

Hsieh WJ, Lin HC, Hwang SJ, Hou MC, Lee FY, Chang FY, et al. The effect of ciprofloxacin in the prevention of bacterial infection in patients with cirrhosis after upper gastrointestinal bleeding. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1998;93(6):962–966. [PubMed: 9647029]

Hsu C-S, Huang CJ, Kao JH, Lin HH, Chao YC, Fan Y, et al. Interferon-based therapy decreases risks of hepatocellular carcinoma and complications of cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C patients. PloS One. 2013;8(7):e70458. [PMC free article: PMC3720923] [PubMed: 23894660]

Huang H, Shiffman ML, Friedman S, Venkatesh R, Bzowej N, Abar OT, et al. A 7 gene signature identifies the risk of developing cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2007;46(2):297–306. [PubMed: 17461418]

Huang X, Lv B, Meng L, Xiang B. A meta-analysis on the efficacy of endoscopic variceal ligation and beta-adrenergic blocker for prophylaxis of first time esophageal variceal bleeding. Chinese Journal of Gastroenterology. 2007;12(1):9–13.

Huang YW, Wang TC, Lin SC, Chang HY, Chen DS, Hu JT, et al. Increased risk of cirrhosis and its decompensation in chronic hepatitis B patients with newly diagnosed diabetes: a nationwide cohort study. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2013;57(12):1695–1702. [PubMed: 24051864]

Hucke F, Sieghart W, Schoniger-Hekele M, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Muller C. Clinical characteristics of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Austria - is there a need for a structured screening program? Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2011;123(17-18):542–551. [PubMed: 21800047]

Hui JM, Sud A, Farrell GC, Bandara P, Byth K, Kench JG, et al. Erratum: Insulin resistance is associated with chronic hepatitis C and virus infection fibrosis progression (Gastroenterology (2002) 123 (1667-1676)). Gastroenterology. 2004;126(2):634.

Hultcrantz R, Gabrielsson N. Patients with persistent elevation of aminotransferases: investigation with ultrasonography, radionuclide imaging and liver biopsy. Journal of Internal Medicine. 1993;233(1):7–12. [PubMed: 8429291]

Hung Y-C, Lin C-L, Liu C-J, Hung H, Lin S-M, Lee S-D, et al. Development of risk scoring system for stratifying population for hepatocellular carcinoma screening. Hepatology. 2015;61(6):1934–1944. [PubMed: 25418332]

Huo T, Hsu C-Y, Lin HC, Lee PC, Lee J-Y, Lee FY, et al. Selecting an optimal cutoff value for creatinine in the model for end-stage liver disease equation. Clinical Transplantation. 2010;24(2):157–163. [PubMed: 19807746]

Huo T, Lin HC, Huo SC, Lee PC, Wu J-C, Lee FY, et al. Comparison of four model for end-stage liver disease-based prognostic systems for cirrhosis. Liver Transplantation. 2008;14(6):837–844. [PubMed: 18508377]

Huo T, Lin HC, Wu J-C, Lee FY, Hou MC, Lee PC, et al. Different model for end-stage liver disease score block distributions may have a variable ability for outcome prediction. Transplantation. 2005;80(10):1414–1418. [PubMed: 16340784]

Huo T, Wu JC, Hwang SJ, Lai CR, Lee PC, Tsay SH, et al. Factors predictive of liver cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B: a multivariate analysis in a longitudinal study. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2000;12(6):687–693. [PubMed: 10912490]

Huo T, Wu JC, Lee PC, Tsay SH, Chang FY, Lee SD. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor of liver cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2000;30(3):250–254. [PubMed: 10777182]

Huo T, Wu J-C, Lin HC, Lee FY, Hou MC, Lee PC, et al. Evaluation of the increase in model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score over time as a prognostic predictor in patients with advanced cirrhosis: Risk factor analysis and comparison with initial MELD and Child-Turcotte-Pugh score. Journal of Hepatology. 2005;42(6):826–832. [PubMed: 15885353]

Huwart L, Salameh N, ter Beek L, Vicaut E, Peeters F, Sinkus R, et al. MR elastography of liver fibrosis: preliminary results comparing spin-echo and echo-planar imaging. European Radiology. 2008;18(11):2535–2541. [PubMed: 18504591]

Huwart L, Sempoux C, Salameh N, Jamart J, Annet L, Sinkus R, et al. Liver fibrosis: noninvasive assessment with MR elastography versus aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index. Radiology. 2007;245(2):458–466. [PubMed: 17940304]

Huwart L, Sempoux C, Vicaut E, Salameh N, Annet L, Danse E, et al. Magnetic resonance elastography for the noninvasive staging of liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 2008;135(1):32–40. [PubMed: 18471441]

Hwang SJ, Chan C-Y, Wu J-C, Lee S-D, Huan Y-S, Tsai Y-T. A randomized controlled trial for the evaluation of the efficacy of branched chain amino acid-enriched amino acid solution in the treatment of patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Chinese Journal of Gastroenterology. 1988;5:185–192.

Iacobellis A, Fusilli S, Mangia A, Clemente R, Festa V, Giacobbe A, et al. Ultrasonographic and biochemical parameters in the non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis in hepatitis C virus chronic hepatitis. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2005;22(9):769–774. [PubMed: 16225484]

Ichikawa S, Motosugi U, Morisaka H, Sano K, Ichikawa T, Enomoto N, et al. MRI-based staging of hepatic fibrosis: Comparison of intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging with magnetic resonance elastography. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2015;42(1):204–210. [PubMed: 25223820]

Ichikawa S, Motosugi U, Ichikawa T, Sano K, Morisaka H, Enomoto N, et al. Magnetic resonance elastography for staging liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences. 2012;11(4):291–297. [PubMed: 23269016]

Ichikawa S, Motosugi U, Morisaka H, Sano K, Ichikawa T, Tatsumi A, et al. Comparison of the diagnostic accuracies of magnetic resonance elastography and transient elastography for hepatic fibrosis. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2015;33(1):26–30. [PubMed: 25308096]

Ichino N, Osakabe K, Nishikawa T, Sugiyama H, Kato M, Kitahara S, et al. A new index for non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2010;16(38):4809–4816. [PMC free article: PMC2955250] [PubMed: 20939109]

Ideo G, Bellati G, Fesce E, Grimoldi D. Nadolol can prevent the first gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotics: a prospective, randomized study. Hepatology. 1988;8(1):6–9. [PubMed: 3276591]

Ieluzzi D, Covolo L, Donato F, Fattovich G. Progression to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related mortality in chronic hepatitis B patients in Italy. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2014;46(5):427–432. [PubMed: 24548819]

Ikeda K, Saitoh S, Suzuki Y, Kobayashi M, Tsubota A, Koida I, et al. Disease progression and hepatocellular carcinogenesis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis: a prospective observation of 2215 patients. Journal of Hepatology. 1998;28(6):930–938. [PubMed: 9672166]

Iliopoulos P, Vlychou M, Karatza C, Yarmenitis SD, Repanti M, Tsamis I, et al. Ultrasonography in differentiation between chronic viral hepatitis and compensated early stage cirrhosis. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2008;14(13):2072–2079. [PMC free article: PMC4977948] [PubMed: 18395909]

Iliopoulos P, Vlychou M, Margaritis V, Tsamis I, Tepetes K, Petsas T, et al. Gray and color Doppler ultrasonography in differentiation between chronic viral hepatitis and compensated early stage cirrhosis. Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases. 2007;16(3):279–286. [PubMed: 17925922]

Iloeje UH, Yang HI, Su J, Jen CL, You SL, Chen CJ, et al. Predicting cirrhosis risk based on the level of circulating hepatitis B viral load. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(3):678–686. [PubMed: 16530509]

Imbert-Bismut F, Ratziu V, Pieroni L, Charlotte F, Benhamou Y, Poynard T. Biochemical markers of liver fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C virus infection: a prospective study. The Lancet. 2001;357(9262):1069–1075. [PubMed: 11297957]

Imperiale TF, Chalasani N. A meta-analysis of endoscopic variceal ligation for primary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding. Hepatology. 2001;33(4):802–807. [PubMed: 11283842]

Imperiale TF, Klein RW, Chalasani N. Cost-effectiveness analysis of variceal ligation vs beta-blockers for primary prevention of variceal bleeding. Hepatology. 2007;45(4):870–878. [PubMed: 17393528]

Imperiale TF, McCullough AJ. Prophylactic beta-blocker therapy: clinical implications of an aggregate analysis. Hepatology. 1992;15(2):354–356. [PubMed: 1346523]

Imperiale TF, Said AT, Cummings OW, Born LJ. Need for validation of clinical decision aids: use of the AST/ALT ratio in predicting cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000;95(9):2328–2332. [PubMed: 11007237]

Inadomi J, Sonnenberg A. Cost-analysis of prophylactic antibiotics in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology. 1997;113(4):1289–1294. [PubMed: 9322524]

Infante-Rivard C, Esnaola S, Villeneuve J-P. Clinical and statistical validity of conventional prognostic factors in predicting short-term surfival among cirrhotics. Hepatology. 1987;7(4):660–664. [PubMed: 3610046]

Innes HA, Hutchinson SJ, Barclay S, Cadzow E, Dillon J, Fraser A, et al. Quantifying the fraction of cirrhosis attributable to alcohol among chronic hepatitis C virus patients: implications for treatment cost-effectiveness. Hepatology. 2013;57(2):451–460. [PubMed: 22961861]

Ioannou GN, Bryson CL, Weiss NS, Boyko EJ. Associations between lipodystrophy or antiretroviral medications and cirrhosis in patients with HIV infection or HIV/HCV coinfection. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2015;27(5):577–584. [PubMed: 25769096]

Ioannou GN, Weiss NS, Boyko EJ, Kowdley K, Kahn SE, Carithers RL, et al. Is central obesity associated with cirrhosis-related death or hospitalization? A population-based, cohort study. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2005;3(1):67–74. [PubMed: 15645407]

Ishibashi H, Maruyama H, Takahashi M, Fujiwara K, Imazeki F, Yokosuka O. Assessment of hepatic fibrosis by analysis of the dynamic behaviour of microbubbles during contrast ultrasonography. Liver International. 2010;30(9):1355–1363. [PubMed: 20704652]

Ishibashi H, Maruyama H, Takahashi M, Shimada T, Kamesaki H, Fujiwara K, et al. Demonstration of intrahepatic accumulated microbubble on ultrasound represents the grade of hepatic fibrosis. European Radiology. 2012;22(5):1083–1090. [PMC free article: PMC3321145] [PubMed: 22207268]

Islam S, Antonsson L, Westin J, Lagging M. Cirrhosis in hepatitis C virus-infected patients can be excluded using an index of standard biochemical serum markers. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2005;40(7):867–872. [PubMed: 16109665]

Izzo F, Cremona F, Ruffolo F, Palaia R, Parisi V, Curley S. Detection of hepatocellular cancer during screening of 1125 patients with chronic hepatitis virus infection. Journal of Chemotherapy. 1997;9(2):151–152. [PubMed: 9176768]

Jamal MM, Saadi Z, Morgan TR. Alcohol and hepatitis C. Digestive Diseases. 2005;23(3-4):285–296. [PubMed: 16508293]

Jan CF, You SL, Sun CA, Chen TI, Yang HI, Lu SN. A community-based randomized trial on hepatocellular carcinoma screening using abdominal ultrasonography and alha-fetoprotein in Taiwan. Journal of Hepatology. 2005;44(2 Suppl.):S4.

Jensen DM. Endoscopic screening for varices in cirrhosis: findings, implications, and outcomes. Gastroenterology. 2002;122(6):1620–1630. [PubMed: 12016427]

Jerkeman A, Westin J, Lagging M, Norkrans G, Lidman C, Frimand J, et al. Chronic hepatitis C in Swedish subjects receiving opiate substitution therapy--factors associated with advanced fibrosis. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2014;46(5):340–347. [PubMed: 24552582]

Jiang Q, Jiang XH, Zheng MH, Chen YP. L-Ornithine-l-aspartate in the management of hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2009;24(1):9–14. [PubMed: 18823442]

Jiang Q, Jiang XH, Zheng Mh, Jiang LM, Chen YP, Wang L. Rifaximin versus nonabsorbable disaccharides in the management of hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2008;20(11):1064–1070. [PubMed: 19047837]

Jindal A, Maiwal R, Vashishta C, Kumar M, Kumar Chandan KN, Bhatia V, et al. A randomized, comparative open label study of imipenem versus cefepime in difficult to treat spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014;33(1 Suppl.1):A22.

Jindal A, Sarin SK. A randomized trial of ‘imipenem versus cefepime’ in difficult to treat spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) and to evaluate the risk factors for treatment failure. Hepatology. 2014;60(Suppl.1):279A.

Jou JH, Chen PH, Jazwinski A, Bouneva I, Smith AD, Muir AJ. Rates of surveillance and management of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients evaluated at a liver transplant center. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2010;55(12):3591–3596. [PMC free article: PMC5144159] [PubMed: 20683659]

Jung KS, Kim SU, Ahn SH, Park YN, Kim DY, Park JY, et al. Risk assessment of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma development using liver stiffness measurement (FibroScan). Hepatology. 2011;53(3):885–894. [PubMed: 21319193]

Junge G, Schewior L, Neuhaus P. Hepatorenal syndrome in patients waiting for LTx - Efficacy of different plasma volume expansion/vasoconstriction regimens compared to TIPS. Liver Transplantation. 2010;16(Suppl.1):S81–S82.

Kage M, Shimamatu K, Nakashima E, Kojiro M, Inoue O, Yano M. Long-term evolution of fibrosis from chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis in patients with hepatitis C: morphometric analysis of repeated biopsies. Hepatology. 1997;25(4):1028–1031. [PubMed: 9096615]

Kalman R, Nunes D. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma associated with meeting milan criteria at diagnosis. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014;109(Suppl.2):S135.

Kamath PS, Wiesner RH, Malinchoc M, Kremers W, Therneau TM, Kosberg CL, et al. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology. 2001;33(2):464–470. [PubMed: 11172350]

Kamper-Jorgensen M, Gronbaek M, Tolstrup J, Becker U. Alcohol and cirrhosis: dose--response or threshold effect? Journal of Hepatology. 2004;41(1):25–30. [PubMed: 15246203]

Kamphues C, Lotz K, Rocken C, Berg T, Eurich D, Pratschke J, et al. Chances and limitations of non-invasive tests in the assessment of liver fibrosis in liver transplant patients. Clinical Transplantation. 2010;24(5):652–659. [PubMed: 19925459]

Kaneda H, Hashimoto E, Yatsuji S, Tokushige K, Shiratori K. Hyaluronic acid levels can predict severe fibrosis and platelet counts can predict cirrhosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2006;21(9):1459–1465. [PubMed: 16911693]

Kang W, Kim SU, Ahn SH. Non-invasive prediction of forthcoming cirrhosis-related complications. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014;20(10):2613–2623. [PMC free article: PMC3949270] [PubMed: 24627597]

Kansagara D, Papak J, Pasha AS, O'Neil M, Freeman M, Relevo R, et al. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic liver disease: a systematic review. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2014;161(4):261–269. [PubMed: 24934699]

Karagiannakis DS, Vlachogiannakos J, Anastasiadis G, Vafiadis-Zouboulis I, Ladas SD. Diastolic cardiac dysfunction is a predictor of dismal prognosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology International. 2014;8(4):588–594. [PubMed: 26202764]

Karoui S, Romdhane SB, Serghini M, Mustapha NB, Boubaker J, Haouet S, et al. Is apri score a suitable tool for prediction of fibrosis in tunisian patients with genotype 1 chronic viral hepatitis c? Tunisie Medicale. 2012;90(4):282–285. [PubMed: 22535341]

Kemp W, Pianko S, Nguyen S, Bailey MJ, Roberts S. Survival in hepatocellular carcinoma: impact of screening and etiology of liver disease. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2005;20(6):873–881. [PubMed: 15946134]

Kersh ES, Rifkin H. Lactulose enemas. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1973;78(1):81–84. [PubMed: 4682313]

Khalili K, Menezes R, Kim TK, Kochak Yazdi L, Jang HJ, Sharma S, et al. The effectiveness of ultrasound surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in a Canadian centre and determinants of its success. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2015;29(5):267–273. [PMC free article: PMC4467488] [PubMed: 26076226]

Khambaty M, Nehra M, Singal A. Surveillance endoscopic variceal ligation is underutilized in patients with cirrhosis and bleeding esophageal varices. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014;109(Suppl.2):S181.

Khan DA, Fatima-Tuz-Zuhra, Khan FA, Mubarak A. Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of APRI for prediction of fibrosis in hepatitis C patients. Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad. 2008;20(4):122–126. [PubMed: 19999223]

Khokhar N, Qureshi MO, Ahmad S, Ahmad A, Khan HH, Shafqat F, et al. Comparison of once a day rifaximin to twice a day dosage in the prevention of recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with chronic liver disease. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2015;30(9):1420–1422. [PubMed: 25867912]

Khullar V, Firpi RJ. Hepatitis C cirrhosis: New perspectives for diagnosis and treatment. World Journal of Hepatology. 2015;7(14):1843–1855. [PMC free article: PMC4506942] [PubMed: 26207166]

Khuroo MS, Khuroo NS, Farahat KLC, Khuroo YS, Sofi AA, Dahab ST. Meta-analysis: endoscopic variceal ligation for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2005;21(4):347–361. [PubMed: 15709985]

Kim BH, Lee JM, Lee Yj, Lee KB, Suh KS, Han JK, et al. MR elastography for noninvasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis: experience from a tertiary center in Asia. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2011;34(5):1110–1116. [PubMed: 21932355]

Kim JN, Sohn KM, Kim MY, Suk KT, Jeong SW, Jung HE, et al. Relationship between the hepatic venous pressure gradient and first variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis: a multicenter retrospective study in Korea. Clinical and Molecular Hepatology. 2012;18(4):391–396. [PMC free article: PMC3540376] [PubMed: 23323255]

Kim SG, Kim YS, Jung SW, Kim HK, Jang JY, Moon JH, et al. [The usefulness of transient elastography to diagnose cirrhosis in patients with alcoholic liver disease]. Korean Journal of Hepatology. 2009;15(1):42–51. [PubMed: 19346784]

Kim SU, Lee JH, Kim DY, Ahn SH, Jung KS, Choi EH, et al. Prediction of liver-related events using fibroscan in chronic hepatitis B patients showing advanced liver fibrosis. PloS One. 2012;7(5):e36676. [PMC free article: PMC3344942] [PubMed: 22574212]

Kim WR, Poterucha JJ, Wiesner RH, LaRusso NF, Lindor KD, Petz J, et al. The relative role of the Child-Pugh classification and the Mayo natural history model in the assessment of survival in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 1999;29(6):1643–1648. [PubMed: 10347102]

Kim YS, Um SH, Ryu HS, Lee JB, Lee JW, Park DK, et al. The prognosis of liver cirrhosis in recent years in Korea. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2003;18(6):833–841. [PMC free article: PMC3055146] [PubMed: 14676440]

Kimer N, Krag A, Moller S, Bendtsen F, Gluud LL. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the effects of rifaximin in hepatic encephalopathy. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2014;40(2):123–132. [PubMed: 24849268]

Kimer N, Krag A, Bendtsen F, Møller S, Gluud LL. Rifaximin for people with hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;(3) CD011585. [CrossRef]

Kircheis G, Nilius R. Therapeutic effects of L-ornithine-L-aspartate infusion concentrate in hepatic encephalopathy. Results of a placebo-controlled clinical trial (abtracts-GASL). Zeitschrift Fur Gastroenterologie. 1992;30(4):290.

Kircheis G, Wettstein M, Dahl S, Haussinger D. Clinical efficacy of L-ornithine-L-aspartate in the management of hepatic encephalopathy. Metabolic Brain Disease. 2002;17(4):453–462. [PubMed: 12602521]

Kirk GD, Astemborski J, Mehta SH, Spoler C, Fisher C, Allen D, et al. Assessment of liver fibrosis by transient elastography in persons with hepatitis C virus infection or HIV-hepatitis C virus coinfection. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2009;48(7):963–972. [PMC free article: PMC2715996] [PubMed: 19236273]

Klatsky AL, Friedman GD, Siegelaub AB. Alcohol and mortality. A ten-year Kaiser-Permanente experience. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1981;95(2):139–145. [PubMed: 7258861]

Klotz U, Walker S. Flumazenil and hepatic encephalopathy. The Lancet. 1989;1(8630):155–156. [PubMed: 2563065]

Kobayashi K, Nakao H, Nishiyama T, Lin Y, Kikuchi S, Kobayashi Y, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of real-time tissue elastography for the staging of liver fibrosis: a meta-analysis. European Radiology. 2015;25(1):230–238. [PubMed: 25149296]

Kohli A, Murphy AA, Agarwal C, Shivakumar B, Kottilil S, Polis MA, et al. HCC surveillance results in earlier HCC detection: results from an Indian cohort. Springerplus. 2014;3:610. [PMC free article: PMC4209002] [PubMed: 25392781]

Koizumi Y, Hirooka M, Kisaka Y, Konishi I, Abe M, Murakami H, et al. Liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C: noninvasive diagnosis by means of real-time tissue elastography--establishment of the method for measurement. Radiology. 2011;258(2):610–617. [PubMed: 21273523]

Koo JK, Kim JH, Choi YJ, Lee CI, Yang JH, Yoon HY, et al. Predictive value of Refit Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, Refit Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Na, and pre-existing scoring system for 3-month mortality in Korean patients with cirrhosis. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2013;28(7):1209–1216. [PubMed: 23425057]

Korula J. Hemodynamic events in a prospective randomized trial of propranolol versus placebo in the prevention of a first variceal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology. 1991;101(2):590–592. [PubMed: 1953864]

Kramer C, Jaspers N, Nierhoff D, Kuhr K, Bowe A, Goeser T, et al. Acoustic structure quantification ultrasound software proves imprecise in assessing liver fibrosis or cirrhosis in parenchymal liver diseases. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. 2014;40(12):2811–2818. [PubMed: 25308947]

Kramer JR, Giordano TP, Souchek J, Richardson P, Hwang LY, El-Serag HB. The effect of HIV coinfection on the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in U.S. veterans with hepatitis C. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2005;100(1):56–63. [PubMed: 15654781]

Krystallis C, Masterton GS, Hayes P, Plevris JN. Update of endoscopy in liver disease: more than just treating varices. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2012;18(5):401–411. [PMC free article: PMC3272639] [PubMed: 22346246]

Kumar R, Rastogi A, Sharma MK, Bhatia V, Tyagi P, Sharma P, et al. Liver stiffness measurements in patients with different stages of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: diagnostic performance and clinicopathological correlation. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2013;58(1):265–274. [PubMed: 22790906]

Kuo YH, Lu SN, Chen CL, Cheng YF, Lin CY, Hung CH, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance and appropriate treatment options improve survival for patients with liver cirrhosis. European Journal of Cancer. 2010;46(4):744–751. [PubMed: 20060710]

Kuroda H, Kakisaka K, Tatemichi Y, Sawara K, Miyamoto Y, Oikawa K, et al. Non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis using acoustic radiation force impulse imaging in chronic hepatitis patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 2010;57(102-103):1203–1207. [PubMed: 21410059]

La Spada E, Soresi M, Giannitrapani L, La Spada M, Campagna E, Terranova A, et al. Long-term follow-up of hepatitis C virus-positive patients with persistently normal serum transaminases. Annals of Hepatology. 2013;12(1):36–43. [PubMed: 23293192]

Ladero JM, Delkader J, Ortega L, Fernandez C, Devesa MJ, Lopez-Alonso G, et al. Non-invasive evaluation of the fibrosis stage in chronic hepatitis C: a comparative analysis of nine scoring methods. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2010;45(1):51–59. [PubMed: 20030577]

Lagging M, Westin J, Svensson E, Aires N, Dhillon AP, Lindh M, et al. Progression of fibrosis in untreated patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Liver. 2002;22(2):136–144. [PubMed: 12028408]

Landoni G, Bove T, Szekely A, Comis M, Rodseth RN, Pasero D, et al. Reducing mortality in acute kidney injury patients: systematic review and international web-based survey. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2013;27(6):1384–1398. [PubMed: 24103711]

Lang I, Tompos G, Gogi A, Varga L, Varga L, Feher J. Effect of ornithin -aspartate therapy on serum ammonia level in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Zeitschrift Fur Gastroenterologie. 1995;33(5):298.

Lannerstedt H, Konopski Z, Sandvik L, Haaland T, Loberg EM, Haukeland JW. Combining transient elastography with FIB4 enhances sensitivity in detecting advanced fibrosis of the liver. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2013;48(1):93–100. [PubMed: 23205894]

Lata J, Jurankova J, Husova L, Senkyrik M, Dite P, Dastych M, et al. Variceal bleeding in portal hypertension: bacterial infection and comparison of efficacy of intravenous and per-oral application of antibiotics--a randomized trial. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2005;17(10):1105–1110. [PubMed: 16148557]

Lebrec D. Pharmacologic prevention of variceal bleeding and rebleeding. Journal of Hepatology. 1993;17(Suppl.2):S29–S33. [PubMed: 8098341]

Lebrec D. Long-term management of variceal bleeding: the place of pharmacotherapy. World Journal of Surgery. 1994;18(2):229–232. [PubMed: 7913784]

Lebrec D, Giuily N, Hadengue A, Vilgrain V, Moreau R, Poynard T, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: comparison with paracentesis in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites: a randomized trial. French Group of Clinicians and a Group of Biologists. Journal of Hepatology. 1996;25(2):135–144. [PubMed: 8878773]

Lebrec D, Poynard T, Capron JP, Hillon P, Geoffroy P, Roulot D, et al. Nadolol for prophylaxis of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. A randomized trial. Journal of Hepatology. 1988;7(1):118–125. [PubMed: 3053888]

Lebrec L. Beta-blockers in the prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding. Revista De Investigacion Clinica. 1990;42(Suppl.):159–164. [PubMed: 19256157]

Lee HS, Kim JK, Cheong JY, Han EJ, An SY, Song JH, et al. Prediction of compensated liver cirrhosis by ultrasonography and routine blood tests in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Korean Journal of Hepatology. 2010;16(4):369–375. [PMC free article: PMC3304612] [PubMed: 21415580]

Lee HW, Yoo EJ, Kim BK, Kim SU, Park JY, Kim DY, et al. Prediction of development of liver-related events by transient elastography in hepatitis B patients with complete virological response on antiviral therapy. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014;109(8):1241–1249. [PubMed: 24957159]

Lee HJ, Yeon JE, Yoon EL, Suh SJ, Kang K, Kim HR, et al. Long-term follow-up of chronic hepatitis C patients treated with interferon-alpha: risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in a single center over 10 years. Intervirology. 2015;58(1):14–21. [PubMed: 25592614]

Lee I, Agarwal R, Williams K. Albumin use in hepatorenal syndrome and large volume paracentesis. Philadelphia: Center for Evidence-based Practice (CEP); 2009.

Lee JS. Albumin for end-stage liver disease. Korean Journal of Internal Medicine. 2012;27(1):13–19. [PMC free article: PMC3295983] [PubMed: 22403494]

Lee MH, Yang HI, Liu J, Batrla-Utermann R, Jen CL, Iloeje UH, et al. Prediction models of long-term cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma risk in chronic hepatitis B patients: risk scores integrating host and virus profiles. Hepatology. 2013;58(2):546–554. [PubMed: 23504622]

Lee MH, Cheong JY, Um SH, Seo YS, Kim DJ, Hwang SG, et al. Comparison of surrogate serum markers and transient elastography (Fibroscan) for assessing cirrhosis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2010;55(12):3552–3560. [PubMed: 20428950]

Lemoine M, Katsahian S, Ziol M, Nahon P, Ganne-Carrie N, Kazemi F, et al. Liver stiffness measurement as a predictive tool of clinically significant portal hypertension in patients with compensated hepatitis C virus or alcohol-related cirrhosis. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2008;28(9):1102–1110. [PubMed: 18691352]

Leroy V, Sturm N, Faure P, Trocme C, Marlu A, Hilleret MN, et al. Prospective evaluation of FibroTest, FibroMeter, and HepaScore for staging liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B: comparison with hepatitis C. Journal of Hepatology. 2014;61(1):28–34. [PubMed: 24631902]

Levy RE, Catana AM, Durbin-Johnson B, Halsted CH, Medici V. Ethnic differences in presentation and severity of alcoholic liver disease. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2015;39(3):566–574. [PMC free article: PMC4348235] [PubMed: 25702770]

Leykum LK, El-Serag HB, Cornell J, Papadopoulos KP. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma among veterans with hepatitis C on disease stage, treatment received, and survival. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2007;5(4):508–512. [PubMed: 17382601]

Li L, Yu C, Li Y. Endoscopic band ligation versus pharmacological therapy for variceal bleeding in cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2011;25(3):147–155. [PMC free article: PMC3076033] [PubMed: 21499579]

Li SM, Li GX, Fu DM, Wang Y, Dang LQ. Liver fibrosis evaluation by ARFI and APRI in chronic hepatitis C. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014;20(28):9528–9533. [PMC free article: PMC4110585] [PubMed: 25071348]

Lichtinghagen R, Pietsch D, Bantel H, Manns M, Brand K, Bahr M. The Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) score: normal values, influence factors and proposed cut-off values. Journal of Hepatology. 2013;59(2):236–242. [PubMed: 23523583]

Lim AKP, Patel N, Eckersley RJ, Fitzpatrick J, Crossey MME, Hamilton G, et al. A comparison of 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy and microbubble-enhanced ultrasound for characterizing hepatitis c-related liver disease. Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2011;18(10):e530–e534. [PubMed: 21914073]

Lim AKP, Taylor-Robinson SD, Patel N, Eckersley RJ, Goldin RD, Hamilton G, et al. Hepatic vein transit times using a microbubble agent can predict disease severity non-invasively in patients with hepatitis C. Gut. 2005;54(1):128–133. [PMC free article: PMC1774345] [PubMed: 15591518]

Liu CH, Hsu SJ, Lin JW, Hwang JJ, Liu CJ, Yang PM, et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C by splenic Doppler impedance index. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2007;5(10):1199–1206. [PubMed: 17916547]

Liu CH, Liang CC, Huang KW, Liu CJ, Chen SI, Lin JW, et al. Transient elastography to assess hepatic fibrosis in hemodialysis chronic hepatitis C patients. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2011;6(5):1057–1065. [PMC free article: PMC3087771] [PubMed: 21393486]

Liu D, Fong DYT, Chan ACY, Poon RTP, Khong PL. Hepatocellular carcinoma: surveillance CT schedule after hepatectomy based on risk stratification. Radiology. 2015;274(1):133–140. [PubMed: 25162308]

Liu J, Jing Z-F, Yan J-H, Luo M, Hu R. Therapeutic effects of octreotide combined with alprostadil on cirrhosis with hepatorenal syndrome. World Chinese Journal of Digestology. 2014;22(14):2034–2038.

Lo GH, Chen WC, Chen MH, Lin CP, Lo CC, Hsu PI, et al. Endoscopic ligation vs. nadolol in the prevention of first variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2004;59(3):333–338. [PubMed: 14997127]

Lombard M, Abraldes JG, Altamirano J, Decaens T, Forns X. Clinical trial watch: reports from the AASLD Liver Meeting, Boston, November 2014. Journal of Hepatology. 2015;62(5):1196–1203. [PubMed: 25646885]

Longheval G, Vereerstraeten P, Thiry P, Delhaye M, Le Moine O, Deviere J, et al. Predictive models of short- and long-term survival in patients with nonbiliary cirrhosis. Liver Transplantation. 2003;9(3):260–267. [PubMed: 12619023]

Lontos S, Gow P, Roberts S, Vaughan RB, Angus P. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) prophylaxis: a randomised controlled trial comparing trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and norfloxacin. Journal of Hepatology. 2008;48(Suppl.2):S119.

Lontos S, Shelton E, Angus P, Vaughan R, Roberts S, Gordon A, et al. A randomized controlled study of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus norfloxacin for the prevention of infection in cirrhotic patients. Journal of Digestive Diseases. 2014;15(5):260–267. [PubMed: 24612987]

Loomba R, Wesley R, Bain A, Csako G, Pucino F. Role of fluoroquinolones in the primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: meta-analysis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2009;7(4):487–493. [PMC free article: PMC5807076] [PubMed: 19250986]

Lopez-Acosta ME, Mora-Levy J-G, Blancas-Valencia J-M, Paz-Flores V-M. Primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding comparing propranolol versus recharging a multiple band ligator: up to 4 years follow-up. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2002;55(5):AB195.

Lu M, Jia Y, Lu H, Peng Y. The effects of the combined administration of GTW and Zinc on posthepatic hepatorenal syndrome and its mechanism. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1999;14(Suppl.):A405.

Lucidarme D, Foucher J, Le Bail B, Vergniol J, Castera L, Duburque C, et al. Factors of accuracy of transient elastography (fibroscan) for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2009;49(4):1083–1089. [PubMed: 19140221]

Luo JC, Hwang SJ, Chang FY, Chu CW, Lai CR, Wang YJ, et al. Simple blood tests can predict compensated liver cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 2002;49(44):478–481. [PubMed: 11995477]

Luo X, Wang Z, Tsauo J, Zhou B, Zhang H, Li X. Advanced cirrhosis combined with portal vein thrombosis: a randomized trial of TIPS versus endoscopic band ligation plus propranolol for the prevention of recurrent esophageal variceal bleeding. Radiology. 2015;276(1):286–293. [PubMed: 25759969]

Lupsor M, Badea R, Stefanescu H, Grigorescu M, Serban A, Radu C, et al. Performance of unidimensional transient elastography in staging non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases. 2010;19(1):53–60. [PubMed: 20361076]

Lupsor M, Badea R, Stefanescu H, Grigorescu M, Sparchez Z, Serban A, et al. Analysis of histopathological changes that influence liver stiffness in chronic hepatitis C. Results from a cohort of 324 patients. Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases. 2008;17(2):155–163. [PubMed: 18568136]

Lutz HH, Gassler N, Tischendorf FW, Trautwein C, Tischendorf JJW. Doppler ultrasound of hepatic blood flow for noninvasive evaluation of liver fibrosis compared with liver biopsy and transient elastography. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2012;57(8):2222–2230. [PubMed: 22488634]

Lv X-H, Liu H-B, Wang Y, Wang B-Y, Song M, Sun M-J. Validation of model for end-stage liver disease score to serum sodium ratio index as a prognostic predictor in patients with cirrhosis. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2009;24(9):1547–1553. [PubMed: 19686416]

Macias J, Camacho A, Von Wichmann MA, Lopez-Cortes LF, Ortega E, Tural C, et al. Liver stiffness measurement versus liver biopsy to predict survival and decompensations of cirrhosis among HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients. AIDS. 2013;27(16):2541–2549. [PubMed: 23736148]

Macias-Rodriguez MA, Rendon-Unceta P, Ramos-Clemente-Romero MT, Troiteiro-Carrasco LM, Serrano-Leon MD. Prospective validation of two models for ultrasonographic diagnosis of cirrhosis. Revista Espanola De Enfermedades Digestivas. 2011;103(5):232–237. [PubMed: 21619386]

Mahadeva S, Mahfudz AS, Vijayanathan A, Goh KL, Kulenthran A, Cheah PL. Performance of transient elastography (TE) and factors associated with discordance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of Digestive Diseases. 2013;14(11):604–610. [PubMed: 23859493]

Maharshi S, Sharma BC, Srivastava S, Jindal A. Randomised controlled trial of lactulose versus rifaximin for prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with acute variceal bleed. Gut. 2015;64(8):1341–1342. [PubMed: 25320105]

Malaguarnera M, Pistone G, Astuto M, Dell'Arte S, Finocchiaro G, Lo Giudice E, et al. L-Carnitine in the treatment of mild or moderate hepatic encephalopathy. Digestive Diseases. 2003;21(3):271–275. [PubMed: 14571103]

Malaguarnera M, Pistone G, Astuto M, Vecchio I, Raffaele R, Lo Giudice E, et al. Effects of L-acetylcarnitine on cirrhotic patients with hepatic coma: randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2006;51(12):2242–2247. [PubMed: 17080254]

Malaguarnera M, Pistone G, Elvira R, Leotta C, Scarpello L, Liborio R. Effects of L-carnitine in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2005;11(45):7197–7202. [PMC free article: PMC4725086] [PubMed: 16437672]

Malaguarnera M, Risino C, Cammalleri L, Malaguarnera L, Astuto M, Vecchio I, et al. Branched chain amino acids supplemented with L-acetylcarnitine versus BCAA treatment in hepatic coma: a randomized and controlled double blind study. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2009;21(7):762–770. [PubMed: 19357525]

Malik R, Lai M, Sadiq A, Farnan R, Mehta SH, Nasser I, et al. Comparison of transient elastography, serum markers and clinical signs for the diagnosis of compensated cirrhosis. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2010;25(9):1562–1568. [PubMed: 20796156]

Mallaiyappan M, Sawalakhe NR, Sasidharan M, Shah DK, Rathi PM, Bhatia SJ. Retrospective and prospective validation of model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score in predicting mortality in patients of alcoholic liver disease. Tropical Gastroenterology. 2013;34(4):252–258. [PubMed: 25046888]

Manera J, Mappala HT. A meta-analysis of propranolol versus rubber band ligation as primary prophylaxis for variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2012;27(Suppl.5):223.

Manini MA, Sangiovanni A, Fornari F, Piscaglia F, Biolato M, Fanigliulo L, et al. Clinical and economical impact of 2010 AASLD guidelines for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Hepatology. 2014;60(5):995–1001. [PubMed: 24462368]

Marbet UA, Bianchi L, Meury U, Stalder GA. Long-term histological evaluation of the natural history and prognostic factors of alcoholic liver disease. Journal of Hepatology. 1987;4(3):364–372. [PubMed: 3598164]

Marcolongo M, Young B, Dal Pero F, Fattovich G, Peraro L, Guido M, et al. A seven-gene signature (cirrhosis risk score) predicts liver fibrosis progression in patients with initially mild chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2009;50(4):1038–1044. [PubMed: 19676127]

Marks RM, Ryan A, Heba ER, Tang A, Wolfson TJ, Gamst AC, et al. Diagnostic per-patient accuracy of an abbreviated hepatobiliary phase gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2015;204(3):527–535. [PubMed: 25714281]

Marmo R, Romano M, de Sio I, Peduto A, Caporaso N, Persico M, et al. Decision-making model for a non-invasive diagnosis of compensated liver cirrhosis. Italian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1993;25(1):1–8. [PubMed: 8428017]

Marrero JA, Fontana RJ, Su GL, Conjeevaram HS, Emick DM, Lok AS. NAFLD may be a common underlying liver disease in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Hepatology. 2002;36(6):1349–1354. [PubMed: 12447858]

Martí-Carvajal AJ, Gluud C, Arevalo-Rodriguez I. Acetyl-L-carnitine for patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014;(12) CD011451. [PMC free article: PMC6353234] [PubMed: 30610762] [CrossRef]

Martin J, Khatri G, Gopal P, Singal AG. Accuracy of ultrasound and noninvasive markers of fibrosis to identify patients with cirrhosis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2015;60(6):1841–1847. [PMC free article: PMC4456228] [PubMed: 25586089]

Maruyama H, Okugawa H, Kobayashi S, Yoshizumi H, Takahashi M, Ishibashi H, et al. Non-invasive portography: a microbubble-induced three-dimensional sonogram for discriminating idiopathic portal hypertension from cirrhosis. British Journal of Radiology. 2012;85(1013):587–595. [PMC free article: PMC3479879] [PubMed: 21343319]

Maruyama H, Ishibashi H, Takahashi M, Imazeki F, Yokosuka O. Effect of signal intensity from the accumulated microbubbles in the liver for differentiation of idiopathic portal hypertension from liver cirrhosis. Radiology. 2009;252(2):587–594. [PubMed: 19508988]

Massa P, Vallerino E, Dodero M. Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy with rifaximin: Double blind, double dummy study versus lactulose. European Journal of Clinical Research. 1993;4:7–18.

Masuzaki R, Tateishi R, Yoshida H, Goto E, Sato T, Ohki T, et al. Comparison of liver biopsy and transient elastography based on clinical relevance. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2008;22(9):753–757. [PMC free article: PMC2661279] [PubMed: 18818788]

Masuzaki R, Tateishi R, Yoshida H, Goto E, Sato T, Ohki T, et al. Prospective risk assessment for hepatocellular carcinoma development in patients with chronic hepatitis C by transient elastography. Hepatology. 2009;49(6):1954–1961. [PubMed: 19434742]

Mathiesen UL, Franzen LE, Aselius H, Resjo M, Jacobsson L, Foberg U, et al. Increased liver echogenicity at ultrasound examination reflects degree of steatosis but not of fibrosis in asymptomatic patients with mild/moderate abnormalities of liver transaminases. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2002;34(7):516–522. [PubMed: 12236486]

Mathurin P, Beuzin F, Louvet A, Carrie-Ganne N, Balian A, Trinchet JC, et al. Fibrosis progression occurs in a subgroup of heavy drinkers with typical histological features. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2007;25(9):1047–1054. [PubMed: 17439505]

Mayo MJ, Parkes J, Adams-Huet B, Combes B, Mills AS, Markin RS, et al. Prediction of clinical outcomes in primary biliary cirrhosis by serum enhanced liver fibrosis assay. Hepatology. 2008;48(5):1549–1557. [PMC free article: PMC2597274] [PubMed: 18846542]

Mazariegos GV, Kramer DJ, Linden P, Pinna A, Fung JJ, Ash SR, et al. Treatment of hepatic failure with advanced encephalopathy using the biologic-DT: preliminary clinical results. Critical Care Medicine. 1998;26(1 Suppl.):A78.

McGee RG, Bakens A, Wiley K, Riordan SM, Webster AC. Probiotics for patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011;(11) CD008716. [PubMed: 22071855] [CrossRef]

McGowan CE, Edwards TP, Luong MUT, Hayashi PH. Suboptimal surveillance for and knowledge of hepatocellular carcinoma among primary care providers. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2015;13(4):799–804. [PMC free article: PMC4458065] [PubMed: 25117773]

McMahon BJ, Alberts SR, Wainwright RB, Bulkow L, Lanier AP. Hepatitis B-related sequelae. Prospective study in 1400 hepatitis B surface antigen-positive Alaska native carriers. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1990;150(5):1051–1054. [PubMed: 2158773]

McMahon BJ. The natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology. 2009;49(5 Suppl.):S45–S55. [PubMed: 19399792]

McPherson S, Anstee QM, Henderson E, Day CP, Burt AD. Are simple noninvasive scoring systems for fibrosis reliable in patients with NAFLD and normal ALT levels? European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2013;25(6):652–658. [PubMed: 23325287]

McPherson S, Stewart SF, Henderson E, Burt AD, Day CP. Simple non-invasive fibrosis scoring systems can reliably exclude advanced fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut. 2010;59(9):1265–1269. [PubMed: 20801772]

Meek DR, Mills PR, Gray HW, Duncan JG, Russell RI, McKillop JH. A comparison of computed tomography, ultrasound and scintigraphy in the diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease. British Journal of Radiology. 1984;57(673):23–27. [PubMed: 6704644]

Meier R, Gyr K. Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) with the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil: a pilot study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology Supplement. 1988;2:139–146. [PubMed: 2842130]

Meikle PJ, Mundra PA, Wong G, Rahman K, Huynh K, Barlow CK, et al. Circulating lipids are associated with alcoholic liver cirrhosis and represent potential biomarkers for risk assessment. PloS One. 2015;10(6):e0130346. [PMC free article: PMC4479371] [PubMed: 26107182]

Melin P, Schoeny M, Dacon A, Gauchet A, Diebold MD. Dépistage non invasif de la fibrose hépatique. Intérêt du FibroScan(R) en consultation d'alcoologie. Alcoologie Et Addictologie. 2005;27:191–196.

Merkel C, Marin R, Angeli P, Zanella P, Felder M, Bernardinello E, et al. Beta-blockers in the prevention of aggravation of esophageal varices in patients with cirhosis and small varices: a placebo-controlled clinical trial. Hepatology. 2003;38(4 Suppl.1):217A.

Merkel C, Marin R, Angeli P, Zanella P, Felder M, Bernardinello E, et al. A placebo-controlled clinical trial of nadolol in the prophylaxis of growth of small esophageal varices in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2004;127(2):476–484. [PubMed: 15300580]

Michel H, Bories P, Aubin JP, Pomier-Layrargues G, Bauret P, Bellet-Hermann H. Treatment of acute hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotics with a branched-chain amino acids enriched versus a conventional amino acids mixture. A controlled study of 70 patients. Liver. 1985;5(5):282–289. [PubMed: 4079669]

Michel H, Pomier-Layrargues G, Aubin JP, Bories P, Mirouze D, Bellet-Hermann H. Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy by infusion of a modified amino acid solution: results of a controlled study in 47 cirrhotic patients. In: Capocaccia L, Fischer JE, Rossi-Fanelli F, editors. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver failure. New York: Plenum Press; 1984. pp. 301–310.

Miglio F, Valpiani D, Rossellini SR, Ferrieri A. Rifaximin, a non-absorbable rifamycin, for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. A double-blind, randomised trial. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1997;13(10):593–601. [PubMed: 9327194]

Mishra P, Desai N, Alexander J, Singh DP, Sawant P. Applicability of MELD as a short-term prognostic indicator in patients with chronic liver disease: An Indian experience. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2007;22(8):1232–1235. [PubMed: 17688663]

Mishra SR, Kumar A, Gupta LB, Kishore R, Sharma BC, Sarin S. Early primary prophylaxis with beta-blockers and role of hepatic venous pressure gradient assessment in prevention of growth of small esophageal varices in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46(4 Suppl.1):574A.

Mittal R, Wu BU. Risk factors for liver cirrhosis among chronic hepatitis B patients in a regional Unites States population. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(4 Suppl.1):S1067.

Mohammad RA, Regal RE, Alaniz C. Combination therapy for the treatment and prevention of hepatic encephalopathy. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2012;46(11):1559–1563. [PubMed: 23092866]

Montagnese S, De Rui M, Schiff S, Ceranto E, Valenti P, Angeli P, et al. Prognostic benefit of the addition of a quantitative index of hepatic encephalopathy to the MELD score: the MELD-EEG. Liver International. 2015;35(1):58–64. [PubMed: 24517387]

Montano-Loza AJ. Clinical relevance of sarcopenia in patients with cirrhosis. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014;20(25):8061–8071. [PMC free article: PMC4081677] [PubMed: 25009378]

Moodley J, Lopez R, Carey W. Compliance with practice guidelines and risk of a first esophageal variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2010;8(8):703–708. [PubMed: 20226879]

Moon KM, Kim G, Baik SK, Choi EH, Kim MY, Kim HA, et al. Ultrasonographic scoring system score versus liver stiffness measurement in prediction of cirrhosis. Clinical and Molecular Hepatology. 2013;19(4):389–398. [PMC free article: PMC3894439] [PubMed: 24459644]

Moreau R, Valla DC, Durand-Zaleski I, Bronowicki JP, Durand F, Chaput JC, et al. Comparison of outcome in patients with cirrhosis and ascites following treatment with albumin or a synthetic colloid: a randomised controlled pilot trail. Liver International. 2006;26(1):46–54. [PubMed: 16420509]

Moreno J-P, Grandclement E, Monnet E, Clerc B, Agin A, Cervoni J-P, et al. Plasma copeptin, a possible prognostic marker in cirrhosis. Liver International. 2013;33(6):843–851. [PubMed: 23560938]

Morgan MH, Read AE, Speller DC. Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy with metronidazole. Gut. 1982;23(1):1–7. [PMC free article: PMC1419597] [PubMed: 7035298]

Morikawa H, Fukuda K, Kobayashi S, Fujii H, Iwai S, Enomoto M, et al. Real-time tissue elastography as a tool for the noninvasive assessment of liver stiffness in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Gastroenterology. 2011;46(3):350–358. [PubMed: 20697747]

Morosan E, Mihailovici MS. Fibrosis assessment in chronic hepatitis C--is the liver biopsy still necessary? The pathologist point of view. Revista Medico-Chirurgicala a Societatii De Medici Si Naturalisti Din Iasi. 2014;118(4):992–999. [PubMed: 25581959]

Mostafa TM, Ibrahim OM, Badra GAE-K, Abdallah MS. Role of pentoxifylline and sparfloxacin in prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients. ISRN Gastroenterology. 2014;2014:595213. [PMC free article: PMC3963113] [PubMed: 24729879]

Mudireddy PR, Agarwal R, Williams K. The role of albumin in the management of hepatorenal syndrome: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management. 2013;20(6):264–270.

Murakami C, Hino K, Korenaga M, Okazaki M, Okuda M, Nukui K, et al. Factors predicting progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with transfusion-associated hepatitis C virus infection. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1999;28(2):148–152. [PubMed: 10078824]

Myers RP, Elkashab M, Ma M, Crotty P, Pomier-Layrargues G. Transient elastography for the noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis: a multicentre Canadian study. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2010;24(11):661–670. [PMC free article: PMC3004419] [PubMed: 21157581]

Naaleini F, Farshchian N, Sayad B, Rezaie M, Rahbar M, Mehrbakhsh M. Diagnostic values of fibrosis index in ultrasonography for differentiation of chronic viral hepatitis from liver cirrhosis. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. 2013;18(1):59–66.

Nadim MK, Kellum JA, Davenport A, Wong F, Davis C, Pannu N, et al. Hepatorenal syndrome: the 8th International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Critical Care. 2012;16(1):R23. [PMC free article: PMC3396267] [PubMed: 22322077]

Nagata N, Miyachi H, Nakano A, Nanri K, Kobayashi H, Matsuzaki S. Sonographic evaluation of the anterior liver surface in chronic liver diseases using a 7.5-MHz annular-array transducer: correlation with laparoscopic and histopathologic findings. Journal of Clinical Ultrasound. 2003;31(8):393–400. [PubMed: 14528436]

Nahon P, Kettaneh A, Tengher-Barna I, Ziol M, de Ledinghen V, Douvin C, et al. Assessment of liver fibrosis using transient elastography in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Journal of Hepatology. 2008;49(6):1062–1068. [PubMed: 18930329]

Nahon P, Thabut G, Ziol M, Htar MT-T, Cesaro F, Barget N, et al. Liver stiffness measurement versus clinicians' prediction or both for the assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2006;101(12):2744–2751. [PubMed: 17227522]

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Virtual Touch Quantification to diagnose and monitor liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B and C: NICE medical technology guidance 24. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE); 2015. Available from: http://guidance​.nice.org.uk/MTG27.

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Social value judgements: principles for the development of NICE guidance. 2nd edition. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2008. Available from: http://www​.nice.org.uk​/media/C18/30/SVJ2PUBLICATION2008.pdf. [PubMed: 27905706]

Navasa M, Fernandez J, Montoliu S, Planas R, Monfort D, Soriano G. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating norfloxacin in the primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotics with renal impairment, hyponatremia or severe liver failure. Journal of Hepatology. 2005;44(2 Suppl.):S51.

Navasa M, Follo A, Llovet JM, Clemente G, Vargas V, Rimola A, et al. Randomized, comparative study of oral ofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology. 1996;111(4):1011–1017. [PubMed: 8831596]

Naveau S. Body mass index and risk of liver cirrhosis in middle aged UK women: Prospective study. Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique. 2010;34(8-9):429–430. [PubMed: 20576379]

Naveau S, Giraud V, Borotto E, Aubert A, Capron F, Chaput JC. Excess weight risk factor for alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology. 1997;25(1):108–111. [PubMed: 8985274]

Naveau S, Essoh BM, Ghinoiu M, Marthey L, Njike-Nakseu M, Balian A, et al. Comparison of Fibrotest and PGAA for the diagnosis of fibrosis stage in patients with alcoholic liver disease. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2014;26(4):404–411. [PubMed: 24561990]

Naveau S, Gaude G, Asnacios A, Agostini H, Abella A, Barri-Ova N, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic values of noninvasive biomarkers of fibrosis in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology. 2009;49(1):97–105. [PubMed: 19053048]

Naveau S, Lamouri K, Pourcher G, Njike-Nakseu M, Ferretti S, Courie R, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of transient elastography for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis in bariatric surgery candidates with suspected NAFLD. Obesity Surgery. 2014;24(10):1693–1701. [PubMed: 24841950]

Naveau S, Raynard B, Ratziu V, Abella A, Imbert-Bismut F, Messous D, et al. Biomarkers for the prediction of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2005;3(2):167–174. [PubMed: 15704051]

Neff GW, Kemmer N, Zaccharias VC, Kaiser T, Duncan C, McHenry R, et al. Analysis of hospitalizations comparing rifaximin versus lactulose in the management of hepatic encephalopathy. Transplantation Proceedings. 2006;38(10):3552–3555. [PubMed: 17175328]

Nguyen-Khac E, Chatelain D, Tramier B, Decrombecque C, Robert B, Joly JP, et al. Assessment of asymptomatic liver fibrosis in alcoholic patients using fibroscan: prospective comparison with seven non-invasive laboratory tests. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2008;28(10):1188–1198. [PubMed: 18705692]

Nishiura T, Watanabe H, Ito M, Matsuoka Y, Yano K, Daikoku M, et al. Ultrasound evaluation of the fibrosis stage in chronic liver disease by the simultaneous use of low and high frequency probes. British Journal of Radiology. 2005;78(927):189–197. [PubMed: 15730982]

Nitta Y, Kawabe N, Hashimoto S, Harata M, Komura N, Kobayashi K, et al. Liver stiffness measured by transient elastography correlates with fibrosis area in liver biopsy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology Research. 2009;39(7):675–684. [PubMed: 19261000]

Noda I, Kitamoto M, Nakahara H, Hayashi R, Okimoto T, Monzen Y, et al. Regular surveillance by imaging for early detection and better prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients infected with hepatitis C virus. Journal of Gastroenterology. 2010;45(1):105–112. [PubMed: 19866332]

Norberto L, Polese L, Cillo U, Grigoletto F, Burroughs A, Neri D, et al. A randomized study comparing ligation with propranolol for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in candidates for liver transplantation. Liver Transplantation. 2007;13(9):1272–1278. [PubMed: 17370331]

Novella M, Sola R, Soriano G, Andreu M, Gana J, Ortiz J, et al. Continuous versus inpatient prophylaxis of the first episode of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis with norfloxacin. Hepatology. 1997;25(3):532–536. [PubMed: 9049193]

Nudo CG, Jeffers LJ, Bejarano PA, Servin-Abad LA, Leibovici Z, De Medina M, et al. Correlation of Laparoscopic Liver Biopsy to Elasticity Measurements (FibroScan) in Patients With Chronic Liver Disease. Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2008;4(12):862–870. [PMC free article: PMC3093689] [PubMed: 21904476]

Nunes D, Fleming C, Offner G, O'Brien M, Tumilty S, Fix O, et al. HIV infection does not affect the performance of noninvasive markers of fibrosis for the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus-related liver disease. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2005;40(5):538–544. [PubMed: 16284529]

Nunes D, Fleming C, Offner G, Craven D, Fix O, Heeren T, et al. Noninvasive markers of liver fibrosis are highly predictive of liver-related death in a cohort of HCV-infected individuals with and without HIV infection. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2010;105(6):1346–1353. [PubMed: 20179698]

Nyberg LM, Li X, Chiang K, Cheetham TC, Nyberg AH, Younossi ZM, et al. The natural history of chronic Hepatitis C. An updated look at the rate of progression to cirrhosis and the incidence of decompensation in a large U.S. Health maintenance organization. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(4 Suppl.1):S998.

Ochi H, Hirooka M, Koizumi Y, Miyake T, Tokumoto Y, Soga Y, et al. Real-time tissue elastography for evaluation of hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension in nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. Hepatology. 2012;56(4):1271–1278. [PubMed: 22488593]

Office for National Statistics. Death tables 2013: table 5.11. [22 October 2014]. 2014. Available from: http://www​.ons.gov.uk​/ons/taxonomy/index​.html?nscl=Causes+of+Death#tab-data-tables.

Office for National Statistics. Interim Life Tables 2011-13. 2014. [22 November 2014]. Available from: http://www​.ons.gov.uk​/ons/taxonomy/index​.html?nscl=Interim+Life+Tables#tab-data-tables.

Ogawa E, Furusyo N, Toyoda K, Takeoka H, Otaguro S, Hamada M, et al. Transient elastography for patients with chronic hepatitis B and C virus infection: Non-invasive, quantitative assessment of liver fibrosis. Hepatology Research. 2007;37(12):1002–1010. [PubMed: 17608672]

Omar MM, Mustafa I. Endoscopic band ligation for prophylaxis of first esophageal variceal bleeding. Digestion. 1998;59(Suppl.3):333.

Ong TZ, Tan HJ. Ultrasonography is not reliable in diagnosing liver cirrhosis in clinical practice. Singapore Medical Journal. 2003;44(6):293–295. [PubMed: 14560860]

Onodera H, Ukai K, Nakano N, Takeda T, Suzuki H, Okata T, et al. Outcomes of 116 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 1994;33(Suppl.):S103–S108. [PubMed: 8137466]

Ooi M, Shadbolt B, Farrell GC, Teoh NC. The effectiveness of oesophageal variceal surveillance of cirrhotic patients in a hospital-based practice. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2013;28(Suppl.2):65.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Purchasing power parities (PPP). 2014. [15 January 2014]. Available from: http://www​.oecd.org/std/ppp.

Orlandi F, Freddara U, Candelaresi MT, Morettini A, Corazza GR, Di Simone A, et al. Comparison between neomycin and lactulose in 173 patients with hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized clinical study. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1981;26(6):498–506. [PubMed: 7016484]

Osaki A, Kubota T, Suda T, Igarashi M, Nagasaki K, Tsuchiya A, et al. Shear wave velocity is a useful marker for managing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2010;16(23):2918–2925. [PMC free article: PMC2887589] [PubMed: 20556839]

Pagliaro L, D'Amico G, Sorensen TI, Lebrec D, Burroughs A, Morabito A, et al. Prevention of first bleeding in cirrhosis. A meta-analysis of randomized trials of nonsurgical treatment. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1992;117(1):59–70. [PubMed: 1350716]

Pagliaro L, Pasta L, D'Amico G. A randomized clinical trial of propranolol for the prevention of initial bleeding in cirrhosis with portal hypertension. New England Journal of Medicine. 1986;314(4):244–245. [PubMed: 3510389]

Panda D. Role of surveillance in prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology. 2014;4(Suppl 3):S43–S49. [PMC free article: PMC4284238] [PubMed: 25755610]

Panella C, Guglielmi FW, Mastronuzzi T, Contento F, Siciliano N, Francavilla A. Oral Na-benzoate in the treatment of chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Italian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1993;25:228.

Pang JXQ, Zimmer S, Niu S, Crotty P, Tracey J, Pradhan F, et al. Liver stiffness by transient elastography predicts liver-related complications and mortality in patients with chronic liver disease. PloS One. 2014;9(4):e95776. [PMC free article: PMC3995722] [PubMed: 24755824]

Papageorgiou MV, Papatheodoridis GV, Manolakopoulos S, Tsochatzis E, Kranidioti H, Kafiri G, et al. Elastography for hepatic fibrosis severity in chronic hepatitis B or C. Case Reports in Gastroenterology. 2011;5(1):63–72. [PMC free article: PMC3082481] [PubMed: 21526140]

Parini P, Cipolla A, Ronchi M, Salzetta A, Mazzella G, Roda E. Effect of rifaximin and paromomycin in the treatment of portal-systemic encephalopathy. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental. 1992;52(1):34–39.

Parise ER, Oliveira AC, Figueiredo-Mendes C, Lanzoni V, Martins J, Nader H, et al. Noninvasive serum markers in the diagnosis of structural liver damage in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Liver International. 2006;26(9):1095–1099. [PubMed: 17032410]

Park GJ, Lin BP, Ngu MC, Jones DB, Katelaris PH. Aspartate aminotransferase: alanine aminotransferase ratio in chronic hepatitis C infection: is it a useful predictor of cirrhosis? Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2000;15(4):386–390. [PubMed: 10824882]

Park MS, Kim SU, Kim BK, Park JY, Kim DY, Ahn SH, et al. Prognostic value of the combined use of transient elastography and fibrotest in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Liver International. 2015;35(2):455–462. [PubMed: 25183426]

Park YH, Kim BK, Kim JK, Kim HC, Kim DY, Park JY, et al. Long-term outcomes of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the era of antiviral therapy in Korea. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2014;29(5):1005–1011. [PubMed: 24325579]

Parker MJ, Guha N, Stedman B, Hacking N, Wright M. Trans-jugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt placement for refractory ascites: a ‘real-world’ UK health economic evaluation. Frontline Gastroenterology. 2013;4(3):182–186. [PMC free article: PMC5370052] [PubMed: 28839725]

Parrish KM, Higuchi S, Dufour MC. Alcohol consumption and the risk of developing liver cirrhosis: implications for future research. Journal of Substance Abuse. 1991;3(3):325–335. [PubMed: 1821289]

Pasqualetti P, Di Lauro G, Festuccia V, Giandomenico G, Casale R. Prognostic value of Pugh's modification of Child-Turcotte classification in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Panminerva Medica. 1992;34(2):65–68. [PubMed: 1408330]

Patel VC, Shawcross DL. A placebo controlled single centre double blind randomised trial to investigate the efficacy of rifaximin in improving systemic inflammation and neutrophil malfunction in patients with cirrhosis and chronic hepatic encephalopathy (‘rifsys’). Journal of Hepatology. 2015;62(Suppl.2):S854.

Pavlov CS, Casazza G, Nikolova D, Tsochatzis E, Burroughs A, Ivashkin VT, et al. Transient elastography for diagnosis of stages of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis in people with alcoholic liver disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;(1) CD010542. [PMC free article: PMC7081746] [PubMed: 25612182] [CrossRef]

Pavlov CS, Casazza G, Pavlova M, Nikolova D, Tsochatzis E, Liusina E, et al. Ultrasonography for diagnosis of cirrhosis in people with alcoholic liver disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;(3) CD011602. [PMC free article: PMC6464787] [PubMed: 26934429] [CrossRef]

Pedersen JF, Madsen LG, Larsen VA, Hamberg O, Horn T, Federspiel B, et al. A Doppler waveform index to characterize hepatic vein velocity pattern and evaluate hepatic fibrosis. Journal of Clinical Ultrasound. 2008;36(4):208–211. [PubMed: 18335512]

Pedretti G, Calzetti C, Missale G, Fiaccadori F. Rifaximin versus neomycin on hyperammoniemia in chronic portal systemic encephalopathy of cirrhotics. A double-blind, randomized trial. Italian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1991;23(4):175–178. [PubMed: 1751811]

Pedrosa M, Cook D. Prevention of first bleeding from varices: A meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1992;117(Suppl.3):66.

Pequignot G, Tuyns AJ, Berta JL. Ascitic cirrhosis in relation to alcohol consumption. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1978;7(2):113–120. [PubMed: 681057]

Petta S, Di Marco V, Camma C, Butera G, Cabibi D, Craxi A. Reliability of liver stiffness measurement in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the effects of body mass index. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2011;33(12):1350–1360. [PubMed: 21517924]

Petta S, Grimaudo S, Tripodo C, Cabibi D, Calvaruso M, Di Cristina A, et al. The hepatic expression of vitamin D receptor is inversely associated with the severity of liver damage in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C patients. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2015;100(1):193–200. [PubMed: 25268393]

Pfeifer L, Goertz RS, Sturm J, Wachter D, Riener MO, Schwitulla J, et al. Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) and high-frequency ultrasound of the liver surface for the diagnosis of compensated liver cirrhosis. Ultraschall in Der Medizin. 2014;35(1):44–50. [PubMed: 24510459]

Phillips KT, Ohsfeldt R, Voigt M. Albumin versus crystalloid therapy in the management of hepatorenal syndrome: a model for using meta analysis in cost effectiveness studies and the design of clinical trials. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. 2003;970 [PMC free article: PMC1480134] [PubMed: 14728474]

Piano S, Salinas F, Morando F, Cavallin M, Romano A, Rosi S, et al. The empirical antibiotic treatment of nosocomial spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis: Results of a randomized controlled clinical trial. Hepatology. 2014;60(Suppl.1):479A.

Planas R, Gines P, Arroyo V, Llach J, Panes J, Vargas V, et al. Dextran-70 versus albumin as plasma expanders in cirrhotic patients with tense ascites treated with total paracentesis. Results of a randomized study. Gastroenterology. 1990;99(6):1736–1744. [PubMed: 1699835]

Plevris JN, Elliot R, Mills PR, Hislop WS, Davies JM, Bouchier IA, et al. Effect of propranolol on prevention of first variceal bleed and survival in patients with chronic liver disease. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1994;8(1):63–70. [PubMed: 8186348]

Poh Z, Goh BBG, Chang PE, Tan CK. Rates of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B and the role of surveillance: a 10-year follow-up of 673 patients. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2015;27(6):638–643. [PMC free article: PMC4415961] [PubMed: 25831135]

Pomier-Layrargues G, Giguere JF, Lavoie J, Perney P, Gagnon S, D'Amour M, et al. Flumazenil in cirrhotic patients in hepatic coma: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Hepatology. 1994;19(1):32–37. [PubMed: 8276366]

Poo JL, Gongora J, Sanchez-Avila JF, Aguilar-Castillo S, Garcia-Ramos G, Fernandez-Zertuche M. Efficacy and safety of L-ornithine-L-aspartate (LOLA) administration. Open label randomized controlled trial versus lactulose in cirrhotic patients with hyperammonemic hepatic encephalopathy. Journal of Hepatology. 2007;46(4 Suppl.1):S36.

Poo JL, Gongora J, Sanchez-Avila F, Aguilar-Castillo S, Garcia-Ramos G, Fernandez-Zertuche M, et al. Efficacy of oral L-ornithine-L-aspartate in cirrhotic patients with hyperammonemic hepatic encephalopathy. Results of a randomized, lactulose-controlled study. Annals of Hepatology. 2006;5(4):281–288. [PubMed: 17151582]

Poustchi H, Eslami M, Ostovaneh MR, Modabbernia A, Saeedian FS, Taslimi S, et al. Transient elastography in hepatitis C virus-infected patients with beta-thalassemia for assessment of fibrosis. Hepatology Research. 2013;43(12):1276–1283. [PubMed: 23489382]

Poynard T, Bedossa P, Opolon P. Natural history of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The OBSVIRC, METAVIR, CLINIVIR, and DOSVIRC groups. The Lancet. 1997;349(9055):825–832. [PubMed: 9121257]

Poynard T, Cales P, Pasta L, Ideo G, Pascal JP, Pagliaro L, et al. Beta-adrenergic-antagonist drugs in the prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices. An analysis of data and prognostic factors in 589 patients from four randomized clinical trials. Franco-Italian Multicenter Study Group. New England Journal of Medicine. 1991;324(22):1532–1538. [PubMed: 1674104]

Poynard T, Halfon P, Castera L, Charlotte F, Le Bail B, Munteanu M, et al. Variability of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves in the diagnostic evaluation of liver fibrosis markers: impact of biopsy length and fragmentation. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2007;25(6):733–739. [PubMed: 17311607]

Poynard T, Munteanu M, Deckmyn O, Ngo Y, Drane F, Castille JM, et al. Validation of liver fibrosis biomarker (FibroTest) for assessing liver fibrosis progression: Proof of concept and first application in a large population. Journal of Hepatology. 2012;57(3):541–548. [PubMed: 22612998]

Poynard T, Ratziu V, Charlotte F, Goodman Z, McHutchison J, Albrecht J. Rates and risk factors of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis c. Journal of Hepatology. 2001;34(5):730–739. [PubMed: 11434620]

Poynard T, de Ledinghen V, Zarski JP, Stanciu C, Munteanu M, Vergniol J, et al. Performances of Elasto-FibroTest(), a combination between FibroTest() and liver stiffness measurements for assessing the stage of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology. 2012;36(5):455–463. [PubMed: 22959098]

Poynard T, de Ledinghen V, Zarski JP, Stanciu C, Munteanu M, Vergniol J, et al. FibroTest and Fibroscan performances revisited in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Impact of the spectrum effect and the applicability rate. Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology. 2011;35(11):720–730. [PubMed: 21852224]

Poynard T, Ngo Y, Perazzo H, Munteanu M, Lebray P, Moussalli J, et al. Prognostic value of liver fibrosis biomarkers: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2011;7(7):445–454. [PMC free article: PMC3264893] [PubMed: 22298979]

Poynard T, Vergniol J, Ngo Y, Foucher J, Munteanu M, Merrouche W, et al. Staging chronic hepatitis C in seven categories using fibrosis biomarker (FibroTest) and transient elastography (FibroScan). Journal of Hepatology. 2014;60(4):706–714. [PubMed: 24291240]

Pradat P, Trepo E, Potthoff A, Bakshi R, Young B, Trepo C, et al. The cirrhosis risk score predicts liver fibrosis progression in patients with initially mild chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2010;51(1):356–357. [PubMed: 19824080]

Prapruttam D, Suksai J, Kitiyakara T, Phongkitkarun S. Ultrasound surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma of at-risk patients in Ramathibodi Hospital. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 2014;97(11):1199–1208. [PubMed: 25675686]

Procopet B, Cristea VM, Robic MA, Grigorescu M, Agachi PS, Metivier S, et al. Serum tests, liver stiffness and artificial neural networks for diagnosing cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2015;47(5):411–416. [PubMed: 25732434]

Psilopoulos D, Mavrogiannis C, Vafiadis I, Dourakis S, Papanikolaou IS, Alexopoulo A, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) with propranolol for primary prevention of variceal bleeding (preliminary report). Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2002;55(5):AB196.

Qi X, Jia J, Bai M, Guo X, Su C, Garcia-Pagan JC, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for acute variceal bleeding. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2015;49(6):495–505. [PubMed: 25127113]

Qian HG, Hao CY. Hepatitis B virus infection is an independent factor influencing the occurrence of liver metastasis in colorectal cancer: a retrospective analysis of 1413 cases. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 2014;61(135):1908–1914. [PubMed: 25713887]

Rao BH, Siyad I, Rajesh G, Venu RP, Geetha M, Bhanu VP, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for SBP in cirrhosis-A validated preventive measure or an exercise in futility? Indian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014;33(1 Suppl.1):A78–A79.

Ratnaike RN, Hicks EP, Hislop IG. The rectal administration of lactulose. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine. 1975;5(2):137–140. [PubMed: 240347]

Ratziu V, Massard J, Charlotte F, Messous D, Imbert-Bismut F, Bonyhay L, et al. Diagnostic value of biochemical markers (FibroTest-FibroSURE) for the prediction of liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterology. 2006;6:6. [PMC free article: PMC1386692] [PubMed: 16503961]

Raza MA, Bhatti RS, Akram J. Effect of rectal lactulose administration with oral therapy on time to recovery from hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized study. Annals of Saudi Medicine. 2004;24(5):374–377. [PMC free article: PMC6148134] [PubMed: 15573853]

Reddy KR. Ascites-causes and management-western perspective. Hepatology International. 2012;6(1):23.

Reiberger T, Ferlitsch A, Payer BA, Pinter M, Schwabl P, Stift J, et al. Noninvasive screening for liver fibrosis and portal hypertension by transient elastography--a large single center experience. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2012;124(11-12):395–402. [PubMed: 22699260]

Reichel C, Sudhop T, Braun B, Kreuzer K-A, Hahn C, Look MP, et al. Elevated soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor serum concentrations and short-term mortality in liver cirrhosis without acute infections. Digestion. 2000;62(1):44–51. [PubMed: 10899725]

Rena NMR, Wibawa IDN. Albumin infusion in liver cirrhotic patients. Acta Medica Indonesiana. 2010;42(3):162–168. [PubMed: 20724771]

Resino S, Bellon JM, Asensio C, Micheloud D, Miralles P, Vargas A, et al. Can serum hyaluronic acid replace simple non-invasive indexes to predict liver fibrosis in HIV/Hepatitis C coinfected patients? BMC Infectious Diseases. 2009;10:244. [PMC free article: PMC2936897] [PubMed: 20723207]

Ricca Rosellini S, Miglio F. Beta-blockers for the prevention of variceal haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Italian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1991;23(7):408–415. [PubMed: 1683803]

Ricci P, Marigliano C, Cantisani V, Porfiri A, Marcantonio A, Lodise P, et al. Ultrasound evaluation of liver fibrosis: preliminary experience with acoustic structure quantification (ASQ) software. La Radiologia Medica. 2013;118(6):995–1010. [PubMed: 23801388]

Rigali VT. Rifaximin: an alternative for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Connecticut Medicine. 2006;70(8):499–501. [PubMed: 17089807]

Riley TR, Smith JP. Preventive care in chronic liver disease. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 1999;14(11):699–704. [PMC free article: PMC1496761] [PubMed: 10571719]

Ripoll C, Banares R, Rincon D, Catalina MV, Lo Iacono O, Salcedo M, et al. Influence of hepatic venous pressure gradient on the prediction of survival of patients with cirrhosis in the MELD era. Hepatology. 2005;42(4):793–801. [PubMed: 16175621]

Ripoll C, Groszmann R, Garcia-Tsao G, Grace N, Burroughs A, Planas R, et al. Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient Predicts Clinical Decompensation in Patients With Compensated Cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2007;133(2):481–488. [PubMed: 17681169]

Ripoll C, Lastra P, Rincon D, Catalina V, Baaares R. Comparison of MELD, HVPG, and their changes to predict clinically relevant endpoints in cirrhosis. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2012;47(2):204–211. [PubMed: 22242615]

Ripoll C, Zipprich A, Garcia-Tsao G. Prognostic factors in compensated and decompensated cirrhosis. Current Hepatitis Reports. 2014;13(3):171–179.

Ripoll C, Bari K, Garcia-Tsao G. Serum Albumin Can Identify Patients With Compensated Cirrhosis With a Good Prognosis. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2015;49(7):613–619. [PMC free article: PMC4851857] [PubMed: 25203362]

Rodriguez-Torres M, Rios-Bedoya CF, Rodriguez-Orengo J, Fernandez-Carbia A, Marxuach-Cuetara AM, Lopez-Torres A, et al. Progression to cirrhosis in Latinos with chronic hepatitis C: differences in Puerto Ricans with and without human immunodeficiency virus coinfection and along gender. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2006;40(4):358–366. [PubMed: 16633110]

Romeiro FG, da Silva Yamashiro F, Americo MF, Cora LA, Silva GF, Miranda JRdA, et al. Erythromycin versus neomycin in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis: a randomized double-blind study. BMC Gastroenterology. 2013;13:13. [PMC free article: PMC3551652] [PubMed: 23324408]

Romero R, Nomorosa KM, Birjandi EC, Torres PM, Uy M, Zano F. Meta analysis: Propranolol versus rubber band ligation in primary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2011;26(Suppl.5):160.

Ruelas-Villavicencio AL, Vargas-Vorackova F. In whom, how and how often is surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma cost-effective? Annals of Hepatology. 2004;3(4):152–159. [PubMed: 15657557]

Ruiz del Arbol L, Achecar L, Serradilla R, Rodriguez-Gandia MA, Rivero M, Garrido E, et al. Diastolic dysfunction is a predictor of poor outcomes in patients with cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and a normal creatinine. Hepatology. 2013;58(5):1732–1741. [PubMed: 23703953]

Runge JH, Bohte A, Verheij J, Terpstra V, Nederveen AJ, Van Nieuwkerk KMJ, et al. Comparison of interobserver agreement of magnetic resonance elastography with histopathological staging of liver fibrosis. Abdominal Imaging. 2014;39(2):283–290. [PubMed: 24366108]

Saab S, DeRosa V, Nieto J, Durazo F, Han S, Roth B. Costs and clinical outcomes of primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in patients with hepatic cirrhosis: a decision analytic model. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003;98(4):763–770. [PubMed: 12738453]

Saab S, Hernandez JC, Chi AC, Tong MJ. Oral antibiotic prophylaxis reduces spontaneous bacterial peritonitis occurrence and improves short-term survival in cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2009;104(4):993–1002. [PubMed: 19277033]

Sacher-Huvelin S, Cales P, Bureau C, Valla D, Vinel JP, Duburque C, et al. Screening of esophageal varices by esophageal capsule endoscopy: results of a French multicenter prospective study. Endoscopy. 2015;47(6):486–492. [PubMed: 25730284]

Safdar K, Schiff ER. Alcohol and hepatitis C. Seminars in Liver Disease. 2004;24(3):305–315. [PubMed: 15349807]

Said Y, Salem M, Mouelhi L, Mekki H, Houissa F, Ben Rejeb M, et al. Correlation between liver biopsy and fibrotest in the evaluation of hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. La Tunisie Medicale. 2010;88(8):573–578. [PubMed: 20711964]

Salami A, Ditah IC, El-Khider FA, Huang MAY. Variceal band ligation versus beta blockers in the primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding: Has recent evidence shifted our opinion? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(5 Suppl.1):S208–S209.

Salerno F, Badalamenti S, Lorenzano E, Moser P, Incerti P. Randomized comparative study of hemaccel vs. albumin infusion after total paracentesis in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites. Hepatology. 1991;13(4):707–713. [PubMed: 1826281]

Salerno F, Gerbes A, Gines P, Wong F, Arroyo V. Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Gut. 2007;56(9):1310–1318. [PMC free article: PMC1954971] [PubMed: 17389705]

Salerno F, Camma C, Enea M, Rossle M, Wong F. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for refractory ascites: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Gastroenterology. 2007;133(3):825–834. [PubMed: 17678653]

Samir AE, Dhyani M, Vij A, Bhan AK, Halpern EF, Mendez-Navarro J, et al. Shear-wave elastography for the estimation of liver fibrosis in chronic liver disease: determining accuracy and ideal site for measurement. Radiology. 2015;274(3):888–896. [PMC free article: PMC4455676] [PubMed: 25393946]

Sandhu BS, Gupta R, Sharma J, Singh J, Murthy NS, Sarin SK. Norfloxacin and cisapride combination decreases the incidence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic ascites. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2005;20(4):599–605. [PubMed: 15836710]

Sandrin L, Fourquet B, Hasquenoph JM, Yon S, Fournier C, Mal F, et al. Transient elastography: a new noninvasive method for assessment of hepatic fibrosis. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. 2003;29(12):1705–1713. [PubMed: 14698338]

Sanford NL, Walsh P, Matis C, Baddeley H, Powell LW. Is ultrasonography useful in the assessment of diffuse parenchymal liver disease? Gastroenterology. 1985;89(1):186–191. [PubMed: 3891495]

Sangiovanni A, Del Ninno E, Fasani P, De Fazio C, Ronchi G, Romeo R, et al. Increased survival of cirrhotic patients with a hepatocellular carcinoma detected during surveillance. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(4):1005–1014. [PubMed: 15057740]

Santagostino E, Colombo M, Rivi M, Rumi MG, Rocino A, Linari S, et al. A 6-month versus a 12-month surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in 559 hemophiliacs infected with the hepatitis C virus. Blood. 2003;102(1):78–82. [PubMed: 12649165]

Sanyal AJ, Boyer T, Garcia-Tsao G, Regenstein F, Rossaro L, Appenrodt B, et al. A randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of terlipressin for type 1 hepatorenal syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(5):1360–1368. [PMC free article: PMC3730280] [PubMed: 18471513]

Saquib N, Saquib J, Ioannidis JPA. Does screening for disease save lives in asymptomatic adults? Systematic review of meta-analyses and randomized trials. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2015;44(1):264–277. [PubMed: 25596211]

Sarin SK, Lamba GS, Kumar M, Misra A, Murthy NS. Variceal bleeding prophylaxis: Variceal banding or propranolol. HPB Surgery. 2000;11(6):425–428. [PMC free article: PMC2424003] [PubMed: 10977123]

Sasso M, Tengher-Barna I, Ziol M, Miette V, Fournier C, Sandrin L, et al. Novel controlled attenuation parameter for noninvasive assessment of steatosis using Fibroscan(): validation in chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2012;19(4):244–253. [PubMed: 22404722]

Schepke M. Hepatorenal syndrome: current diagnostic and therapeutic concepts. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2007;22(Suppl.8):viii2–viii4. [PubMed: 17890258]

Schewior L, Frei U, Neuhaus P, Junge G. Treatment and impact of hepatorenal syndrome for patients on waiting list for liver transplantation. Liver Transplantation. 2008;14(7 Suppl.1):S219.

Schmidt LE, Ring-Larsen H. Vasoconstrictor therapy for hepatorenal syndrome in liver cirrhosis. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2006;12(35):4637–4647. [PubMed: 17168767]

Schneider ARJ, Teuber G, Kriener S, Caspary WF. Noninvasive assessment of liver steatosis, fibrosis and inflammation in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Liver International. 2005;25(6):1150–1155. [PubMed: 16343065]

Schubert ML, Sanyal AJ, Wong ES. Antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis? Gastroenterology. 1991;101(2):550–552. [PubMed: 1906029]

Schwabl P, Bota S, Salzl P, Mandorfer M, Payer BA, Ferlitsch A, et al. New reliability criteria for transient elastography increase the number of accurate measurements for screening of cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Liver International. 2015;35(2):381–390. [PubMed: 24953516]

Sebastiani G, Castera L, Halfon P, Pol S, Mangia A, Di Marco V, et al. The impact of liver disease aetiology and the stages of hepatic fibrosis on the performance of non-invasive fibrosis biomarkers: an international study of 2411 cases. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2011;34(10):1202–1216. [PubMed: 21981787]

Sebastiani G, Halfon P, Castera L, Mangia A, Di Marco V, Pirisi M, et al. Comparison of three algorithms of non-invasive markers of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2012;35(1):92–104. [PubMed: 22035045]

Sebastiani G, Vario A, Guido M, Noventa F, Plebani M, Pistis R, et al. Stepwise combination algorithms of non-invasive markers to diagnose significant fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Hepatology. 2006;44(4):686–693. [PubMed: 16490278]

Segarra-Newnham M, Henneman A. Antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients without gastrointestinal bleeding. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2010;44(12):1946–1954. [PubMed: 21098755]

Sen S, Davies NA, Mookerjee RP, Cheshire LM, Hodges SJ, Williams R, et al. Pathophysiological effects of albumin dialysis in acute-on-chronic liver failure: a randomized controlled study. Liver Transplantation. 2004;10(9):1109–1119. [PubMed: 15350001]

Shah HA, Rauf J, Azam Z, Abid S, Hamid S, Jafri SM, et al. Randomized controlled trial of carvedilol vs variceal band ligation in the primary prophylaxis of variceal haemorrhage. Hepatology. 2012;56(Suppl.1):272A.

Sharma BC. Adding rifaximin to lactulose increased reversal and decreased mortality in hepatic encephalopathy. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2013;159(8):JC8. [PubMed: 24126669]

Sharma P, Dhawan S, Bansal R, Tyagi P, Bansal N, Singla V, et al. The usefulness of transient elastography by FibroScan for the evaluation of liver fibrosis. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014;33(5):445–451. [PubMed: 25138787]

Sheen I-S, Liaw YF, Lin DY, Chu CM. Acute exacerbations in chronic hepatitis C: A clinicopatholagical and prognostic study. Journal of Hepatology. 1996;24(5):525–531. [PubMed: 8773906]

Shehab H, Elattar I, Elbaz T, Mohey M, Esmat G. CUFA algorithm: assessment of liver fibrosis using routine laboratory data. Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2014;21(12):956–964. [PubMed: 24989248]

Shen JH, Li YL, Li D, Wang NN, Jing L, Huang YH. The rs738409 (I148M) variant of the PNPLA3 gene and cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Journal of Lipid Research. 2015;56(1):167–175. [PMC free article: PMC4274064] [PubMed: 25378656]

Shen L, Li JQ, Zeng MD, Lu LG, Fan ST, Bao H. Correlation between ultrasonographic and pathologic diagnosis of liver fibrosis due to chronic virus hepatitis. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2006;12(8):1292–1295. [PMC free article: PMC4124446] [PubMed: 16534888]

Sherman M. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma. Best Practice and Research Clinical Gastroenterology. 2014;28(5):783–793. [PubMed: 25260308]

Sherman M, Lee C, Flowers M. A screening program to detect hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 1991;14(4 Pt.2):180A.

Sheth SG, Flamm SL, Gordon FD, Chopra S. AST/ALT ratio predicts cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1998;93(1):44–48. [PubMed: 9448172]

Shoreibah MG, Bloomer JR, McGuire B, Massoud OI. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma: Evidence, guidelines and utilization. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2014;347(5):415–419. [PubMed: 24759379]

Sigal SH, Stanca CM, Fernandez J, Arroyo V, Navasa M. Restricted use of albumin for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gut. 2007;56(4):597–599. [PMC free article: PMC1856861] [PubMed: 17369392]

Silveira MG, Suzuki A, Lindor KD. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2008;48(4):1149–1156. [PubMed: 18785621]

Simmons F, Goldstein H, Boyle JD. A controlled clinical trial of lactulose in hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology. 1970;59(6):827–832. [PubMed: 4922276]

Singal AG, Pillai A, Tiro J. Early detection, curative treatment, and survival rates for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine. 2014;11(4):e1001624. [PMC free article: PMC3972088] [PubMed: 24691105]

Singal AG, Li X, Tiro J, Kandunoori P, Adams-Huet B, Nehra MS, et al. Racial, social, and clinical determinants of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance. American Journal of Medicine. 2015;128(1):90–97. [PMC free article: PMC4282818] [PubMed: 25116425]

Singh N, Gayowski T, Yu VL, Wagener MM. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1995;122(8):595–598. [PubMed: 7887554]

Singh S, Fujii LL, Murad MH, Wang Z, Asrani SK, Ehman RL, et al. Liver stiffness is associated with risk of decompensation, liver cancer, and death in patients with chronic liver diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2013;11(12):1573–1579. [PMC free article: PMC3900882] [PubMed: 23954643]

Singh S, Venkatesh SK, Wang Z, Miller FH, Motosugi U, Low RN, et al. Diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance elastography in staging liver fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2015;13(3):440–451. [PMC free article: PMC4333001] [PubMed: 25305349]

Singh V, Singh A, Singh B, Vijayvergiya R, Sharma N, Ghai A, et al. Midodrine and clonidine in patients with cirrhosis and refractory or recurrent ascites: A randomized pilot Study. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2013;108(4):560–567. [PubMed: 23419385]

Singla A, Hart JL, Li Y, Tseng JF, Shah SA. Hospitalization for complications of cirrhosis: does volume matter? Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 2011;15(2):330–335. [PubMed: 21108014]

Skagen CL, Said A. Vasoconstrictor use in liver transplantation: is there evidence for rational use? Minerva Gastroenterologica e Dietologica. 2010;56(3):279–296. [PubMed: 21037546]

Skog OJ. The risk function for liver cirrhosis from lifetime alcohol consumption. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 1984;45(3):199–208. [PubMed: 6748660]

Soares-Weiser K, Brezis M, Tur-Kaspa R, Leibovici L. Antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2002;(2) CD002907. [PubMed: 12076458] [CrossRef]

Soares-Weiser K, Brezis M, Tur-Kaspa R, Paul M, Yahav J, Leibovici L. Antibiotic prophylaxis of bacterial infections in cirrhotic inpatients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003;38(2):193–200. [PubMed: 12678337]

Sola-Vera J, Minana J, Ricart E, Planella M, Gonzalez B, Torras X, et al. Randomized trial comparing albumin and saline in the prevention of paracentesis-induced circulatory dysfunction in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Hepatology. 2003;37(5):1147–1153. [PubMed: 12717396]

Solmi L, Primerano AM, Gandolfi L. Ultrasound follow-up of patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a prospective study on 360 cases. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1996;91(6):1189–1194. [PubMed: 8651169]

Somsouk M, Guy J, Biggins SW, Vittinghoff E, Kohn MA, Inadomi JM. Ascites improves upon plus serum sodium model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) for predicting mortality in patients with advanced liver disease. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2009;30(7):741–748. [PMC free article: PMC2742706] [PubMed: 19604177]

Sorensen TI. Alcohol and liver injury: dose-related or permissive effect? Liver. 1989;9(4):189–197. [PubMed: 2671569]

Sorensen TI, Orholm M, Bentsen KD, Hoybye G, Eghoje K, Christoffersen P. Prospective evaluation of alcohol abuse and alcoholic liver injury in men as predictors of development of cirrhosis. The Lancet. 1984;2(8397):241–244. [PubMed: 6146805]

Sorensen TIA. Prophylaxis of first hemorrhage from esophageal varices by sclerotherapy, propranolol or both in cirrhotic patients: A randomized multicenter trial. Hepatology. 1991;14(6):1016–1024. [PubMed: 1959848]

Soriano G, Guarner C, Tomas A, Villanueva C, Torras X, Gonzalez D, et al. Norfloxacin prevents bacterial infection in cirrhotics with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology. 1992;103(4):1267–1272. [PubMed: 1397884]

Sort P, Muelas M, Isava A, Llao J, Porta F, Puig I, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of abdominal ultrasound in the screening of esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2014;26(12):1335–1341. [PubMed: 25089546]

Spiegel B, Targownik L, Dulai GS, Karsan HA, Gralnek IM, Kowdley K, et al. Endoscopic screening for esophageal varices in cirrhosis: Is it ever cost effective? Hepatology. 2003;37(2):366–377. [PubMed: 12540787]

Sporea I, Sirli R, Popescu A, Danila M. Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI)--a new modality for the evaluation of liver fibrosis. Medical Ultrasonography. 2010;12(1):26–31. [PubMed: 21165451]

Stauber RE, Spindelboeck W, Haas J, Putz-Bankuti C, Stadlbauer V, Lackner C, et al. Human nonmercaptalbumin-2: A novel prognostic marker in chronic liver failure. Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis. 2014;18(1):74–78. [PubMed: 24499087]

Stauch S, Rosch W. Effects of L-ornithine-L-aspartate granulate on hyperammonemia in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE). A placebo-controlled double-blind study. Zeitschrift Fur Gastroenterologie. 1992;30(4):300–301.

Steadman R, Myers RP, Leggett L, Lorenzetti D, Noseworthy T, Rose S, et al. A health technology assessment of transient elastography in adult liver disease. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2013;27(3):149–158. [PMC free article: PMC3732152] [PubMed: 23516679]

Sterling R-K, Shiffman M-L, Schubert M-L. Flumazenil for hepatic coma: the elusive wake-up call? Gastroenterology. 1994;107(4):1204–1205. [PubMed: 7926473]

Stevenson M, Lloyd-Jones M, Morgan MY, Wong R. Non-invasive diagnostic assessment tools for the detection of liver fibrosis in patients with suspected alcohol-related liver disease: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technology Assessment. 2012;16(4):1–174. [PMC free article: PMC4781535] [PubMed: 22333291]

Stokes CS, Krawczyk M, Reichel C, Lammert F, Grunhage F. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with mortality in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2014;44(2):176–183. [PubMed: 24236541]

Stravitz RT, Heuman DM, Chand N, Sterling RK, Shiffman ML, Luketic V, et al. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis improves outcome. American Journal of Medicine. 2008;121(2):119–126. [PubMed: 18261500]

Su LN, Guo SL, Li BX, Yang P. Diagnostic value of magnetic resonance elastography for detecting and staging of hepatic fibrosis: a meta-analysis. Clinical Radiology. 2014;69(12):e545–e552. [PubMed: 25300557]

Sugimoto K, Shiraishi J, Moriyasu F, Ichimura S, Metoki R, Doi K. Analysis of intrahepatic vascular morphological changes of chronic liver disease for assessment of liver fibrosis stages by micro-flow imaging with contrast-enhanced ultrasound: preliminary experience. European Radiology. 2010;20(11):2749–2757. [PubMed: 20571803]

Sussman D, Barkin JS. Band ligation versus propanolol and isosorbide mononitrate for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003;98(8):1887–1889. [PubMed: 12907349]

Takahashi H, Ono N, Eguchi Y, Eguchi T, Kitajima Y, Kawaguchi Y, et al. Evaluation of acoustic radiation force impulse elastography for fibrosis staging of chronic liver disease: a pilot study. Liver International. 2010;30(4):538–545. [PubMed: 19874490]

Takase S, Tsutsumi M, Kawahara H, Takada N, Takada A. The alcohol-altered liver membrane antibody and hepatitis C virus infection in the progression of alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology. 1993;17(1):9–13. [PubMed: 7678578]

Tanaka H, Nouso K, Kobashi H, Kobayashi Y, Nakamura S, Miyake Y, et al. Surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C virus infection may improve patient survival. Liver International. 2006;26(5):543–551. [PubMed: 16761998]

Tandon P, Bain VG, Tsuyuki RT, Klarenbach S. Systematic review: renal and other clinically relevant outcomes in hepatorenal syndrome trials. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2007;25(9):1017–1028. [PubMed: 17439502]

Tatsumi C, Kudo M, Ueshima K, Kitai S, Takahashi S, Inoue T, et al. Noninvasive evaluation of hepatic fibrosis using serum fibrotic markers, transient elastography (FibroScan) and real-time tissue elastography. Intervirology. 2008;51(Suppl.1):27–33. [PubMed: 18544945]

Taura N, Hamasaki K, Nakao K, Ichikawa T, Nishimura D, Goto T, et al. Clinical benefits of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance: a single-center, hospital-based study. Oncology Reports. 2005;14(4):999–1003. [PubMed: 16142364]

Tawada A, Maruyama H, Kamezaki H, Shimada T, Ishibashi H, Takahashi M, et al. Magnitude of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography as a noninvasive predictor for hepatic fibrosis: Comparison with liver stiffness measurement and serum-based models. Hepatology International. 2013;7(2):749–757. [PubMed: 26201810]

Tellez-Avila F, Sifuentes-Osornio J, Barbero-Becerra V, Franco-Guzman A, Ruiz-Cordero R, Alfaro-Lara R, et al. Primary prophylaxis with ciprofloxacin in cirrhotic patients with ascites: a randomized, double blind study. Annals of Hepatology. 2013;13(1):65–74. [PubMed: 24378268]

Teran JC, Imperiale TF, Mullen K, Tavill AS, McCullough AJ. Primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis:a cost effectiveness analysis. Gastroenterology. 1997;112(2):473–482. [PubMed: 9024301]

Terg R, Cobas S, Fassio E, Landeira G, Rios B, Vasen W, et al. Oral ciprofloxacin after a short course of intravenous ciprofloxacin in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: results of a multicenter, randomized study. Journal of Hepatology. 2000;33(4):564–569. [PubMed: 11059861]

Testa R, Eftimiadi C, Sukkar GS, de Leo C, Rovida S, Schito GC, et al. A non-absorbable rifamycin for treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Drugs Under Experimental and Clinical Research. 1985;11(6):387–392. [PubMed: 3836135]

Testa R, Valente U, Risso D, Caglieris S, Giannini E, Fasoli A, et al. Can the MEGX test and serum bile acids improve the prognostic ability of Child - Pugh's score in liver cirrhosis? European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1999;11(5):559–563. [PubMed: 10755262]

Thein HH, Yi Q, Dore GJ, Krahn M. Estimation of stage-specific fibrosis progression rates in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Hepatology. 2008;48(2):418–431. [PubMed: 18563841]

Thein HH, Yi Q, Dore GJ, Krahn M. Natural history of hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected individuals and the impact of HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: a meta-analysis. AIDS. 2008;22(15):1979–1991. [PubMed: 18784461]

Thevenot T, Bureau C, Oberti F, Anty R, Louvet A, Plessier A, et al. Effect of albumin in cirrhotic patients with infection other than spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. A randomized trial. Journal of Hepatology. 2015;62(4):822–830. [PubMed: 25463545]

Thompson-Coon J, Rogers G, Hewson P, Wright D, Anderson R, Cramp M, et al. Surveillance of cirrhosis for hepatocellular carcinoma: systematic review and economic analysis. Health Technology Assessment. 2007;11(34):1–206. [PubMed: 17767898]

Thompson-Coon J, Rogers G, Hewson P, Wright D, Anderson R, Jackson S, et al. Surveillance of cirrhosis for hepatocellular carcinoma: a cost utility analysis. British Journal of Cancer. 2008;98(7):1166–1175. [PMC free article: PMC2359641] [PubMed: 18382459]

Tomiyama Y, Takenaka K, Kodama T, Kawanaka M, Sasaki K, Nishina S, et al. Risk factors for survival and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Internal Medicine. 2013;52(14):1553–1559. [PubMed: 23857086]

Toshima T, Shirabe K, Ikegami T, Yoshizumi T, Kuno A, Togayachi A, et al. A novel serum marker, glycosylated Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive Mac-2 binding protein (WFA(+)-M2BP), for assessing liver fibrosis. Journal of Gastroenterology. 2015;50(1):76–84. [PubMed: 24603981]

Toyoda H, Kumada T, Kiriyama S, Sone Y, Tanikawa M, Hisanaga Y, et al. Impact of surveillance on survival of patients with initial hepatocellular carcinoma: a study from Japan. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2006;4(9):1170–1176. [PubMed: 16890027]

Trepo E, Potthoff A, Pradat P, Bakshi R, Young B, Lagier R, et al. Role of a cirrhosis risk score for the early prediction of fibrosis progression in hepatitis C patients with minimal liver disease. Journal of Hepatology. 2011;55(1):38–44. [PubMed: 21145859]

Trevisani F, De Notariis S, Rapaccini G, Farinati F, Benvegnu L, Zoli M, et al. Semiannual and annual surveillance of cirrhotic patients for hepatocellular carcinoma: effects on cancer stage and patient survival (Italian experience). American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002;97(3):734–744. [PubMed: 11922571]

Trevisani F, Magini G, Santi V, Morselli-Labate AM, Cantarini MC, Di Nolfo MA, et al. Impact of etiology of cirrhosis on the survival of patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma during surveillance. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2007;102(5):1022–1031. [PubMed: 17313497]

Trey C, Brown H, Goransky L, McDermott WVJ. Lactulose treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: effects on carbohydrate metabolism and colonic hydrogen ion concentration. Surgical Forum. 1970;21:355–356. [PubMed: 4936990]

Trinchet JC. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with cirrhosis. a multicenter randomized trial comparing two periodicities of ultrasonoraphic (US) screening, 3 months vs 6 months. Journal of Hepatology. 2007;46(4 Suppl.1):S56.

Tripathi D, Graham C, Hayes P. Variceal band ligation versus beta-blockers for primary prevention of variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2007;19(10):835–845. [PubMed: 17873606]

Trivedi PJ, Lammers WJ, van Buuren HR, Pares A, Floreani A, Janssen HL, et al. Stratification of hepatocellular carcinoma risk in primary biliary cirrhosis: a multicentre international study. Gut. 2015. [E publication] [PubMed: 25567117] [CrossRef]

Tsochatzis E, Bruno S, Isgro G, Hall A, Theocharidou E, Manousou P, et al. Collagen proportionate area is superior to other histological methods for sub-classifying cirrhosis and determining prognosis. Journal of Hepatology. 2014;60(5):948–954. [PubMed: 24412606]

Tsochatzis E, Crossan C, Longworth L, Gurusamy K, Rodriguez-Peralvarez M, Mantzoukis K, et al. Cost-effectiveness of non-invasive liver fibrosis tests for treatment decisions in patients with chronic hepatitis c: Systematic review and economic evaluation. Journal of Hepatology. 2014;60(1 Suppl.1):S33.

Tuma P, Jarrin I, Del Amo J, Vispo E, Medrano J, Martin-Carbonero L, et al. Survival of HIV-infected patients with compensated liver cirrhosis. AIDS. 2010;24(5):745–753. [PubMed: 20154579]

Tuncer I, Topcu N, Durmus A, Turkdogan MK. Oral ciprofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 2003;50(53):1426–1430. Turkey. [PubMed: 14571754]

Turban S, Thuluvath PJ, Atta MG. Hepatorenal syndrome. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2007;13(30):4046–4055. [PMC free article: PMC4205304] [PubMed: 17696221]

Tuyns AJ, Pequignot G. Greater risk of ascitic cirrhosis in females in relation to alcohol consumption. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1984;13(1):53–57. [PubMed: 6698704]

Urbain D, Botembe N, Muls V, Makhoul E, Ham HR. Thallium-201 per rectal scintigraphy improves prognostic evaluation in alcoholic liver cirrhosis of low and mid severity. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995;90(9):1461–1464. [PubMed: 7661170]

Uribe M, Lewis H, Moreno J. Successful use of lactose enemas in acute portal systemic encephalopathy (PSE). A double blind controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 1980;79(5 II):1061.

Vallet-Pichard A, Mallet V, Nalpas B, Verkarre V, Nalpas A, Dhalluin-Venier V, et al. FIB-4: an inexpensive and accurate marker of fibrosis in HCV infection. comparison with liver biopsy and fibrotest. Hepatology. 2007;46(1):32–36. [PubMed: 17567829]

Van Dam GM, Gips CH, Reisman Y, Maas KW, Purmer IM, Huizenga JR, et al. Major clinical events, signs and severity assessment scores related to actual survival in patients who died from primary biliary cirrhosis. A long-term historical cohort study. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 1999;46(25):108–115. [PubMed: 10228773]

Van der Rijt CC, Schalm SW, Meulstee J, Stijnen T. Flumazenil therapy for hepatic encephalopathy. A double-blind cross over study. Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique. 1995;19(6-7):572–580. [PubMed: 7590022]

Van Vlierberghe H, Colle I, Henrion J, Michielsen P, Delwaide J, Reynaert H, et al. The HepCar registry: report on a one-year registration program of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Belgium. What is daily practice in HCC? Acta Gastroenterologica Belgica. 2005;68(4):403–411. [PubMed: 16432990]

Venkatesh SK, Yin M, Takahashi N, Glockner JF, Talwalkar JA, Ehman RL. Non-invasive detection of liver fibrosis: MR imaging features vs. MR elastography. Abdominal Imaging. 2015;40(4):766–775. [PMC free article: PMC4739358] [PubMed: 25805619]

Venturini I, Ferrieri A, Farina F, Cosenza F, Avallone R, Corsi L, et al. Evaluation of rifaximin, placebo and lactulose in reducing the levels of benzodiazepine-like compounds in patients with liver cirrhosis: a pilot study. Drugs Under Experimental and Clinical Research. 2005;31(4):161–168. [PubMed: 16223206]

Verbaan H, Widell A, Bondeson L, Andersson K, Eriksson S. Factors associated with cirrhosis development in chronic hepatitis C patients from an area of low prevalence. Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 1998;5(1):43–51. [PubMed: 9493516]

Vergniol J, Boursier J, Coutzac C, Bertrais S, Foucher J, Angel C, et al. Evolution of noninvasive tests of liver fibrosis is associated with prognosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2014;60(1):65–76. [PubMed: 24519328]

Vergniol J, Foucher J, Terrebonne E, Bernard PH, Le Bail B, Merrouche W, et al. Noninvasive tests for fibrosis and liver stiffness predict 5-year outcomes of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(7):1970–1973. [PubMed: 21376047]

Verma S, Ajudia K, Mendler M, Redeker A. Prevalence of septic events, type 1 hepatorenal syndrome, and mortality in severe alcoholic hepatitis and utility of discriminant function and MELD score in predicting these adverse events. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2006;51(9):1637–1643. [PubMed: 16927139]

Verveer C, Zondervan PE, ten Kate FJW, Hansen BE, Janssen HL, de Knegt R. Evaluation of transient elastography for fibrosis assessment compared with large biopsies in chronic hepatitis B and C. Liver International. 2012;32(4):622–628. [PubMed: 22098684]

Villalvazo YR, McDanel J, Sanchez AJ, Vaughn-Sarrazin M, Rahman H, David K. Effect of rural residence on surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in VA primary care patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(4 Suppl.1):S1068–S1069.

Vlachogiannakos J, Montalto P, Burroughs A. Prevention of first upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis. Minerva Gastroenterologica e Dietologica. 2000;46(2):87–98. [PubMed: 16498354]

Wahib AA, El-Deen Salem MN, Ahmed MA, El-Dessouky YMM, El-Tiby DM, El-Mola K, et al. Evaluation of rifaximin in management of hepatic encephalopathy. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 2014;44(3):677–685. [PubMed: 25643509]

Wahl K, Rosenberg W, Vaske B, Manns M, Schulze-Osthoff K, Bahr M, et al. Biopsy-controlled liver fibrosis staging using the enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) score compared to transient elastography. PloS One. 2012;7(12):e51906. [PMC free article: PMC3526479] [PubMed: 23284811]

Wai CT, Greenson JK, Fontana RJ, Kalbfleisch JD, Marrero JA, Conjeevaram HS, et al. A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2003;38(2):518–526. [PubMed: 12883497]

Wang C, Zhao C, Le AK, Nguyen L, Trinh HN, Li J, et al. Poor adherence and poor persistency of consistent adherence to AASLD guidelines for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening and surveillance in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients at both university and community clinics: A multicenter U.S. cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(4 Suppl.1):S992–S993.

Wang HM, Hung CH, Lu SN, Chen CH, Lee CM, Hu TH, et al. Liver stiffness measurement as an alternative to fibrotic stage in risk assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma incidence for chronic hepatitis C patients. Liver International. 2013;33(5):756–761. [PubMed: 23405889]

Wang JH, Chang KC, Hung CH, Chen CH, Lu SN. Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance with 4 versus 12 months interval for patients with chronic viral hepatitis - a randomized community study. Hepatology. 2011;54(4 Suppl.):1378A.

Wang JH, Chang KC, Kee KM, Chen PF, Yen YH, Tseng PL, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance at 4- vs. 12-month intervals for patients with chronic viral hepatitis: a randomized study in community. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2013;108(3):416–424. [PubMed: 23318478]

Wang JH, Changchien CS, Hung CH, Eng HL, Tung WC, Kee KM, et al. FibroScan and ultrasonography in the prediction of hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Journal of Gastroenterology. 2009;44(5):439–446. [PubMed: 19308312]

Wang MH, Palmeri ML, Rotemberg VM, Rouze NC, Nightingale KR. Improving the robustness of time-of-flight based shear wave speed reconstruction methods using RANSAC in human liver in vivo. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. 2010;36(5):802–813. [PMC free article: PMC2860682] [PubMed: 20381950]

Wang SB, Wang JH, Chen J, Giri RK, Chen MH. Natural history of liver cirrhosis in south China based on a large cohort study in one center: a follow-up study for up to 5 years in 920 patients. Chinese Medical Journal. 2012;125(12):2157–2162. [PubMed: 22884146]

Wang Y-W, Huo T, Yang Y-Y, Hou MC, Lee PC, Lin HC, et al. Correlation and comparison of the model for end-stage liver disease, portal pressure, and serum sodium for outcome prediction in patients with liver cirrhosis. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2007;41(7):706–712. [PubMed: 17667056]

Wang Y, Ganger DR, Levitsky J, Sternick LA, McCarthy RJ, Chen ZE, et al. Assessment of chronic hepatitis and fibrosis: comparison of MR elastography and diffusion-weighted imaging. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2011;196(3):553–561. [PMC free article: PMC3093963] [PubMed: 21343496]

Weinmann A, Sattler T, Unold HP, Grambihler A, Teufel A, Koch S, et al. Predictive scores in primary biliary cirrhosis: a retrospective single center analysis of 204 patients. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2015;49(5):438–447. [PubMed: 25014239]

Whitfield JB, Rahman K, Haber PS, Day CP, Masson S, Daly AK, et al. Brief report: genetics of alcoholic cirrhosis-GenomALC multinational study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2015;39(5):836–842. [PMC free article: PMC4398999] [PubMed: 25872595]

Whittman D, Boyer T, Sanyal A. Terlipressin and albumin significantly improved renal function in patients with type I hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) enrolled in a randomized , double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2007;18:818A. (Abstracts Issue)

Williams R, Aspinall R, Bellis M, Camps-Walsh G, Cramp M, Dhawan A, et al. Addressing liver disease in the UK: A blueprint for attaining excellence in health care and reducing premature mortality from lifestyle issues of excess consumption of alcohol, obesity, and viral hepatitis. The Lancet. 2014;384(9958):1953–1997. [PubMed: 25433429]

Williams R, James OF, Warnes TW, Morgan MY. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of rifaximin in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: a double-blind, randomized, dose-finding multi-centre study. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2000;12(2):203–208. [PubMed: 10741936]

Wong F, Blendis L. New challenge of hepatorenal syndrome: Prevention and treatment. Hepatology. 2001;34(6):1242–1251. [PubMed: 11732014]

Wong F, Pappas SC, Boyer T, Sanyal AJ, Jamil K. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a major determinant of treatment response to terlipressin for hepatorenal syndrome type 1 (HRS-1). Journal of Hepatology. 2015;62(Suppl.2):S235–S236.

Wong F. Drug insight: the role of albumin in the management of chronic liver disease. Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2007;4(1):43–51. [PubMed: 17203088]

Wong GL-H, Chan HLY, Wong CK-Y, Leung C, Chan CY, Ho PP-L, et al. Liver stiffness-based optimization of hepatocellular carcinoma risk score in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Journal of Hepatology. 2014;60(2):339–345. [PubMed: 24128413]

Wong GL-H, Vergniol J, Lo P, Wai-Sun Wong V, Foucher J, Le Bail B, et al. Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis with transient elastography (FibroScan): applying the cut-offs of M probe to XL probe. Annals of Hepatology. 2013;12(4):570–580. [PubMed: 23813135]

Wong GL-H, Wong VW-S, Choi PC, Chan AWH, Chum RH-L, Chan HK-W, et al. Assessment of fibrosis by transient elastography compared with liver biopsy and morphometry in chronic liver diseases. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2008;6(9):1027–1035. [PubMed: 18456573]

Wong N, Haydon A, Kemp W, Wijeratne P, Roberts S. Improved survival trend of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma at an Australian tertiary hospital between 1995-2009. Internal Medicine Journal. 2013;43(2):197–203. [PubMed: 22372378]

Wu GC, Zhou WP, Zhao YR, Guo SH, Wang ZY, Zou SB, et al. The natural history of chronic hepatitis B: a retrospective study. Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases International. 2003;2(4):566–570. [PubMed: 14627521]

Xie Y-D, Feng B, Gao Y, Wei L. Characteristics of alcoholic liver disease and predictive factors for mortality of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases International. 2013;12(6):594–601. [PubMed: 24322744]

Xiong J, Wang J, Huang J, Sun W, Wang J, Chen D. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-related liver cirrhosis is increasing in China: A ten-year retrospective study. Clinics. 2015;70(8):563–568. [PMC free article: PMC4518765] [PubMed: 26247669]

Xue T, Qiu J-H, Qiao L. Rifaximin treatment in hepatic encephalopathy [3] New England Journal of Medicine. 2010;362(25):2424. [PubMed: 20578275]

Yakoob R, Al Bozom I, Thandassery RB, Rahman MOA, Derbala MF, Al Mohannadi MJ, et al. Noninvasive biomarkers fibrotest and actitest versus liver biopsy in chronic hepatitis C patients: The middle east experience. Annals of Gastroenterology. 2015;28(2):265–270. [PMC free article: PMC4367218] [PubMed: 25830472]

Yang B, Zhang B, Xu Y, Wang W, Shen Y, Zhang A, et al. Prospective study of early detection for primary liver cancer. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 1997;123(6):357–360. [PubMed: 9222303]

Yang JD, Harmsen WS, Slettedahl SW, Chaiteerakij R, Enders FT, Therneau TM, et al. Factors that affect risk for hepatocellular carcinoma and effects of surveillance. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2011;9(7):617–623. [PubMed: 21459158]

Yang K, Yang Q. Octreotide combined with alprostadil for treatment of cirrhosis with hepatorenal syndrome. World Chinese Journal of Digestology. 2014;(20):2942–2945.

Yang W-B, Chen E-Q, Bi H-X, Bai L, Chen X-B, Feng P, et al. Different models in predicting the short-term prognosis of patients with Hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Annals of Hepatology. 2012;11(3):311–319. [PubMed: 22481448]

Yang YZ, Dan ZL, Lin NZ, Lin M, Liang KH. Efficacy of terlipressin in treatment of liver cirrhosis with hepatorenal syndrome. Journal of Internal Intensive Medicine. 2001;7(3):123–125.

Yeh YP, Hu TH, Cho PY, Chen HH, Yen AM, Chen SL, et al. Evaluation of abdominal ultrasonography mass screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Hepatology. 2014;59(5):1840–1849. [PMC free article: PMC4296217] [PubMed: 24002724]

Yilmaz Y, Senates E, Yesil A, Ergelen R, Colak Y. Not only type 2 diabetes but also prediabetes is associated with portal inflammation and fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications. 2014;28(3):328–331. [PubMed: 24602757]

Yoneda M, Thomas E, Sclair SN, Grant TT, Schiff ER. Supersonic shear imaging and transient elastography with the XL probe accurately detect fibrosis in overweight or obese patients with chronic liver disease. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2015;13(8):1502–1509. [PubMed: 25804329]

Yoon KT, Lim SM, Park JY, Kim DY, Ahn SH, Han KH, et al. Liver stiffness measurement using acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography and effect of necroinflammation. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2012;57(6):1682–1691. [PubMed: 22302243]

Younsi ME, Cadranel JF, Pidoux B, Zylberberg P, Valla D, Opolon P. Immediate effects of flumazenil in the clinical and encephalographic stage of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients. Results of a controlled double blind trial. Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique. 1991;15(2):A216.

Yu C, Wang L, Gong Z. Efficacy and safety of terlipressin on hepatorenal syndrome: A meta-analysis. Hepatology International. 2013;7(Suppl.1):S504.

Yu MW, Hsu FC, Sheen IS, Chu CM, Lin DY, Chen CJ, et al. Prospective study of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis in asymptomatic chronic hepatitis B virus carriers. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1997;145(11):1039–1047. [PubMed: 9169913]

Yu M-W, Shih W-L, Lin C-L, Liu C-J, Jian J-W, Tsai K-S, et al. Body-mass index and progression of hepatitis B: A population-based cohort study in men. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2008;26(34):5576–5582. [PubMed: 18955457]

Yuan W, Li J, Xu L, Zhang M, Lu Z, Feng S, et al. L-ornithine-L-aspartate for hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008;(3) CD007344. [CrossRef]

Yuen MF, Lai CL. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma: survival benefit and cost-effectiveness. Annals of Oncology. 2003;14(10):1463–1467. [PubMed: 14504044]

Zapata E, Zubiaurre L, Castiella A, Salvador P, Garcia-Bengoechea M, Esandi P, et al. Are hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance programs effective at improving the therapeutic options. Revista Espanola De Enfermedades Digestivas. 2010;102(8):484–488. [PubMed: 20670069]

Zhang B, Yang B. Preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of screening for primary liver cancer (PLC). Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1997;50(Suppl.1):12S.

Zhang BH, Yang BH, Tang ZY. Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 2004;130(7):417–422. [PubMed: 15042359]

Zhang DK, Chen M, Liu Y, Wang RF, Liu LP, Li M. Acoustic radiation force impulse elastography for non-invasive assessment of disease stage in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: A preliminary study. Clinical Radiology. 2014;69(8):836–840. [PubMed: 24837697]

Zhang Q-B, Chen Y-T, Lian G-D, Qian C-C, Chen S-J, Huang K-H. A combination of models for end-stage liver disease and cirrhosis-related complications to predict the prognosis of liver cirrhosis. Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology. 2012;36(6):583–591. [PubMed: 22704816]

Zhang ZF, Yang N, Zhao G, Liu LN, Wang YD, Duan Z. Meta-analysis of terlipressin in treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: an update. National Medical Journal of China. 2009;89(28):1970–1974. [PubMed: 19950571]

Zheng M, Shi K, Fan Y, Li H, Ye C, Chen Q, et al. A Model to Determine 3-Month Mortality Risk in Patients With Acute-on-Chronic Hepatitis B Liver Failure. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2011;9(4):351. [PubMed: 21195790]

Zheng RQ, Wang QH, Lu MD, Xie SB, Ren J, Su ZZ, et al. Liver fibrosis in chronic viral hepatitis: an ultrasonographic study. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003;9(11):2484–2489. [PMC free article: PMC4656525] [PubMed: 14606081]

Zhu CW, Wang JY, Liu TS. Flumazenil in the treatment of cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy: A randomized doubled-blind clinical trial. Chinese Journal of Digestion. 1998;18(6):355–358.

Zhu GQ, Shi KQ, Huang S, Wang LR, Lin YQ, Huang GQ, et al. Systematic review with network meta-analysis: the comparative effectiveness and safety of interventions in patients with overt hepatic encephalopathy. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2015;41(7):624–635. [PubMed: 25684317]

Ziol M, Handra-Luca A, Kettaneh A, Christidis C, Mal F, Kazemi F, et al. Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis by measurement of stiffness in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2005;41(1):48–54. [PubMed: 15690481]

Zipprich A, Garcia-Tsao G, Rogowski S, Fleig WE, Seufferlein T, Dollinger M. Prognostic indicators of survival in patients with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis. Liver International. 2012;32(9):1407–1414. [PMC free article: PMC3713489] [PubMed: 22679906]

Zipprich A, Kuss O, Rogowski S, Kleber G, Lotterer E, Seufferlein T, et al. Incorporating indocyanin green clearance into the Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD-ICG) improves prognostic accuracy in intermediate to advanced cirrhosis. Gut. 2010;59(7):963–968. [PubMed: 20581243]

Zoli M, Cordiani MR, Marchesini G, Abbati S, Bianchi G, Pisi E. Ultrasonographic follow-up of liver cirrhosis. Journal of Clinical Ultrasound. 1990;18(2):91–96. [PubMed: 2156912]