Glioblastoma is the commonest and the most lethal brain tumor. In this book 71 experts from around the globe come together to give a timely, unique and exhaustive compilation of preclinical and clinical knowledge and concepts of glioblastoma under three sections: understanding glioblastoma in the lab; managing glioblastoma in the clinic; and upcoming cutting-edge innovations. In section one, seven chapters provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular genetics, biological hallmarks and current state-of-the-art preclinical animal models in glioblastoma research. In section two, eight chapters deal with the many diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic management challenges physicians are facing every day. In section three, six chapters try to capture innovative approaches and techniques that might have the potential to gain impact in the field in the coming years.

Contents

• Foreword
• Preface
• Contributors
• Section I. Understanding Glioblastoma in the Lab
  • 1. Glioblastoma Genomics: A Very Complicated Story
    Melanie Y. Lombardi and Mahfoud Assem.
    • Introduction
    • Pathogenesis of Glioblastoma
    • Classification of Glioblastoma Based on Genetic Markers
    • Genomic Landscape of Glioblastoma
    • Potential Biomarkers for Prognosis and New Therapeutic Prediction
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 2. Molecular Genetics of Secondary Glioblastoma
    Alireza Mansouri, Jason Karamchandani, and Sunit Das.
    • Introduction
    • Distinguishing Primary and Secondary GBMs
    • Molecular Classification of GBMs Based on Gene Expression
    • Mechanisms of Gliomagenesis
    • Genetics of Glioma Progression
    • Effect of Treatment on Glioma Transformation
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 3. Epigenetic Mechanisms of Glioblastoma
    Peiyao Li and Minghua Wu.
    • Introduction
    • Methylomes of Glioblastoma
    • miRNA and Methylation Genes in Glioblastoma
    • LncRNA, miRNA, and Methylation in Glioblastoma
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 4. Cancer Stem-Like Cells in Glioblastoma
    Mathilde Cheray, Gaëlle Bégaud, Elise Deluche, Alexandre Nivet, Serge Battu, Fabrice Lalloué, Mireille Verdier, and Barbara Bessette.
    • Introduction
    • Evolution of Classifications and Diagnosis
    • Cancer Stem Cells in Glioblastoma
    • Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells in Glioblastoma
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 5. Molecular Mechanisms of Glioma Cell Motility
    Angela Armento, Jakob Ehlers, Sonja Schötterl, and Ulrike Naumann.
    • Introduction
    • Infiltration of Diffuse Glioma
    • Extracellular Matrix
    • Migration-Associated Changes of the Cytoskeleton
    • Ion Channels and Their Contribution to Glioma Cell Migration
    • Axonal Guidance Molecules
    • The Role of TGF-β in Glioma Cell Motility
    • EMT-Like Processes
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 6. Noncoding RNAs in Glioblastoma
    Ying Zhang, Nichola Cruickshanks, Mary Pahuski, Fang Yuan, Anindya Dutta, David Schiff, Benjamin Purow, and Roger Abounader.
    • Introduction
    • Glioblastoma
    • MicroRNAs
    • Functions and Targets of miRNAs in GBM
    • miRNA Therapeutics
    • Long Noncoding RNAs
    • Functions of lncRNAs in GBM
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 7. Mouse Models of Glioblastoma
    Noriyuki Kijima and Yonehiro Kanemura.
    • Introduction
    • Xenografts
    • Genetically Engineered Mouse Models
    • Syngenic Mouse Models
    • Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Type of Glioblastoma Mouse Model
    • Future Prospects for Mouse Models of Glioblastoma
    • Conclusion
    • References
• Section II. Managing Glioblastoma in the Clinic
  • 8. Epidemiology and Outcome of Glioblastoma
    Ahmad Faleh Tamimi and Malik Juweid.
    • Introduction
    • Incidence of Glioblastoma
    • Classification of GBM
    • Survival and Prognostic Factors
    • Outcome and Prognostic Factors
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 9. PET Imaging in Glioblastoma: Use in Clinical Practice
    Antoine Verger and Karl-Josef Langen.
    • Introduction
    • Primary Diagnosis/Differential Diagnosis
    • Delineation of Glioma Extent
    • Value in Treatment Planning
    • Follow-up: Treatment Response, Progression, Pseudoprogression, and Radionecrosis
    • Prognostication
    • Future Perspectives: Novel Radiotracers and Multimodality
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 10. PET for Therapy Response Assessment in Glioblastoma
    Julie Bolcaen, Marjan Acou, Benedicte Descamps, Ken Kersemans, Karel Deblaere, Christian Vanhove, and Ingeborg Goethals.
    • Introduction
    • Treatment of Glioblastoma
    • PET for Therapy Response Assessment in GB
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 11. Current Standards of Care in Glioblastoma Therapy
    Catarina Fernandes, Andreia Costa, Lígia Osório, Rita Costa Lago, Paulo Linhares, Bruno Carvalho, and Cláudia Caeiro.
    • Introduction
    • Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma
    • Recurrent Glioblastoma
    • Tumor-Treating Electric Fields for Glioblastoma
    • Glioblastoma in the Elderly
    • Supportive Care
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 12. Surgical Management of Glioblastoma
    Salvador Manrique-Guzmán, Tenoch Herrada-Pineda, and Francisco Revilla-Pacheco.
    • Introduction
    • Intraoperative Technologies
    • Patient Position
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 13. Cortical Mapping in the Resection of Malignant Cerebral Gliomas
    Jehad Zakaria and Vikram C. Prabhu.
    • Introduction
    • Preoperative Planning
    • Magnetoencephalography
    • Transcortical Magnetic Stimulation
    • Positron Emission Tomography
    • Neuropsychological Assessment
    • Surgical Considerations
    • Surface Anatomical Landmarks
    • Eloquent Cortex
    • Surgical Technique
    • Surgical Navigation
    • Electric Stimulation Mapping
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 14. Recurring Glioblastoma: A Case for Reoperation?
    Joost Dejaegher and Steven De Vleeschouwer.
    • Introduction
    • Radiological Diagnosis of a Recurrence in Clinical Practice
    • Clinical Outcome after Surgery for Recurrent GBM
    • Extent of Resection in the Recurrent Glioblastoma
    • Surgical Risks and Complications at Reoperation
    • Beyond Cytoreduction: Additional Benefits of Surgery
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 15. Pediatric Glioblastoma
    Kuntal Kanti Das and Raj Kumar.
    • Introduction
    • Epidemiology
    • Pathology and Molecular Biology
    • Clinical Features
    • Neuroimaging
    • Management
    • Factors Affecting Outcome
    • Conclusion
    • References
• Section III. Upcoming Cutting-Edge Innovations
  • 16. Glioblastoma: To Target the Tumor Cell or the Microenvironment?
    Steven De Vleeschouwer and Gabriele Bergers.
    • Introduction
    • The Heterogeneic Nature of Glioblastoma Cells
    • Glioblastoma Needs a Supportive Environment to Develop and Grow
    • Constituents of the Tumor Microenvironment in Glioblastoma
    • Treatment Routes to Reach the Glioblastoma Microenvironment
    • Is It Possible to Capture the Complexity of the Microenvironment in Glioblastoma Models?
    • Therapeutic Targeting of the Glioblastoma Microenvironment Components
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 17. Maximizing Local Access to Therapeutic Deliveries in Glioblastoma. Part I: Targeted Cytotoxic Therapy
    Waldemar Debinski, Waldemar Priebe, and Stephen B. Tatter.
    • Introduction
    • Targeted Cytotoxic Therapy of GBM
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 18. Maximizing Local Access to Therapeutic Deliveries in Glioblastoma. Part II: Arborizing Catheter for Convection-Enhanced Delivery in Tissue Phantoms
    Egleide Y. Elenes and Christopher G. Rylander.
    • Introduction
    • Arborizing Catheter for CED in Tissue Phantoms
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 19. Maximizing Local Access to Therapeutic Deliveries in Glioblastoma. Part III: Irreversible Electroporation and High-Frequency Irreversible Electroporation for the Eradication of Glioblastoma
    Melvin F. Lorenzo, Christopher B. Arena, and Rafael V. Davalos.
    • Introduction
    • Irreversible Electroporation and High-Frequency Irreversible Electroporation for the Eradication of GBM
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 20. Maximizing Local Access to Therapeutic Deliveries in Glioblastoma. Part IV: Image-Guided, Remote-Controlled Opening of the Blood–Brain Barrier for Systemic Brain Tumor Therapy
    Anirudh Sattiraju, Yao Sun, Kiran Kumar Solingapuram Sai, King C.P. Li, and Akiva Mintz.
    • Introduction
    • Image-Guided, Remote-Controlled Opening of the BBB for Systemic Brain Tumor Therapy
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 21. Maximizing Local Access to Therapeutic Deliveries in Glioblastoma. Part V: Clinically Relevant Model for Testing New Therapeutic Approaches
    John Rossmeisl.
    • Introduction
    • Clinically Relevant Model for Testing New Therapeutic Approaches in Gliomas
    • Conclusion
    • References

Glioblastoma

ISBN: 978-0-9944381-2-6

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/codon.glioblastoma.2017

Edited by

Steven De Vleeschouwer, MD, PhD

Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Published by

Codon Publications

Brisbane, QLD 4122, Australia

Copyright © 2017 Codon Publications

This open access book is published under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Users are allowed to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material for any non-commercial purpose), as long as the authors and the publisher are explicitly identified and properly acknowledged as the original source.

Notice to the user

The views and opinions expressed in this book are believed to be accurate at the time of publication. The publisher, editors or authors cannot be held responsible or liable for any errors, omissions or consequences arising from the use of the information contained in this book. The publisher makes no warranty, implicit or explicit, with respect to the contents of this book, or its use.

First Published in September 2017

Printed in Australia

A free online version is available at http://codonpublications.com