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National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Core Interventions in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Leicester (UK): British Psychological Society (UK); 2006. (NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 31.)

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Core Interventions in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder.

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Appendix 16Characteristics of reviewed studies

Included/excluded studies table for the Psychological Topic Group questions

Studies Included in the Comparions Covered by This Evidence Table

Characteristics of Included Studies

Characteristics of Excluded Studies

References to Included Studies

    BARRETT2004 (Published Data Only)

    • Barrett P, Healy Farrell L, March JS. Cognitive-behavioral family treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder: a controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004;43:46–62. [PubMed: 14691360]

    CORDIOLI2003 (Published Data Only)

    • Cordioli AV, Heldt E, Bochi DB, Margis R, De Sousa MB, Tonello JF, et al. Cognitive-behavioral group therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomized clinical trial. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics. 2003;72:211–216. [PubMed: 12792126]

    COTTRAUX2001 (Published Data Only)

    • Cottraux J, Note I, Yao SN, Lafont S, Note B, Mollard E, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy versus intensive behavior therapy in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics. 2001;70:288–297. [PubMed: 11598428]

    DEARAUJO1995 (Published Data Only)

    • Ito LM, Marks IM, De Araujo LA, Hemsley D. Does imagined exposure to the consequences of not ritualising enhance live exposure for OCD? A controlled study. II. Effect on behavioural v. subjective concordance of improvement. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1995;167:71–75. [PubMed: 7551613]
    • Ito LM, De Araujo LA, Hemsley DR, Marks IM. Beliefs and resistance in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Observations from a controlled study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 1995;9:269–281.
    • *. De Araujo LA, Ito LM, Marks IM, Deale A. Does imagined exposure to the consequences of not ritualising enhance live exposure for OCD? A controlled study. I. Main outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1995;167:65–70. [PubMed: 7551612]

    EMMELKAMP1983 (Published Data Only)

    • Emmelkamp PMG, De L I. Spouse involvement in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive patients. Behaviour Research & Therapy. 1983;21:341–346. [PubMed: 6626105]

    EMMELKAMP1988 (Published Data Only)

    • Emmelkamp PM, Visser S, Hoekstra RJ. Cognitive therapy vs exposure in vivo in the treatment of obsessive-compulsives. Cognitive Therapy & Research. 1988;12:103–114.

    EMMELKAMP1991 (Published Data Only)

    • Emmelkamp PM, Beens H. Cognitive therapy with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a comparative evaluation. Behaviour Research & Therapy. 1991;29:293–300. [PubMed: 1679324]

    FOA2005 (Published Data Only)

    • Kozak MJ, Liebowitz MR, Foa EB. Cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: The NIMH-sponsored collaborative study. In: Goodman WK, Rudorfer MV, editors. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: contemporary issues in treatment Personality and clinical psychology series. 2000. pp. 501–530.
    • Simpson HB, Liebowitz MR, Foa EB, Kozak MJ, Schmidt AB, Rowan V, et al. Post-treatment effects of exposure therapy and clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress.Anxiety. 2004;19:225–233. [PubMed: 15274171]
    • *. Foa EB, Liebowitz MR, Kozak MJ, Davies S, Campeas R, Franklin ME, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of exposure and ritual prevention, clomipramine, and their combination in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am.J.Psychiatry. 2005;162:151–161. [PubMed: 15625214]

    FREESTON1997 (Published Data Only)

    • Freeston MH, Ladouceur R, Gagnon F, Thibodeau N, Rheaume J, Letarte H, et al. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of obsessive thoughts: a controlled study. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology. 1997;65:405–413. [PubMed: 9170763]

    GREIST2002 (Published Data Only)

    • Mataix-Cols D, Marks IM, Greist JH, Kobak KA, Baer L. Obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions as predictors of compliance with and response to behaviour therapy: results from a controlled trial. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics. 2002;71:255–262. [PubMed: 12207105]
    • *. Greist JH, Marks IM, Baer L, Kobak KA, Wenzel KW, Hirsch MJ, et al. Behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder guided by a computer or by a clinician compared with relaxation as a control. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002;63:138–145. [PubMed: 11874215]

    HISS1994 (Published Data Only)

    • Hiss H, Foa EB, Kozak MJ. Relapse prevention program for treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology. 1994;62:801–808. [PubMed: 7962884]

    KENWRIGHT2005 (Published Data Only)

    • Kenwright M, Marks I, Graham C, Franses A, Mataix-Cols D. Brief scheduled phose support from a clinician to enhance computer-aided self-help for obsessive-compulsive disorder: randomised controlled-trial. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2005 in press. [PubMed: 16173084]

    KHEMLANIPATEL2001 (Published Data Only)

    • Khemlani-Patel S. Cognitive and behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: A comparative investigation. 2001

    LINDSAY1997 (Published Data Only)

    • Lindsay M, Crino R, Andrews G. Controlled trial of exposure and response prevention in obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;171:135–139. [PubMed: 9337948]

    LOVELL1994 (Published Data Only)

    • Lovell K, Marks IM, Noshirvani H, O'Sullivan G. Should treatment distinguish anxiogenic from anxiolytic obsessive-compulsive ruminations? Results of a pilot controlled study and of a clinical audit. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics. 1994;61:150–155. [PubMed: 7915040]

    MCLEAN2001 (Published Data Only)

    • McLean PD, Whittal ML, Thordarson DS, Taylor S, Sochting I, Koch WJ, et al. Cognitive versus behavior therapy in the group treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology. 2001;69:205–214. [PubMed: 11393598]

    MEHTA1990 (Published Data Only)

    • Mehta M. A comparative study of family-based and patient-based behavioural management in obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1990;157:133–135. [PubMed: 2397347]

    MORITZ1998 (Published Data Only)

    • Moritz EK. Behavior therapy in game format for the treatment of childhood obsessive compulsive disorder. 1998

    ROSEN1995 (Published Data Only)

    • Rosen JC, Reiter J, Orosan P. Cognitive-behavioral body image therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology. 1995;63:263–269. [PubMed: 7751487]

    SHANNAHOFFKHALS1999 (Published Data Only)

    • Shannahoff-Khalsa DS, Ray LE, Levine S, Gallen CC, Schwartz BJ, Sidorowich JJ. Randomized controlled trial of yogic meditation techniques for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cns Spectrums. 1999;4:34–47. [PubMed: 18311106]

    VANOPPEN1995 (Published Data Only)

    • Van Oppen P, de Haan E, van Balkom AJ, Spinhoven P, Hoogduin K, Van Dyck R. Cognitive therapy and exposure in vivo in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research & Therapy. 1995;33:379–390. [PubMed: 7755525]

    VEALE1996 (Published Data Only)

    • Veale D, Gournay K, Dryden W, Boocock A, Shah F, Willson R, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: a cognitive behavioural model and pilot randomised controlled trial. Behaviour Research & Therapy. 1996;34:717–729. [PubMed: 8936754]

    VOGEL2004 (Published Data Only)

    • Vogel PA, TC, Gotestam G. Adding cognitive therapy elements to exposure therapy for obsessive complsive disorder: a controlled study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 2004;32:275–290.

References to Excluded Studies

    ARAUJO1996

    • Araujo LA, Ito LM, Marks IM. Early compliance and other factors predicting outcome of exposure for obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1996;169:747–752. [PubMed: 8968633]

    BOERSMA1976

    • Boersma K, Den Hengst S, Dekker J, Emmelkamp PMG. Exposure and response prevention in the natural environment: a comparison with obsessive-compulsive patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1976;14:19–24. [PubMed: 938416]

    DREESSEN1997

    • Dreessen L, Hoekstra R, Arntz A. Personality disorders do not influence the results of cognitive and behavior therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of anxiety disorders {J Anxiety Disord} 1997;11(5):503–521. [PubMed: 9407270]

    DUBOIS1991

    • Dubois AM. A double-blind study of two types of psychiatric treatments. Genitif. 1983;5:91–101. French.

    EMMELKAMP1977

    • Emmelkamp PMG, Kraanen J. Therapist-controlled exposure in vivo versus self-controlled exposure in vivo: a comparison with obsessive-compulsive patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1977;15:491–495. [PubMed: 23751]

    EMMELKAMP1980

    • Emmelkamp PMG, Van der HH. Treatment of harming obsessions. Behavioural Analysis & Modification. 1980;4:28–35.

    EMMELKAMP1980A

    • Emmelkamp PM, van der HM, van Zanten BL, Plochg I. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive patients: the contribution of self-instructional training to the effectiveness of exposure. Behaviour Research & Therapy. 1980;18:61–66. [PubMed: 7369989]

    EMMELKAMP1981

    • Emmelkamp PMG, Giesselbach P. Treatment of obsessions: Relevant vs. irrelevant exposure. Behavioural Psychotherapy. 1981;9:322–329.

    EMMELKAMP1989

    • Emmelkamp PM. van Linden van den Heuvell, Ruphan M, Sanderman R. Home-based treatment of obsessive-compulsive patients: intersession interval and therapist involvement. Behaviour Research & Therapy. 1989;27:89–93. [PubMed: 2563327]

    EMMELKAMP1990

    • Emmelkamp PMG, de Haan E, Hoogduin CAL. Marital adjustment and obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1990;156:55–60. [PubMed: 1967545]

    FALSSTEWART1993A

    • Fals-Stewart W, Marks AP, Schafer J. A comparison of behavioral group therapy and individual behavior therapy in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 1993;181:189–193. [PubMed: 8445378]

    FOA1980

    • Foa EB, Steketee G, Milby JB. Differential effects of exposure and response prevention in obsessive-compulsive washers. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology. 1980;48:71–79. [PubMed: 7365045]

    FRITZLER1997

    • Fritzler BK, Hecker JE, Losee MC. Self-directed treatment with minimal therapist contact: preliminary findings for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research & Therapy. 1997;35:627–631. [PubMed: 9193126]

    GOURNAY1997

    • Gournay K, Veale D, Walburn J. Body dysmorphic disorder: pilot randomized controlled trial of treatment; implications for nurse therapy research and practice… including commentary by Newell R and Latham M with author response. Clinical Effectiveness in Nursing. 1997;1:38–46.

    HACKMANN1975

    • Hackmann A, McLean C. A comparison of flooding and thought stopping in the treatment of obsessional neurosis. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1975;13:263–269. [PubMed: 242308]

    JONES1998A

    • Jones MK, Menzies RG. Danger ideation reduction therapy (DIRT) for obsessive-compulsive washers. A controlled trial. Behaviour Research & Therapy. 1998;36:959–970. [PubMed: 9714946]

    KAZARIAN1977

    • Kazarian SS, Evans DR. Modification of obsessional ruminations: A comparative study. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science. 1977;9:91–100.

    MCKAY1997

    • McKay D, Todaro J, Neziroglu F, Campisi T, Moritz EK, Yaryura-Tobias JA. Body dysmorphic disorder: a preliminary evaluation of treatment and maintenance using exposure with response prevention. Behaviour Research & Therapy. 1997;35:67–70. [PubMed: 9009045]

    OCONNOR1999

    • O'Connor K, Todorov C, Robillard S, Borgeat F, Brault M. Cognitive-behaviour therapy and medication in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A controlled study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry - Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie. 1999;44:64–71. [PubMed: 10076743]

    RACHMAN1971

    • Rachman S, Hodgson R, Marks IM. The treatment of chronic obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Behaviour Research & Therapy. 1971;9:237–247. [PubMed: 5095079]

    SALKOVSKIS2003

    • Salkovskis PM, Thorpe SJ, Wahl K, Wroe AL, Forrester E. Neutralizing increases discoomfort associated with obsessional thoughts: an experimental study with obsessional patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2003;112:709–715. [PubMed: 14674881]

    STEKETEE1982_1

    • Steketee G, Foa EB, Grayson JB. Recent advances in the behavioral treatment of obsessive-compulsives. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1982;39:1365–1371. [PubMed: 7149895]

    STEKETEE1982_2

    • Steketee G, Foa EB, Grayson JB. Recent advances in the behavioral treatment of obsessive-compulsives. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1982;39:1365–1371. [PubMed: 7149895]

    STERN1973

    • Stern RS, Lipsedge MS, Marks IM. Obsessive ruminations: A controlled trial of thought-stopping technique. Behaviour Research & Therapy. 1973;11:659–662. [PubMed: 4777659]

Included/excluded studies table for the Clinical Question: 1.01 TCAs

Characteristics of Included Studies

References of Included Studies

    ANANTH1981 (Published Data Only)

    • Ananth J, Pecknold JC, Van Den SN, Engelsmann F. Double-blind comparative study of clomipramine and amitriptyline in obsessive neurosis. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology. 1981;5:257–262. [PubMed: 7022517]

    GOODMAN1990A (Published Data Only)

    • Goodman WK, Price LH, Delgado PL, Palumbo J, Krystal JH, Nagy LM, et al. Specificity of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comparison of fluvoxamine and desipramine. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1990;47:577–585. [PubMed: 2112374]

    HOEHNSARIC2000 (Published Data Only)

    • Hoehn-Saric R, Ninan P, Black DW, Stahl S, Greist JH, Lydiard B, et al. Multicenter double-blind comparison of sertraline and desipramine for concurrent obsessive-compulsive and major depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2000;57:76–82. [PubMed: 10632236]

    KHANNA1988 (Published Data Only)

    LEONARD1989A (Published Data Only)

    • Leonard H, Swedo S, Rapoport JL, Coffey M, Cheslow D. Treatment of childhood obsessive compulsive disorder with clomipramine and desmethylimipramine: a double-blind crossover comparison. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1988;24:93–95. [PubMed: 3290954]
    • *. Leonard HL, Swedo SE, Rapoport JL, Koby EV, Lenane MC, Cheslow DL, et al. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder with clomipramine and desipramine in children and adolescents. A double-blind crossover comparison. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1989;46:1088–1092. [PubMed: 2686576]

    LEONARD1991A (Published Data Only)

    • Leonard HL, Swedo SE, Lenane MC, Rettew DC, Cheslow DL, Hamburger SD, Rapoport JL. A double-blind desipramine substitution during long-term clomipramine treatment in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1991;48:922–927. [PubMed: 1929762]

    THOREN1980A (Published Data Only)

    • Thoren P, Asberg M, Cronholm B, Jornestedt L, Traskman L. Clomipramine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. I. A controlled clinical trial. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1980;37:1281–1285. [PubMed: 7436690]

    VOLAVKA1985 (Published Data Only)

    • Volavka J, Neziroglu F, Yaryura-Tobias JA. Clomipramine and imipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research. 1985;14:85–93. [PubMed: 3887445]

    ZOHAR1987A (Published Data Only)

    • Zohar J, Insel TR. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: psychobiological approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and pathophysiology. Biological Psychiatry. 1987;22:667–687. [PubMed: 3036259]

Included/excluded studies table for the Clinical Question: 1.02 Clomipramine

Characteristics of Included Studies

References of Included Studies

    ALBERT2002 (Published Data Only)

    • Albert U, Aguglia E, Maina G, Bogetto F. Venlafaxine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary single-blind, 12-week, controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002;63:1004–1009. [PubMed: 12444814]

    ANANTH1981 (Published Data Only)

    • Ananth J, Pecknold JC, Van Den SN, Engelsmann F. Double-blind comparative study of clomipramine and amitriptyline in obsessive neurosis. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology. 1981;5:257–262. [PubMed: 7022517]

    ANSSEAU (Unpublished Data Only)

    • Ansseau M, Bejerot S, Blauwblomme JF, Bollen J, Braccini, De Bleeker E, et al. A double-blind study to compare the maintenance of efficacy and relapse rates in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who responded to paroxetine, clomipramine or placebo in the short-term study. :136.

    ASKIN1999 (Published Data Only)

    • Askin R, Turan M, Cilli AS, Kaya N. Clomipramine versus sertraline in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Buelteni. 1999;9:133–138.

    BISSERBE1997 (Published Data Only)

    • Bisserbe JC, Lane RM, Flament MF. A double-blind comparison of sertraline and clomipramine in outpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. European Psychiatry. 1997;12:82–93. [PubMed: 19698511]

    BURNHAM (Unpublished Data Only)

    • Burnham DB, Apter J, Ballenger JC, Lydiard B, Bastani B, Borison RL, et al. Paroxetine versus clomipramine and placebo in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

    CCSG1991 (Published Data Only)

    • Clomipramine Collaborative Study Group. Clomipramine in the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The Clomipramine Collaborative Study Group. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1991;48:730–738. [PubMed: 1883256]

    DEVEAUGHGEISS1992 (Published Data Only)

    • DeVeaugh-Geiss J, Moroz G, Biederman J, Cantwell D, Fontaine R, Greist JH, et al. Clomipramine hydrochloride in childhood and adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder--a multicenter trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1992;31:45–49. [PubMed: 1537780]

    FALLON1998 (Published Data Only)

    • Fallon BA, Liebowitz MR, Campeas R, Schneier FR, Marshall R, Davies S, et al. Intravenous clomipramine for obsessive-compulsive disorder refractory to oral clomipramine: placebo-controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1998;55:918–924. [PubMed: 9783563]

    FLAMENT1985 (Published Data Only)

    • Flament MF, Rapoport JL, Murphy DL. Biochemical changes during clomipramine treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1987;44:219–225. [PubMed: 3548637]
    • Flament MF, Rapoport JL, Kilts C. A controlled trial of clomipramine in childhood obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1985;21:150–152. [PubMed: 3885292]
    • *. Flament MF, Rapoport JL, Berg CJ, Sceery W, Kilts C, Mellstrom B, et al. Clomipramine treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. A double-blind controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1985;42:977–983. [PubMed: 3899048]

    FOA2005 (Published Data Only)

    • Kozak MJ, Liebowitz MR, Foa EB. Cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: The NIMH-sponsored collaborative study. In: Goodman WK, Rudorfer MV, editors. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: contemporary issues in treatment Personality and clinical psychology series. 2000. pp. 501–530.
    • Simpson HB, Liebowitz MR, Foa EB, Kozak MJ, Schmidt AB, Rowan V, et al. Post-treatment effects of exposure therapy and clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress.Anxiety. 2004;19:225–233. [PubMed: 15274171]
    • *. Foa EB, Liebowitz MR, Kozak MJ, Davies S, Campeas R, Franklin ME, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of exposure and ritual prevention, clomipramine, and their combination in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am.J.Psychiatry. 2005;162:151–161. [PubMed: 15625214]

    FREEMAN1994 (Published Data Only)

    • Freeman CP, Trimble MR, Deakin JF, Stokes TM, Ashford JJ. Fluvoxamine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: a multicenter, randomized double-blind, parallel group comparison. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1994;55:301–305. [PubMed: 8071291]

    HEWLETT1992 (Published Data Only)

    • Hewlett WA, Vinogradov S, Agras WS. Clomipramine, clonazepam, and clonidine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1992;12:420. [PubMed: 1474179]

    INSEL1983B (Published Data Only)

    • Insel TR, Murphy DL, Cohen RM, Alterman I, Kilts C, Linnoila M. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. A double-blind trial of clomipramine and clorgyline. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1983;40:605–612. [PubMed: 6342562]

    KATZ1990 (Published Data Only)

    • Katz RJ, DeVeaugh-Geiss J, Landau P. Clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 1990;28:401–414. [PubMed: 2207219]

    KHANNA1988 (Published Data Only)

    KORAN1996A (Published Data Only)

    • Koran LM, McElroy SL, Davidson JR, Rasmussen SA, Hollander E, Jenike MA. Fluvoxamine versus clomipramine for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind comparison. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1996;16:121–129. [PubMed: 8690827]

    KORAN1997 (Published Data Only)

    • Koran LM, Sallee FR, Pallanti S. Rapid benefit of intravenous pulse loading of clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;154:396–401. [PubMed: 9054789]

    LEONARD1989A (Published Data Only)

    • Leonard H, Swedo S, Rapoport JL, Coffey M, Cheslow D. Treatment of childhood obsessive compulsive disorder with clomipramine and desmethylimipramine: a double-blind crossover comparison. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1988;24:93–95. [PubMed: 3290954]
    • *. Leonard HL, Swedo SE, Rapoport JL, Koby EV, Lenane MC, Cheslow DL, et al. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder with clomipramine and desipramine in children and adolescents. A double-blind crossover comparison. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1989;46:1088–1092. [PubMed: 2686576]

    LEONARD1991A (Published Data Only)

    • Leonard HL, Swedo SE, Lenane MC, Rettew DC, Cheslow DL, Hamburger SD, Rapoport JL. A double-blind desipramine substitution during long-term clomipramine treatment in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1991;48:922–927. [PubMed: 1929762]

    LOPEZIBOR1996 (Published Data Only)

    • Lopez-Ibor JJ Jr, Saiz J, Cottraux J, Note I, Vinas R, Bourgeois M, et al. Double-blind comparison of fluoxetine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 1996;6:111–118. [PubMed: 8791036]

    MARCH1990 (Published Data Only)

    • March JS, Johnston H, Jefferson JW, Kobak KA. Do subtle neurological impairments predict treatment resistance to clomipramine in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder? Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 1990;1:133–140. [PubMed: 19630661]

    MILANFRANCHI1997 (Published Data Only)

    • Milanfranchi A, Ravagli S, Lensi P, Marazziti D, Cassano GB. A double-blind study of fluvoxamine and clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997;12:131–136. [PubMed: 9248868]

    MONTGOMERY1990 (Published Data Only)

    • Montgomery SA, Montgomery DB, Fineberg N. Early response with clomipramine in obsessive compulsive disorder--a placebo controlled study. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1990;14:719–727. [PubMed: 2293252]

    MUNDO2001 (Published Data Only)

    • Mundo E, Maina G, Uslenghi C. Multicentre, double-blind, comparison of fluvoxamine and clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000;15:69–76. [PubMed: 10759337]
    • *. Mundo E, Rouillon F, Figuera ML, Stigler M. Fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Similar efficacy but superior tolerability in comparison with clomipramine. Human Psychopharmacology. 2001;16:461–468. [PubMed: 12404554]

    PATO1991 (Published Data Only)

    • Pato MT, Pigott TA, Hill JL, Grover GN, Bernstein S, Murphy DL. Controlled comparison of buspirone and clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991;148:127–129. [PubMed: 1984696]

    SMERALDI1992 (Published Data Only)

    • Smeraldi E, Erzegovesi S, Bianchi I, Pasquali L. Fluvoxamine vs clomipramine treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A preliminary study. New Trends in Experimental & Clinical Psychiatry. 1992;8:63–65.

    STEIN1992 (Published Data Only)

    • Stein DJ, Hollander E, Mullen LS, DeCaria CM, Liebowitz MR. Comparison of clomipramine, alprazolam and placebo in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Human Psychopharmacology. 1992;7:389–395.

    THOREN1980A (Published Data Only)

    • Thoren P, Asberg M, Cronholm B, Jornestedt L, Traskman L. Clomipramine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. I. A controlled clinical trial. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1980;37:1281–1285. [PubMed: 7436690]

    VALLEJO1992 (Published Data Only)

    • Vallejo J, Olivares J, Marcos T, Bulbena A, Menchon JM. Clomipramine versus phenelzine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A controlled clinical trial. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1992;161:665–670. [PubMed: 1422616]

    VOLAVKA1985 (Published Data Only)

    • Volavka J, Neziroglu F, Yaryura-Tobias JA. Clomipramine and imipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research. 1985;14:85–93. [PubMed: 3887445]

    ZOHAR1987A (Published Data Only)

    • Zohar J, Insel TR. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: psychobiological approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and pathophysiology. Biological Psychiatry. 1987;22:667–687. [PubMed: 3036259]

    ZOHAR1996A (Published Data Only)

    • Zohar J, Judge R. Paroxetine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. OCD Paroxetine Study Investigators. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1996;169:468–474. [PubMed: 8894198]

Included/excluded studies table for the Clinical Question: 1.03 SSRIs

Characteristics of Included Studies

References of Included Studies

    ANSSEAU_1 (Unpublished Data Only)

    • Ansseau M, Bejerot S, Blauwblomme JF, Bollen J, Braccini, De Bleeker E, et al. A double-blind study to compare the maintenance of efficacy and relapse rates in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who responded to paroxetine, clomipramine or placebo in the short-term study. :136.

    ANSSEAU_2 (Unpublished Data Only)

    • Ansseau M, Bejerot S, Blauwblomme JF, Bollen J, Braccini, De Bleeker E, et al. A double-blind study to compare the maintenance of efficacy and relapse rates in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who responded to paroxetine, clomipramine or placebo in the short-term study. :136.

    ASKIN1999 (Published Data Only)

    • Askin R, Turan M, Cilli AS, Kaya N. Clomipramine versus sertraline in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Buelteni. 1999;9:133–138.

    BAILER (Unpublished Data Only)

    • Bailer DC, Burnham D, Oakes R. Long term treatment with paroxetine of outpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: an extension of the comparative study.

    BEASLEY1992 (Published Data Only)

    • Tollefson GD, Birkett M, Koran L, Genduso L. Continuation treatment of OCD: double-blind and open-label experience with fluoxetine. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1994;55:69–76. [PubMed: 7961535]
    • Tollefson GD, Rampey AH Jr, Potvin JH, Jenike MA, Rush AJ, Dominguez RA, et al. A multicenter investigation of fixed-dose fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1994;51:559–567. [PubMed: 8031229]
    • *. Beasley CM Jr, Potvin JH, Masica DN, Wheadon DE, Dornseif BE, Genduso LA. Fluoxetine: no association with suicidality in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1992;24:1–10. [PubMed: 1545040]

    BERGERON2002 (Published Data Only)

    • Bergeron R, Ravindran AV, Chaput Y, Goldner E, Swinson R, van Ameringen MA, et al. Sertraline and fluoxetine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: results of a double-blind, 6-month treatment study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002;22:148–154. [PubMed: 11910259]

    BISSERBE1997 (Published Data Only)

    • Bisserbe JC, Lane RM, Flament MF. A double-blind comparison of sertraline and clomipramine in outpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. European Psychiatry. 1997;12:82–93. [PubMed: 19698511]

    BOGETTO2002 (Published Data Only)

    • Bogetto F, Albert U, Maina G. Sertraline treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: efficacy and tolerability of a rapid titration regimen. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002;12:181–186. [PubMed: 12007668]

    BURNHAM (Unpublished Data Only)

    • Burnham DB, Apter J, Ballenger JC, Lydiard B, Bastani B, Borison RL, et al. Paroxetine versus clomipramine and placebo in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. 1993

    CARPENTER (Unpublished Data Only)

    • Carpenter DJ, Schaefer DM, Lawnnson S, Truman M, Moran E. A 38-week, two phase, multicentre study to investigate the safety and effectiveness of paroxetine (10-60mg/day) in the treatment of children and adolescent outpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

    CHOUINARD1990 (Published Data Only)

    • Chouinard G, Goodman W, Greist J, Jenike M, Rasmussen S, White K, et al. Results of a double-blind placebo controlled trial of a new serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1990;26:279–284. [PubMed: 2274626]

    FREEMAN1994 (Published Data Only)

    • Freeman CP, Trimble MR, Deakin JF, Stokes TM, Ashford JJ. Fluvoxamine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel group comparison. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1994;55:301–305. [PubMed: 8071291]

    GELLER2001 (Published Data Only)

    • Geller DA, Hoog SL, Heiligenstein JH, Ricardi RK, Tamura R, Kluszynski S, et al. Fluoxetine treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: A placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001;40:773–779. [PubMed: 11437015]

    GELLER2004 (Published Data Only)

    • Gallagher DJ, Carpenter DJ, Sheehan BM, Bailey A, Gardiner C. A randomised, multicentre, 10-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of paroxetine in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. 2001
    • *. Geller DA, Wagner KD, Emslie G, Murphy T, Carpenter DJ, Wetherhold E, et al. Paroxetine treatment in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am.Acad Child Adolesc.Psychiatry. 2004;43:1387–1396. [PubMed: 15502598]

    GOODMAN1989 (Published Data Only)

    • Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Delgado PL, Heninger GR, Charney DS. Efficacy of fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A double-blind comparison with placebo. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1989;46:36–44. [PubMed: 2491940]

    GOODMAN1996 (Published Data Only)

    • Goodman WK, Kozak MJ, Liebowitz M, White KL. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder with fluvoxamine: a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1996;11:21–29. [PubMed: 8732310]

    GREIST1995A (Published Data Only)

    • Greist J, Chouinard G, DuBoff E, Halaris A, Kim SW, Koran L, et al. Double-blind parallel comparison of three dosages of sertraline and placebo in outpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1995;52:289–295. [PubMed: 7702445]
    • *. Greist JH, Jefferson JW, Kobak KA, Chouinard G, DuBoff E, Halaris A, et al. A 1 year double-blind placebo-controlled fixed dose study of sertraline in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1995;10:57–65. [PubMed: 7673657]

    HOLLANDER2003B (Published Data Only)

    • Hollander E, Koran LM, Goodman WK, Greist JH, Ninan PT, Yang H, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of controlled-release fluvoxamine in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003;64:640–647. [PubMed: 12823077]

    HOLLANDER2003D (Published Data Only)

    • Hollander E, Allen A, Steiner M, Wheadon DE, Oakes R, Burnham DB. Acute and long-term treatment and prevention of relapse of obsessive-compulsive disorder with paroxetine. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003;64:1113–1121. [PubMed: 14628989]

    JENIKE1990A (Published Data Only)

    • Jenike MA, Hyman S, Baer L, Holland A, Minichiello WE, Buttolph L, et al. A controlled trial of fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Implications for a serotonergic theory. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990;147:1209–1215. [PubMed: 2143637]

    JENIKE1990B (Published Data Only)

    • Jenike MA, Baer L, Summergrad P, Minichiello WE, Holland A, Seymour R. Sertraline in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A double-blind comparison with placebo. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990;147:923–928. [PubMed: 2192564]

    JENIKE1997 (Published Data Only)

    • Jenike MA, Baer L, Minichiello WE, Rauch SL, Buttolph ML. Placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine and phenelzine for obsessive- compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;154:1261–1264. [PubMed: 9286186]

    KAMIJIMA2004 (Published Data Only)

    • Kamijima K, Murasaki M, Asai M, Higuchi T, Nakajima T, Taga C, et al. Paroxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in Japanese patients. Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2004;58:427–433. [PubMed: 15298657]

    KORAN1996A (Published Data Only)

    • Koran LM, McElroy SL, Davidson JR, Rasmussen SA, Hollander E, Jenike MA. Fluvoxamine versus clomipramine for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind comparison. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1996;16:121–129. [PubMed: 8690827]

    KORAN2002 (Published Data Only)

    • Koran LM, Hackett E, Rubin A, Wolkow R, Robinson D. Efficacy of sertraline in the long-term treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002;159:88–95. comment. [PubMed: 11772695]

    KORAN (Unpublished Data Only)

    • Koran LM, Ninan PT, Austin C. High-dose Sertraline strategy in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) acute treatment non-responders. Barcelona, Spain: [PubMed: 16426083]

    KRONIG1999 (Published Data Only)

    • Kronig MH, Apter J, Asnis G, Bystritsky A, Curtis G, Ferguson J, et al. Placebo-controlled, multicenter study of sertraline treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999;19:172–176. [PubMed: 10211919]

    LIEBOWITZ2002 (Published Data Only)

    • Liebowitz MR, Turner SM, Piacentini J, Beidel DC, Clarvit SR, Davies SO, et al. Fluoxetine in children and adolescents with OCD: a placebo-controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002;41:1431–1438. [PubMed: 12447029]

    LOPEZIBOR1996 (Published Data Only)

    • Lopez-Ibor JJ Jr, Saiz J, Cottraux J, Note I, Vinas R, Bourgeois M, et al. Double-blind comparison of fluoxetine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 1996;6:111–118. [PubMed: 8791036]

    MALLYA1992 (Published Data Only)

    • Mallya GK, White K, Waternaux C, Quay S. Short- and long-term treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder with fluvoxamine. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 1992;4:77–80.

    MARCH1998 (Published Data Only)

    • Wilens TE, Biederman J, March JS, Wolkow R, Fine CS, Millstein RB, et al. Absence of cardiovascular adverse effects of sertraline in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999;38:573–577. [PubMed: 10230189]
    • *. March JS, Biederman J, Wolkow R, Safferman A, Mardekian J, Cook EH, et al. Sertraline in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998;280:1752–1756. [PubMed: 9842950]

    MILANFRANCHI1997 (Published Data Only)

    • Milanfranchi A, Ravagli S, Lensi P, Marazziti D, Cassano GB. A double-blind study of fluvoxamine and clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997;12:131–136. [PubMed: 9248868]

    MONTGOMERY1993 (Published Data Only)

    • Montgomery SA, McIntyre A, Osterheider M, Sarteschi P, Zitterl W, Zohar J, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in patients with DSM-III-R obsessive-compulsive disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 1993;3:143–152. [PubMed: 8364350]

    MONTGOMERY2001 (Published Data Only)

    • Montgomery SA, Kasper S, Stein DJ, Bang HK, Lemming OM. Citalopram 20 mg, 40 mg and 60 mg are all effective and well tolerated compared with placebo in obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001;16:75–86. [PubMed: 11236072]

    MUNDO1997A (Published Data Only)

    • Mundo E, Bianchi L, Bellodi L. Efficacy of fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and citalopram in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a single-blind study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997;17:267–271. [PubMed: 9241005]

    MUNDO2001 (Published Data Only)

    • Mundo E, Maina G, Uslenghi C. Multicentre, double-blind, comparison of fluvoxamine and clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000;15:69–76. [PubMed: 10759337]
    • *. Mundo E, Rouillon F, Figuera ML, Stigler M. Fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Similar efficacy but superior tolerability in comparison with clomipramine. Human Psychopharmacology. 2001;16:461–468. [PubMed: 12404554]

    PERSE1987 (Published Data Only)

    • Perse TL, Greist JH, Jefferson JW, Rosenfeld R, Dar R. Fluvoxamine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1987;144:1543–1548. [PubMed: 3120604]

    PHILLIPS2002B (Published Data Only)

    • Phillips KA, Albertini RS, Rasmussen SA. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in body dysmorphic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002;59:381–388. comment. [PubMed: 11926939]

    POTS2004 (Published Data Only)

    • Franklin M, Foa E, March JS. The pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder treatment study: rationale, design, and methods. J Child Adolesc.Psychopharmacol. 2003;13 1:S39–S51. [PubMed: 12880499]
    • POTS. Cognitive-behavior therapy, sertraline, and their combination for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: the Pediatric OCD Treatment Study (POTS) randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292:1969–1976. [PubMed: 15507582]

    RIDDLE1992 (Published Data Only)

    • Riddle MA, Scahill L, King RA, Hardin MT, Anderson GM, Ort SI, et al. Double-blind, crossover trial of fluoxetine and placebo in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1992;31:1062–1069. [PubMed: 1429406]

    RIDDLE2001 (Published Data Only)

    • Riddle MA, Reeve EA, Yaryura-Tobias JA, Yang HM, Claghorn JL, Gaffney G, et al. Fluvoxamine for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001;40:222–229. [PubMed: 11211371]

    ROMANO2001 (Published Data Only)

    • Romano S, Goodman W, Tamura R, Gonzales J. Long-term treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder after an acute response: a comparison of fluoxetine versus placebo. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001;21:46–52. [PubMed: 11199947]

    SMERALDI1992 (Published Data Only)

    • Smeraldi E, Erzegovesi S, Bianchi I, Pasquali L. Fluvoxamine vs clomipramine treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A preliminary study. New Trends in Experimental & Clinical Psychiatry. 1992;8:63–65.

    ZOHAR1996A (Published Data Only)

    • Zohar J, Judge R. Paroxetine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. OCD Paroxetine Study Investigators. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1996;169:468–474. [PubMed: 8894198]

Included/excluded studies table for the Clinical Question: 1.05 SNRIs

Characteristics of Included Studies

References of Included Studies

    ALBERT2002 (Published Data Only)

    • Albert U, Aguglia E, Maina G, Bogetto F. Venlafaxine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary single-blind, 12-week, controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002;63:1004–1009. [PubMed: 12444814]

    DENYS2003A (Published Data Only)

    • Denys D, van der Wee N, van Megen HJGM, Westenberg HGM. A double blind comparison of venlafaxine and paroxetine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003;23:568–575. [PubMed: 14624187]

Included/excluded studies table for the Clinical Question: 1.06 MAOIs

Characteristics of Included Studies

References of Included Studies

    INSEL1983B (Published Data Only)

    • Insel TR, Murphy DL, Cohen RM, Alterman I, Kilts C, Linnoila M. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. A double-blind trial of clomipramine and clorgyline. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1983;40:605–612. [PubMed: 6342562]

    JENIKE1997 (Published Data Only)

    • Jenike MA, Baer L, Minichiello WE, Rauch SL, Buttolph ML. Placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine and phenelzine for obsessive- compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;154:1261–1264. [PubMed: 9286186]

    VALLEJO1992 (Published Data Only)

    • Vallejo J, Olivares J, Marcos T, Bulbena A, Menchon JM. Clomipramine versus phenelzine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A controlled clinical trial. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1992;161:665–670. [PubMed: 1422616]

Included/excluded studies table for the Clinical Question: 1.07 Anxiolytics

Characteristics of Included Studies

References of Included Studies

    HOLLANDER2003C (Published Data Only)

    • Hollander E, Kaplan A, Stahl SM. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of clonazepam in obsessive-compulsive disorder. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 2003;4:30–34. [PubMed: 12582975]

    PATO1991 (Published Data Only)

    • Pato MT, Pigott TA, Hill JL, Grover GN, Bernstein S, Murphy DL. Controlled comparison of buspirone and clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991;148:127–129. [PubMed: 1984696]

Characteristics Table and Reference List for the ReferenceID's Included in The Clinical Question: 1.09 Other pharmacological interventions

Characteristics of Included Studies

References of Included Studies

    DENBOER1992 (Published Data Only)

    • Den Boer JA, Westenberg HG. Oxytocin in obsessive compulsive disorder. Peptides. 1992;13:1083–1085. [PubMed: 1494489]

    EPPERSON1996 (Published Data Only)

    • Epperson CN, McDougle CJ, Price LH. Intranasal oxytocin in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 1996;40:547–549. [PubMed: 8879477]

    FUX1996 (Published Data Only)

    • Fux M, Levine J, Aviv A, Belmaker RH. Inositol treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996;153:1219–1221. [PubMed: 8780431]

Included/excluded studies table for the Clinical Question: 1.10 Augmentation

Characteristics of Included Studies

References of Included Studies

    ATMACA2002 (Published Data Only)

    • Atmaca M, Kuloglu M, Tezcan E, Gecici O. Quetiapine augmentation in patients with treatment resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a single-blind, placebo-controlled study. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002;17:115–119. [PubMed: 11981352]

    BARR1997 (Published Data Only)

    • Barr LC, Goodman WK, Anand A, McDougle CJ, Price LH. Addition of desipramine to serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;154:1293–1295. [PubMed: 9286191]

    DANNON2000 (Published Data Only)

    • Dannon PN, Sasson Y, Hirschmann S, Iancu I, Grunhaus LJ, Zohar J. Pindolol augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive compulsive disorder: a double-blind placebo controlled trial. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000;10:165–169. [PubMed: 10793318]

    FUX1999 (Published Data Only)

    • Fux M, Benjamin J, Belmaker RH. Inositol versus placebo augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A double-blind cross-over study. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999;2:193–195. [PubMed: 11281989]

    GRADY1993 (Published Data Only)

    • Grady TA, Pigott TA, L'Heureux F, Hill JL, Bernstein SE, Murphy DL. Double-blind study of adjuvant buspirone for fluoxetine-treated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993;150:819–821. [PubMed: 8480832]

    HOLLANDER2003E (Published Data Only)

    • Hollander E, Rossi NB, Sood E, Pallanti S. Risperidone augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003;6:397–401. [PubMed: 14604454]

    MCDOUGLE1991 (Published Data Only)

    • McDougle CJ, Price LH, Goodman WK, Charney DS, Heninger GR. A controlled trial of lithium augmentation in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: Lack of efficacy. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1991;11:175–184. [PubMed: 1820757]

    MCDOUGLE1993A (Published Data Only)

    • McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Leckman JF, Holzer JC, Barr LC, McCance-Katz E, et al. Limited therapeutic effect of addition of buspirone in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993;150:647–649. [PubMed: 8465885]

    MCDOUGLE1994A (Published Data Only)

    • McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Leckman JF, Lee NC, Heninger GR, Price LH. Haloperidol addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with and without tics. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1994;51:302–308. [PubMed: 8161290]

    MCDOUGLE2000A (Published Data Only)

    • McDougle CJ, Epperson CN, Pelton GH, Wasylink S, Price LH. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone addition in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2000;57:794–801. [PubMed: 10920469]

    MUNDO1998 (Published Data Only)

    • Mundo E, Guglielmo E, Bellodi L. Effect of adjuvant pindolol on the antiobsessional response to fluvoxamine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998;13:219–224. [PubMed: 9817627]

    NOORBALA1998 (Published Data Only)

    • Noorbala AA, Hosseini SH, Mohammadi MR, Akhondzadeh S. Combination of clomipramine and nortriptyline in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics. 1998;23:155–159. [PubMed: 9786103]

    PALLANTI1999 (Published Data Only)

    • Pallanti S, Quercioli L, Paiva RS, Koran LM. Citalopram for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. European Psychiatry: the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 1999;14:101–106. [PubMed: 10572334]

    PIGOTT1991 (Published Data Only)

    • Pigott TA, Pato MT, L'Heureux F, Hill JL, Grover GN, Bernstein SE, et al. A controlled comparison of adjuvant lithium carbonate or thyroid hormone in clomipramine-treated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1991;11:242–248. [PubMed: 1918422]

    SHAPIRA2004 (Published Data Only)

    • Shapira NA, Ward HE, Mandoki M, Murphy TK, Yang MCK, Blier P, Goodman WK. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine addition in fluoxetine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 2004;553:553–555. [PubMed: 15023585]

Included/excluded studies table for the Clinical Question: 1.13 SRIs vs non-SRIs

Characteristics of Included Studies

References of Included Studies

    GOODMAN1990A (Published Data Only)

    • Goodman WK, Price LH, Delgado PL, Palumbo J, Krystal JH, Nagy LM, et al. Specificity of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comparison of fluvoxamine and desipramine. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1990;47:577–585. [PubMed: 2112374]

    HOEHNSARIC2000 (Published Data Only)

    • Hoehn-Saric R, Ninan P, Black DW, Stahl S, Greist JH, Lydiard B, et al. Multicenter double-blind comparison of sertraline and desipramine for concurrent obsessive-compulsive and major depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2000;57:76–82. [PubMed: 10632236]

    JENIKE1997 (Published Data Only)

    • Jenike MA, Baer L, Minichiello WE, Rauch SL, Buttolph ML. Placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine and phenelzine for obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;154:1261–1264. [PubMed: 9286186]

    PATO1991 (Published Data Only)

    • Pato MT, Pigott TA, Hill JL, Grover GN, Bernstein S, Murphy DL. Controlled comparison of buspirone and clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991;148:127–129. [PubMed: 1984696]

    VALLEJO1992 (Published Data Only)

    • Vallejo J, Olivares J, Marcos T, Bulbena A, Menchon JM. Clomipramine versus phenelzine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A controlled clinical trial. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1992;161:665–670. [PubMed: 1422616]

    VOLAVKA1985 (Published Data Only)

    • Volavka J, Neziroglu F, Yaryura-Tobias JA. Clomipramine and imipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research. 1985;14:85–93. [PubMed: 3887445]

Included/excluded studies table for the Clinical Question: 1.11 Psychological vs pharmacological interventions

Characteristics of Included Studies

References of Included Studies

    DEHAAN1998 (Published Data Only)

    • de Haan E, Hoogduin KA, Buitelaar JK, Keijsers GP. Behavior therapy versus clomipramine for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1998;37:1022–1029. [PubMed: 9785713]

    FOA2005 (Published Data Only)

    • Kozak MJ, Liebowitz MR, Foa EB. Cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: The NIMH-sponsored collaborative study. In: Goodman WK, Rudorfer MV, editors. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: contemporary issues in treatment Personality and clinical psychology series. 2000. pp. 501–530.
    • Simpson HB, Liebowitz MR, Foa EB, Kozak MJ, Schmidt AB, Rowan V, et al. Post-treatment effects of exposure therapy and clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress.Anxiety. 2004;19:225–233. [PubMed: 15274171]
    • *. Foa EB, Liebowitz MR, Kozak MJ, Davies S, Campeas R, Franklin ME, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of exposure and ritual prevention, clomipramine, and their combination in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am.J.Psychiatry. 2005;162:151–161. [PubMed: 15625214]

    MARKS1980 (Published Data Only)

    • Marks IM, Stern RS, Mawson D, Cobb J, McDonald R. Clomipramine and exposure for obsessive-compulsive rituals: i. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1980;136:1–25. [PubMed: 6986939]

    POTS2004 (Published Data Only)

    • Franklin M, Foa E, March JS. The pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder treatment study: rationale, design, and methods. J Child Adolesc.Psychopharmacol. 2003;13 1:S39–S51. [PubMed: 12880499]
    • POTS. Cognitive-behavior therapy, sertraline, and their combination for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: the Pediatric OCD Treatment Study (POTS) randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292:1969–1976. [PubMed: 15507582]

Included/excluded studies table for the Clinical Question: 1.12 Combination therapy

Characteristics of Included Studies

References of Included Studies

    COTTRAUX1990 (Published Data Only)

    • Cottraux J, Mollard E, Bouvard M, Marks I. Exposure therapy, fluvoxamine, or combination treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder: one-year followup. Psychiatry Research. 1993;49:63–75. [PubMed: 8140182]
    • *. Cottraux J, Mollard E, Bouvard M, Marks I, Sluys M, Nury AM, et al. A controlled study of fluvoxamine and exposure in obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1990;5:17–30. [PubMed: 2110206]

    FOA1992 (Published Data Only)

    • Foa EB, Kozak MJ, Steketee GS, McCarthy PR. Treatment of depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in OCD by imipramine and behaviour therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1992;31:279–292. [PubMed: 1393157]

    FOA2005 (Published Data Only)

    • Kozak MJ, Liebowitz MR, Foa EB. Cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: The NIMH-sponsored collaborative study. In: Goodman WK, Rudorfer MV, editors. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: contemporary issues in treatment Personality and clinical psychology series. 2000. pp. 501–530.
    • Simpson HB, Liebowitz MR, Foa EB, Kozak MJ, Schmidt AB, Rowan V, et al. Post-treatment effects of exposure therapy and clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress.Anxiety. 2004;19:225–233. [PubMed: 15274171]
    • *. Foa EB, Liebowitz MR, Kozak MJ, Davies S, Campeas R, Franklin ME, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of exposure and ritual prevention, clomipramine, and their combination in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am.J.Psychiatry. 2005;162:151–161. [PubMed: 15625214]

    HOHAGEN1998 (Published Data Only)

    • Hohagen F, Winkelmann G, Rasche-Ruchle H, Hand I, Konig A, Munchau N, et al. Combination of behaviour therapy with fluvoxamine in comparison with behaviour therapy and placebo. Results of a multicentre study. British Journal of Psychiatry - Supplementum. 1998;173:71–78. [PubMed: 9829029]

    MARKS1980 (Published Data Only)

    • Marks IM, Stern RS, Mawson D, Cobb J, McDonald R. Clomipramine and exposure for obsessive-compulsive rituals: i. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1980;136:1–25. [PubMed: 6986939]

    NEZIROGLU2000 (Published Data Only)

    • Neziroglu F, Yaryura-Tobias JA, Walz J, McKay D. The effect of fluvoxamine and behavior therapy on children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2000;10:295–306. [PubMed: 11191690]

    POTS2004 (Published Data Only)

    • Franklin M, Foa E, March JS. The pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder treatment study: rationale, design, and methods. J Child Adolesc.Psychopharmacol. 2003;13 1:S39–S51. [PubMed: 12880499]
    • POTS. Cognitive-behavior therapy, sertraline, and their combination for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: the Pediatric OCD Treatment Study (POTS) randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292:1969–1976. [PubMed: 15507582]

    VANBALKOM1998 (Published Data Only)

    • de Haan E, Van Oppen P, van Balkom AJ, Spinhoven P, Hoogduin KA, Van Dyck R. Prediction of outcome and early vs. late improvement in OCD patients treated with cognitive behaviour therapy and pharmacotherapy. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1997;96:354–361. [PubMed: 9395153]
    • *. van Balkom AJ, de Haan E, Van Oppen P, Spinhoven P, Hoogduin KA, Van Dyck R. Cognitive and behavioral therapies alone versus in combination with fluvoxamine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 1998;186:492–499. [PubMed: 9717867]

Included/excluded studies table for the Other Medical Topic Group

Studies Included in the Comparions Covered by This Evidence Table

Characteristics of Included Studies

Characteristics of Excluded Studies

References to Included Studies

    ALONSO2001 (Published Data Only)

    • Alonso P, Pujol J, Cardoner N, Benlloch L, Deus J, Menchon JM, et al. Right prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;158:1143–1145. [PubMed: 11431238]

    FODSTAD1982 (Published Data Only)

    • Fodstad H, Strandman E, Karlsson B, West KA. Treatment of chronic obsessive compulsive states with stereotactic anterior capsulotomy or cingulotomy. Acta Neurochirurgica. 1982;62:1–23. [PubMed: 7048859]

    GREENBERG1997 (Published Data Only)

    • Greenberg BD, George MS, Martin JD, Benjamin J, Schlaepfer TE, Altemus M, et al. Effect of prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;154:867–869. [PubMed: 9167520]

    NUTTIN2003 (Published Data Only)

    • Nuttin BJ, Gabriels LA, Cosyns PR, Meyerson BA, Andreewitch S, Sunaert SG, et al. Long-term electrical capsular stimulation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurosurgery. 2003;52:1263–1272. [PubMed: 12762871]

    PERLMUTTER1999 (Published Data Only)

    • Perlmutter SJ, Leitman SF, Garvey MA, Hamburger S, Feldman E, Leonard HL, et al. Therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin for obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorders in childhood. Lancet. 1999;354:1153–1158. [PubMed: 10513708]

    SACHDEV2001 (Published Data Only)

    • Sachdev PS, McBride R, Loo CK, Mitchell PB, Malhi GS, Croker VM. Right versus left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary investigation. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001;62:981–984. [PubMed: 11780880]

References to Excluded Studies

    NUTTIN1999

    • Nuttin B, Cosyns P, Demeulemeester H, Gybels J, Meyerson B. Electrical stimulation in anterior limbs of internal capsules in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet. 1999;354:1526. [PubMed: 10551504]

Characteristics of all excluded studies

Table

References to all excluded studies

    AMIN1977

    • Amin MM, Ban TA, Pecknold JC, Klingner A. Clomipramine (Anafranil) and behaviour therapy in obsessive-compulsive and phobic disorders. Journal of International Medical Research. 1977;5:33–37. [PubMed: 340305]

    ANTONELLI1973

    • Antonelli F, De Gregorio M, Dionisio A. Trazodone in the treatment of psychoneuroses: a double-blind study. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical & Experimental. 1973;15:799–804. [PubMed: 4201978]

    ARAUJO1996

    • Araujo LA, Ito LM, Marks IM. Early compliance and other factors predicting outcome of exposure for obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1996;169:747–752. [PubMed: 8968633]

    BOERSMA1976

    • Boersma K, Den Hengst S, Dekker J, Emmelkamp PMG. Exposure and response prevention in the natural environment: a comparison with obsessive-compulsive patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1976;14:19–24. [PubMed: 938416]

    CASSANO1981

    • Cassano GB, Castrogiovanni P, Mauri M. A multicenter controlled trial in phobic-obsessive psychoneurosis The effect of chlorimipramine and of its combinations with haloperidol and diazepam. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology. 1981;5:129–138. [PubMed: 7022513]

    CHOUINARD1992

    • Chouinard G. Sertraline in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: two double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1992;7:37–41. [Review] [40 refs] [PubMed: 1484177]

    CORYELL1989

    • Coryell WH, Black DW, Kelly MW, Noyes R Jr. HPA axis disturbance in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research. 1989;30:243–251. [PubMed: 2694203]

    CUI1986

    • Cui YH. A double-blind trial of chlorimipramine and doxepin in obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Chung-Hua Shen Ching Ching Shen Ko Tsa Chih. [Chinese Journal of Neurology & Psychiatry]. 1986;19:279–281. Chinese. [PubMed: 3556094]

    DENBOER1987

    • Den Boer JA, Westenberg HG, Kamerbeek WD, Verhoeven WM, Kahn RS. Effect of serotonin uptake inhibitors in anxiety disorders; a double-blind comparison of clomipramine and fluvoxamine. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1987;2:21–32. [PubMed: 3117876]

    DEVEAUGHGEISS1989B

    • DeVeaugh-Geiss J, Landau P, Katz R. Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder with clomipramine. Psychiatric Annals. 1989;19:97–101.

    DEVEAUGHGEISS1990

    • DeVeaugh-Geiss J, Katz R, Landau P, Goodman W, Rasmussen S. Clinical predictors of treatment response in obsessive compulsive disorder: exploratory analyses from multicenter trials of clomipramine. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1990;26:54–59. [PubMed: 2196627]

    DEVEAUGHGEISS1991C

    • DeVeaugh-Geiss J, Katz R, Landau P, Moroz G. Clomipramine hydrochloride (Anafranil) in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Results from three multicentre trials. In: Jenike MA, Asberg M, editors. Understanding obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). 1991. pp. 46–51.

    DIAMOND1989

    • Diamond BI, Borison RL, Katz R, DeVeaugh-Geiss J. Rebound withdrawal reactions due to clomipramine. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1989;25:209–212. [PubMed: 2690164]

    DREESSEN1997

    • Dreessen L, Hoekstra R, Arntz A. Personality disorders do not influence the results of cognitive and behavior therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of anxiety disorders {J Anxiety Disord} 1997;11(5):503–521. [PubMed: 9407270]

    DUBOIS1991

    • Dubois AM. A double-blind study of two types of psychiatric treatments. Genitif. 1983;5:91–101. French.

    EINAT2000

    • Einat H, Shaldubina A, Belmaker RH. Epi-inositol: A potential antidepressant. Drug Development Research. 2000;50:309–315.

    EMMELKAMP1977

    • Emmelkamp PMG, Kraanen J. Therapist-controlled exposure in vivo versus self-controlled exposure in vivo: a comparison with obsessive-compulsive patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1977;15:491–495. [PubMed: 23751]

    EMMELKAMP1980

    • Emmelkamp PMG, Van der HH. Treatment of harming obsessions. Behavioural Analysis & Modification. 1980;4:28–35.

    EMMELKAMP1980A

    • Emmelkamp PM, van der HM, van Zanten BL, Plochg I. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive patients: the contribution of self-instructional training to the effectiveness of exposure. Behaviour Research & Therapy. 1980;18:61–66. [PubMed: 7369989]

    EMMELKAMP1981

    • Emmelkamp PMG, Giesselbach P. Treatment of obsessions: Relevant vs. irrelevant exposure. Behavioural Psychotherapy. 1981;9:322–329.

    EMMELKAMP1989

    • Emmelkamp PM, van Linden van den Heuvell, Ruphan M, Sanderman R. Home-based treatment of obsessive-compulsive patients: intersession interval and therapist involvement. Behaviour Research & Therapy. 1989;27:89–93. [PubMed: 2563327]

    EMMELKAMP1990

    • Emmelkamp PMG, de Haan E, Hoogduin CAL. Marital adjustment and obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1990;156:55–60. [PubMed: 1967545]

    ERZEGOVESI1992

    • Erzegovesi S, Ronchi P, Smeraldi E. 5HT-2 receptor and fluvoxamine effect in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Human Psychopharmacology. 1992;7:287–289.

    FALSSTEWART1993A

    • Fals-Stewart W, Marks AP, Schafer J. A comparison of behavioral group therapy and individual behavior therapy in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 1993;181:189–193. [PubMed: 8445378]

    FOA1980

    • Foa EB, Steketee G, Milby JB. Differential effects of exposure and response prevention in obsessive-compulsive washers. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology. 1980;48:71–79. [PubMed: 7365045]

    FRITZLER1997

    • Fritzler BK, Hecker JE, Losee MC. Self-directed treatment with minimal therapist contact: preliminary findings for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research & Therapy. 1997;35:627–631. [PubMed: 9193126]

    GEISLER1969

    • Geisler A, Schou M. Lithium for obsessive-compulsive neuroses. A double-blind therapeutic trial. Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift. 1969;23:493–495. Danish. [PubMed: 4917378]

    GOURNAY1997

    • Gournay K, Veale D, Walburn J. Body dysmorphic disorder: pilot randomized controlled trial of treatment; implications for nurse therapy research and practice… including commentary by Newell R and Latham M with author response. Clinical Effectiveness in Nursing. 1997;1:38–46.

    GREIST1990

    • Greist JH, Jefferson JW, Rosenfeld R, Gutzmann LD, March JS, Barklage NE. Clomipramine and obsessive compulsive disorder: A placebo-controlled double-blind study of 32 patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1990;51:292–297. [PubMed: 2195006]

    HACKMANN1975

    • Hackmann A, McLean C. A comparison of flooding and thought stopping in the treatment of obsessional neurosis. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1975;13:263–269. [PubMed: 242308]

    HEMBREE2003

    • Hembree EA, Riggs DS, Kozak MJ, Franklin ME, Foa EB. Long-term efficacy of exposure and ritual prevention therapy and serotonergic medications for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cns Spectrums. 2003;8:363–371. [PubMed: 12766692]

    HESSO1969

    • Hesso R, Thorell LH. Lithium treatment for obsessive-compulsive neuroses. A little clinical-therapeutic pilot study of the double-blind cross-over type. Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift. 1969;23:496–499. Swedish. [PubMed: 4393979]

    HOLLANDER1993

    • Hollander E, Stein DJ, DeCaria CM, Saoud JB, Klein DF, Liebowitz MR. A pilot study of biological predictors of treatment outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 1993;33:747–749. [PubMed: 8353170]

    HOLLANDER1999

    • Hollander E, Allen A, Kwon J, Aronowitz B, Schmeidler J, Wong C, et al. Clomipramine vs desipramine crossover trial in body dysmorphic disorder: Selective efficacy of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor in imagined ugliness. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999;56:1033–1039. [PubMed: 10565503]

    INSEL1982

    • Insel TR, Alterman I, Murphy DL. Antiobsessional and antidepressant effects of clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1982;18:115–117. [PubMed: 7156271]

    INSEL1985

    • Insel TR, Mueller EA, Alterman I, Linnoila M, Murphy DL. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and serotonin: is there a connection? Biological Psychiatry. 1985;20:1174–1188. [PubMed: 2413912]

    JIANXUN1998

    • Jianxun L, Hu X, Haiying D. Clinical controlled study of paroxetine and clomipramine in treatment of obsessive- compulsive disorder. Chinese Journal of Psychiatry. 1998;31:215–217. Chinese.

    JONES1998A

    • Jones MK, Menzies RG. Danger ideation reduction therapy (DIRT) for obsessive-compulsive washers. A controlled trial. Behaviour Research & Therapy. 1998;36:959–970. [PubMed: 9714946]

    KARABANOW1977

    • Karabanow O. Double-blind controlled study in phobias and obsessions. Journal of International Medical Research. 1977;5:42–48. [PubMed: 340306]

    KASVIKIS1988

    • Kasvikis Y, Marks IM. Clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive ritualisers treated with exposure therapy: relations between dose, plasma levels, outcome and side effects. Psychopharmacology. 1988;95:113–118. [PubMed: 3133689]

    KASVIKIS1988A

    • Kasvikis Y, Marks IM. Clomipramine, self-exposure, and therapist-accompanied exposure in obsessiveˆcompulsive ritualizers: Two-year follow-up. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 1988;2:291–298.

    KAZARIAN1977

    • Kazarian SS, Evans DR. Modification of obsessional ruminations: A comparative study. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science. 1977;9:91–100.

    KEULER1996

    • Keuler DJ, Altemus M, Michelson D, Greenberg B. Behavioral effects of naloxone infusion in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 1996;40:154–156. [PubMed: 8793049]

    KIM1997

    • Kim SW, Dysken MW, Kushner MG, Kuskowski MA, Hoover KM, Klein KW, et al. Phenomenological and pharmacological study of provoked obsessive/anxiety symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary study. Biological Psychiatry. 1997;42:969–975. [PubMed: 9386847]

    KORAN1996

    • Koran LM, Cain JW, Dominguez RA, Rush AJ, Thiemann S. Are fluoxetine plasma levels related to outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder? American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996;153:1450–1454. [PubMed: 8890679]

    KORAN2001A

    • Koran LM, Pallanti S, Quercioli L. Sumatriptan, 5-HT<inf>1D</inf> receptors and obsessive-compulsive disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001;11:169–172. [PubMed: 11313163]

    LAX1992

    • Lax T, Basoglu M, Marks IM. Expectancy and compliance as predictors of outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behavioural Psychotherapy. 1992;20:257–266.

    LEONARD1995

    • Leonard HL, Meyer MC, Swedo SE, Richter D, Hamburger SD, Allen AJ, et al. Electrocardiographic changes during desipramine and clomipramine treatment in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995;34:1460–1468. [PubMed: 8543513]

    LIN1979

    • Lin HN, Chen CC. A double-blind test on the effect of bromazepam in obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Taiwan i Hsueh Hui Tsa Chih - Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 1979;78:267–275. [PubMed: 35583]

    MARAZZITI1997

    • Marazziti D, Pfanner C, Palego L, Gemignani A, Milanfranchi A, Ravagli S, et al. Changes in platelet markers of obsessive-compulsive patients during a double-blind trial of fluvoxamine versus clomipramine. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997;30:245–249. [PubMed: 9442546]

    MARKS1988

    • Marks IM, Lelliott P, Basoglu M, Noshirvani H, Monteiro W, Cohen D, et al. Clomipramine, self-exposure and therapist-aided exposure for obsessive-compulsive rituals. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1988;152:522–534. [PubMed: 3167404]

    MAVISSAKALIAN1983A

    • Mavissakalian M, Michelson L. Tricyclic antidepressants in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Antiobsessional or antidepressant agents? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1983;171:301–306. [PubMed: 6343556]

    MAVISSAKALIAN1986

    • Mavissakalian M, Turner SM, Michelson L, Jacob R. The relationship of antiobsessional and antidepressant effects of tricyclic antidepressants. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1986;22:161–166. [PubMed: 3523574]

    MAWSON1982

    • Mawson D, Marks IM, Ramm L. Clomipramine and exposure for chronic obsessive-compulsive rituals: III. Two year follow-up and further findings. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1982;140:11–18. [PubMed: 7037100]

    MCKAY1997

    • McKay D, Todaro J, Neziroglu F, Campisi T, Moritz EK, Yaryura-Tobias JA. Body dysmorphic disorder: a preliminary evaluation of treatment and maintenance using exposure with response prevention. Behaviour Research & Therapy. 1997;35:67–70. [PubMed: 9009045]

    MONTEIRO1987

    • Monteiro WO, Noshirvani HF, Marks IM, Lelliott PT. Anorgasmia from clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1987;151:107–112. [PubMed: 3315086]

    MONTELEONE1997

    • Monteleone P, Catapano F, Di Martino S, Ferraro C, Maj M. Prolactin response to d-fenfluramine in obsessive-compulsive patients, and outcome of fluvoxamine treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;170:554–557. [PubMed: 9330023]

    MUNDO1995A

    • Mundo E, Bellodi L, Smeraldi E. Effects of acute intravenous clomipramine on obsessive-compulsive symptoms and response to chronic treatment. Biological Psychiatry. 1995;38:525–531. [PubMed: 8562664]

    MUNDO1997

    • Mundo E, Bareggi SR, Pirola R, Bellodi L, Smeraldi E. Long-term pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A double-blind controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997;17:4–10. [PubMed: 9004050]

    MUNDO1999

    • Mundo E, Bareggi SR, Pirola R, Bellodi L. Effect of acute intravenous clomipramine and antiobsessional response to proserotonergic drugs: is gender a predictive variable? Biological Psychiatry. 1999;45:290–294. [PubMed: 10023504]

    NUTTIN1999

    • Nuttin B, Cosyns P, Demeulemeester H, Gybels J, Meyerson B. Electrical stimulation in anterior limbs of internal capsules in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet. 1999;354:1526. [PubMed: 10551504]

    OCONNOR1999

    • O'Connor K, Todorov C, Robillard S, Borgeat F, Brault M. Cognitive-behaviour therapy and medication in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A controlled study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry - Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie. 1999;44:64–71. [PubMed: 10076743]

    ORVIN1967

    • Orvin GH. Treatment of the phobic obsessive-compulsive patient with oxazepam, an improved benzodiazepine compound. Psychosomatics. 1967;8:278–280. [PubMed: 4862919]

    OSULLIVAN1991

    • O'Sullivan G, Noshirvani H, Marks I, Monteiro W, Lelliott P. Six-year follow-up after exposure and clomipramine therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1991;52:150–155. [PubMed: 2016246]

    PATO1988

    • Pato MT, Zohar-Kadouch R, Zohar J, Murphy DL. Return of symptoms after discontinuation of clomipramine in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1988;145:1521–1525. [PubMed: 3057923]

    PETER2000

    • Peter H, Tabrizian S, Hand I. Serum cholesterol in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder during treatment with behavior therapy and SSRI or placebo. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 2000;30:27–39. [PubMed: 10900559]

    PIDRMAN1997

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    PIGOTT1990

    • Pigott TA, Pato MT, Bernstein SE, Grover GN, Hill JL, Tolliver TJ, et al. Controlled comparisons of clomipramine and fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Behavioral and biological results. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1990;47:926–932. [PubMed: 2222131]

    PIGOTT1992

    • Pigott TA, L'Heureux F, Rubenstein CS, Bernstein SE, Hill JL, Murphy DL. A double-blind, placebo controlled study of trazodone in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1992;12:156–162. [PubMed: 1629380]

    PIGOTT1992A

    • Pigott TA, L'Heureux F, Hill JL, Bihari K, Bernstein SE, Murphy DL. A double-blind study of adjuvant buspirone hydrochloride in clomipramine-treated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1992;12:11–18. [PubMed: 1552034]

    PRASAD1984

    • Prasad A. A double blind study of imipramine versus zimelidine in treatment of obsessive compulsive neurosis. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1984;17:61–62. [PubMed: 6233622]

    PRICE1987

    • Price LH, Goodman WK, Charney DS, Rasmussen SA, Heninger GR. Treatment of severe obsessive-compulsive disorder with fluvoxamine. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1987;144:1059–1061. [PubMed: 3111279]

    RACHMAN1971

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    RAO2002

    • Rao S. Fluoxetine was safe and effective for body dysmorphic disorder. Evidence-Based Mental Health. 2002;5:119. [PubMed: 12440460]

    RAPOPORT1980

    • Rapoport J, Elkins R, Mikkelsen E. Clinical controlled trial of chlorimipramine in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1980;16:61–63. [PubMed: 6996027]

    RAVIZZA1995

    • Ravizza L, Barzega G, Bellino S, Bogetto F, Maina G. Predictors of drug treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1995;56:368–373. [PubMed: 7635854]

    RAVIZZA1996A

    • Ravizza L, Barzega G, Bellino S, Bogetto F, Maina G. Drug treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): long-term trial with clomipramine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1996;32:167–173. [PubMed: 8927668]

    SALKOVSKIS2003

    • Salkovskis PM, Thorpe SJ, Wahl K, Wroe AL, Forrester E. Neutralizing increases discoomfort associated with obsessional thoughts: an experimental study with obsessional patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2003;112:709–715. [PubMed: 14674881]

    SALLEE1998

    • Sallee FR, Koran LM, Pallanti S, Carson SW, Sethuraman G. Intravenous clomipramine challenge in obsessive-compulsive disorder: predicting response to oral therapy at eight weeks. Biological Psychiatry. 1998;44:220–227. [PubMed: 9693393]

    SHAOMEI239

    • Shaomei L.Numerous. Combination of clomipramine with exposure therapy in treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Chinese Mental Health Journal. 15:239–240. c. 239. Chinese.

    SOOMRO2002

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    STEIN1999

    • Stein DJ, Van Heerden B, Wessels CJ, van Kradenburg J, Warwick J, Wasserman HJ. Single photon emission computed tomography of the brain with Tc-99m HMPAO during sumatriptan challenge in obsessive-compulsive disorder: investigating the functional role of the serotonin auto-receptor. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1999;23:1079–1099. [PubMed: 10621951]

    STEIN2001

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    STEKETEE1982_1

    • Steketee G, Foa EB, Grayson JB. Recent advances in the behavioral treatment of obsessive-compulsives. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1982;39:1365–1371. [PubMed: 7149895]

    STEKETEE1982_2

    • Steketee G, Foa EB, Grayson JB. Recent advances in the behavioral treatment of obsessive-compulsives. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1982;39:1365–1371. [PubMed: 7149895]

    STERN1973

    • Stern RS, Lipsedge MS, Marks IM. Obsessive ruminations: A controlled trial of thought-stopping technique. Behaviour Research & Therapy. 1973;11:659–662. [PubMed: 4777659]

    STERN1977

    • Stern RS, Marks IM, Wright J, Luscombe DK. Clomipramine: plasma levels, side effects and outcome in obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1980;56:134–139. [PubMed: 7393824]
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    TURNER1985

    • Turner SM, Jacob RG, Beidel DC, Himmelhoch J. Fluoxetine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1985;5:207–212. [PubMed: 3894437]

    USHIJIMA1997

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