Stomach cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the lining of the stomach.

The stomach is a J-shaped organ in the upper abdomen. It is part of the digestive system, which processes nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water) in foods that are eaten and helps pass waste material out of the body. Food moves from the throat to the stomach through a hollow, muscular tube called the esophagus. After leaving the stomach, partly-digested food passes into the small intestine and then into the large intestine.

The esophagus and stomach are part of the upper gastrointestinal (digestive) system.

The wall of the stomach is made up of 3 layers of tissue: the mucosal (innermost) layer, the muscularis (middle) layer, and the serosal (outermost) layer. Stomach cancer begins in the cells lining the mucosal layer and spreads through the outer layers as it grows.

See the following PDQ summaries for more information about stomach cancer:

• Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Prevention
• Gastric Cancer Treatment

Stomach cancer is not common in the United States.

Stomach cancer is less common in the United States than in many parts of Asia, Europe, and Central and South America. Stomach cancer is a major cause of death in these parts of the world.

In the United States, the number of new cases of stomach cancer has greatly decreased since 1930. The reasons for this are not clear, but may have to do with better food storage and changes in the diet, such as lower salt intake.

Older age and certain chronic conditions increase the risk of stomach cancer.

Anything that increases the chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn't mean that you will not get cancer. Talk to your doctor if you think you may be at risk for stomach cancer. Risk factors for stomach cancer include the following:

• Having any of the following medical conditions:

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  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection of the stomach.

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  Chronic gastric atrophy (thinning of the stomach lining caused by long-term inflammation of the stomach).

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  Pernicious anemia (a type of anemia caused by a vitamin B12 deficiency).

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  Intestinal metaplasia (a condition in which the cells that line the stomach are replaced by the cells that normally line the intestines).

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  Polyps in the stomach.

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  Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).

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  Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC).

• Having a mother, father, sister, or brother who has had stomach cancer.
• Having had a partial gastrectomy.
• Eating a diet high in salted, smoked foods or low in fruits and vegetables.
• Eating foods that have not been prepared or stored the way they should be.
• Smoking cigarettes.

The risk of stomach cancer is increased in people who come from countries where stomach cancer is common.

Tests are used to screen for different types of cancer.

Some screening tests are used because they have been shown to be helpful both in finding cancers early and in decreasing the chance of dying from these cancers. Other tests are used because they have been shown to find cancer in some people; however, it has not been proven in clinical trials that use of these tests will decrease the risk of dying from cancer.

Scientists study screening tests to find those with the fewest risks and most benefits. Cancer screening trials also are meant to show whether early detection (finding cancer before it causes symptoms) decreases a person's chance of dying from the disease. For some types of cancer, the chance of recovery is better if the disease is found and treated at an early stage.

Clinical trials that study cancer screening methods are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI website.

There is no standard or routine screening test for stomach cancer.

Several types of screening tests have been studied to find stomach cancer at an early stage. These screening tests include the following:

• Barium-meal photofluorography: A series of x-rays of the esophagus and stomach. The patient drinks a liquid that contains barium (a silver-white metallic compound) which coats the esophagus and stomach as it is swallowed. Photographs are taken of the x-ray images. The photographs are processed to make the organs easier to see and then made into a film. This makes it possible to see the motion of the organs while exposing the patient to less radiation.

  

  Barium swallow for stomach cancer. The patient swallows barium liquid and it flows through the esophagus and into the stomach. X-rays are taken to look for abnormal areas.

• Upper endoscopy: A procedure to look inside the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (first part of the small intestine) to check for abnormal areas. An endoscope is passed through the mouth and down the throat into the esophagus. An endoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue, which is checked under a microscope for signs of disease.

  

  Upper endoscopy. A thin, lighted tube is inserted through the mouth to look for abnormal areas in the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine.

• Serum pepsinogen levels: A test that measures the levels of pepsinogen in the blood. Low levels of pepsinogen are a sign of chronic gastric atrophy which may lead to stomach cancer.

Studies showed that screening a large number of people for stomach cancer using these tests did not decrease the risk of dying from stomach cancer.

More studies are needed to find out if it would be worthwhile to screen people in the United States who do have a high risk for stomach cancer. Scientists believe that people with certain risk factors may benefit from stomach cancer screening. These include:

• Older people with chronic gastric atrophy or pernicious anemia.
• Patients who have had any of the following:

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  Partial gastrectomy.

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  Polyps in the stomach.

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  Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).

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  Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC).

• People who come from countries where stomach cancer is more common.

Screening tests have risks.

Decisions about screening tests can be difficult. Not all screening tests are helpful and most have risks. Before having any screening test, you may want to discuss the test with your doctor. It is important to know the risks of the test and whether it has been proven to reduce the risk of dying from cancer.

The risks of stomach cancer screening include the following:

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This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about stomach (gastric) cancer screening. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.

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PDQ® Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. PDQ Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Screening. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/patient/stomach-screening-pdq. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389488]

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