Chapter 5Dissertations and Theses

Box 1Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them

• Keep hyphens in surnames

  • Estelle Palmer-Canton   becomes   Palmer-Canton E
  • Ahmed El-Assmy   becomes   El-Assmy A
• Keep particles, such as O', D', and L'

  • Alan D. O'Brien   becomes   O'Brien AD
  • James O. L'Esperance   becomes   L'Esperance JO
  • U. S'adeh   becomes   S'adeh U
• Omit all other punctuation in surnames

  • Charles A. St. James   becomes   St James CA

Box 2Other surname rules

• Keep prefixes in surnames

  • Lama Al Bassit   becomes   Al Bassit L
  • Jiddeke M. van de Kamp   becomes   van de Kamp JM
  • Gerard de Pouvourville   becomes   de Pouvourville G
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Keep compound surnames even if no hyphen appears

  • Sergio Lopez Moreno   becomes   Lopez Moreno S
  • Jaime Mier y Teran   becomes   Mier y Teran J
  • Virginie Halley des Fontaines   becomes   Halley des Fontaines V
  [If you cannot determine from the title page whether a surname is compound or a combination of a middle name and a surname, look elsewhere in the text for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]

Box 3Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle

• Disregard hyphens joining given (first or middle) names

  • Jean-Louis Lagrot   becomes   Lagrot JL
• Use only the first letter of given names and middle names if they contain a prefix, a preposition, or another particle

  • D'Arcy Hart   becomes   Hart D
  • W. St. John Patterson   becomes   Patterson WS
  • De la Broquerie Fortier   becomes   Fortier D
  • Craig McC. Brooks   becomes   Brooks CM
• Disregard traditional abbreviations of given names. Some non-US publications use abbreviations of conventional given names rather than single initials, such as St. for Stefan. Use only the first letter of the abbreviation.

  • Ch. Wunderly   becomes   Wunderly C
  • C. Fr. Erdman   becomes   Erdman CF
• For non-English names that are romanized (written in the roman alphabet), capitalize only the first letter if the original initial is represented by more than one letter

  • Iu. A. Iakontov   becomes   Iakontov IuA
  • G. Th. Tsakalos   becomes   Tsakalos GTh

Box 4Degrees, titles, and honors following a personal name

• Omit degrees, titles, and honors such as M.D. following a personal name

  • James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S.   becomes   Reed JA
  • Kristine Schmidt, M.S.   becomes   Schmidt K
• Omit rank and honors such as Colonel or Sir that precede a name

  • Sir Frances Hildebrand   becomes   Hildebrand F
  • Captain Rachel C. Williams   becomes   Williams RC

Box 5Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III

• Place family designations of rank after the initials, without punctuation
• Convert roman numerals to arabic ordinals

  • Vincent T. DeVita, Jr.   becomes   DeVita VT Jr
  • James G. Jones II   becomes   Jones JG 2nd
  • John A. Adams III   becomes   Adams JA 3rd
  • Henry B. Cooper IV   becomes   Cooper HB 4th

Box 6Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)

Romanization, a form of transliteration, means using the roman (Latin) alphabet to represent the letters or characters of another alphabet. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

• Romanize names in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.), Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, or character-based languages, such as Chinese and Japanese
• Capitalize only the first letter of romanized names if the original initial is represented by more than one letter

  • Iu. A. Iakontov   becomes   Iakontov IuA
  • G. Th. Tsakalos   becomes   Tsakalos GTh
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe

Box 7Options for author names

• Full first names of authors may be given. Separate the surname from the given name or initials by a comma; follow initials with a period; separate successive names by a semicolon.

  • Clark, John D.
  • Takagi, Yasushi; Harada, Jun.
  • Mann, Frederick D.; Swartz, Mary N.

Box 8Titles not in English

• Provide the title in the original language for non-English language titles in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)

  • Cisse A. Connaissances et comportements sexuels des jeunes de 15-29 ans sur les M.T.S. et le SIDA a Bamako [master's thesis]. [Quebec (QC)]: Laval University; 1993. 69 p. French.
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

  • al-Bab HD. Hasiyat al-muthah [dissertation]. [Damascus (Syria)]: Damascus University; 1966. 35 p. Arabic.
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place translated titles in square brackets.

  • Feng J. Gong gong jian kang wei ji yu WTO zhi shi chan quan zhi du de gai ge: yi TRIPs xie yi wei zhong xin [dissertation]. [Wuchang (China)]: Wuhan University; 2005. 251 p. Chinese.
  • or
  • Feng J. [Public health crisis and the reformation of intellectual property rights regime in the framework of WTO: focus on TRIPs agreement] [dissertation]. [Wuchang (China)]: Wuhan University; 2005. 251 p. Chinese.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in titles. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Provide an English translation after the original language title if possible; place translations in square brackets

  • Cisse A. Connaissances et comportements sexuels des jeunes de 15-29 ans sur les M.T.S. et le SIDA a Bamako [Sexual knowledge and behavior of young people 15-29 years of age concerning sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and AIDS in Bamako] [master's thesis]. [Quebec (QC)]: Laval University; 1993. 69 p. French.
  • al-Bab HD. Hasiyat al-muthah [Prostatic calculi] [dissertation]. [Damascus (Syria)]: Damascus University; 1966. 35 p. Arabic.

Box 9Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character

• Capitalize the first word of a title unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character that might lose its meaning if capitalized

  • Martin EJ. 1,1-dichloroethylene-induced mitochondrial aberrations precede apoptotic and necrotic cell death in murine liver and lung [dissertation]. Kingston (ON): Queen's University; 2004. 149 p.
• If a title contains a Greek letter or some other symbol that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available, substitute the name for the symbol. For example, Ω becomes omega.

  • Goel R. Characterization of α-thrombin-induced rapid phase of PI 3-kinase [dissertation]. St. Louis (MO): Saint Louis University; 2004. 141 p.
  • or
  • Goel R. Characterization of alpha-thrombin-induced rapid phase of PI 3-kinase [dissertation]. St. Louis (MO): Saint Louis University; 2004. 141 p.
• If a title contains superscripts or subscripts that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available, place the superscript or subscript in parentheses

  • Uddemarri S. Aging affects stretch-induced p70^S6k and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in fast- and slow-twitch muscle [master's thesis]. [Huntington (WV)]: Marshall University; 2005. 151 p.
  • or
  • Uddemarri S. Aging affects stretch-induced p70(S6k) and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in fast- and slow-twitch muscle [master's thesis]. [Huntington (WV)]: Marshall University; 2005. 151 p.

Box 10Titles ending in punctuation other than a period

• Most titles for dissertations and theses end in a period. Place [dissertation] or [master's thesis] inside the period.

  • Kennaway JG. Musical pathology in the nineteenth century: Richard Wagner and degeneration [dissertation]. Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles; 2004. 317 p.
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [dissertation] or [master's thesis] with a period

  • Stewart EP. Who shall decide when doctors disagree? [dissertation]. [Washington]: American University; 2003. 368 p.

Box 11Non-English titles with translation

• If a translation of a title is provided, place it in square brackets
• Place [dissertation] or [master's thesis] after the translated title

  • Montes Alvarez MJ. Parametros predictivos de complicaciones macroangiopaticos en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que precisa insulinoterapia [Predictive parameters for macroangiopathy complications in Type 2 diabetes which requires insulin] [dissertation]. Cadiz (Spain): Universidad de Cadiz; 2005. 180 p. Spanish.
  • Im D. [A study of the Korean ginseng and oriental medical clinics: the main drugstaffs of the ginseng extract and the effect of cancer treatment] [dissertation]. Soeul (Korea): Golden State University; 1984. 151 p. Korean.

Box 12Titles ending in punctuation other than a period

• Most titles of dissertations end in a period. Place [master's thesis on microfiche] or [dissertation on microfilm], etc., inside the period.

  • Johnston PG. A survey of nursing school libraries in the city of Philadelphia [master's thesis on microcard]. Philadelphia: Drexel Institute of Technology; 1955. 55 p. 3 microcards: 3 x 5 in.
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [master's thesis on microfiche] or [dissertation on microfilm], etc., with a period

  • Boyer CL. Do rural Medicare patients have different post-acute service patterns than their non-rural counterparts? [dissertation on microfilm]. [Cleveland (OH)]: Case Western Reserve University; 2004. 131 p. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm.

Box 13Non-English titles with translation

• If a translation of a title is provided, place the translation in square brackets
• Place [dissertation on microfiche], [master's thesis on microcard], and similar phrases after the translated title
  Example:

  • Peppas D. Der Anatom Eduard Jacobshagen (1886-1967) [The anatomist Eduard Jacobshagen (1886-1967)] [dissertation on microfiche]. [Marburg (Germany)]: Marburg University; 2001. 133 p. 2 microfiche: negative, 4 x 6 in. German.

Box 14Non-US cities

• Use the anglicized form of a city name, such as Rome for Roma and Moscow for Moskva, whenever possible. However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Follow Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the province, placed in parentheses

  • Montreal (QC):
  • Ottawa (ON):
  • Vancouver (BC):
• If the city is not well known or might be confused with another city of the same name, follow the city with the country name, either written in full or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D). Place the country name or code in parentheses.

  • London:
  • Rome:
  • Paris:
  • Madrid:
  • but
  • Malaga (Spain):   or   Malaga (ES):
  • Basel (Switzerland):   or   Basel (CH):
  • Oxford (England):   or   Oxford (GB):
• As an option, use the country name or country code after all cities not in the US or Canada

Box 15No place of publication can be found

• Place of publication (the city where the university or other institution granting the degree is located) is frequently omitted from the title page of a dissertation or master's thesis
• If no place can be found on the publication, use directories of institutions of higher learning to locate one. For example, use Yahoo's Education Directory and the World of Learning (London: Europa Publications). Surround place names obtained from such other sources with square brackets.

  • [Washington]: American University;
  • [Marburg (Germany)]: Marburg University;
• If no place of publication can be found, use [place unknown]

Box 16Abbreviations in publisher names

• Abbreviate commonly used words in names of institutions, if desired

  • Examples:

    • Acad. for Academy
    • Coll. for College
    • Dept. for Department
    • Div. for Division
    • Inst. for Institute or Institution
    • Univ. for University
  • See Appendix C for more abbreviations of commonly used English words.
• Be consistent. If you abbreviate a word in one reference in a list of references, abbreviate the same word in all references.
• Follow all abbreviated words with a period

Box 17Non-English names of institutions

• Give institution names appearing in the roman alphabet (French, Spanish, Italian, etc.) in their original language

  • Rome: Universita La Sapienza;
  • Navarra (Spain): Universidad de Navarra;
• Romanize names given in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean

  • Rousse (Bulgaria): Rusenski Universitet;
• Romanize names or translate names presented in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place all translated publisher names in square brackets unless the translation is given in the publication.

  • Akita (Japan): Akita Daigaku;
  • or
  • Akita (Japan): [Akita University];
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Follow a non-English name with a translation, if desired. Place all translated publisher names in square brackets.

  • Rousse (Bulgaria): Rusenski Universitet [Rousse University];
• If the name of a division of other part of an organization is included in the publisher information, give the names in hierarchical order from highest to lowest

  • Valencia (Spain): Universidade de Valencia, Instituto de Historia de la Ciencia y Documentacion Lopez Pinero;
• As an option, you may translate all publisher names not in English. Place all translated publisher names in square brackets unless the translation is given in the publication.

  • Akita (Japan): [Akita University];

Box 18Government agencies and other national and international bodies as publisher

• When citing publishers that are national bodies such as government agencies, if a nationality is not part of the name, place the country's two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D) in parentheses after the name

  • Naval Postgraduate School (US)
  • Royal Institute of Public Health (GB)

Box 19Non-English names for months

• Translate names of months into English
• Abbreviate them using the first three letters
• Capitalize them
  For example:

  • mayo = May
  • luty = Feb
  • brezen = Mar

Box 20Seasons instead of months

• Translate names of seasons into English
• Capitalize them
• Do not abbreviate them
  For example:

  • balvan = Summer
  • outomno = Fall
  • hiver = Winter
  • pomlad = Spring

Box 20aOptions for date of publication

It is not NLM policy, but the following is an acceptable option:

The date of publication may follow the author names in the list of references when the name-year system of in-text references is used

• Use the year of publication only
• Place the year after the last named author, followed by a period
• End publisher information with a period
  NLM citation:

  • Liu-Ambrose TY. Studies of fall risk and bone morphology in older women with low bone mass [dissertation]. [Vancouver (BC)]: University of British Columbia; 2004. 290 p.
  Name-year system of citation:

  • Liu-Ambrose TY. 2004. Studies of fall risk and bone morphology in older women with low bone mass [dissertation]. [Vancouver (BC)]: University of British Columbia. 290 p.

Box 21No numbers appear on the pages

Occasionally, a dissertation or thesis will have no numbers on its pages. If the entire publication has no page numbers:

• Count the total number of pages of the text
• Express the total as leaves, not pages
• End with a period
  Example:

  • 37 leaves.

Box 22Language for describing physical characteristics

If a dissertation or thesis is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:

• Begin with information on the number and type of physical pieces, followed by a colon and a space

  • 5 microfiche:
  • 3 reels: [of microfilm]
  • 6 microcards:
• Enter information on the physical characteristics, such as color and size. Abbreviate common words for measurement, such as in. for inches. Separate types of information by commas.
  Typical words used include:

  • color
  • black & white

  • positive
  • negative

  • 4 x 6 in. (standard microfiche size)
  • 3 x 5 in. (standard microcard size)
  • 35 mm. (a standard microfilm size)
  • 16 mm. (a standard microfilm size)
  Examples of complete physical description statements:

  • 3 microfiche: color, positive, 4 x 6 in.
  • 5 microcards: black & white, 3 x 5 in.
  • 1 reel: black& white, negative, 35 mm.

Box 23Dissertations or theses accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

• If a dissertation or thesis has supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, or another medium, begin by citing the dissertation or theses. Add the phrase "Accompanied by:" followed by a space and the number and type of medium.

  • Lukasik-Sedmak DM. How to develop an interactive MRI brain cross-sectional anatomy CD-ROM and Web-based educational materials to meet the needs of medical imaging specialists working in magnetic resonance imaging [dissertation]. [Milwaukee (WI)]: Cardinal Stritch University; 2002. 113 p. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
  • Morgan JC. VISIO/KINESIS: a mixed media installation and performance [master's thesis]. Dominguez Hills (CA): California State University, Dominguez Hills; 2001. 47 p. Accompanied by: 1 videocassette.

Box 24Other types of material to include in notes

The notes element may be used to provide any information the compiler of the reference feels is useful to the reader. Begin by citing the dissertation or thesis, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:

• The specific type of degree

  • Ari AB. Eye injuries on the battlefields of Iraq and Afghanistan: public health implications [master's thesis]. Anchorage (AK): University of Alaska; 2005. 48 p. Master of Public Health.
  • Verhovsek EL. Examining stages in curriculum change: implementation of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) [dissertation]. [Morgantown (WV)]: West Virginia University; 2003. 197 p. Doctor of Education.
• The name of any sponsoring or funding organization

  • Kanika K. Labor market implications of employer provided health insurance [dissertation]. Evanston (IL): Northwestern University; 1997. 204 p. Sponsored by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.
• The name of any publicly available source for the dissertation or thesis, with any accession or other ordering number

  • Boyer CL. Do rural Medicare patients have different post-acute service patterns than their non-rural counterparts? [dissertation]. [Cleveland (OH)]: Case Western Reserve University; 2004. 131 p. Available from: UMI, Ann Arbor, MI; AAT 3145345.
  • Overlock JA. The relationship between balance and fundamental motor skills in children five to nine years of age [master's thesis]. [Corvallis (OR)]: Oregon State University; 2004. 111 p. Available from: Kinesiology Publications, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR; PSY 2317.
• The location of a library or other holding institution where the dissertation/thesis may be found, with any catalog or other accession number

  • Akerstrom B. Adults with autism and mental retardation: a life-span perspective [dissertation]. Uppsala (Sweden): S. Academiae Upsaliensis; 2001. 156 p. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W1 AC955 v.20 2001.

Box 25Non-English names for parts

• Provide the name in the original language for non-English names in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)

  • Tabelle 5.3
  • Figura 10a
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

  • Risunok 6
  • Parartema 4
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place translated titles in square brackets.

  • Ichiran-hiyo 3 or [Table 3, ]
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in titles. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat a letter marked with diacritics or accents as if it were not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they were two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Provide an English translation, if possible, after the original language title, placed in square brackets

  • Anexo, Creacion de las especialidades medicas [Appendix, Beginnings of medical specialties]; p. 275-81. Spanish.
• To help identify parts in other languages, see the following examples:

  View in own window

  Language	Chapter	Table	Figure	Appendix	Section
  French	Chapitre	Tableau	Figure	Appendice	Section
  German	Kapitel	Tabelle	Abbildung	Anhang	Sektion
  			Figur	Appendix	Abteilung
  				Zusatz
  Italian	Capitolo	Tabella	Figura	Appendice	Parte
  					Sezione
  Russian	Glava	Tablitsa	Risunok	Prilozenie	Sekcija
  					Otdel
  					Otdelenie
  Spanish	Capitulo	Tabla	Figura	Apendice	Seccion
  					Parte

Box 26No letter or number follows the name

• Occasionally, an author will label a part as simply "Table", "Figure", "Appendix", or another name without following the name with any letter or number. In this case, give whatever name is used for the part and follow it with a comma and the title.

  • Appendix, Timetable of human prenatal development 1 to 6 weeks; p. 516-7.

Box 27No name appears

• If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, appendix or similar part but it is not labeled as such, place the name within square brackets and follow it with any identifying number or letter

  • [Figure], Protein binding and drug disposition; p. 212.
  • [Photograph] 8, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Professor of Anatomy and Physiology from 1838 to 1841; p. 31.
• If the part being cited is not a table, figure, or appendix and has no other identifying name such as "section", begin with the title of the part

  • Data and calculations required for a life table; p. 146.
  • Sialography; p. 1029-30.

Box 28Non-English titles for parts

• Provide the name in the original language for non-English titles in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)

  • Tabla 10, Etiologia de la esplenomegalia secundaria a procesos infecciosos; p. 109. Spanish.
  • Chapitre 4, Le virage de la jouissance; p. 91-102. French.
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

  • Risunok 2, Tendentsii smertnosti i prodolzhitel'nosti zhizni naseleniya Ukrainy v poslevoennyi period; p. 53. Russian.
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place the translation in square brackets.

  • 10 Shoyo, Anchi eijingu igaku; p. 23-45. Japanese.
  • [Figure 9, Annual progression of swine influenza in Seoul]; p. 44. Korean.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in titles. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat a letter marked with diacritics or accents as if it were not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they were two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Provide an English translation, if possible, after the original language title. Place the translation in square brackets.

  • Tableau 5, Principaux marqueurs biologiques de l'etat nutritionnel [Table 5, Principal biological markers of nutritional state]; p. 33. French.
  • 10 Shoyo, Anchi eijingu igaku [Chapter 10, Anti-aging medicine]; p. 23-45. Japanese.

Box 29Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special character

• Capitalize the first word of the title of a part unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character that might lose its meaning if capitalized

  • Figure 10, n-alkenes on capillary columns with stationary phases of C87 hydrocarbon, Apiezonl L, CW-20M; p. 374.
  • Table 3.1, von Willebrand's disease incidence in Europe; p. 63.
• If a title contains a Greek letter or some other symbol that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available, substitute the name for the symbol. For example, Ω becomes omega.

  • Figure 3, Influence of seed extract of Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) on mice exposed to different doses of γ-radiation; p. 566.
  • may become
  • Figure 3, Influence of seed extract of Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) on mice exposed to different doses of gamma-radiation; p. 566.
• If a title contains superscripts or subscripts that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available, place the superscript or subscript in parentheses.

  • Table 4, Glycoprotein mediated transport of NH₃ into red blood cells; p. 149.
  • may become
  • Table 4, Glycoprotein mediated transport of NH(3) into red blood cells; p. 149.

Box 30No title appears

Occasionally a part does not have a formal title, only a legend (explanatory text) for the table, figure, appendix, or other part. When this occurs:

• Create a title from the first few words of the text. Use enough words to make the constructed title meaningful.
• Place the created title within square brackets

  • Table, [Waist-hip ratio ranges and the sample sizes for women aged 40 to 59]; p. 72.
  • Appendix, [Excerpts from "Prescription Pain Medications: Frequently Asked Questions and Answers for Health Care Professionals"]; p. 296-301.

Box 31Roman numerals for page numbers

• Contrary to the practice with volume and issue numbers, keep roman numerals when they are used as page numbers
• Give roman numerals in upper or lower case, whichever appears in the publication

  • Appendix 2, Common aquatic invertebrates; p. XLI-XLII.
  • Table 8, Classification of lung adenocarcinoma; p. xv.

Box 32Part paginated separately

A part such as an appendix or a group of tables may be given its own pagination and begin anew with page one.

When this occurs, give the total number of pages of the part you wish to cite, placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.]

• Appendix 3C, Description of model output tables and graphs; [7 p.].

Box 33No page numbers appear on the pages of the part

Occasionally, a table, figure, appendix, or another part will appear on a page that is not numbered.

• If only the part to be cited has no page numbers, identify the location in relation to numbered pages. For example: preceding p. 17 or following p. 503. Place such phrases in square brackets.

  • Figure 5, Modeling the risk of in-hospital death following lung resection; [preceding p. 55].
  • Appendix, Patient questionnaire; [following p. 174].
• If the entire book has no page numbers or the part cannot be easily located in relation to numbered pages, give the total number of pages of the part you wish to cite, placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.]

  • Table, Checklist of symptoms; [1 p.].