U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

Belinson S, Yang Y, Chopra R, et al. Local Therapies for Unresectable Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2013 May. (Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, No. 114.)

  • This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

Cover of Local Therapies for Unresectable Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Local Therapies for Unresectable Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma [Internet].

Show details

Appendix FExcluded Studies

Level 1, Form Title Screening, Is the article published in English?… -> Exclude

  1. Ohuchi Y, Kaminou T, Hashimoto M, Sugiura K, Adachi A, Kawai T, Endou M, Ogawa T. Transfemoral approach using a 3.5-French catheter system for use in transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: technical assessment. Hepatogastroenterology. 2011;58(107-108):916–21. [PubMed: 21830416]
  2. Kemeny NE, Schwartz L, Gonen M, Yopp A, Gultekin D, D'Angelica MI, Fong Y, Haviland D, Gewirtz AN, Allen P, Jarnagin WR. Treating primary liver cancer with hepatic arterial infusion of floxuridine and dexamethasone: does the addition of systemic bevacizumab improve results? Oncology. 2011;80(3-4):153–9. [PMC free article: PMC3123741] [PubMed: 21677464]
  3. Gish RG, Abou-Alfa GK, Tong MJ. Clinical roundtable monograph. Integrating recent data in managing adverse events in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2010;8(9):4–15. 2 p preceding. [PubMed: 21598749]
  4. Kim R, Byrne MT, Tan A, Aucejo F. What is the indication for sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma? A clinical challenge. Oncology (Williston Park). 2011;25(3):283–91. 295. [PubMed: 21548473]
  5. Irtan S, Chopin-Laly X, Ronot M, Faivre S, Paradis V, Belghiti J. Complete regression of locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma induced by sorafenib allowing curative resection. Liver Int. 2011;31(5):740–3. [PubMed: 21457447]
  6. Ng KK, Poon RT, Chan SC, Chok KS, Cheung TT, Tung H, Chu F, Tso WK, Yu WC, Lo CM, Fan ST. High-intensity focused ultrasound for hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-center experience. Ann Surg. 2011;253(5):981–7. [PubMed: 21394012]
  7. Ueda J, Yoshida H, Mamada Y, Taniai N, Mineta S, Yoshioka M, Hirakata A, Kawano Y, Kanda T, Uchida E. Resection of hepatocellular carcinoma recurring in the diaphragm after right hepatic lobectomy. J Nihon Med Sch. 2011;78(1):30–3. [PubMed: 21389645]
  8. Lynch MC, Straub R, Adams DR. Eruptive squamous cell carcinomas with keratoacanthoma-like features in a patient treated with sorafenib. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10(3):308–10. [PubMed: 21369650]
  9. Park JW, Finn RS, Kim JS, Karwal M, Li RK, Ismail F, Thomas M, Harris R, Baudelet C, Walters I, Raoul JL. Phase II, open-label study of brivanib as first-line therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17(7):1973–83. [PubMed: 21349999]
  10. Park JW, Koh YH, Kim HB, et al. Phase II study of concurrent transarterial chemoembolization and sorafenib in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2012 Jun;56(6):1336–42. [PubMed: 22314421]
  11. Raoul JL, Boucher E, Olivie D, et al. Association of cisplatin and intra-arterial injection of 131I-lipiodol in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: results of phase II trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Mar;1(3):745–50. [PubMed: 16289908]
  12. Sun W, Sohal D, Haller DG, Mykulowycz K, Rosen M, Soulen MC, Caparro M, Teitelbaum UR, Giantonio B, O'Dwyer PJ, Shaked A, Reddy R, Olthoff K. Phase 2 trial of bevacizumab, capecitabine, and oxaliplatin in treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2011;117(14):3187–92. [PubMed: 21264839]
  13. Rahbari NN, Mehrabi A, Mollberg NM, Muller SA, Koch M, Buchler MW, Weitz J. Hepatocellular carcinoma: current management and perspectives for the future. Ann Surg. 2011;253(3):453–69. [PubMed: 21263310]
  14. Pinter M, Sieghart W, Reisegger M, Wrba F, Peck-Radosavljevic M. Sorafenib in unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma: a case report. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2011;123(1-2):61–4. [PubMed: 21240686]
  15. Guan YS, He Q. Sorafenib: activity and clinical application in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011;12(2):303–13. [PubMed: 21226640]
  16. Camacho LH, Garcia S, Panchal AM, Lim J, Hong DS, Ng C, Madoff DC, Fu S, Gayed I, Kurzrock R. Exploratory study of hepatic arterial infusion oxaliplatin with systemic 5-fluorouracil/bevacizumab in patients with refractory solid tumor and extensive liver metastases. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2010;9(5):311–4. [PMC free article: PMC3088086] [PubMed: 21208846]
  17. Meng MB, Wen QL, Cui YL, She B, Zhang RM. Meta-analysis: traditional Chinese medicine for improving immune response in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Explore (NY). 2011;7(1):37–43. [PubMed: 21194671]
  18. Gravante G, Overton J, Sorge R, Bhardwaj N, Metcalfe MS, Lloyd DM, Dennison AR. Radiofrequency ablation versus resection for liver tumours: an evidence-based approach to retrospective comparative studies. J Gastrointest Surg. 2011;15(2):378–87. [PubMed: 21061179]
  19. Ismail A, AlDorry A, Shaker M, Elwekeel R, Mokbel K, Zakaria D, Meshaal A, Eldeen FZ, Selim A. Simultaneous injection of autologous mononuclear cells with TACE in HCC patients; preliminary study. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2011;42(1):11–9. [PubMed: 21046282]
  20. Carr BI, Carroll S, Muszbek N, Gondek K. Economic evaluation of sorafenib in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25(11):1739–46. [PubMed: 21039835]
  21. Spira D, Fenchel M, Lauer UM, Claussen CD, Gregor M, Bitzer M, Horger M. Comparison of different tumor response criteria in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after systemic therapy with the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib. Acad Radiol. 2011;18(1):89–96. [PubMed: 20926315]
  22. Malek MM, Shah SR, Atri P, Paredes JL, DiCicco LA, Sindhi R, Soltys KA, Mazariegos GV, Kane TD. Review of outcomes of primary liver cancers in children: our institutional experience with resection and transplantation. Surgery. 2010;148(4):778–82. discussion 782-4. PMID: [PubMed: 20728194]
  23. Raoul JL, Sangro B, Forner A, Mazzaferro V, Piscaglia F, Bolondi L, Lencioni R. Evolving strategies for the management of intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: available evidence and expert opinion on the use of transarterial chemoembolization. Cancer Treat Rev. 2011;37(3):212–20. [PubMed: 20724077]
  24. Qun W, Tao Y. Effective treatment of advanced cholangiocarcinoma by hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy combination with sorafenib: one case report from China. Hepatogastroenterology. 2010;57(99-100):426–9. [PubMed: 20698202]
  25. Cheung ST, Cheung PF, Cheng CK, Wong NC, Fan ST. Granulin-epithelin precursor and ATP-dependent binding cassette (ABC)B5 regulate liver cancer cell chemoresistance. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(1):344–55. [PubMed: 20682318]
  26. Grossman EJ, Millis JM. Liver transplantation for non-hepatocellular carcinoma malignancy: Indications, limitations, and analysis of the current literature. Liver Transpl. 2010;16(8):930–42. [PubMed: 20677284]
  27. Ambrosini V, Quarta C, Zinzani PL, Nanni C, Fini M, Torricelli P, Giavaresi G, D'Errico-Grigioni A, Malvi D, Franchi R, Fanti S. 18[F]FDG small animal PET study of sorafenib efficacy in lymphoma preclinical models. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;54(6):689–97. [PubMed: 20639808]
  28. Chung JC, Naik NK, Lewandowski RJ, Deng J, Mulcahy MF, Kulik LM, Sato KT, Ryu RK, Salem R, Larson AC, Omary RA. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to predict response of hepatocellular carcinoma to chemoembolization. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(25):3161–7. [PMC free article: PMC2896753] [PubMed: 20593501]
  29. Schwarz RE, Abou-Alfa GK, Geschwind JF, Krishnan S, Salem R, Venook AP. Nonoperative therapies for combined modality treatment of hepatocellular cancer: expert consensus statement. HPB (Oxford). 2010;12(5):313–20. [PMC free article: PMC2951818] [PubMed: 20590905]
  30. Jarnagin W, Chapman WC, Curley S, D'Angelica M, Rosen C, Dixon E, Nagorney D. Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: expert consensus statement. HPB (Oxford). 2010;12(5):302–10. [PMC free article: PMC2951816] [PubMed: 20590903]
  31. Rimassa L, Santoro A. The present and the future landscape of treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Liver Dis. 2010;42(Suppl 3):S273–80. [PubMed: 20547314]
  32. Ebisutani C, Sato S, Nishi K, Inoue H, Yoshie T, Kinoshita Y. Antibiotic prophylaxis in transcatheter treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: an open randomized prospective study of oral versus intravenous administration. Intern Med. 2010;49(12):1059–65. [PubMed: 20558918]
  33. Panaro F, Piardi T, Audet M, Gheza F, Woehl-Jaegle ML, Portolani N, Cinqualbre J, Wolf P. Laparoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation as a bridge to liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: preliminary results. Transplant Proc. 2010;42(4):1179–81. [PubMed: 20534255]
  34. Kudo M. Current status of molecularly targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: clinical practice. Int J Clin Oncol. 2010;15(3):242–55. [PubMed: 20509038]
  35. Porto I, Leo A, Miele L, Pompili M, Landolfi R, Crea F. A case of variant angina in a patient under chronic treatment with sorafenib. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2010;7(8):476–80. [PubMed: 20479781]
  36. Crocetti L, Lencioni R. Radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary tumors. Eur J Radiol. 2010;75(1):23–7. [PubMed: 20452739]
  37. Kim JM, Kwon CH, Joh JW, Kim SJ, Shin M, Kim EY, Moon JI, Jung GO, Choi GS, Lee SK. Patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma beyond Milan criteria: should we perform transarterial chemoembolization or liver transplantation? Transplant Proc. 2010;42(3):821–4. [PubMed: 20430181]
  38. Rampone B, Schiavone B, Confuorto G. Current management of hepatocellular cancer. Curr Oncol Rep. 2010;12(3):186–92. [PubMed: 20425078]
  39. Jarnagin WR. Management of small hepatocellular carcinoma: a review of transplantation, resection, and ablation. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17(5):1226–33. [PMC free article: PMC3127734] [PubMed: 20405327]
  40. Kanai F, Yoshida H, Tateishi R, Sato S, Kawabe T, Obi S, Kondo Y, Taniguchi M, Tagawa K, Ikeda M, Morizane C, Okusaka T, Arioka H, Shiina S, Omata M. A phase I/II trial of the oral antiangiogenic agent TSU-68 in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2011;67(2):315–24. [PubMed: 20390419]
  41. Kosola S, Lauronen J, Sairanen H, Heikinheimo M, Jalanko H, Pakarinen M. High survival rates after liver transplantation for hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Pediatr Transplant. 2010;14(5):646–50. [PubMed: 20345611]
  42. Wang SX, Byrnes A, Verma S, Pancoast JR, Rixe O. Complete remission of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with reduced dose of sorafenib: a case report. Target Oncol. 2010;5(1):59–63. [PubMed: 20309643]
  43. Otte JB. Progress in the surgical treatment of malignant liver tumors in children. Cancer Treat Rev. 2010;36(4):360–71. [PubMed: 20227190]
  44. Diamantis ML, Chon SY. Sorafenib-induced psoriasiform eruption in a patient with metastatic thyroid carcinoma. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010;9(2):169–71. [PubMed: 20214183]
  45. Toso C, Merani S, Bigam DL, Shapiro AM, Kneteman NM. Sirolimus-based immunosuppression is associated with increased survival after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2010;51(4):1237–43. [PubMed: 20187107]
  46. Al-Rawashdeh FY, Scriven P, Cameron IC, Vergani PV, Wyld L. Unfolded protein response activation contributes to chemoresistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;22(9):1099–105. [PubMed: 20177386]
  47. Frau M, Biasi F, Feo F, Pascale RM. Prognostic markers and putative therapeutic targets for hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Aspects Med. 2010;31(2):179–93. [PubMed: 20176048]
  48. Zhou B, Shan H, Zhu KS, Jiang ZB, Guan SH, Meng XC, Zeng XC. Chemoembolization with lobaplatin mixed with iodized oil for unresectable recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after orthotopic liver transplantation. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010;21(3):333–8. [PubMed: 20116286]
  49. Poulou LS, Ziakas PD, Xila V, Vakrinos G, Malagari K, Syrigos KN, Thanos L. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for unresectable colorectal liver metastases: time for shadows to disperse. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2009;4(3):140–6. [PubMed: 20028323]
  50. Ulla JL, Martinez MA, Paz-Esquete J, Garcia-Arroyo R, Dominguez-Comesana E, Vazquez-Astray E. Types of pancreatic cancer in EUS-FNA and chemotherapy. Am J Ther. 2011;18(2):101–6. [PubMed: 20019588]
  51. Gillams A. Tumour ablation: current role in the kidney, lung and bone. Cancer Imaging. 2009;9(Spec No A):S68–70. [PMC free article: PMC2797471] [PubMed: 19965298]
  52. Tannuri AC, Tannuri U, Gibelli NE, Romao RL. Surgical treatment of hepatic tumors in children: lessons learned from liver transplantation. J Pediatr Surg. 2009;44(11):2083–7. [PubMed: 19944212]
  53. Chua TC, Liauw W, Saxena A, Chu F, Glenn D, Chai A, Morris DL. Systematic review of neoadjuvant transarterial chemoembolization for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int. 2010;30(2):166–74. [PubMed: 19912531]
  54. Koom WS, Seong J, Han KH, Lee do Y, Lee JT. Is local radiotherapy still valuable for patients with multiple intrahepatic hepatocellular carcinomas? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;77(5):1433–40. [PubMed: 19896779]
  55. Yang ZX, Wang D, Wang G, Zhang QH, Liu JM, Peng P, Liu XH. Clinical study of recombinant adenovirus-p53 combined with fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2010;136(4):625–30. [PubMed: 19882171]
  56. Luna LE, Kwo PY, Roberts LR, Mettler TA, Gansen DN, Andrews JC, Wiseman GA, Misra VL. Liver transplantation after radioembolization in a patient with unresectable HCC. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;6(11):679–83. [PMC free article: PMC2904913] [PubMed: 19881519]
  57. Yen Y, So S, Rose M, Saif MW, Chu E, Liu SH, Foo A, Jiang Z, Su T, Cheng YC. Phase I/II study of PHY906/capecitabine in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2009;29(10):4083–92. [PubMed: 19846955]
  58. Higashi T, Hatano E, Ikai I, Nishii R, Nakamoto Y, Ishizu K, Suga T, Kawashima H, Togashi K, Seo S, Kitamura K, Takada Y, Uemoto S. FDG PET as a prognostic predictor in the early post-therapeutic evaluation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37(3):468–82. [PubMed: 19838700]
  59. Liu L, Ren ZG, Shen Y, Zhu XD, Zhang W, Xiong W, Qin Y, Tang ZY. Influence of hepatic artery occlusion on tumor growth and metastatic potential in a human orthotopic hepatoma nude mouse model: relevance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Sci. 2010;101(1):120–8. [PubMed: 19832842]
  60. Li G, Dong S, Qu J, Sun Z, Huang Z, Ye L, Liang H, Ai X, Zhang W, Chen X. Synergism of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and recombinant mutant human tumour necrosis factor-alpha in chemotherapy of multidrug-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int. 2010;30(4):585–92. [PubMed: 19780956]
  61. Eisele RM, Zhukowa J, Chopra S, Schmidt SC, Neumann U, Pratschke J, Schumacher G. Results of liver resection in combination with radiofrequency ablation for hepatic malignancies. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36(3):269–74. [PubMed: 19726155]
  62. Faivre S, Raymond E, Boucher E, Douillard J, Lim HY, Kim JS, Zappa M, Lanzalone S, Lin X, Deprimo S, Harmon C, Ruiz-Garcia A, Lechuga MJ, Cheng AL. Safety and efficacy of sunitinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: an open-label, multicentre, phase II study. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(8):794–800. [PubMed: 19586800]
  63. Isoda N, Eguchi Y, Nukaya H, Hosho K, Suga Y, Suga T, Nakazawa S, Sugano K. Clinical efficacy of superfine dispersed lentinan (beta-1,3-glucan) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2009;56(90):437–41. [PubMed: 19579616]
  64. Mailey B, Truong C, Artinyan A, Khalili J, Sanchez-Luege N, Denitz J, Marx H, Wagman LD, Kim J. Surgical resection of primary and metastatic hepatic malignancies following portal vein embolization. J Surg Oncol. 2009;100(3):184–90. [PubMed: 19572328]
  65. Wu J, Henderson C, Feun L, Van Veldhuizen P, Gold P, Zheng H, Ryan T, Blaszkowsky LS, Chen H, Costa M, Rosenzweig B, Nierodzik M, Hochster H, Muggia F, Abbadessa G, Lewis J, Zhu AX. Phase II study of darinaparsin in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Invest New Drugs. 2010;28(5):670–6. [PubMed: 19565187]
  66. Chappell JA, Burkemper NM, Semchyshyn N. Localized dyskeratotic plaque with milia associated with sorafenib. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009;8(6):573–6. [PubMed: 19537383]
  67. Rimassa L, Santoro A. Sorafenib therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: the SHARP trial. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2009;9(6):739–45. [PubMed: 19496710]
  68. Abou-Alfa GK. Selection of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma for sorafenib. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2009;7(4):397–403. [PubMed: 19406040]
  69. Tian G, Liu J, Sui J. A patient with huge hepatocellular carcinoma who had a complete clinical response to p53 gene combined with chemotherapy and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Anticancer Drugs. 2009;20(5):403–7. [PubMed: 19318914]
  70. Tian G, Liu J, Zhou JS, Chen W. Multiple hepatic arterial injections of recombinant adenovirus p53 and 5-fluorouracil after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a pilot phase II trial. Anticancer Drugs. 2009;20(5):389–95. [PubMed: 19287305]
  71. Takeshita S, Ichikawa T, Nakao K, Miyaaki H, Shibata H, Matsuzaki T, Muraoka T, Honda T, Otani M, Akiyama M, Miuma S, Ozawa E, Fujimito M, Eguchi K. A snack enriched with oral branched-chain amino acids prevents a fall in albumin in patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Nutr Res. 2009;29(2):89–93. [PubMed: 19285598]
  72. Boutros C, Somasundar P, Garrean S, Saied A, Espat NJ. Microwave coagulation therapy for hepatic tumors: review of the literature and critical analysis. Surg Oncol. 2010;19(1):e22–32. [PubMed: 19268571]
  73. Shiina S. Image-guided percutaneous ablation therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol. 2009;44(Suppl 19):122–31. [PubMed: 19148806]
  74. Pinter M, Sieghart W, Graziadei I, Vogel W, Maieron A, Konigsberg R, Weissmann A, Kornek G, Plank C, Peck-Radosavljevic M. Sorafenib in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma from mild to advanced stage liver cirrhosis. Oncologist. 2009;14(1):70–6. [PubMed: 19144684]
  75. Kane RC, Farrell AT, Madabushi R, Booth B, Chattopadhyay S, Sridhara R, Justice R, Pazdur R. Sorafenib for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncologist. 2009;14(1):95–100. [PubMed: 19144678]
  76. Lau WY, Lai EC. The current role of radiofrequency ablation in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Ann Surg. 2009;249(1):20–5. [PubMed: 19106671]
  77. Zhu AX, Raymond E. Early development of sunitinib in hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2009;9(1):143–50. [PubMed: 19105714]
  78. Cheng AL, Kang YK, Chen Z, Tsao CJ, Qin S, Kim JS, Luo R, Feng J, Ye S, Yang TS, Xu J, Sun Y, Liang H, Liu J, Wang J, Tak WY, Pan H, Burock K, Zou J, Voliotis D, Guan Z. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase III randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(1):25–34. [PubMed: 19095497]
  79. Cho YK, Kim JK, Kim MY, Rhim H, Han JK. Systematic review of randomized trials for hepatocellular carcinoma treated with percutaneous ablation therapies. Hepatology. 2009;49(2):453–9. [PubMed: 19065676]
  80. Majeed TA, Wai CT, Rajekar H, Lee KH, Wong SY, Leong SO, Singh R, Tay KH, Chen J, Tan KC. Experience of the transplant team is an important factor for posttransplant survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing living-donor liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2008;40(8):2507–9. [PubMed: 18929781]
  81. So BJ, Bekaii-Saab T, Bloomston MA, Patel T. Complete clinical response of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma to sorafenib in a patient with hemochromatosis: a case report. J Hematol Oncol. 2008;1:18. [PMC free article: PMC2575202] [PubMed: 18928548]
  82. Nelson K, Vause PE Jr., Koropova P. Post-mortem considerations of Yttrium-90 90Y microsphere therapy procedures. Health Phys. 2008;95(5 Suppl):S156–61. [PubMed: 18849708]
  83. Shim JH, Park JW, Choi JI, Park BJ, Kim CM. Practical efficacy of sorafenib monotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients in a Hepatitis B virus-endemic area. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2009;135(4):617–25. [PubMed: 18846384]
  84. Yen Y, Lim DW, Chung V, Morgan RJ, Leong LA, Shibata SI, Wagman LD, Marx H, Chu PG, Longmate JA, Lenz HJ, Ramanathan RK, Belani CP, Gandara DR. Phase II study of oxaliplatin in patients with unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent hepatocellular cancer: a California Cancer Consortium Trial. Am J Clin Oncol. 2008;31(4):317–22. [PubMed: 18845988]
  85. Chaparro M, Gonzalez Moreno L, Trapero-Marugan M, Medina J, Moreno-Otero R. Review article: pharmacological therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with sorafenib and other oral agents. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;28(11-12):1269–77. [PubMed: 18808443]
  86. Uhm JE, Park JO, Lee J, Park YS, Park SH, Yoo BC, Paik SW, Koh KC, Kang WK, Lim HY. A phase II study of oxaliplatin in combination with doxorubicin as first-line systemic chemotherapy in patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009;63(5):929–35. [PubMed: 18726098]
  87. Hoti E, Adam R. Liver transplantation for primary and metastatic liver cancers. Transpl Int. 2008;21(12):1107–17. [PubMed: 18713148]
  88. Chia WK, Ong S, Toh HC, Hee SW, Choo SP, Poon DY, Tay MH, Tan CK, Koo WH, Foo KF. Phase II trial of gemcitabine in combination with cisplatin in inoperable or advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2008;37(7):554–8. [PubMed: 18695766]
  89. Becker S, Laffont S, Vitry F, Rolland Y, Lecloirec J, Boucher E, Raoul JL, Herry JY, Bourguet P, Garin E. Dosimetric evaluation and therapeutic response to internal radiation therapy of hepatocarcinomas using iodine-131-labelled lipiodol. Nucl Med Commun. 2008;29(9):815–25. [PubMed: 18677210]
  90. Bertelli R, Neri F, Tsivian M, Ruhrman N, Cavallari G, Beltempo P, Puviani L, DeVinci C, Pizza G, Nardo B. Endolymphatic immunotherapy in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Transplant Proc. 2008;40(6):1913–5. [PubMed: 18675087]
  91. Shelgikar CS, Loehle J, Scoggins CR, McMasters KM, Martin RC 2nd. Empiric antibiotics for transarterial embolization in hepatocellular carcinoma: indicated? J Surg Res. 2009;151(1):121–4. [PubMed: 18657833]
  92. Ang MK, Poon D, Foo KF, Chung YF, Chow P, Wan WK, Thng CH, Ooi L. A new chemoimmunotherapy regimen (OXAFI) for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther. 2008;1(3):159–65. [PubMed: 20063546]
  93. Kan CB, Chang RY, Chen CK. Isolated right ventricular intracavitary metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma in a 74-year-old woman. J Chin Med Assoc. 2008;71(6):318–20. [PubMed: 18567564]
  94. Siegel AB, Cohen EI, Ocean A, Lehrer D, Goldenberg A, Knox JJ, Chen H, Clark-Garvey S, Weinberg A, Mandeli J, Christos P, Mazumdar M, Popa E, Brown RS Jr., Rafii S, Schwartz JD. Phase II trial evaluating the clinical and biologic effects of bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(18):2992–8. [PMC free article: PMC3635806] [PubMed: 18565886]
  95. Lai EC, Tang CN, Ha JP, Tsui DK, Li MK. The evolving influence of laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasonography on patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Surg. 2008;196(5):736–40. [PubMed: 18558389]
  96. Lau WY, Lai EC. Hepatocellular carcinoma: current management and recent advances. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2008;7(3):237–57. [PubMed: 18522878]
  97. Lai EC, Tang CN, Ha JP, Tsui DK, Li MK. Cytoreductive surgery in multidisciplinary treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. ANZ J Surg. 2008;78(6):504–7. [PubMed: 18522575]
  98. Choi J, Yip-Schneider M, Albertin F, Wiesenauer C, Wang Y, Schmidt CM. The effect of doxorubicin on MEK-ERK signaling predicts its efficacy in HCC. J Surg Res. 2008;150(2):219–26. [PubMed: 18468633]
  99. Li R, Walvekar RR, Nalesnik MA, Gamblin TC. Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with a solitary metastasis to the mandible. Am Surg. 2008;74(4):346–9. [PubMed: 18453303]
  100. Lewandowski RJ, Tepper J, Wang D, Ibrahim S, Miller FH, Kulik L, Mulcahy M, Ryu RK, Sato K, Larson AC, Salem R, Omary RA. MR imaging perfusion mismatch: a technique to verify successful targeting of liver tumors during transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2008;19(5):698–705. [PubMed: 18440458]
  101. Shim JH, Park JW, Nam BH, Lee WJ, Kim CM. Efficacy of combination chemotherapy with capecitabine plus cisplatin in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009;63(3):459–67. [PubMed: 18437384]
  102. Thomas MB. Systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer J. 2008;14(2):123–7. [PubMed: 18391618]
  103. Lin AY, Fisher GA, So S, Tang C, Levitt L. Phase II study of imatinib in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 2008;31(1):84–8. [PubMed: 18376233]
  104. Attia S, Holen KD, Thomas JP, Richie K, Dzelak T, Teeter K, Warren D, Bilger A, Fine J, Eickhoff J, Drinkwater N, Mulkerin D, Morgan-Meadows S. Biologic study of the effects of octreotide-LAR on growth hormone in unresectable and metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2008;6(1):44–54. [PubMed: 18322441]
  105. Lang L. FDA approves sorafenib for patients with inoperable liver cancer. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(2):379. [PubMed: 18242200]
  106. Alisi A, Balsano C. Enhancing the efficacy of hepatocellular carcinoma chemotherapeutics with natural anticancer agents. Nutr Rev. 2007;65(12 Pt 1):550–3. [PubMed: 18236694]
  107. Gunven P. Liver embolizations in oncology: a review. Part I. Arterial (chemo)embolizations. Med Oncol. 2008;25(1):1–11. [PubMed: 18188709]
  108. Tse RV, Hawkins M, Lockwood G, Kim JJ, Cummings B, Knox J, Sherman M, Dawson LA. Phase I study of individualized stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(4):657–64. [PubMed: 18172187]
  109. Di Lorenzo G, Rea A, Carlomagno C, Pepe S, Palmieri G, Labianca R, Chirianni A, De Stefano A, Esposito V, De Placido S, Montesarchio V. Activity and safety of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase II study. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(48):6553–7. [PMC free article: PMC4611295] [PubMed: 18161926]
  110. Okuma T, Matsuoka T, Tutumi S, Nakmura K, Inoue Y. Air embolism during needle placement for CT-guided radiofrequency ablation of an unresectable metastatic lung lesion. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18(12):1592–4. [PubMed: 18057298]
  111. Zhu AX. Development of sorafenib and other molecularly targeted agents in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2008;112(2):250–9. [PubMed: 18041064]
  112. Poon RT. Liver transplantation for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma less than 3 cm in diameter in Child A cirrhosis. Dig Dis. 2007;25(4):334–40. [PubMed: 17960069]
  113. Furuse J, Ishii H, Nakachi K, Suzuki E, Shimizu S, Nakajima K. Phase I study of sorafenib in Japanese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci. 2008;99(1):159–65. [PubMed: 17953709]
  114. Lau WY, Lai EC. Salvage surgery following downstaging of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma--a strategy to increase resectability. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14(12):3301–9. [PubMed: 17891443]
  115. Gunven P. Liver embolizations in oncology. A review. Part II. Arterial radioembolizations, portal venous embolizations, experimental arterial embolization procedures. Med Oncol. 2007;24(3):287–96. [PubMed: 17873303]
  116. Gusani NJ, Balaa FK, Steel JL, Geller DA, Marsh JW, Zajko AB, Carr BI, Gamblin TC. Treatment of unresectable cholangiocarcinoma with gemcitabine-based transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE): a single-institution experience. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12(1):129–37. [PubMed: 17851723]
  117. Nakano H, Kikuchi K, Seta S, Katayama M, Yamamura T, Otsubo T. Preservation of segment 4 inferior by distal middle hepatic vein reconstruction combined with extended right hepatectomy after portal vein embolization in a patient with a huge initially unresectable HCC. Hepatogastroenterology. 2007;54(77):1563–6. [PubMed: 17708300]
  118. Gish RG, Porta C, Lazar L, Ruff P, Feld R, Croitoru A, Feun L, Jeziorski K, Leighton J, Gallo J, Kennealey GT. Phase III randomized controlled trial comparing the survival of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with nolatrexed or doxorubicin. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(21):3069–75. [PubMed: 17634485]
  119. Thomas MB, Chadha R, Glover K, Wang X, Morris J, Brown T, Rashid A, Dancey J, Abbruzzese JL. Phase 2 study of erlotinib in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2007;110(5):1059–67. [PubMed: 17623837]
  120. Zhu AX, Stuart K, Blaszkowsky LS, Muzikansky A, Reitberg DP, Clark JW, Enzinger PC, Bhargava P, Meyerhardt JA, Horgan K, Fuchs CS, Ryan DP. Phase 2 study of cetuximab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2007;110(3):581–9. [PubMed: 17583545]
  121. Schwartz M, Roayaie S, Uva P. Treatment of HCC in patients awaiting liver transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2007;7(8):1875–81. [PubMed: 17532747]
  122. Shimoda M, Kubota K. Multi-disciplinary treatment for cholangiocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(10):1500–4. [PMC free article: PMC4146890] [PubMed: 17461440]
  123. Chuah B, Lim R, Boyer M, Ong AB, Wong SW, Kong HL, Millward M, Clarke S, Goh BC. Multi-centre phase II trial of Thalidomide in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Oncol. 2007;46(2):234–8. [PubMed: 17453375]
  124. Lind PA, Naucler G, Holm A, Gubanski M, Svensson C. Efficacy of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Oncol. 2007;46(2):230–3. [PubMed: 17453374]
  125. Oyen WJ, Bodei L, Giammarile F, Maecke HR, Tennvall J, Luster M, Brans B. Targeted therapy in nuclear medicine--current status and future prospects. Ann Oncol. 2007;18(11):1782–92. [PubMed: 17434893]
  126. Li S, Niu Z, Tian H, Zhang B, Wang F, Yi LH, Yu J. Treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin. Hepatogastroenterology. 2007;54(73):218–23. [PubMed: 17419264]
  127. Clark TW. Re: Prognostic accuracy of 12 liver staging systems in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with transarterial chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18(3):456. author reply 456-7. PMID: [PubMed: 17377198]
  128. Cho YK. Re: Prognostic accuracy of 12 liver staging systems in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with transarterial chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18(3):455. author reply 455-6. PMID: [PubMed: 17377196]
  129. Stringer MD. The role of liver transplantation in the management of paediatric liver tumours. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2007;89(1):12–21. [PMC free article: PMC1963524] [PubMed: 17316514]
  130. Han SH, Park SH, Kim JH, Lee JJ, Kwon SY, Kwon OS, Kim SS, Kim KK, Park YH, Lee JN, Nam E, Bang SM, Cho EK, Shin DB, Lee JH. Thalidomide for treating metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma: a pilot study. Korean J Intern Med. 2006;21(4):225–9. [PMC free article: PMC3891026] [PubMed: 17249503]
  131. Avila LF, Luis AL, Hernandez F, Garcia Miguel P, Jara P, Andres AM, Lopez Santamaria M, Tovar JA. Liver transplantation for malignant tumours in children. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2006;16(6):411–4. [PubMed: 17211789]
  132. Izzo F, Montella M, Orlando AP, Nasti G, Beneduce G, Castello G, Cremona F, Ensor CM, Holtzberg FW, Bomalaski JS, Clark MA, Curley SA, Orlando R, Scordino F, Korba BE. Pegylated arginine deiminase lowers hepatitis C viral titers and inhibits nitric oxide synthesis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22(1):86–91. [PubMed: 17201887]
  133. LaRocca RV, Hicks MD, Mull L, Foreman B. Effective palliation of advanced cholangiocarcinoma with sorafenib: a two-patient case report. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2007;38(2-4):154–6. [PubMed: 19089671]
  134. Garcia-Leiva J, Gamboa-Dominguez A, Ceron-Lizarraga T, Morales-Espinosa D, Meza-Junco J, Arrieta O. Response of negative estrogen-receptor hepatocarcinoma to tamoxifen, and survival of non-resectable patients. Ann Hepatol. 2006;5(4):263–7. [PubMed: 17151578]
  135. Bernal E, Montero JL, Delgado M, Fraga E, Costan G, Barrera P, Lopez-Vallejos P, Solorzano G, Rufian S, Briceno J, Padillo J, Lopez-Cillero P, Marchal T, Muntane J, de la Mata M. Adjuvant chemotherapy for prevention of recurrence of invasive hepatocellular carcinoma after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2006;38(8):2495–8. [PubMed: 17097979]
  136. Georgiades CS, Liapi E, Frangakis C, Park JU, Kim HW, Hong K, Geschwind JF. Prognostic accuracy of 12 liver staging systems in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with transarterial chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006;17(10):1619–24. [PubMed: 17057003]
  137. Kim TH, Kim DY, Park JW, Kim SH, Choi JI, Kim HB, Lee WJ, Park SJ, Hong EK, Kim CM. Dose-volumetric parameters predicting radiation-induced hepatic toxicity in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67(1):225–31. [PubMed: 17056199]
  138. Lo CM, Fan ST, Liu CL, Chan SC, Ng IO, Wong J. Living donor versus deceased donor liver transplantation for early irresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg. 2007;94(1):78–86. [PubMed: 17016793]
  139. Voroney JP, Brock KK, Eccles C, Haider M, Dawson LA. Prospective comparison of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for liver cancer delineation using deformable image registration. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66(3):780–91. [PubMed: 17011453]
  140. Salem R, Hunter RD. Yttrium-90 microspheres for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66(2 Suppl):S83–8. [PubMed: 16979447]
  141. Sarin SK, Kumar M, Garg S, Hissar S, Pandey C, Sharma BC. High dose vitamin K3 infusion in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21(9):1478–82. [PubMed: 16911696]
  142. Abou-Alfa GK, Schwartz L, Ricci S, Amadori D, Santoro A, Figer A, De Greve J, Douillard JY, Lathia C, Schwartz B, Taylor I, Moscovici M, Saltz LB. Phase II study of sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(26):4293–300. [PubMed: 16908937]
  143. Zorzi D, Abdalla EK, Pawlik TM, Brown TD, Vauthey JN. Subtotal hepatectomy following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for a previously unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2006;13(4):347–50. [PubMed: 16858548]
  144. Sotiropoulos GC, Molmenti EP, Lang H, Beckebaum S, Kaiser GM, Brokalaki EI, Frilling A, Malago M, Neuhauser M, Broelsch CE. Surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma arising in hereditary hemochromatosis. Eur Surg Res. 2006;38(4):371–6. [PubMed: 16837807]
  145. Sotiropoulos GC, Lang H, Frilling A, Molmenti EP, Paul A, Nadalin S, Radtke A, Brokalaki EI, Saner F, Hilgard P, Gerken G, Broelsch CE, Malago M. Resectability of hepatocellular carcinoma: evaluation of 333 consecutive cases at a single hepatobiliary specialty center and systematic review of the literature. Hepatogastroenterology. 2006;53(69):322–9. [PubMed: 16795964]
  146. Chung YL, Jian JJ, Cheng SH, Tsai SY, Chuang VP, Soong T, Lin YM, Horng CF. Sublethal irradiation induces vascular endothelial growth factor and promotes growth of hepatoma cells: implications for radiotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(9):2706–15. [PubMed: 16675562]
  147. Zhu AX, Blaszkowsky LS, Ryan DP, Clark JW, Muzikansky A, Horgan K, Sheehan S, Hale KE, Enzinger PC, Bhargava P, Stuart K. Phase II study of gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with bevacizumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(12):1898–903. [PubMed: 16622265]
  148. Lin CS, Jen YM, Chiu SY, Hwang JM, Chao HL, Lin HY, Shum WY. Treatment of portal vein tumor thrombosis of hepatoma patients with either stereotactic radiotherapy or three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2006;36(4):212–7. [PubMed: 16613896]
  149. Taniai N, Yoshida H, Mamada Y, Kawano Y, Mizuguchi Y, Akimaru K, Tajiri T. Is intraoperative adjuvant therapy effective for satellite lesions in patients undergoing reduction surgery for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma? Hepatogastroenterology. 2006;53(68):258–61. [PubMed: 16608035]
  150. Karakayali H, Moray G, Sozen H, Dalgic A, Emiroglu R, Haberal M. Expanded criteria for liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Transplant Proc. 2006;38(2):575–8. [PubMed: 16549179]
  151. Parikh PM, Fuloria J, Babu G, Doval DC, Awasthy BS, Pai VR, Prabhakaran PS, Benson AB. A phase II study of gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Trop Gastroenterol. 2005;26(3):115–8. [PubMed: 16512457]
  152. Austin MT, Leys CM, Feurer ID, Lovvorn HN 3rd, O'Neill JA Jr., Pinson CW, Pietsch JB. Liver transplantation for childhood hepatic malignancy: a review of the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database. J Pediatr Surg. 2006;41(1):182–6. [PubMed: 16410130]
  153. Elias D, Manganas D, Benizri E, Dufour F, Menegon P, El Harroudi T, de Baere T. Trans-metastasis hepatectomy: results of a 21-case study. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2006;32(2):213–7. [PubMed: 16406854]
  154. Zhang K, Loong SL, Connor S, Yu SW, Tan SY, Ng RT, Lee KM, Canham L, Chow PK. Complete tumor response following intratumoral 32P BioSilicon on human hepatocellular and pancreatic carcinoma xenografts in nude mice. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(20):7532–7. [PubMed: 16243828]
  155. Otte JB, de Ville de Goyet J. The contribution of transplantation to the treatment of liver tumors in children. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2005;14(4):233–8. [PubMed: 16226698]
  156. Dalgic A, Karakayali H, Moray G, Emiroglu R, Sozen H, Torgay A, Haberal M. Liver transplantation and tacrolimus monotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with expanded criteria. Transplant Proc. 2005;37(7):3154–6. [PubMed: 16213334]
  157. Sato Y, Yamamoto S, Oya H, Nakatsuka H, Kobayashi T, Takeishi T, Hirano K, Hara Y, Watanabe T, Waguri N, Suda T, Ichida T, Aoyagi Y, Hatakeyama K. Preoperative human-telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA in peripheral blood and tumor recurrence in living-related liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2005;52(65):1325–8. [PubMed: 16201066]
  158. Kulik LM, Mulcahy MF, Hunter RD, Nemcek AA Jr., Abecassis MM, Salem R. Use of yttrium-90 microspheres (TheraSphere) in a patient with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma leading to liver transplantation: a case report. Liver Transpl. 2005;11(9):1127–31. [PubMed: 16123954]
  159. Kiguchi K, Ruffino L, Kawamoto T, Ajiki T, Digiovanni J. Chemopreventive and therapeutic efficacy of orally active tyrosine kinase inhibitors in a transgenic mouse model of gallbladder carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(15):5572–80. [PubMed: 16061875]
  160. Casanova M, Massimino M, Ferrari A, Spreafico F, Piva L, Coppa J, Luksch R, Cefalo G, Terenziani M, Polastri D, Bellani FF, Mazzaferro V. Etoposide, cisplatin, epirubicin chemotherapy in the treatment of pediatric liver tumors. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2005;22(3):189–98. [PubMed: 16020101]
  161. Dawson LA, Eccles C, Bissonnette JP, Brock KK. Accuracy of daily image guidance for hypofractionated liver radiotherapy with active breathing control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;62(4):1247–52. [PubMed: 15990028]
  162. Schepelmann S, Hallenbeck P, Ogilvie LM, Hedley D, Friedlos F, Martin J, Scanlon I, Hay C, Hawkins LK, Marais R, Springer CJ. Systemic gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma using a targeted adenovirus armed with carboxypeptidase G2. Cancer Res. 2005;65(12):5003–8. [PubMed: 15958540]
  163. Lu DS, Yu NC, Raman SS, Lassman C, Tong MJ, Britten C, Durazo F, Saab S, Han S, Finn R, Hiatt JR, Busuttil RW. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma as a bridge to liver transplantation. Hepatology. 2005;41(5):1130–7. [PubMed: 15841454]
  164. Jansen MC, van Hillegersberg R, Chamuleau RA, van Delden OM, Gouma DJ, van Gulik TM. Outcome of regional and local ablative therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma: a collective review. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2005;31(4):331–47. [PubMed: 15837037]
  165. Sheen AJ, Siriwardena AK. The end of cryotherapy for the treatment of nonresectable hepatic tumors? Ann Surg Oncol. 2005;12(3):202–4. [PubMed: 15827810]
  166. Kim DY, Park W, Lim DH, Lee JH, Yoo BC, Paik SW, Kho KC, Kim TH, Ahn YC, Huh SJ. Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for portal vein thrombosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2005;103(11):2419–26. [PubMed: 15822130]
  167. Hertl M, Cosimi AB. Liver transplantation for malignancy. Oncologist. 2005;10(4):269–81. [PubMed: 15821247]
  168. Cheng YF, Huang TL, Chen TY, Chen YS, Wang CC, Hsu SL, Tsang LL, Sun PL, Chiu KW, Jawan B, Eng HL, Chen CL. Impact of pre-operative transarterial embolization on the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(10):1433–8. [PMC free article: PMC4305683] [PubMed: 15770717]
  169. Burger I, Hong K, Schulick R, Georgiades C, Thuluvath P, Choti M, Kamel I, Geschwind JF. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: initial experience in a single institution. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;16(3):353–61. [PubMed: 15758131]
  170. Kennedy AS, Nutting C, Coldwell D, Gaiser J, Drachenberg C. Pathologic response and microdosimetry of (90)Y microspheres in man: review of four explanted whole livers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60(5):1552–63. [PubMed: 15590187]
  171. Park BH, Lee JH, Jeong JS, Rha SH, Kim SE, Kim JS, Kim JM, Hwang TH. Vascular administration of adenoviral vector soaked in absorbable gelatin sponge particles (GSP) prolongs the transgene expression in hepatocytes. Cancer Gene Ther. 2005;12(2):116–21. [PubMed: 15578067]
  172. Tang ZY, Zhou XD, Ma ZC, Wu ZQ, Fan J, Qin LX, Yu Y. Downstaging followed by resection plays a role in improving prognosis of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2004;3(4):495–8. [PubMed: 15567731]
  173. Chui AK, Rao AR, Island ER, Chan HL, Leung TW, Lau WY. Multimodality tumor control and living donor transplantation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Transplant Proc. 2004;36(8):2287–8. [PubMed: 15561221]
  174. Yeo W, Lam KC, Zee B, Chan PS, Mo FK, Ho WM, Wong WL, Leung TW, Chan AT, Ma B, Mok TS, Johnson PJ. Hepatitis B reactivation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing systemic chemotherapy. Ann Oncol. 2004;15(11):1661–6. [PubMed: 15520068]
  175. Patt YZ, Hassan MM, Aguayo A, Nooka AK, Lozano RD, Curley SA, Vauthey JN, Ellis LM, Schnirer RA II, Wolff C, Charnsangavej C, Brown TD. Oral capecitabine for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and gallbladder carcinoma. Cancer. 2004;101(3):578–86. [PubMed: 15274071]
  176. Lau WY, Ho SK, Yu SC, Lai EC, Liew CT, Leung TW. Salvage surgery following downstaging of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg. 2004;240(2):299–305. [PMC free article: PMC1356407] [PubMed: 15273555]
  177. Boschi A, Uccelli L, Duatti A, Colamussi P, Cittanti C, Filice A, Rose AH, Martindale AA, Claringbold PG, Kearney D, Galeotti R, Turner JH, Giganti M. A kit formulation for the preparation of 188Re-lipiodol: preclinical studies and preliminary therapeutic evaluation in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Nucl Med Commun. 2004;25(7):691–9. [PubMed: 15208496]
  178. Clerici C, Castellani D, Russo G, Fiorucci S, Sabatino G, Giuliano V, Gentili G, Morelli O, Raffo P, Baldoni M, Morelli A, Toma S. Treatment with all-trans retinoic acid plus tamoxifen and vitamin E in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2004;24(2C):1255–60. [PubMed: 15154656]
  179. De Ruyck K, Lambert B, Bacher K, Gemmel F, De Vos F, Vral A, de Ridder L, Dierckx RA, Thierens H. Biologic dosimetry of 188Re-HDD/lipiodol versus 131I-lipiodol therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(4):612–8. [PubMed: 15073257]
  180. Poon RT, Lau C, Yu WC, Fan ST, Wong J. High serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor predict poor response to transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study. Oncol Rep. 2004;11(5):1077–84. [PubMed: 15069550]
  181. Palmer DH, Mautner V, Mirza D, Oliff S, Gerritsen W, van der Sijp JR, Hubscher S, Reynolds G, Bonney S, Rajaratnam R, Hull D, Horne M, Ellis J, Mountain A, Hill S, Harris PA, Searle PF, Young LS, James ND, Kerr DJ. Virus-directed enzyme prodrug therapy: intratumoral administration of a replication-deficient adenovirus encoding nitroreductase to patients with resectable liver cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(9):1546–52. [PubMed: 15051757]
  182. Ku Y, Iwasaki T, Tominaga M, Fukumoto T, Takahashi T, Kido M, Ogata S, Takahashi M, Kuroda Y, Matsumoto S, Obara H. Reductive surgery plus percutaneous isolated hepatic perfusion for multiple advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg. 2004;239(1):53–60. [PMC free article: PMC1356192] [PubMed: 14685100]
  183. Hsu C, Chen CN, Chen LT, Wu CY, Yang PM, Lai MY, Lee PH, Cheng AL. Low-dose thalidomide treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology. 2003;65(3):242–9. [PubMed: 14657598]
  184. Guan Z, Wang Y, Maoleekoonpairoj S, Chen Z, Kim WS, Ratanatharathorn V, Reece WH, Kim TW, Lehnert M. Prospective randomised phase II study of gemcitabine at standard or fixed dose rate schedule in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2003;89(10):1865–9. [PMC free article: PMC2394454] [PubMed: 14612894]
  185. Pan DY, Qiao JG, Chen JW, Huo YC, Zhou YK, Shi HA. Tamoxifen combined with octreotide or regular chemotherapeutic agents in treatment of primary liver cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2003;2(2):211–5. [PubMed: 14599971]
  186. Maeda T, Itasaka H, Takenaka K, Matsumata T, Shimada M, Ikeda T, Sugimachi K. Low-dose cisplatin plus oral tegafur and uracil for the treatment of lung metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50(53):1583–6. [PubMed: 14571791]
  187. Curley SA, Bomalaski JS, Ensor CM, Holtsberg FW, Clark MA. Regression of hepatocellular cancer in a patient treated with arginine deiminase. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50(53):1214–6. [PubMed: 14571701]
  188. Yin ZY, Wang XM, Yu RX, Zhang BM, Yu KK, Li N, Li JS. Total vascular exclusion technique for resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9(10):2194–7. [PMC free article: PMC4656461] [PubMed: 14562376]
  189. Stella M, Percivale A, Pasqualini M, Profeti A, Gandolfo N, Serafini G, Pellicci R. Radiofrequency-assisted liver resection. J Gastrointest Surg. 2003;7(6):797–801. [PubMed: 13129559]
  190. De Maio E, Fiore F, Daniele B, D'Angelo R, Perrone F, Barletta E, Iaffaioli RV, Pignata S. Transcatheter arterial procedures in the treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a review of literature. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2003;46(3):285–95. [PubMed: 12791428]
  191. Bolondi L, Piscaglia F, Camaggi V, Grazi GL, Cavallari A. Review article: liver transplantation for HCC. Treatment options on the waiting list. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17(Suppl 2):145–50. [PubMed: 12786626]
  192. Garin E, Laffont S, Rolland Y, Olivie D, Lecloirec J, Herry JY, Boucher E, Raoul JL, Bourguet P. Safe radiation exposure of medical personnel by using simple methods of radioprotection while administering 131I-lipiodol therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Nucl Med Commun. 2003;24(6):671–8. [PubMed: 12766603]
  193. Ng KK, Lam CM, Poon RT, Ai V, Tso WK, Fan ST. Thermal ablative therapy for malignant liver tumors: a critical appraisal. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;18(6):616–29. [PubMed: 12753142]
  194. Hemming AW, Reed AI, Howard RJ, Fujita S, Hochwald SN, Caridi JG, Hawkins IF, Vauthey JN. Preoperative portal vein embolization for extended hepatectomy. Ann Surg. 2003;237(5):686–91. discussion 691-3. PMID: [PMC free article: PMC1514515] [PubMed: 12724635]
  195. Kerr C. Cisplatin gel treatment of unresectable liver cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2003;4(4):199. [PubMed: 12681253]
  196. Thong-Ngam D, Thumvijit L, Tangkijvanich P, Janchai A, Mahachai V, Wittayalertpanya S. Caffeine clearance in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter oily chemoembolization treatment. J Med Assoc Thai. 2002;85(12):1280–7. [PubMed: 12678165]
  197. Vilana R, Llovet JM, Bianchi L, Sanchez M, Pages M, Sala M, Gilabert R, Nicolau C, Garcia A, Ayuso C, Bruix J, Bru C. Contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonography and helical computed tomography for assessment of vascularity of small hepatocellular carcinomas before and after percutaneous ablation. J Clin Ultrasound. 2003;31(3):119–28. [PubMed: 12594796]
  198. Leung TW, Yu S, Johnson PJ, Geschwind J, Vogl TJ, Engelmann K, Gores GJ, Giovannini M, O'Grady J, Heneghan M, Stewart M, Orenberg EK, Thuluvath PJ. Phase II study of the efficacy and safety of cisplatin-epinephrine injectable gel administered to patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(4):652–8. [PubMed: 12586802]
  199. Lau WY, Leung TW, Yu SC, Ho SK. Percutaneous local ablative therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: a review and look into the future. Ann Surg. 2003;237(2):171–9. [PMC free article: PMC1522146] [PubMed: 12560774]
  200. Fontana RJ, Hamidullah H, Nghiem H, Greenson JK, Hussain H, Marrero J, Rudich S, McClure LA, Arenas J. Percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: a safe and effective bridge to liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2002;8(12):1165–74. [PubMed: 12474157]
  201. Nishio H, Miyata K, Hanai M, Kato M, Yoneyama F, Kobayashi Y. Resection of an icteric type hepatoma with tumor thrombi filling the right posterior bile duct. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;49(48):1682–5. [PubMed: 12397765]
  202. Gerunda GE, Bolognesi M, Neri D, Merenda R, Miotto D, Barbazza F, Zangrandi F, Bisello M, Valmasoni M, Gangemi A, Gagliesi A, Faccioli AM. Preoperative selective portal vein embolization (PSPVE) before major hepatic resection. Effectiveness of Doppler estimation of hepatic blood flow to predict the hypertrophy rate of non-embolized liver segments. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;49(47):1405–11. [PubMed: 12239952]
  203. Venook AP. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2000;1(5):407–15. [PubMed: 12057148]
  204. Rabe C, Pilz T, Allgaier HP, Halm U, Strasser C, Wettstein M, Sauerbruch T, Caselmann WH. [Clinical outcome of a cohort of 63 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with octreotide]. Z Gastroenterol. 2002;40(6):395–400. [PubMed: 12055662]
  205. Hanazaki K, Kajikawa S, Shimozawa N, Shimada K, Hiraguri M, Koide N, Adachi W, Amano J. Prognostic factors of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after hepatic resection: univariate and multivariate analysis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;49(44):311–6. [PubMed: 11995440]
  206. Clavien PA, Selzner N, Morse M, Selzner M, Paulson E. Downstaging of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver metastases from colorectal cancer by selective intra-arterial chemotherapy. Surgery. 2002;131(4):433–42. [PubMed: 11935134]
  207. Roayaie S, Frischer JS, Emre SH, Fishbein TM, Sheiner PA, Sung M, Miller CM, Schwartz ME. Long-term results with multimodal adjuvant therapy and liver transplantation for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas larger than 5 centimeters. Ann Surg. 2002;235(4):533–9. [PMC free article: PMC1422469] [PubMed: 11923610]
  208. Poon RT, Fan ST, Tsang FH, Wong J. Locoregional therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma: a critical review from the surgeon's perspective. Ann Surg. 2002;235(4):466–86. [PMC free article: PMC1422461] [PubMed: 11923602]
  209. Leung TW, Tang AM, Zee B, Yu SC, Lai PB, Lau WY, Johnson PJ. Factors predicting response and survival in 149 patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated by combination cisplatin, interferon-alpha, doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy. Cancer. 2002;94(2):421–7. [PubMed: 11905412]
  210. Jones SM, Roh MS. Results of surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Treat Res. 2001;109:59–75. [PubMed: 11775445]
  211. Tang Z, Zhou X, Lin Z, Yang B, Ma Z, Ye S, Wu Z, Fan J, Liu Y, Liu K, Qin L, Tian J, Sun H, He B, Xia J, Qiu S, Zhou J. Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and related basic research with special reference to recurrence and metastasis. Chin Med J (Engl). 1999;112(10):887–91. [PubMed: 11717970]
  212. Hsu KL, Ko SF, Cheng YF, Huang CC. Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;98(5 Pt 2):913–6. [PubMed: 11704200]
  213. Chan AT, Jacobs P, Yeo W, Lai M, Hazlett CB, Mok TS, Leung TW, Lau WY, Johnson PJ. The cost of palliative care for hepatocellular carcinoma in Hong Kong. Pharmacoeconomics. 2001;19(9):947–53. [PubMed: 11700781]
  214. Leung TW, Johnson PJ. Systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Oncol. 2001;28(5):514–20. [PubMed: 11685744]
  215. Niculescu-Duvaz I. Thymitaq (Zarix). Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2001;2(5):693–705. [PubMed: 11569949]
  216. Liu CL, Fan ST, Lo CM, Tso WK, Poon RT, Lam CM, Wong J. Management of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: single-center experience. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(17):3725–32. [PubMed: 11533094]
  217. Pal S, Pande GK. Current status of surgery and transplantation in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an overview. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2001;8(4):323–36. [PubMed: 11521177]
  218. Kubicka S, Rudolph KL, Tietze MK, Lorenz M, Manns M. Phase II study of systemic gemcitabine chemotherapy for advanced unresectable hepatobiliary carcinomas. Hepatogastroenterology. 2001;48(39):783–9. [PubMed: 11462924]
  219. Llovet JM, Ruff P, Tassopoulos N, Castells L, Bruix J, El-Hariry I, Peachey M. A phase II trial of oral eniluracil/5-fluorouracil in patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37(11):1352–8. [PubMed: 11435064]
  220. Poon RT, Fan ST, Yu WC, Lam BK, Chan FY, Wong J. A prospective longitudinal study of quality of life after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Arch Surg. 2001;136(6):693–9. [PubMed: 11387012]
  221. Mok TS, Kanekal S, Lin XR, Leung TW, Chan AT, Yeo W, Yu S, Chak K, Leavitt R, Johnson P. Pharmacokinetic study of intralesional cisplatin for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2001;91(12):2369–77. [PubMed: 11413527]
  222. Ulrich-Pur H, Kornek GV, Fiebiger W, Schull B, Raderer M, Scheithauer W. Treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with biweekly high-dose gemcitabine. Oncology. 2001;60(4):313–5. [PubMed: 11408798]
  223. Ishikawa T, Ichida T, Sugitani S, Tsuboi Y, Genda T, Sugahara S, Uehara K, Inayoshi J, Yokoyama J, Ishimoto Y, Asakura H. Improved survival with oral administration of enteric-coated tegafur/uracil for advanced stage IV-A hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;16(4):452–9. [PubMed: 11354285]
  224. Chow PK, Hung H, Soo KC. Re: Liu et al.--Estrogen receptor status in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(4):1297–8. [PubMed: 11316190]
  225. Kawata S, Yamasaki E, Nagase T, Inui Y, Ito N, Matsuda Y, Inada M, Tamura S, Noda S, Imai Y, Matsuzawa Y. Effect of pravastatin on survival in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. A randomized controlled trial. Br J Cancer. 2001;84(7):886–91. [PMC free article: PMC2363838] [PubMed: 11286466]
  226. Villa E, Ferretti I, Grottola A, Buttafoco P, Buono MG, Giannini F, Manno M, Bertani H, Dugani A, Manenti F. Hormonal therapy with megestrol in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma characterized by variant oestrogen receptors. Br J Cancer. 2001;84(7):881–5. [PMC free article: PMC2363845] [PubMed: 11286465]
  227. Kouroumalis EA. Octreotide for cancer of the liver and biliary tree. Chemotherapy. 2001;47(Suppl 2):150–61. [PubMed: 11275708]
  228. Yanyali AC, Freund KB, Sorenson JA, Slakter JS, Wheatley HM. Tamoxifen retinopathy in a male patient. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;131(3):386–7. [PubMed: 11239879]
  229. Umetani N, Muto T, Kawamura YJ, Watanabe T, Nakajima T, Nagawa H. Superficial depressed early carcinoma that developed into protuberant advanced carcinoma in the transverse colon. J Gastroenterol. 2001;36(1):48–51. [PubMed: 11211211]
  230. Mizoe A, Yamaguchi J, Azuma T, Fujioka H, Furui J, Kanematsu T. Transcatheter arterial embolization for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma resulting in a curative resection: report of two cases. Hepatogastroenterology. 2000;47(36):1706–10. [PubMed: 11149037]
  231. Letier MH, Krige JE, Lemmer ER, Terblanche J. Injection sclerotherapy for variceal bleeding in patients with irresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2000;47(36):1680–4. [PubMed: 11149031]
  232. Strong RW. Transplantation for liver and biliary cancer. Semin Surg Oncol. 2000;19(2):189–99. [PubMed: 11126382]
  233. Johnson PJ. Systemic chemotherapy of liver tumors. Semin Surg Oncol. 2000;19(2):116–24. [PubMed: 11126376]
  234. Tang ZY. Hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;15(Suppl):G1–7. [PubMed: 11100985]
  235. Gornet JM, Azoulay D, Duclos-Vallee JC, Goldwasser F. Complete remission of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma on healthy liver by the combination of aggressive surgery and high-dose-intensity chemotherapy by CPT-11. Anticancer Drugs. 2000;11(8):649–52. [PubMed: 11081458]
  236. Azoulay D, Castaing D, Krissat J, Smail A, Hargreaves GM, Lemoine A, Emile JF, Bismuth H. Percutaneous portal vein embolization increases the feasibility and safety of major liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in injured liver. Ann Surg. 2000;232(5):665–72. [PMC free article: PMC1421241] [PubMed: 11066138]
  237. Takeda Y, Togashi H, Shinzawa H, Miyano S, Ishii R, Karasawa T, Saito T, Saito K, Haga H, Matsuo T, Aoki M, Mitsuhashi H, Watanabe H, Takahashi T. Spontaneous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma and review of literature. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;15(9):1079–86. [PubMed: 11059943]
  238. Yoshida H, Onda M, Tajiri T, Umehara M, Mamada Y, Taniai N, Kaneko M, Mizuguchi Y, Uchida E, Yamashita K. Hepatocellular carcinoma responding to chemotherapy with 5-FU. Hepatogastroenterology. 2000;47(34):1120–1. [PubMed: 11020893]
  239. Tepetes KN, Tsamandas AC, Felekouras ES, Salakou SG, Karavias DD. Conversion of unresectable hepatoma to resectable. Report of a case and review of the literature. Hepatogastroenterology. 2000;47(34):1105–9. [PubMed: 11020889]
  240. Meric F, Patt YZ, Curley SA, Chase J, Roh MS, Vauthey JN, Ellis LM. Surgery after downstaging of unresectable hepatic tumors with intra-arterial chemotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2000;7(7):490–5. [PubMed: 10947016]
  241. Tan CK, Chow PK, Findlay M, Wong C, Machin D. Use of tamoxifen in hepatocellular carcinoma: a review and paradigm shift. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;15(7):725–9. [PubMed: 10937676]
  242. Bergsland EK, Venook AP. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Curr Opin Oncol. 2000;12(4):357–61. [PubMed: 10888422]
  243. Tung-Ping Poon R, Fan ST, Wong J. Risk factors, prevention, and management of postoperative recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg. 2000;232(1):10–24. [PMC free article: PMC1421103] [PubMed: 10862190]
  244. Reyes JD, Carr B, Dvorchik I, Kocoshis S, Jaffe R, Gerber D, Mazariegos GV, Bueno J, Selby R. Liver transplantation and chemotherapy for hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular cancer in childhood and adolescence. J Pediatr. 2000;136(6):795–804. [PubMed: 10839879]
  245. Cheng Y, Kan Z, Chen C, Huang T, Chen T, Yang B, Ko S, Lee T. Efficacy and safety of preoperative lobar or segmental ablation via transarterial administration of ethiodol and ethanol mixture for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: clinical study. World J Surg. 2000;24(7):844–50. discussion 850. PMID: [PubMed: 10833253]
  246. Terasaki T, Hanazaki K, Shiohara E, Matsunaga Y, Koide N, Amano J. Complete disappearance of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma with peritoneal dissemination and splenic metastasis: a unique clinical course after surgery. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;15(3):327–30. [PubMed: 10764038]
  247. Ng IO, Liu CL, Fan ST, Ng M. Expression of P-glycoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma. A determinant of chemotherapy response. Am J Clin Pathol. 2000;113(3):355–63. [PubMed: 10705815]
  248. Ferrero A, Gallino C, D'Aloisio G, Gandini G, Garavoglia M. Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the liver: difficult diagnosis of a rare neoplasm. Acta Chir Belg. 1999;99(6):299–302. [PubMed: 10674133]
  249. DeMatteo RP, Fong Y, Blumgart LH. Surgical treatment of malignant liver tumours. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 1999;13(4):557–74. [PubMed: 10654920]
  250. Nagashima J, Okuda K, Tanaka M, Sata M, Aoyagi S. Prognostic benefit in cytoreductive surgery for curatively unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma - comparison to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Int J Oncol. 1999;15(6):1117–23. [PubMed: 10568817]
  251. Taschieri AM, Elli M, Cristaldi M, Rovati MP, Danelli PG, Vignati A, Sampietro GM, Taschieri S. Hepatocarcinoma: considerations on surgical treatment in a personal series of 23 patients. Hepatogastroenterology. 1999;46(28):2500–3. [PubMed: 10522027]
  252. Zerbini MC, Sredni ST, Grier H, Cristofani LM, Latorre MR, Hollister KA, Alves VA, Weinberg DS, Perez-Atayde AR. Primary malignant epithelial tumors of the liver in children: a study of DNA content and oncogene expression. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 1998;1(4):270–80. [PubMed: 10463288]
  253. Leung TW, Patt YZ, Lau WY, Ho SK, Yu SC, Chan AT, Mok TS, Yeo W, Liew CT, Leung NW, Tang AM, Johnson PJ. Complete pathological remission is possible with systemic combination chemotherapy for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 1999;5(7):1676–81. [PubMed: 10430068]
  254. Groen KA. Primary and metastatic liver cancer. Semin Oncol Nurs. 1999;15(1):48–57. [PubMed: 10074657]
  255. Epstein BE, Pajak TF, Haulk TL, Herpst JM, Order SE, Abrams RA. Metastatic nonresectable fibrolamellar hepatoma: prognostic features and natural history. Am J Clin Oncol. 1999;22(1):22–8. [PubMed: 10025374]
  256. Oldhafer KJ, Chavan A, Fruhauf NR, Flemming P, Schlitt HJ, Kubicka S, Nashan B, Weimann A, Raab R, Manns MP, Galanski M. Arterial chemoembolization before liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: marked tumor necrosis, but no survival benefit? J Hepatol. 1998;29(6):953–9. [PubMed: 9875642]
  257. Chang CS, Lien HC, Yeh HZ, Poon SK, Yang SS, Chen GH. Electrogastrographic study of the effect of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization on gastric myoelectric activity. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998;33(11):1164–9. [PubMed: 9867094]
  258. Seki H, Kimura M, Yoshimura N, Yamamoto S, Ozaki T, Sakai K. Development of extrahepatic arterial blood supply to the liver during hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. Eur Radiol. 1998;8(9):1613–8. [PubMed: 9866772]
  259. Fan J, Tang ZY, Yu YQ, Wu ZQ, Ma ZC, Zhou XD, Zhou J, Qiu SJ, Lu JZ. Improved survival with resection after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Surg. 1998;15(6):674–8. [PubMed: 9845635]
  260. Ho S, Lau WY, Leung TW, Johnson PJ. Internal radiation therapy for patients with primary or metastatic hepatic cancer: a review. Cancer. 1998;83(9):1894–907. [PubMed: 9806647]
  261. Mor E, Tur-Kaspa R, Sheiner P, Schwartz M. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with cirrhosis in the era of liver transplantation. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129(8):643–53. [PubMed: 9786813]
  262. Chen JC, Chen CC, Chen WJ, Lai HS, Hung WT, Lee PH. Hepatocellular carcinoma in children: clinical review and comparison with adult cases. J Pediatr Surg. 1998;33(9):1350–4. [PubMed: 9766351]
  263. Tang ZY, Yu YQ, Zhou XD, Ma ZC, Wu ZQ. Progress and prospects in hepatocellular carcinoma surgery. Ann Chir. 1998;52(6):558–63. [PubMed: 9752506]
  264. Shimada R, Imamura H, Makuuchi M, Soeda J, Kobayashi A, Noike T, Miyagawa S, Kawasaki S. Staged hepatectomy after emergency transcatheter arterial embolization for ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgery. 1998;124(3):526–35. [PubMed: 9736905]
  265. Tang ZY. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Digestion. 1998;59(5):556–62. [PubMed: 9705539]
  266. Mathurin P, Rixe O, Carbonell N, Bernard B, Cluzel P, Bellin MF, Khayat D, Opolon P, Poynard T. Review article: Overview of medical treatments in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma--an impossible meta-analysis? Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998;12(2):111–26. [PubMed: 9692685]
  267. Seifert JK, Junginger T, Morris DL. A collective review of the world literature on hepatic cryotherapy. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1998;43(3):141–54. [PubMed: 9654872]
  268. Ruff P, Chasen MR, Long JE, van Rensburg CE. A phase II study of oral clofazimine in unresectable and metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 1998;9(2):217–9. [PubMed: 9553669]
  269. Sung JJ, Yeo W, Suen R, Lee YT, Chung SC, Chan FK, Johnson PJ. Injection sclerotherapy for variceal bleeding in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: cyanoacrylate versus sodium tetradecyl sulphate. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;47(3):235–9. [PubMed: 9540875]
  270. Colleoni M, Audisio RA, De Braud F, Fazio N, Martinelli G, Goldhirsch A. Practical considerations in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Drugs. 1998;55(3):367–82. [PubMed: 9530543]
  271. Lin ML, Tsang YM, Hwang SL. Efficacy of a stress management program for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma receiving transcatheter arterial embolization. J Formos Med Assoc. 1998;97(2):113–7. [PubMed: 9509846]
  272. Bobbio-Pallavicini E, Porta C, Moroni M, Bertulezzi G, Civelli L, Pugliese P, Nastasi G. Epirubicin and etoposide combination chemotherapy to treat hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a phase II study. Eur J Cancer. 1997;33(11):1784–8. [PubMed: 9470833]
  273. Majno PE, Adam R, Bismuth H, Castaing D, Ariche A, Krissat J, Perrin H, Azoulay D. Influence of preoperative transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization on resection and transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Ann Surg. 1997;226(6):688–701. discussion 701-3. PMID: [PMC free article: PMC1191140] [PubMed: 9409568]
  274. Bilik R, Superina R. Transplantation for unresectable liver tumors in children. Transplant Proc. 1997;29(7):2834–5. [PubMed: 9365581]
  275. Matsuo I, Omagari K, Ikuno N, Kinoshita H, Onizuka Y, Itsuno M, Nakayama T, Kohno S. Malignant lymphoma of the stomach after chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol. 1997;32(4):533–7. [PubMed: 9250903]
  276. Tang ZY, Yu YQ, Zhou XD, Yang BH, Lin ZY, Lu JZ, Ma ZC, Ye SL, Liu KD. Three decades' experience in surgery of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1997;24(Suppl 1):126–33. [PubMed: 9210895]
  277. Ono T, Nagasue N, Kohno H, Hayashi T, Uchida M, Yukaya H, Yamanoi A. Adjuvant chemotherapy with epirubicin and carmofur after radical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized study. Semin Oncol. 1997;24(2 Suppl 6):S6-18–S6-25. [PubMed: 9151912]
  278. Liu CL, Fan ST. Nonresectional therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Surg. 1997;173(4):358–65. [PubMed: 9136797]
  279. Moore SW, Hesseling PB, Wessels G, Schneider JW. Hepatocellular carcinoma in children. Pediatr Surg Int. 1997;12(4):266–70. [PubMed: 9099643]
  280. Elli M, Cristaldi M, Mezzabotta M, Montecamozzo G, Porretta T, Cornalba GP, Vago L, Taschieri AM. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in cytoreduction of inoperable hepatocarcinomas. Hepatogastroenterology. 1997;44(14):522–4. [PubMed: 9164530]
  281. Lau WY, Leow CK, Li AK. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Hosp Med. 1997;57(3):101–4. [PubMed: 9196588]
  282. Simonetti RG, Liberati A, Angiolini C, Pagliaro L. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Ann Oncol. 1997;8(2):117–36. [PubMed: 9093719]
  283. Douglass EC. Hepatic malignancies in childhood and adolescence (hepatoblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and embryonal sarcoma). Cancer Treat Res. 1997;92:201–12. [PubMed: 9494762]
  284. Ngan H, Peh WC. Arteriovenous shunting in hepatocellular carcinoma: its prevalence and clinical significance. Clin Radiol. 1997;52(1):36–40. [PubMed: 9022578]
  285. Villa E, Dugani A, Fantoni E, Camellini L, Buttafoco P, Grottola A, Pompei G, De Santis M, Ferrari A, Manenti F. Type of estrogen receptor determines response to antiestrogen therapy. Cancer Res. 1996;56(17):3883–5. [PubMed: 8752151]
  286. Hu RH, Lee PH, Yu SC, Dai HC, Sheu JC, Lai MY, Hsu HC, Chen DS. Surgical resection for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: prognosis and analysis of risk factors. Surgery. 1996;120(1):23–9. [PubMed: 8693418]
  287. Superina R, Bilik R. Results of liver transplantation in children with unresectable liver tumors. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31(6):835–9. [PubMed: 8783117]
  288. Wadamori K, Oka M, Tokuda N, Fujikura Y, Hazama S, Fukumoto T, Suzuki T. Influence of continuous interleukin-2 administration via the portal vein on liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy in rats. Hepatology. 1996;23(6):1578–83. [PubMed: 8675180]
  289. Cheng AL, Chen YC, Yeh KH, Chuang SE, Chen BR, Chen DS. Chronic oral etoposide and tamoxifen in the treatment of far-advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 1996;77(5):872–7. [PubMed: 8608477]
  290. Bower M, Newlands ES, Habib N. Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma responsive to platinum-based combination chemotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 1996;8(5):331–3. [PubMed: 8934055]
  291. Sitzmann JV. Conversion of unresectable to resectable liver cancer: an approach and follow-up study. World J Surg. 1995;19(6):790–4. [PubMed: 8553667]
  292. Tang ZY, Uy YQ, Zhou XD, Ma ZC, Lu JZ, Lin ZY, Liu KD, Ye SL, Yang BH, Wang HW, et al. Cytoreduction and sequential resection for surgically verified unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: evaluation with analysis of 72 patients. World J Surg. 1995;19(6):784–9. [PubMed: 8553666]
  293. Rees CR. Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(13):877–8. [PubMed: 7651490]
  294. Vauthey JN, Marsh RW, Davis GL. Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(13):877. author reply 878. PMID: [PubMed: 7651489]
  295. Stuart K. Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(13):877. author reply 878. PMID: [PubMed: 7651488]
  296. Bismuth H, Samuel D, Engerran L. Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(13):878. [PubMed: 7544440]
  297. Holman M, Harrison D, Stewart A, Stone M, Goldstein R, Husberg B, Klintmalm G. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and orthotopic liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. N J Med. 1995;92(8):519–22. [PubMed: 7675334]
  298. Venook AP, Ferrell LD, Roberts JP, Emond J, Frye JW, Ring E, Ascher NL, Lake JR. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: results with preoperative chemoembolization. Liver Transpl Surg. 1995;1(4):242–8. [PubMed: 9346574]
  299. Weimann A, Oldhafer KJ, Pichlmayr R. Primary liver cancers. Curr Opin Oncol. 1995;7(4):387–96. [PubMed: 7578390]
  300. Levin B, Amos C. Therapy of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(19):1294–6. [PubMed: 7708076]
  301. Baronzio GF, Solbiati L, Ierace T, Barzaghi F, Suter F, Airoldi M, Belloni G, Ravagnani F, Notti P, Gramaglia A, et al. Adjuvant therapy with essential fatty acids (EFAs) for primary liver tumors: some hypotheses. Med Hypotheses. 1995;44(3):149–54. [PubMed: 7609665]
  302. Kountouras J, Boura P, Karolides A, Zaharioudaki E, Tsapas G. Recombinant a2 interferon (a-IFN) with chemo-hormonal therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatogastroenterology. 1995;42(1):31–6. [PubMed: 7782031]
  303. Colleoni M, Gaion F, Liessi G, Mastropasqua G, Nelli P, Manente P. Medical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: any progress? Tumori. 1994;80(5):315–26. [PubMed: 7839458]
  304. Broughan TA, Esquivel CO, Vogt DP, Griffin GC, Norris DG. Pretransplant chemotherapy in pediatric hepatocellular carcinoma. J Pediatr Surg. 1994;29(10):1319–22. [PubMed: 7807316]
  305. de Braud F, Colleoni M, Noli F, Bajetta E. Home treatment with interleukin 2 and beta-interferon in patients with colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology. 1994;51(5):472–6. [PubMed: 8052492]
  306. Stansby G, Bhattacharya S, Hilson AJ, Lane DM, Hobbs KE. Case report: localization of lipiodol-radioiodine in hepatic metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Br J Radiol. 1994;67(800):822–4. [PubMed: 8087492]
  307. Seki T, Wakabayashi M, Nakagawa T, Itho T, Shiro T, Kunieda K, Sato M, Uchiyama S, Inoue K. Ultrasonically guided percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 1994;74(3):817–25. [PubMed: 8039109]
  308. Chung SW, Toth JL, Rezieg M, Cameron R, Taylor BR, Greig PD, Levy GA, Langer B. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Surg. 1994;167(3):317–21. [PubMed: 8160905]
  309. Elba S, Giannuzzi V, Misciagna G, Manghisi OG. Randomized controlled trial of tamoxifen versus placebo in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Ital J Gastroenterol. 1994;26(2):66–8. [PubMed: 8032079]
  310. Yen TC, Hwang SJ, Wang CC, Lee SD, Yeh SH. Hypercalcemia and parathyroid hormone-related protein in hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver. 1993;13(6):311–5. [PubMed: 8295494]
  311. Goldstein RM, Stone M, Tillery GW, Senzer N, Levy M, Husberg BS, Gonwa T, Klintmalm G. Is liver transplantation indicated for cholangiocarcinoma? Am J Surg. 1993;166(6):768–71. discussion 771-2. PMID: [PubMed: 8273866]
  312. Wheatley JM, LaQuaglia MP. Management of hepatic epithelial malignancy in childhood and adolescence. Semin Surg Oncol. 1993;9(6):532–40. [PubMed: 8284573]
  313. Colleoni M, Bajetta E, Nelli P, Boni L, Bochicchio AM, Nole F, Buzzoni R, Celio L, Mazzaferro V, Bonfanti G, et al. Prognostic factors in patients affected by hepatocellular carcinoma treated with systemic chemotherapy: the experience of the National Cancer Institute of Milan. Ann Oncol. 1993;4(6):489–93. [PubMed: 8394736]
  314. Plosker GL, Faulds D. Epirubicin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use in cancer chemotherapy. Drugs. 1993;45(5):788–856. [PubMed: 7686469]
  315. King SJ, Babyn PS, Greenberg ML, Phillips MJ, Filler RM. Value of CT in determining the resectability of hepatoblastoma before and after chemotherapy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993;160(4):793–8. [PubMed: 8384403]
  316. Teng GJ, He SC, Guo JH, Cai XL, Gao GR. Preoperative transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization for hepatic malignancy. Invest Radiol. 1993;28(3):235–41. [PubMed: 8387473]
  317. Wiener ES. Pediatric surgical oncology. Curr Opin Pediatr. 1993;5(1):110–6. [PubMed: 8397039]
  318. Shimamura Y, Gunven P, Ishii M, Ono M, Abe K. Debulking surgery and arterial embolization for unresectable liver cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. 1993;40(1):10–3. [PubMed: 8385063]
  319. Pazdur R, Bready B, Cangir A. Pediatric hepatic tumors: clinical trials conducted in the United States. J Surg Oncol Suppl. 1993;3:127–30. [PubMed: 8389159]
  320. Moore D Jr., Pazdur R. Systemic therapies for unresectable primary hepatic tumors. J Surg Oncol Suppl. 1993;3:112–4. [PubMed: 8389155]
  321. Stone MJ, Klintmalm GB, Polter D, Husberg BS, Mennel RG, Ramsay MA, Flemens ER, Goldstein RM. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a pilot study in 20 patients. Gastroenterology. 1993;104(1):196–202. [PubMed: 8380393]
  322. Reynolds M, Douglass EC, Finegold M, Cantor A, Glicksman A. Chemotherapy can convert unresectable hepatoblastoma. J Pediatr Surg. 1992;27(8):1080–3. discussion 1083-4. PMID: [PubMed: 1328586]
  323. Okada S, Okazaki N, Nose H, Yoshimori M, Aoki K. Prognostic factors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma receiving systemic chemotherapy. Hepatology. 1992;16(1):112–7. [PubMed: 1377657]
  324. Machotka SV. Hepatocellular neoplasia in fish, rats and man: a selected comparative review. In Vivo. 1992;6(4):339–47. [PubMed: 1325843]
  325. Farinati F, De Maria N, Fornasiero A, Salvagnini M, Fagiuoli S, Chiaramonte M, Naccarato R. Prospective controlled trial with antiestrogen drug tamoxifen in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci. 1992;37(5):659–62. [PubMed: 1373360]
  326. Tagge EP, Tagge DU, Reyes J, Tzakis A, Iwatsuki S, Starzl TE, Wiener ES. Resection, including transplantation, for hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma: impact on survival. J Pediatr Surg. 1992;27(3):292–6. discussion 297. PMID: [PMC free article: PMC2977957] [PubMed: 1323649]
  327. Shiu WC. Primary liver cancer in Hong Kong. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1992;31(Suppl):S143–5. [PubMed: 1458565]
  328. Pichlmayr R, Weimann A, Steinhoff G, Ringe B. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: clinical results and future aspects. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1992;31(Suppl):S157–61. [PubMed: 1333902]
  329. Ortega JA, Krailo MD, Haas JE, King DR, Ablin AR, Quinn JJ, Feusner J, Campbell JR, Lloyd DA, Cherlow J, et al. Effective treatment of unresectable or metastatic hepatoblastoma with cisplatin and continuous infusion doxorubicin chemotherapy: a report from the Childrens Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 1991;9(12):2167–76. [PubMed: 1720452]
  330. Zhou XD, Tang ZY, Yu YQ, Hou Z. Current management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 1991;38(Suppl 1):46–55. [PubMed: 1668377]
  331. Filler RM, Ehrlich PF, Greenberg ML, Babyn PS. Preoperative chemotherapy in hepatoblastoma. Surgery. 1991;110(4):591–6. discussion 596-7. PMID: [PubMed: 1656537]
  332. King DR, Ortega J, Campbell J, Haas J, Ablin A, Lloyd D, Newman K, Quinn J, Krailo M, Feusner J, et al. The surgical management of children with incompletely resected hepatic cancer is facilitated by intensive chemotherapy. J Pediatr Surg. 1991;26(9):1074–80. discussion 1080-1. PMID: [PubMed: 1658289]
  333. Black CT, Cangir A, Choroszy M, Andrassy RJ. Marked response to preoperative high-dose cis-platinum in children with unresectable hepatoblastoma. J Pediatr Surg. 1991;26(9):1070–3. [PubMed: 1658288]
  334. Canty TG Sr. Biliary obstruction from hepatic regeneration following extended right hepatectomy for tumor. J Pediatr Surg. 1991;26(7):830–3. [PubMed: 1654407]
  335. Lo GH, Lin CY, Lai KH, Malik U, Ng WW, Lee FY, Lee SD, Tsai YT, Lo KJ. Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy versus conservative treatment for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and bleeding esophageal varices. Gastrointest Endosc. 1991;37(2):161–4. [PubMed: 1851709]
  336. Koneru B, Flye MW, Busuttil RW, Shaw BW, Lorber MI, Emond JC, Kalayoglu M, Freese DK, Starzl TE. Liver transplantation for hepatoblastoma. The American experience. Ann Surg. 1991;213(2):118–21. [PMC free article: PMC1358382] [PubMed: 1847033]
  337. Fukushima H. Subrenal capsule assay using liver cancer specimens obtained by fine needle biopsy. Kurume Med J. 1991;38(3):181–6. [PubMed: 1664008]
  338. Tang ZY, Zhou HY, Zhao G, Chai LM, Zhou M, Lu JZ, Liu KD, Havas HF, Nauts HC. Preliminary result of mixed bacterial vaccine as adjuvant treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother. 1991;8(1):23–8. [PubMed: 1645825]
  339. Riikonen P, Tuominen L, Seppa A, Perkkio M. Simultaneous hepatoblastoma in identical male twins. Cancer. 1990;66(11):2429–31. [PubMed: 2173973]
  340. Farinati F, Salvagnini M, de Maria N, Fornasiero A, Chiaramonte M, Rossaro L, Naccarato R. Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective controlled trial with tamoxifen. J Hepatol. 1990;11(3):297–301. [PubMed: 1705274]
  341. Lai EC, Choi TK, Cheng CH, Mok FP, Fan ST, Tan ES, Wong J. Doxorubicin for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. A prospective study on the addition of verapamil. Cancer. 1990;66(8):1685–7. [PubMed: 2169994]
  342. Lise M, Da Pian D, Nitti D, Pilati PL, Prevaldi C. Colorectal metastases to the liver: present status of management. Dis Colon Rectum. 1990;33(8):688–94. [PubMed: 2165454]
  343. Shyr YM, Su CH, Chiang JH, Lui WY. Angiographic arterio-venous shunt and venous thrombosis in the prognosis of hepatoma. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1990;45(4):246–52. [PubMed: 2168272]
  344. Takayama T, Makuuchi M, Takayasu K, LeThai B, Ohyama H, Yamazaki S, Hasegawa H. Resection after intraarterial chemotherapy of a hepatoblastoma originating in the caudate lobe. Surgery. 1990;107(2):231–5. [PubMed: 2154056]
  345. Tang ZY, Liu KD, Bao YM, Lu JZ, Yu YQ, Ma ZC, Zhou XD, Yang R, Gan YH, Lin ZY, et al. Radioimmunotherapy in the multimodality treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with reference to second-look resection. Cancer. 1990;65(2):211–5. [PubMed: 1688507]
  346. Lersch C, Zeuner M, Bauer A, Siebenrock K, Hart R, Wagner F, Fink U, Dancygier H, Classen M. Stimulation of the immune response in outpatients with hepatocellular carcinomas by low doses of cyclophosphamide (LDCY), echinacea purpurea extracts (Echinacin) and thymostimulin. Arch Geschwulstforsch. 1990;60(5):379–83. [PubMed: 2173516]
  347. Langevin AM, Pierro A, Liu P, Filler RM, Greenberg ML. Adriamycin and cis-platinum administered by continuous infusion preoperatively in hepatoblastoma unresectable at presentation. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1990;18(3):181–4. [PubMed: 1691816]
  348. Borger JA, Barbosa JL, Lehan CA. Chemotherapy combined with surgery in successful treatment of hepatoblastoma. J Fla Med Assoc. 1989;76(12):1023–6. [PubMed: 2557375]
  349. Novell JR, Markham NI, Hobbs KE. New hope in irresectable hepatoma? Hepatogastroenterology. 1989;36(4):258–61. [PubMed: 2553569]
  350. Guzzetta PC, Randolph JG. Pediatric hepatic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 1989;69(2):251–7. [PubMed: 2538934]
  351. Pierro A, Langevin AM, Filler RM, Liu P, Phillips MJ, Greenberg ML. Preoperative chemotherapy in ‘unresectable’ hepatoblastoma. J Pediatr Surg. 1989;24(1):24–8. discussion 29. PMID: [PubMed: 2542511]
  352. Dunk AA, Thomas HC. Review: the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1988;2(3):187–201. [PubMed: 2856503]
  353. Lotze MT. Surgical management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1987;16(4):613–26. [PubMed: 2831154]
  354. Sitzmann JV, Order SE, Klein JL, Leichner PK, Fishman EK, Smith GW. Conversion by new treatment modalities of nonresectable to resectable hepatocellular cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1987;5(10):1566–73. [PubMed: 2443620]
  355. Okuda K. Primary liver cancer. Quadrennial review lecture. Dig Dis Sci. 1986;31(9 Suppl):133S–146S. [PubMed: 3015522]
  356. Golladay ES, Mollitt DL, Osteen PK, Lang NP, Berry DH, Neuberg R, Kletzel M. Conversion to resectability by intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy after failure of systemic chemotherapy. J Pediatr Surg. 1985;20(6):715–7. [PubMed: 3003323]
  357. Muraji T, Woolley MM, Sinatra F, Siegel SM, Isaacs H. The prognostic implication of hypercholesterolemia in infants and children with hepatoblastoma. J Pediatr Surg. 1985;20(3):228–30. [PubMed: 2989476]
  358. Falkson G, MacIntyre JM, Moertel CG, Johnson LA, Scherman RC. Primary liver cancer. An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial. Cancer. 1984;54(6):970–7. [PubMed: 6088019]
  359. Forouhar FA, Quinn JJ, Cooke R, Foster JH. The effect of chemotherapy on hepatoblastoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1984;108(4):311–4. [PubMed: 6322723]
  360. Weinblatt ME, Siegel SE, Siegel MM, Stanley P, Weitzman JJ. Preoperative chemotherapy for unresectable primary hepatic malignancies in children. Cancer. 1982;50(6):1061–4. [PubMed: 6286084]
  361. Dudley AG, Sale P. Hepatocellular carcinoma associated with oral contraceptive use and pregnancy. Diagn Gynecol Obstet. 1982;4(4):301–4. [PubMed: 6299672]
  362. Steinbrecher UP, Lisbona R, Huang SN, Mishkin S. Complete regression of hepatocellular adenoma after withdrawal of oral contraceptives. Dig Dis Sci. 1981;26(11):1045–50. [PubMed: 6271517]
  363. Fennell JS, Falls WF Jr. Streptozotocin nephrotoxicity: studies on the defect in renal tubular acidification. Clin Nephrol. 1981;15(2):97–101. [PubMed: 6260405]
  364. Andrassy RJ, Brennan LP, Siegel MM, Weitzman JJ, Siegel SE, Stanley P, Mahour GH. Preoperative chemotherapy for hepatoblastoma in children: report of six cases. J Pediatr Surg. 1980;15(4):517–22. [PubMed: 6251196]
  365. Presant CA, Hillinger S, Klahr C. Phase II study of 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU, NSC No. 409962) with amphotericin B in bronchogenic carcinoma. Cancer. 1980;45(1):6–10. [PubMed: 6243243]
  366. Ikeda K, Suita S, Nakagawara A, Takabayashi K. Preoperative chemotherapy for initially unresectable hepatoblastoma in children. Survival in two cases. Arch Surg. 1979;114(2):203–7. [PubMed: 85443]
  367. Falkson G, Moertel CG, Lavin P, Pretorius FJ, Carbone PP. Chemotherapy studies in primary liver cancer: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Cancer. 1978;42(5):2149–56. [PubMed: 214218]
  368. Shermeta DW, Golladay ES, White RI Jr. Preoperative occlusion of the hepatic artery with isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate for resection of the “unresectable” hepatic tumor. Surgery. 1978;83(3):319–22. [PubMed: 204071]
  369. Siegel MM, Siegel SE, Isaacs H, Weitzman JJ, Hanson BA, Higgins GR, Shore NA. Primary chemotherapeutic management of unresectable and metastatic hepatoblastoma in children: report of four cases. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1978;4(4):297–304. [PubMed: 214690]
  370. Shafer AD, Selinkoff PM. Preoperative irradiation and chemotherapy for initially unresectable hepatoblastoma. J Pediatr Surg. 1977;12(6):1001–7. [PubMed: 201740]
  371. Takahashi T, Kono K, Yamaguchi T. Enhancement of the cancer chemotherapeutic effect by anticancer agents in the form of fat emulsion. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1977;123(3):235–46. [PubMed: 74867]
  372. Kennedy PS, Lehane DE, Smith FE, Lane M. Oral fluorouracil therapy of hepatoma. Cancer. 1977;39(5):1930–5. [PubMed: 192440]
  373. Kim DK, Watson RC, Pahnke LD, Fortner JG. Tumor vascularity as a prognostic factor for hepatic tumors. Ann Surg. 1977;185(1):31–4. [PMC free article: PMC1396245] [PubMed: 188391]
  374. Nagasue N, Inokuchi K, Kobayashi M, Ogawa Y, Saku M. Angiographic evaluation of hepatoma for surgical treatment. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1976;143(2):184–90. [PubMed: 181856]
  375. Kumar AP, Wrenn EL Jr., Fleming ID, Hustu HO, Pratt CB, Pinkel D. Preoperative therapy for unresectable malignant tumors in children. J Pediatr Surg. 1975;10(5):657–70. [PubMed: 171367]
  376. Exelby PR, Filler RM, Grosfeld JL. Liver tumors in children in the particular reference to hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma: American Academy of Pediatrics Surgical Section Survey--1974. J Pediatr Surg. 1975;10(3):329–37. [PubMed: 49416]
  377. Shiu MH, Fortner JG. Current management of hepatic tumors. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1975;140(5):781–8. [PubMed: 167462]
  378. Karatzas A, Katsanos K, Maroulis I, Kalogeropoulou C, Tzorakoleftherakis E, Karnabatidis D. Multi-modality curative treatment of salivary gland cancer liver metastases with drug-eluting bead chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation, and surgical resection: a case report. J Med Case Reports. 2011;5:416. [PMC free article: PMC3170637] [PubMed: 21867491]
  379. Tomuleasa C, Soritau O, Fischer-Fodor E, Pop T, Susman S, Mosteanu O, Petrushev B, Aldea M, Acalovschi M, Irimie A, Kacso G. Arsenic trioxide plus cisplatin/interferon alpha-2b/doxorubicin/capecitabine combination chemotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther. 2011;4(2):60–6. [PubMed: 21727766]
  380. Tong CM, Ma S, Guan XY. Biology of hepatic cancer stem cells. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;26(8):1229–37. [PubMed: 21557770]
  381. Kim NY, Sun JM, Kim YJ, Lee KW, Kim JH, Bang SM, Kim JW, Jeong SH, Lee JS. Cisplatin-Based Combination Chemotherapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Single Center Experience before the Sorafenib Era. Cancer Res Treat. 2010;42(4):203–9. [PMC free article: PMC3021739] [PubMed: 21253322]
  382. Gupta AA, Gerstle JT, Ng V, Wong A, Fecteau A, Malogolowkin MH, Meyers RL, Grant D, Grant RM. Critical review of controversial issues in the management of advanced pediatric liver tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010 [PubMed: 21488153]
  383. Zhong JH, Li LQ. Postoperative adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization for participants with hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta-analysis. Hepatol Res. 2010;40(10):943–53. [PubMed: 20887328]
  384. Asmis T, Balaa F, Scully L, Papadatos D, Marginean C, Fasih N, Shaw-Stiffel T, Goel R. Diagnosis and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a consensus meeting of The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre. Curr Oncol. 2010;17(2):6–12. [PMC free article: PMC2854641] [PubMed: 20404972]
  385. Gupta R, Mathur SR, Gupta SD, Durgapal P, Iyer VK, Das CJ, Acharya Shalimar, Acharya SK. Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: A diagnostic pitfall in aspiration cytology. Cytojournal. 2010;6:25. [PMC free article: PMC2822180] [PubMed: 20165548]
  386. Zhu AX, El-Khoueiry A, Llovet JM. Accomplishments in 2008 in the management of hepatobiliary cancers. Gastrointest Cancer Res. 2009;3(5 Supplement 2):S28–36. [PMC free article: PMC2791389] [PubMed: 20011562]
  387. Furuse J. Sorafenib for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Biologics. 2008;2(4):779–88. [PMC free article: PMC2727884] [PubMed: 19707458]
  388. Keam B, Oh DY, Lee SH, Kim DW, Im SA, Kim TY, Heo DS, Bang YJ. A Phase II study of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin systemic chemotherapy for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma with alpha fetoprotein as a predictive and prognostic marker. Mol Med Report. 2008;1(3):415–22. [PubMed: 21479426]
  389. Seymour K, Charnley RM, Rose JD, Baudouin CJ, Manas D. Preoperative portal vein embolisation for primary and metastatic liver tumours: volume effects, efficacy, complications and short-term outcome. HPB (Oxford). 2002;4(1):21–8. [PMC free article: PMC2023908] [PubMed: 18333148]
  390. Wang JH, Lin G, Yan ZP, Wang XL, Cheng JM, Li MQ. Stage II surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma after TAE:a report of 38 cases. World J Gastroenterol. 1998;4(2):133–136. [PMC free article: PMC4688634] [PubMed: 11819256]
  391. Seymour K, Charnley RM, Rose J, Baudouin CJ, Manas DM. Extending the indications for curative liver resection by portal vein embolization. Br J Surg. 2000;87(3):362–73. [PubMed: 10718814]
  392. Oger E, Lavenu A, Bellissant E, Garin E, Polard E. Meta-analysis of interstitial pneumonia in studies evaluating iodine-131-labeled lipiodol for hepatocellular carcinoma using exact likelihood approach. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2011;20(9):956–963. [PubMed: 21748824]
  393. Harmon CS, DePrimo SE, Raymond E, Cheng AL, Boucher E, Douillard JY, Lim HY, Kim JS, Lechuga MJ, Lanzalone S, Lin X, Faivre S. Mechanism-related circulating proteins as biomarkers for clinical outcome in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma receiving sunitinib. Journal of Translational Medicine. 2011;9(1) [PMC free article: PMC3162912] [PubMed: 21787417]
  394. Sanoff HK, Bernard S, Goldberg RM, Morse MA, Garcia R, Woods L, Moore DT, O'Neil BH. Phase II study of capecitabine, oxaliplatin, and cetuximab for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastrointestinal Cancer Research. 2011;4(3):78–83. [PMC free article: PMC3201640] [PubMed: 22043322]
  395. Riaz A, Gates VL, Atassi B, Lewandowski RJ, Mulcahy MF, Ryu RK, Sato KT, Baker T, Kulik L, Gupta R, Abecassis M, Benson AB Iii, Omary R, Millender L, Kennedy A, Salem R. Radiation segmentectomy: A novel approach to increase safety and efficacy of radioembolization. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 2011;79(1):163–171. [PubMed: 20421150]
  396. Suphapol J, Sirichindakul B, Nonthasoot B, Nivatvongs S. Treatment outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with high-risk vascular invasion: A retrospective analysis. Asian Biomedicine. 2010;4(3):491–496.
  397. Davies JM, O'Neil BH. Trends in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Current Drug Therapy. 2010;5(2):118–121.
  398. Vogl TJ, Naguib NNN, Nour-Eldin NEA, Rao P, Emami AH, Zangos S, Nabil M, Abdelkader A. Review on transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma: Palliative, combined, neoadjuvant, bridging, and symptomatic indications. European Journal of Radiology. 2009;72(3):505–516. [PubMed: 18835117]
  399. Merrick AE, Ilett EJ, Melcher AA. JX-594, a targeted oncolytic poxvirus for the treatment of cancer. Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs. 2009;10(12):1372–1382. [PubMed: 19943208]
  400. Tannuri ACA, Tannuri U, Gibelli NEM, Romao RLP. Surgical treatment of hepatic tumors in children: lessons learned from liver transplantation. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2009;44(11):2083–2087. [PubMed: 19944212]
  401. Huynh H, Fargnoli J. Brivanib alaninate: VEGFR/FGFR inhibitor oncolytic. Drugs of the Future. 2009;34(11):881–895.
  402. Mok TSK, Yang TS, Chao Y, Wang CH, Liu MC, Kang YK, Kang WK, Kim JS, Wang Y, Leung T. Phase II study of irinotecan in combination with capecitabine as a first-line chemotherapy in Asian patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2009;5(2):95–100.
  403. Hashimoto M, Matsuda M, Watanabe G. Metachronous resection of metastatic lymph nodes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 2009;56(91-92):788–792. [PubMed: 19621703]
  404. Vente MAD, Wondergem M, van der Tweel I, Van den Bosch MAAJ, Zonnenberg BA, Lam MGEH, van het Schip AD, Nijsen JFW. Yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolization for the treatment of liver malignancies: A structured meta-analysis. European Radiology. 2009;19(4):951–959. [PubMed: 18989675]
  405. Scanga A, Kowdley K. Sorafenib: A glimmer of hope for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma? Hepatology. 2009;49(1):332–334. [PubMed: 19115217]
  406. Witjes CDM, Verhoef C, Verheul HMW, Eskens FALM. Systemic treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma; ‘A small step for man…’ Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 2009;67(3):86–90. [PubMed: 19307678]
  407. Said A, Wells J. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Minerva Medica. 2009;100(1):51–68. [PubMed: 19277004]
  408. Dourakis SP. New development in systemic theraphy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Current Cancer Therapy Reviews. 2008;4(3):219–226.
  409. Siegel AB, Cohen EI, Ocean A, Lehrer D, Goldenberg A, Knox JJ, Chen H, Clark-Garvey S, Weinberg A, Mandeli J, Christos P, Mazumdar M, Popa E, Brown RS Jr, Rafii S, Schwartz JD. Phase II trial evaluating the clinical and biologic effects of bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2008;26(18):2992–2998. [PMC free article: PMC3635806] [PubMed: 18565886]
  410. Whay KC, Ong S, Han CT, Siew WH, Su PC, Poon DYH, Miah HT, Chee KT, Wen HK, Kian FF. Phase II trial of gemcitabine in combination with cisplatin in inoperable or advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore. 2008;37(7):554–558. [PubMed: 18695766]
  411. Zhu AX. Successful targeted therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma: Are we really getting there? Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy. 2008;8(4):499–505. [PubMed: 18402516]
  412. Zhang YY, Xia HHX. Novel therapeutic approaches for hepatocellulcar carcinoma: Fact and fiction. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2008;14(11):1641–1642. [PMC free article: PMC2695901] [PubMed: 18350592]
  413. Couto OFM, Dvorchik I, Carr BI. Causes of death in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2007;52(11):3285–3289. [PubMed: 17436087]
  414. Lo CM, Fan ST, Liu CL, Chan SC, Ng IOL, Wong J. Living donor versus deceased donor liver transplantation for early irresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. British Journal of Surgery. 2007;94(1):78–86. [PubMed: 17016793]
  415. Sundram FX. Radionuclide therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomedical Imaging and Intervention Journal. 2006;2(3) [PMC free article: PMC3097631] [PubMed: 21614248]
  416. Oya H, Sato Y, Yamamoto S, Nakatsuka H, Kobayashi T, Hara Y, Waguri N, Suda T, Aoyagi Y, Hatakeyama K. Comparison Between Human-Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase mRNA and (alpha)-Fetoprotein mRNA as a Predictive Value for Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Living Donor Liver Transplantation. Transplantation Proceedings. 2006;38(10):3636–3639. [PubMed: 17175353]
  417. Zhu AX. Systemic therapy of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: How hopeful should we be? Oncologist. 2006;11(7):790–800. [PubMed: 16880238]
  418. Gonullu G, Evrensel T, Kurt E, Demiray M, Arslan M, Kanat O, Zorluoglu A, Manavoglu O. Evaluation of efficacy and toxicity of systemic chemotherapy of combined epirubicin, cisplatin and bolus 5-fluorouracil for hepatobiliary tumors. Turkish Journal of Cancer. 2006;36(2):69–74.
  419. Karp SJ, Ku Y, Johnson S, Khwaja K, Curry M, Hanto D. Surgical and non-surgical approaches to hepatocellular cancer. Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation. 2006;11(3):226–233.
  420. Soderdahl G, Backman L, Isoniemi H, Cahlin C, Hockerstedt K, Broome U, Makisalo H, Friman S, Ericzon BG. A prospective, randomized, multi-centre trial of systemic adjuvant chemotherapy versus no additional treatment in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Transplant International. 2006;19(4):288–294. [PubMed: 16573544]
  421. Schnater JM, Kuijper CF, Zsiros J, Heij HA, Aronson DC. Pre-operative diagnostic biopsy and surgery in paediatric liver tumours - The Amsterdam experience. European Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2005;31(10):1160–1165. [PubMed: 16157464]
  422. Shima T, Mizuno M, Otsuji H, Mizuno C, Obata H, Park H, Nakajo S, Okanoue T. Evaluation of transcatheter arterial embolization therapy on hepatocellular carcinomas using contrast-enhanced harmonic power Doppler sonography: Comparison with CT, power Doppler sonography, and dynamic MRI. Journal of Medical Ultrasonics. 2005;32(3):107–113. [PubMed: 27277266]
  423. Goldberg SN. Is radiofrequency ablation effective in patients with early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis?: Commentary. Nature Clinical Practice Oncology. 2005;2(9):438–439. [PubMed: 16265009]
  424. Lu DSK, Yu NC, Raman SS, Lassman C, Tong MJ, Britten C, Durazo F, Saab S, Han S, Finn R, Hiatt JR, Busuttil RW. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma as a bridge to liver transplantation. Hepatology. 2005;41(5):1130–1137. [PubMed: 15841454]
  425. Schwartz JD, Beutler AS. Therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Review of the randomized clinical trials - II: Systemic and local non-embolization-based therapies in unresectable and advance hepatocellular carcinoma. Anti-Cancer Drugs. 2004;15(5):439–452. [PubMed: 15166617]
  426. Lo CM, Fan ST, Liu CL, Chan SC, Wong J. The role and limitation of living donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transplantation. 2004;10(3):440–447. [PubMed: 15004774]
  427. Ramsey DE, Geschwind JF. Chemoembolization of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A review. Applied Radiology. 2004;33(3):8–12.
  428. Llovet JM, Bruix J, Camma C, Cottone M, Craxi A, Myers RP. Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Meta-Analysis of Arterial Embolization [2] (multiple letters). Radiology. 2004;230(1):300–302. [PubMed: 14695404]
  429. Lau WY. Future perspectives for hepatocellular carcinoma. HPB. 2003;5(4):206–213. [PMC free article: PMC2020599] [PubMed: 18332989]
  430. Pons-Renedo F, Llovet JM. Hepatocellular carcinoma: A clinical update. MedGenMed Medscape General Medicine. 2003;5(3) [PubMed: 14600648]
  431. Geschwind JFH, Ramsey DE, Choti MA, Thuluvath PJ, Huncharek MS. Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: Results of a metaanalysis. American Journal of Clinical Oncology: Cancer Clinical Trials. 2003;26(4):344–349. [PubMed: 12902882]
  432. Myers RP, Camma C, Schepis F, Cottone M, Craxi A. Meta-analysis of transarterial embolization in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma [3] (multiple letters). Radiology. 2003;227(2):611–613. [PubMed: 12732709]
  433. Marrero JA. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 2003;19(3):243–249. [PubMed: 15703564]
  434. Thong-Ngam D, Tangkijvanich P, Mahachai V, Thumvijit L, Janchai A, Wittayalertpanya S. Caffeine clearance in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter oily chemoembolization treatment. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 2002;85(12):1280–1287. [PubMed: 12678165]
  435. Geschwind JFH. Chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: Where does the truth lie? Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 2002;13(10):991–994. [PubMed: 12397119]
  436. Johnson PJ. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Is current therapy really altering outcome? Gut. 2002;51(4):459–462. [PMC free article: PMC1773400] [PubMed: 12235060]
  437. Ramsey DE, Geschwind JFH. Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma - What to tell the skeptics: Review and meta-analysis. Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 2002;5(3):122–126. [PubMed: 12524642]
  438. Ramsey DE, Kemagis LY, Soulen MC, Geschwind JFH. Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 2002;13(9 II):S211–S221. [PubMed: 12354839]
  439. Seymour K, Charnley RM, Rose JDG, Baudouin CJ, Manas D. Preoperative portal vein embolisation for primary and metastatic liver tumours: Volume effects, efficacy, complications and short-term outcome. HPB. 2002;4(1):21–26. [PMC free article: PMC2023908] [PubMed: 18333148]
  440. Benson AB Iii, Mitchell E, Abramson N, Klencke B, Ritch P, Burnham JP, McGuirt C, Bonny T, Levin J, Hohneker J. Oral eniluracil/5-fluorouracil in patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Annals of Oncology. 2002;13(4):576–581. [PubMed: 12056708]
  441. Leung TWT, Tang AMY, Zee B, Yu SCH, Lai PBS, Lau WY, Johnson PJ. Factors predicting response and survival in 149 patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated by combination cisplatin, interferon-alpha, doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy. Cancer. 2002;94(2):421–427. [PubMed: 11905412]
  442. Weber SM, Jarnagin WR, Klimstra D, DeMatteo RP, Fong Y, Blumgart LH. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Resectability, recurrence pattern, and outcomes. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2001;193(4):384–391. [PubMed: 11584966]
  443. Tang ZY. Hepatocellular carcinoma-cause, treatment and metastasis. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001;7(4):445–454. [PMC free article: PMC4688653] [PubMed: 11819809]
  444. Poon RTP, Fan ST, Wun Ching Y, Lam BKY, Chan FYS, Wong J. A prospective longitudinal study of quality of life after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Archives of Surgery. 2001;136(6):693–699. [PubMed: 11387012]
  445. Poon RTP, Fan ST, Wong J. Risk factors, prevention, and management of postoperative recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinorna. Annals of Surgery. 2000;232(1):10–24. [PMC free article: PMC1421103] [PubMed: 10862190]
  446. Ng IOL, Liu CL, Fan ST, Ng M. Expression of P-glycoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma: A determinant of chemotherapy response. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2000;113(3):355–363. [PubMed: 10705815]
  447. Leung TWT, Patt YZ, Lau WY, Ho SKW, Yu SCH, Chan ATC, Mok TSK, Yeo W, Liew CT, Leung NWY, Tang AMY, Johnson PJ. Complete pathological remission is possible with systemic combination chemotherapy for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinical Cancer Research. 1999;5(7):1676–1681. [PubMed: 10430068]
  448. Ernst O, Sergent G, Mizrahi D, Delemazure O, Paris JC, L'Hermine C. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: Comparison of planned periodic chemoembolization and chemoembolization based on tumor response. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1999;172(1):59–64. [PubMed: 9888740]
  449. Al-Ahwal MS, Rawas MM, Akbar HO. Chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma. Saudi Medical Journal. 1998;19(4):479–482. [PubMed: 27704122]
  450. Pelletier G, Ducreux M, Gay F, Luboinski M, Hagege H, Thong D, Van Steenbergen W, Buffet C, Rougier P, Adler M, Pignon JP, Roche A. Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with lipiodol chemoembolization: A multicenter randomized trial. Journal of Hepatology. 1998;29(1):129–134. [PubMed: 9696501]
  451. Ohmoto K, Iguchi Y, Miyake I, Ohno S, Yamamoto S. Long-term evaluation of partial splenic embolization for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma accompanied by hypersplenism. Hepatology Research. 1998;11(2):73–83.
  452. Mathurin P, Rixe O, Carbonell N, Bernard B, Cluzel P, Bellin MF, Khayat D, Opolon P, Poynard T. Review article: Overview of medical treatments in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma - an impossible meta-analysis? Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1998;12(2):111–126. [PubMed: 9692685]
  453. Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Pulvirenti A, Coppa J. Experience with liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. FORUM - Trends in Experimental and Clinical Medicine. 1997;7(4):368–373.
  454. DeSanctis JT, Goldberg SN, Mueller PR. Percutaneous treatment of hepatic neoplasms: A review of current techniques. Seminars in Interventional Radiology. 1997;14(3):255–284.
  455. Lopez RR Jr, Pan SH, Lois JF, McMonigle ME, Hoffman AL, Sher LS, Lugo D, Makowka L. Transarterial chemoembolization is a safe treatment for unresectable hepatic malignancies. American Surgeon. 1997;63(10):923–926. [PubMed: 9322674]
  456. Pichlmayr R, Weimann A, Tusch G, Schlitt HJ. Indicationsand role of liver transplantation for malignant tumors. Oncologist. 1997;2(3):164–170. [PubMed: 10388047]
  457. Ngan H, Peh WCG. Arteriovenous shunting in hepatocellular carcinoma: Its prevalence and clinical significance. Clinical Radiology. 1997;52(1):36–40. [PubMed: 9022578]
  458. Aogi K, Sawamura A, Yamaguchi Y, Toge T. Intra-arterial chemolipiodol therapy with low dose CDDP-lipiodol suspension for unresectable liver cancer. Regional Cancer Treatment. 1996;9(2):83–87.
  459. Colella G, Rondinara GF, De Carlis L, Sansalone CV, Slim AO, Aseni P, Kossetti O, De Gasperi A, Minola E, Bottelli R, Belli LS, Ideo G, Forti D. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: Prognostic factors associated long-term survival. Transplant International. 1996;9(SUPPL. 1):S109–S111. [PubMed: 8959804]
  460. Tang ZY, Yu YQ, Zhou XD, Ma ZC, Lu JZ, Lin ZY, Liu KD, Ye SL, Yang BH, Wang HW, Sun HC. Cytoreduction and sequential resection for surgically verified unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Evaluation with analysis of 72 patients. World Journal of Surgery. 1995;19(6):784–789. [PubMed: 8553666]
  461. Tseng JH, Chiang JH, Chou YH, Tiu CM, Hwang JI, Lee RC, Tseng HS, Chang CY, Yu C. Increased gallstone incidence after transcatheter arterial embolization: Serial sonographic follow-up. Journal of Medical Ultrasound. 1995;3(3):134–139.
  462. Porta C, Moroni M, Nastasi G, Arcangeli G. 5-fluorouracil and d,l-leucovovin calcium are active to treat unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients: Preliminary results of a phase II study. Oncology. 1995;52(6):487–491. [PubMed: 7478436]
  463. Malaguarnera M, Trovato G, Restuccia S, Giugno I, Franze CMC, Receputo G, Siciliano R, Motta M, Trovato BA. Treatment of nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Review of the literature and meta-analysis. Advances in Therapy. 1994;11(6):303–319. [PubMed: 10150270]
  464. Yu Y, Tang Z, Zhou X, Lu J, Zeng Z, Zhang B, Feng X. Resection of huge hepatocellular carcinoma by two-stage operation: Report of 48 cases. Asian Journal of Surgery. 1994;17(1):17–19.
  465. Stansby G, Bhattacharya S, Hilson AJW, Lane DM, Hobbs KEF. Localization of Lipiodol-radioiodine in hepatic metastases from renal cell carcinoma. British Journal of Radiology. 1994;67(800):822–824. [PubMed: 8087492]
  466. Konno T, Yamashita R, Oda T, Maeda H, Taguchi T, Nagamitsu A. Targeting cancer chemotherapy used Lipiodol as a carrier of anticancer agents for hepatocellular carcinoma. Regional Cancer Treatment. 1992;5(3-4):110–116.
  467. Oka M, Hazama S, Suzuki T. Combined intrahepatic immuno-chemotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Regional Cancer Treatment. 1992;5(3-4):92–97.
  468. Tang ZY, Yu YQ, Zhou XD, Ma ZC, Lu JZ, Liu KD, Lin ZY, Yang BH, Fan Z, Hou Z, Zhang M. Cytoreduction and sequential resection: A hope for unresectable primary liver cancer. Journal of Surgical Oncology. 1991;47(1):27–31. [PubMed: 2023418]
  469. Takayasu K, Suzuki M, Uesaka K, Muramatsu Y, Moriyama N, Yoshida T, Yoshino N, Okazaki N, Hasegawa H. Hepatic artery embolization for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma; Prognosis and risk factors. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 1989;23(SUPPL.):S123–S125. [PubMed: 2538258]
  470. Lai ECS, Choi TK, Tong SW. Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Results of a randomized controlled trial. World Journal of Surgery. 1986;10(3):501–508. [PubMed: 2425500]
  471. Sato Y, Fujiwara K, Ogata I. Transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Benefits and limitations for unresectable cases with liver cirrhosis evaluated by comparison with other conservative treatments. Cancer. 1985;55(12):2822–2825. [PubMed: 2986826]

Level 2, Form EXC 2000, Was the study published before the ye… -> Yes

  1. Ho S, Johnson PJ, Leung WT, Lau WY. Combating hepatocellular carcinoma with an integrated approach. Chin Med J (Engl). 1999;112(1):80–3. [PubMed: 11593648]
  2. Pearson AS, Izzo F, Fleming RY, Ellis LM, Delrio P, Roh MS, Granchi J, Curley SA. Intraoperative radiofrequency ablation or cryoablation for hepatic malignancies. Am J Surg. 1999;178(6):592–9. [PubMed: 10670879]
  3. Karlson BM, Lofberg AM, Lorelius LE, Jacobson G, Haglund U. Intraarterial chemoembolisation with lipiodol and epirubicin in hepatocellular cancer--improved survival in some patients? Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1999;88(4):264–8. [PubMed: 10661821]
  4. Sato M, Watanabe Y, Tokui K, Murakami M, Kohtani T, Kawachi K. A long-term survivor undergoing extensive microwave coagulation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 1999;46(30):3234–6. [PubMed: 10626192]
  5. Falkson CI, Falkson G. A phase II evaluation of clofazimine plus doxorubicin in advanced, unresectable primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology. 1999;57(3):232–5. [PubMed: 10545792]
  6. Kashima Y, Miyazaki M, Ito H, Kaiho T, Nakagawa K, Ambiru S, Shimizu H, Furuya S, Nakajima N. Effective hepatic artery chemoembolization for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with extensive tumour thrombus through the hepatic vein. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;14(9):922–7. [PubMed: 10535476]
  7. Cheng SH, Lin YM, Chuang VP, Yang PS, Cheng JC, Huang AT, Sung JL. A pilot study of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;14(10):1025–33. [PubMed: 10530500]
  8. Poon RT, Fan ST, Lo CM, Liu CL, Ngan H, Ng IO, Wong J. Hepatocellular carcinoma in the elderly: results of surgical and nonsurgical management. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94(9):2460–6. [PubMed: 10484009]
  9. Stuart K, Tessitore J, Rudy J, Clendennin N, Johnston A. A Phase II trial of nolatrexed dihydrochloride in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 1999;86(3):410–4. [PubMed: 10430248]
  10. Yasuda S, Ito H, Yoshikawa M, Shinozaki M, Goto N, Fujimoto H, Nasu K, Uno T, Itami J, Isobe K, Shigematsu N, Ebara M, Saisho H. Radiotherapy for large hepatocellular carcinoma combined with transcatheter arterial embolization and percutaneous ethanol injection therapy. Int J Oncol. 1999;15(3):467–73. [PubMed: 10427126]
  11. Schmassmann A. Nonsurgical therapies for hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma. Swiss Surg. 1999;5(3):116–21. [PubMed: 10414182]
  12. Yeo W, Chan KK, Mukwaya G, Ross M, Leung WT, Ho S, Chan AT, Johnson PJ. Phase II studies with DaunoXome in patients with nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: clinical and pharmacokinetic outcomes. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1999;44(2):124–30. [PubMed: 10412946]
  13. Cuschieri A, Bracken J, Boni L. Initial experience with laparoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatic tumours. Endoscopy. 1999;31(4):318–21. [PubMed: 10376460]
  14. Tzoracoleftherakis EE, Spiliotis JD, Kyriakopoulou T, Kakkos SK. Intra-arterial versus systemic chemotherapy for non-operable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 1999;46(26):1122–5. [PubMed: 10370678]
  15. Boura P, Kountouras J, Lygidakis NJ, Safioleas M, Aphinives P. Transplenic and transtumoral in vivo immunostimulation: effect on cellular immunity parameters. Hepatogastroenterology. 1999;46(26):799–803. [PubMed: 10370616]
  16. Gebbia V, Maiello E, Serravezza G, Giotta F, Testa A, Borsellino N, Pezzella G, Colucci G. 5-Fluorouracil plus high dose levofolinic acid and oral hydroxyurea for the treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinomas: results of a phase II multicenter study of the Southern Italy Oncology Group (G.O.I.M.). Anticancer Res. 1999;19(2B):1407–10. [PubMed: 10365114]
  17. Yamakado K, Nakatsuka A, Tanaka N, Matsumura K, Takase K, Takeda K. Long-term follow-up arterial chemoembolization combined with transportal ethanol injection used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1999;10(5):641–7. [PubMed: 10357492]
  18. Jiao LR, Hansen PD, Havlik R, Mitry RR, Pignatelli M, Habib N. Clinical short-term results of radiofrequency ablation in primary and secondary liver tumors. Am J Surg. 1999;177(4):303–6. [PubMed: 10326848]
  19. Pergolizzi JV Jr., Auster M, Conaway GL, Sardi A. Cryosurgery for unresectable primary hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report and review of literature. Am Surg. 1999;65(5):402–5. [PubMed: 10231204]
  20. Yamamoto H, Hayakawa N, Nagino M, Kamiya J, Nimura Y. Percutaneous transheptic cholangioscopic ethanol injection for intrabiliary tumor thrombi due to hepatocellular carcinoma. Endoscopy. 1999;31(2):204–6. [PubMed: 10223372]
  21. Ahmadi T, Okumura T, Onaya H, Akine Y, Itai Y. Preservation of hypervascularity in hepatocellular carcinoma after effective proton-beam radiotherapy--CT observation. Clin Radiol. 1999;54(4):253–6. [PubMed: 10210346]
  22. Colleoni M, Vicario G, Manente P, De Braud F, Fazio N, Liessi G. Activity and tolerability of courses of intra-arterial chemotherapy followed by chemoembolization in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumori. 1998;84(6):673–6. [PubMed: 10080675]
  23. Seong J, Keum KC, Han KH, Lee DY, Lee JT, Chon CY, Moon YM, Suh CO, Kim GE. Combined transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and local radiotherapy of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;43(2):393–7. [PubMed: 10030267]
  24. Shah SR, Riordan SM, Karani J, Williams R. Tumour ablation and hepatic decompensation rates in multi-agent chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. QJM. 1998;91(12):821–8. [PubMed: 10024947]
  25. Ku Y, Tominaga M, Iwasaki T, Fukumoto T, Muramatsu S, Kusunoki N, Sugimoto T, Suzuki Y, Kuroda Y, Saitoh Y. Efficacy of repeated percutaneous isolated liver chemoperfusion in local control of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 1998;45(24):1961–5. [PubMed: 9951848]
  26. Cheng AL, Yeh KH, Fine RL, Chuang SE, Yang CH, Wang LH, Chen DS. Biochemical modulation of doxorubicin by high-dose tamoxifen in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 1998;45(24):1955–60. [PubMed: 9951847]
  27. Kirchhoff T, Chavan A, Galanski M. Transarterial chemoembolization and percutaneous ethanol injection therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998;10(11):907–9. [PubMed: 9872610]
  28. Strumberg D, Erhard J, Harstrick A, Klaassen U, Muller C, Eberhardt W, Wilke H, Seeber S. Phase I study of a weekly 1 h infusion of paclitaxel in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 1998;34(8):1290–2. [PubMed: 9849493]
  29. Allgaier HP, Deibert P, Olschewski M, Spamer C, Blum U, Gerok W, Blum HE. Survival benefit of patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma treated by a combination of transarterial chemoembolization and percutaneous ethanol injection--a single-center analysis including 132 patients. Int J Cancer. 1998;79(6):601–5. [PubMed: 9842968]
  30. Pelletier G, Ducreux M, Gay F, Luboinski M, Hagege H, Dao T, Van Steenbergen W, Buffet C, Rougier P, Adler M, Pignon JP, Roche A. Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with lipiodol chemoembolization: a multicenter randomized trial. Groupe CHC. J Hepatol. 1998;29(1):129–34. [PubMed: 9696501]
  31. Ku Y, Iwasaki T, Fukumoto T, Tominaga M, Muramatsu S, Kusunoki N, Sugimoto T, Suzuki Y, Kuroda Y, Saitoh Y. Percutaneous isolated liver chemoperfusion for treatment of unresectable malignant liver tumors: technique, pharmacokinetics, clinical results. Recent Results Cancer Res. 1998;147:67–82. [PubMed: 9670270]
  32. Chao Y, Chan WK, Birkhofer MJ, Hu OY, Wang SS, Huang YS, Liu M, Whang-Peng J, Chi KH, Lui WY, Lee SD. Phase II and pharmacokinetic study of paclitaxel therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Br J Cancer. 1998;78(1):34–9. [PMC free article: PMC2062942] [PubMed: 9662247]
  33. Zeng ZC, Tang ZY, Liu KD, Lu JZ, Xie H, Yao Z. Improved long-term survival for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with a combination of surgery and intrahepatic arterial infusion of 131I-anti-HCC mAb. Phase I/II clinical trials. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1998;124(5):275–80. [PubMed: 9645459]
  34. Berghammer P, Pfeffel F, Winkelbauer F, Wiltschke C, Schenk T, Lammer J, Muller C, Zielinski C. Arterial hepatic embolization of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma using a cyanoacrylate/lipiodol mixture. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1998;21(3):214–8. [PubMed: 9626437]
  35. Abrams RA, Pajak TF, Haulk TL, Flam M, Asbell SO. Survival results among patients with alpha-fetoprotein-positive, unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of three sequential treatments of the RTOG and Johns Hopkins Oncology Center. Cancer J Sci Am. 1998;4(3):178–84. [PubMed: 9612600]
  36. Liu CL, Ngan H, Lo CM, Fan ST. Ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma as a complication of transarterial oily chemoembolization. Br J Surg. 1998;85(4):512–4. [PubMed: 9607536]
  37. Kouroumalis E, Skordilis P, Thermos K, Vasilaki A, Moschandrea J, Manousos ON. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with octreotide: a randomised controlled study. Gut. 1998;42(3):442–7. [PMC free article: PMC1727020] [PubMed: 9577356]
  38. Raoul JL. Is chemoembolisation of value in inoperable primary hepatocellular carcinoma. HPB Surg. 1998;10(6):406–8. [PMC free article: PMC2423903] [PubMed: 9515240]
  39. Bremer C, Allkemper T, Menzel J, Sulkowski U, Rummeny E, Reimer P. Preliminary clinical experience with laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1998;8(1):235–9. [PubMed: 9500286]
  40. Lau WY, Ho S, Leung TW, Chan M, Ho R, Johnson PJ, Li AK. Selective internal radiation therapy for nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with intraarterial infusion of 90yttrium microspheres. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;40(3):583–92. [PubMed: 9486608]
  41. Grimaldi C, Bleiberg H, Gay F, Messner M, Rougier P, Kok TC, Cirera L, Cervantes A, De Greve J, Paillot B, Buset M, Nitti D, Sahmoud T, Duez N, Wils J. Evaluation of antiandrogen therapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer multicentric double-blind trial. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(2):411–7. [PubMed: 9469323]
  42. Tanaka K, Nakamura S, Numata K, Kondo M, Morita K, Kitamura T, Saito S, Kiba T, Okazaki H, Sekihara H. The long term efficacy of combined transcatheter arterial embolization and percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of patients with large hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis. Cancer. 1998;82(1):78–85. [PubMed: 9428482]
  43. Robertson JM, McGinn CJ, Walker S, Marx MV, Kessler ML, Ensminger WD, Lawrence TS. A phase I trial of hepatic arterial bromodeoxyuridine and conformal radiation therapy for patients with primary hepatobiliary cancers or colorectal liver metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;39(5):1087–92. [PubMed: 9392548]
  44. Abrams RA, Cardinale RM, Enger C, Haulk TL, Hurwitz H, Osterman F, Sitzmann JV. Influence of prognostic groupings and treatment results in the management of unresectable hepatoma: experience with Cisplatinum-based chemoradiotherapy in 76 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;39(5):1077–85. [PubMed: 9392547]
  45. Lopez RR Jr., Pan SH, Lois JF, McMonigle ME, Hoffman AL, Sher LS, Lugo D, Makowka L. Transarterial chemoembolization is a safe treatment for unresectable hepatic malignancies. Am Surg. 1997;63(10):923–6. [PubMed: 9322674]
  46. Biselli M, Forti P, Mucci F, Foschi FG, Marsigli L, Caputo F, Ravaglia G, Bernardi M, Stefanini GF. Chemoembolization versus chemotherapy in elderly patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and contrast uptake as prognostic factor. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1997;52(5):M305–9. [PubMed: 9310085]
  47. Wren SM, Coburn MM, Tan M, Daniels JR, Yassa N, Carpenter CL, Stain SC. Is cryosurgical ablation appropriate for treating hepatocellular cancer? Arch Surg. 1997;132(6):599–603. discussion 603-4. PMID: [PubMed: 9197851]
  48. Malik IA, Khan WA, Haq S, Sabih M. A prospective phase II trial to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of hepatic arterial infusion of ifosfamide in patients with inoperable localized hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 1997;20(3):289–92. [PubMed: 9167756]
  49. Matsukawa T, Yamashita Y, Arakawa A, Nishiharu T, Urata J, Murakami R, Takahashi M, Yoshimatsu S. Percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy in liver tumors. A 3-year experience. Acta Radiol. 1997;38(3):410–5. [PubMed: 9191432]
  50. Carr BI, Zajko A, Bron K, Orons P, Sammon J, Baron R. Phase II study of Spherex (degradable starch microspheres) injected into the hepatic artery in conjunction with doxorubicin and cisplatin in the treatment of advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: interim analysis. Semin Oncol. 1997;24(2 Suppl 6):S6-97–S6-99. [PubMed: 9151923]
  51. Hirashima N, Sakakibara K, Itazu I, Hirai T, Nemoto A, Matsuura H, Kumada K, Nojiri O, Kano H. Zinostatin stimalamer-transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparison with lipiodol-transcatheter arterial embolization. Semin Oncol. 1997;24(2 Suppl 6):S6-91–S6-96. [PubMed: 9151922]
  52. Oi H, Kishimoto H, Matsushita M, Katsushima S, Tateishi H, Okamura J. Antitumor effect of transcatheter oily chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma assessed by computed tomography: role of iodized oil. Semin Oncol. 1997;24(2 Suppl 6):S6-56–S6-60. [PubMed: 9151918]
  53. Robertson JM, Lawrence TS, Andrews JC, Walker S, Kessler ML, Ensminger WD. Long-term results of hepatic artery fluorodeoxyuridine and conformal radiation therapy for primary hepatobiliary cancers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;37(2):325–30. [PubMed: 9069303]
  54. Colleoni M, Liessi G, Mastrapasqua G, Nelli P, Vicario G, Sgarbossa G, Pancheri F, Manente P. Intra-arterial chemotherapy followed by chemo-embolisation in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 1997;33(1):56–60. [PubMed: 9071900]
  55. Adam R, Akpinar E, Johann M, Kunstlinger F, Majno P, Bismuth H. Place of cryosurgery in the treatment of malignant liver tumors. Ann Surg. 1997;225(1):39–8. discussion 48-50. PMID: [PMC free article: PMC1190603] [PubMed: 8998119]
  56. Yamashita F, Tanaka M, Andou E, Yutani S, Kato O, Tanikawa K. Carboplatin as an anticancer agent for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology. 1997;54(1):28–33. [PubMed: 8978589]
  57. Farinati F, De Maria N, Marafin C, Herszenyi L, Del Prato S, Rinaldi M, Perini L, Cardin R, Naccarato R. Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: survival, prognostic factors, and unexpected side effects after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Dig Dis Sci. 1996;41(12):2332–9. [PubMed: 9011438]
  58. Jaeger HJ, Mehring UM, Castaneda F, Hasse F, Blumhardt G, Loehlein D, Mathias KD. Sequential transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1996;19(6):388–96. [PubMed: 8994703]
  59. Dodds HM, Walpole ET, Rivory LP, Strong RW, Pond SM. Disposition of epirubicin after intraarterial administration in Lipiodol to patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Ther Drug Monit. 1996;18(5):537–43. [PubMed: 8885116]
  60. Kakizoe S, Kakizoe K, Kakizoe Y, Kakizoe H, Kakizoe T. Chemolipiodolization and prostaglandin E1 administration with use of hepatic arterial infusion port for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis. Hepatogastroenterology. 1996;43(11):1377–82. [PubMed: 8908577]
  61. Carr BI. Aggressive high-dose intra-hepatic artery chemotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1996;23(11):1379. [PubMed: 8854757]
  62. Ngan H, Lai CL, Fan ST, Lai EC, Yuen WK, Tso WK. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: four-year follow-up. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1996;7(3):419–25. [PubMed: 8761824]
  63. Sato M, Watanabe Y, Ueda S, Iseki S, Abe Y, Sato N, Kimura S, Okubo K, Onji M. Microwave coagulation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 1996;110(5):1507–14. [PubMed: 8613057]
  64. Tong AW, Su D, Mues G, Tillery GW, Goldstein R, Klintmalm G, Stone MJ. Chemosensitization of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells with cyclosporin A in post-liver transplant patient plasma. Clin Cancer Res. 1996;2(3):531–9. [PubMed: 9816200]
  65. Maini CL, Scelsa MG, Fiumara C, Tofani A, Sciuto R, Tipaldi L, D'Annibale M, Santoro E. Superselective intra-arterial radiometabolic therapy with I-131 lipiodol in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med. 1996;21(3):221–6. [PubMed: 8846568]
  66. Marcos-Alvarez A, Jenkins RL, Washburn WK, Lewis WD, Stuart KE, Gordon FD, Kane RA, Clouse ME. Multimodality treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in a hepatobiliary specialty center. Arch Surg. 1996;131(3):292–8. [PubMed: 8611095]
  67. Ji SK, Park NH, Choi HM, Kim YW, Lee SH, Lee KH, Ahn SY, Lee SU, Han BH, Park BC. Combined cis-platinum and alpha interferon therapy of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Korean J Intern Med. 1996;11(1):58–68. [PMC free article: PMC4532007] [PubMed: 8882477]
  68. Ryder SD, Rizzi PM, Metivier E, Karani J, Williams R. Chemoembolisation with lipiodol and doxorubicin: applicability in British patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut. 1996;38(1):125–8. [PMC free article: PMC1382990] [PubMed: 8566839]
  69. Shafir M, Shapiro R, Sung M, Warner R, Sicular A, Klipfel A. Cryoablation of unresectable malignant liver tumors. Am J Surg. 1996;171(1):27–31. [PubMed: 8554146]
  70. Bhattacharya S, Novell JR, Dusheiko GM, Hilson AJ, Dick R, Hobbs KE. Epirubicin-Lipiodol chemotherapy versus 131iodine-Lipiodol radiotherapy in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 1995;76(11):2202–10. [PubMed: 8635022]
  71. Yamanaka N, Okamoto E, Tanaka T, Oriyama T, Fujimoto J, Furukawa K, Kawamura E. Laparoscopic microwave coagulonecrotic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1995;5(6):444–9. [PubMed: 8611989]
  72. Lencioni R, Bartolozzi C, Caramella D, Paolicchi A, Carrai M, Maltinti G, Capria A, Tafi A, Conte PF, Bevilacqua G. Treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma with percutaneous ethanol injection. Analysis of prognostic factors in 105 Western patients. Cancer. 1995;76(10):1737–46. [PubMed: 8625042]
  73. Livraghi T, Lazzaroni S, Meloni F, Torzilli G, Vettori C. Intralesional ethanol in the treatment of unresectable liver cancer. World J Surg. 1995;19(6):801–6. [PubMed: 8553669]
  74. Leung TW, Lau WY, Ho SK, Ward SC, Chow JH, Chan MS, Metreweli C, Johnson PJ, Li AK. Radiation pneumonitis after selective internal radiation treatment with intraarterial 90yttrium-microspheres for inoperable hepatic tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;33(4):919–24. [PubMed: 7591903]
  75. Lee PH, Lin WJ, Tsang YM, Hu RH, Sheu JC, Lai MY, Hsu HC, May W, Lee CS. Clinical management of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg. 1995;222(5):670–6. [PMC free article: PMC1234995] [PubMed: 7487215]
  76. Porta C, Moroni M, Nastasi G, Arcangeli G. 5-Fluorouracil and d,l-leucovorin calcium are active to treat unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients: preliminary results of a phase II study. Oncology. 1995;52(6):487–91. [PubMed: 7478436]
  77. Colleoni M, Nelli P, Vicario G, Mastropasqua G, Manente P. Megestrol acetate in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumori. 1995;81(5):351–3. [PubMed: 8804452]
  78. Oka M, Hazama S, Suzuki M, Ogura Y, Kobayashi N, Suzuki T. Histological analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma treated by intraarterial combined immunochemotherapy. Hepatogastroenterology. 1995;42(5):561–6. [PubMed: 8751216]
  79. Tai DI, Chen HY, Wang PW, Lee CH, Lee TY, Chen WJ, Chen JJ, Chang Chien CS. Hepatobiliary imaging of functional and morphological changes following hepatic arterial embolization in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Nucl Med. 1995;36(9):1590–4. [PubMed: 7658215]
  80. Zhou XD, Tang ZY, Yu YQ, Yang BH, Lu JZ, Lin ZY, Ma ZC. Multimodality treatment in advanced primary liver cancer. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1995;22(Suppl 3):286–9. [PubMed: 7544966]
  81. Denda T, Saisho H, Yoshikawa M, Ebara M, Ohto M, Fujimoto S, Tokita H. Chemosensitivity test for repeated arterial infusion chemotherapy by reservoir for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1995;10(4):446–53. [PubMed: 8527712]
  82. Manesis EK, Giannoulis G, Zoumboulis P, Vafiadou I, Hadziyannis SJ. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with combined suppression and inhibition of sex hormones: a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology. 1995;21(6):1535–42. [PubMed: 7768497]
  83. Hatanaka Y, Yamashita Y, Takahashi M, Koga Y, Saito R, Nakashima K, Urata J, Miyao M. Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of prognostic factors in transcatheter management. Radiology. 1995;195(3):747–52. [PubMed: 7754005]
  84. Stefanini GF, Amorati P, Biselli M, Mucci F, Celi A, Arienti V, Roversi R, Rossi C, Re G, Gasbarrini G. Efficacy of transarterial targeted treatments on survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. An Italian experience. Cancer. 1995;75(10):2427–34. [PubMed: 7736385]
  85. A comparison of lipiodol chemoembolization and conservative treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Groupe d'Etude et de Traitement du Carcinome Hepatocellulaire. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(19):1256–61. [PubMed: 7708069]
  86. Zeng ZC, Tang ZY, Liu KD, Yu YQ, Yang BH, Cai XJ, Xie H, Cao SL. Observation of changes in peripheral T-lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry in patients with liver cancer treated with radioimmunotherapy. Nucl Med Commun. 1995;16(5):378–85. [PubMed: 7659390]
  87. Ueno K, Miyazono N, Inoue H, Miyake S, Nishida H, Nakajo M. Embolization of the hepatic falciform artery to prevent supraumbilical skin rash during transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1995;18(3):183–5. [PubMed: 7648596]
  88. Lygidakis NJ, Kosmidis P, Ziras N, Parissis J, Kyparidou E. Combined transarterial targeting locoregional immunotherapy-chemotherapy for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a new alternative for an old problem. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 1995;15(5):467–72. [PubMed: 7544232]
  89. Kusano S, Katayama M, Uematsu M, Kaji T, Kosuda S, Endo T, Sugimoto M, Ishii K. Intraarterial infusion of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate plus mitomycin C for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term survival and response to tumor growth inhibition. Acad Radiol. 1995;2(4):286–92. [PubMed: 9419564]
  90. Nishizaki T, Takenaka K, Yoshida K, Ikeda T, Sugimachi K. Influence of lipiodolization on a cirrhotic liver. J Surg Oncol. 1995;58(4):263–8. [PubMed: 7723371]
  91. Matsuzaki Y, Osuga T, Chiba T, Saito Y, Tanaka N, Itai Y, Tsujii H. New, effective treatment using proton irradiation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Intern Med. 1995;34(4):302–4. [PubMed: 7606109]
  92. Hamazoe R, Hirooka Y, Ohtani S, Katoh T, Kaibara N. Intraoperative microwave tissue coagulation as treatment for patients with nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 1995;75(3):794–800. [PubMed: 7530166]
  93. Bhattacharya S, Dusheiko GM. Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: targeted therapies using iodized oil. Princess Takamatsu Symp. 1995;25:253–64. [PubMed: 8875631]
  94. Bokemeyer C, Kynast B, Harstrick A, Laage E, Schmoll E, von Wussow P, Schmoll HJ. No synergistic activity of epirubicin and interferon-alpha 2b in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1995;35(4):334–8. [PubMed: 7828277]
  95. Falkson G, Burger W. A phase II trial of vindesine in hepatocellular cancer. Oncology. 1995;52(1):86–7. [PubMed: 7800350]
  96. Ravikumar TS, Pizzorno G, Bodden W, Marsh J, Strair R, Pollack J, Hendler R, Hanna J, D'Andrea E. Percutaneous hepatic vein isolation and high-dose hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for unresectable liver tumors. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12(12):2723–36. [PubMed: 7989950]
  97. Zeng ZC, Tang ZY, Liu KD, Lu JZ, Cai XJ, Xie H. Human anti-(murine Ig) antibody responses in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma receiving intrahepatic arterial 131I-labeled Hepama-1 mAb. Preliminary results and discussion. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1994;39(5):332–6. [PubMed: 7987865]
  98. Lau WY, Leung WT, Ho S, Leung NW, Chan M, Lin J, Metreweli C, Johnson P, Li AK. Treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma with intrahepatic arterial yttrium-90 microspheres: a phase I and II study. Br J Cancer. 1994;70(5):994–9. [PMC free article: PMC2033550] [PubMed: 7947110]
  99. Chang JM, Tzeng WS, Pan HB, Yang CF, Lai KH. Transcatheter arterial embolization with or without cisplatin treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. A randomized controlled study. Cancer. 1994;74(9):2449–53. [PubMed: 7922999]
  100. Bhattacharya S, Novell JR, Winslet MC, Hobbs KE. Iodized oil in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg. 1994;81(11):1563–71. [PubMed: 7827876]
  101. Malaguarnera M, Trovato G, Restuccia S, Giugno I, Franze CM, Receputo G, Siciliano R, Motta M, Trovato BA. Treatment of nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: review of the literature and meta-analysis. Adv Ther. 1994;11(6):303–19. [PubMed: 10150270]
  102. Feun LG, Reddy KR, Yrizarry JM, Savaraj N, Guerra JJ Jr., Purser RK, Waldman S, Levi JU, Moffatt F, Morrell L, et al. A phase I study of chemoembolization with cisplatin and lipiodol for primary and metastatic liver cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 1994;17(5):405–10. [PubMed: 8092112]
  103. Feun LG, Savaraj N, Hung S, Reddy R, Jeffers L, Benedetto P, Livingstone AS, Ardalan B, Levi JU, Parker T, et al. A phase II trial of recombinant leukocyte interferon plus doxorubicin in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 1994;17(5):393–5. [PubMed: 8092109]
  104. Rosler H, Triller J, Baer HU, Geiger L, Beer HF, Becker C, Blumgart LH. Superselective radioembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: 5-year results of a prospective study. Nuklearmedizin. 1994;33(5):206–14. [PubMed: 7997379]
  105. Seong J, Lee HS, Han KH, Chon CY, Suh CO, Kim GE. Combined treatment of radiotherapy and hyperthermia for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Yonsei Med J. 1994;35(3):252–9. [PubMed: 7975734]
  106. Curley SA, Newman RA, Dougherty TB, Fuhrman GM, Stone DL, Mikolajek JA, Guercio S, Guercio A, Carrasco CH, Kuo MT, et al. Complete hepatic venous isolation and extracorporeal chemofiltration as treatment for human hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase I study. Ann Surg Oncol. 1994;1(5):389–99. [PubMed: 7850540]
  107. Pazdur R, Moore DF, Bready B, Giannone L, Maldonado A, Lin YG, Fueger RH, Winn RJ, Levin B. Phase II trial of edatrexate in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 1994;5(7):646–8. [PubMed: 7527654]
  108. Bruix J, Castells A, Montanya X, Calvet X, Bru C, Ayuso C, Jover L, Garcia L, Vilana R, Boix L, et al. Phase II study of transarterial embolization in European patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: need for controlled trials. Hepatology. 1994;20(3):643–50. [PubMed: 7521316]
  109. Leung WT, Lau WY, Ho S, Chan M, Leung N, Lin J, Ho KC, Metreweli C, Johnson PJ, Li AK. Selective internal radiation therapy with intra-arterial iodine-131-Lipiodol in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Nucl Med. 1994;35(8):1313–8. [PubMed: 7519259]
  110. Bronowicki JP, Vetter D, Dumas F, Boudjema K, Bader R, Weiss AM, Wenger JJ, Boissel P, Bigard MA, Doffoel M. Transcatheter oily chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. A 4-year study of 127 French patients. Cancer. 1994;74(1):16–24. [PubMed: 7516263]
  111. Patt YZ, Charnsangavej C, Yoffe B, Smith R, Lawrence D, Chuang V, Carrasco H, Roh M, Chase J, Fischer H, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion of floxuridine, leucovorin, doxorubicin, and cisplatin for hepatocellular carcinoma: effects of hepatitis B and C viral infection on drug toxicity and patient survival. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12(6):1204–11. [PubMed: 8201383]
  112. Lau WY, Leung TW, Leung KL, Ho S, Leung N, Chan M, Lin J, Li AK. Cytoreductive surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma. Surg Oncol. 1994;3(3):161–6. [PubMed: 7952400]
  113. Urata K, Matsumata T, Kamakura T, Hasuo K, Sugimachi K. Lipiodolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: an analysis of 205 patients using univariate and multivariate analysis. J Surg Oncol. 1994;56(1):54–8. [PubMed: 8176943]
  114. Wierzbicki R, Ezzat A, Abdel-Warith A, Ayoub A, Kagevi I, Fadda M, Sieck J, Abdulkareem M, Amin T, Yazigi A, et al. Phase II trial of chronic daily VP-16 administration in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ann Oncol. 1994;5(5):466–7. [PubMed: 8075054]
  115. Soulen MC. Chemoembolization of hepatic malignancies. Oncology (Williston Park). 1994;8(4):77–84. discussion 84, 89-90 passim. PMID: [PubMed: 8003400]
  116. Hafstrom LR, Holmberg SB, Naredi PL, Lindner PG, Bengtsson A, Tidebrant G, Schersten TS. Isolated hyperthermic liver perfusion with chemotherapy for liver malignancy. Surg Oncol. 1994;3(2):103–8. [PubMed: 7952389]
  117. Matsuzaki Y, Osuga T, Saito Y, Chuganji Y, Tanaka N, Shoda J, Tsuji H, Tsujii H. A new, effective, and safe therapeutic option using proton irradiation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 1994;106(4):1032–41. [PubMed: 7511552]
  118. Oka M, Hazama S, Yoshino S, Shimoda K, Suzuki M, Shimizu R, Yano K, Nishida M, Suzuki T. Intraarterial combined immunochemotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: preliminary results. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1994;38(3):194–200. [PubMed: 8124688]
  119. Lu CD, Qi YG, Peng SY. Lipiodolization with or without gelatin sponge in hepatic arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Chin Med J (Engl). 1994;107(3):209–15. [PubMed: 8088182]
  120. Aldeghi R, Lissoni P, Barni S, Ardizzoia A, Tancini G, Piperno A, Pozzi M, Ricci G, Conti A, Maestroni GJ. Low-dose interleukin-2 subcutaneous immunotherapy in association with the pineal hormone melatonin as a first-line therapy in locally advanced or metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A(2):167–70. [PubMed: 8155391]
  121. Maeta M, Kaibara N, Nakashima K, Kobayashi M, Yoshikawa T, Okamoto A, Sugiyama A. A case-matched control study of intrahepatoarterial chemotherapy in combination with or without regional hyperthermia for treatment of primary and metastatic hepatic tumours. Int J Hyperthermia. 1994;10(1):51–8. [PubMed: 8144988]
  122. Yodono H, Takekawa SD, Tarusawa K, Ikami I, Kanehira J, Saito Y, Takahashi S, Sasaki T, Nishi N, Kimura T, et al. Combination therapy consisting of arterial infusion chemotherapy (EPF, EAP) and transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1994;33 Suppl:S79–83. [PubMed: 8137489]
  123. Yoshikawa M, Saisho H, Ebara M, Iijima T, Iwama S, Endo F, Kimura M, Shimamura Y, Suzuki Y, Nakano T, et al. A randomized trial of intrahepatic arterial infusion of 4'-epidoxorubicin with Lipiodol versus 4'-epidoxorubicin alone in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1994;33 Suppl:S149–52. [PubMed: 8137478]
  124. Yasui M, Nonami T, Kurokawa T, Nakao A, Harada A, Hashimoto S, Kajikawa M, Hiraoka E, Takagi H. Effects of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy on unresectable or recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1994;33 Suppl:S139–41. [PubMed: 8137475]
  125. Iwamiya T, Sawada S, Ohta Y. Repeated arterial infusion chemotherapy for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma using an implantable drug delivery system. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1994;33 Suppl:S134–8. [PubMed: 8137474]
  126. Chen SC, Lian SL, Chang WY. The effect of external radiotherapy in treatment of portal vein invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1994;33 Suppl:S124–7. [PubMed: 8137472]
  127. Tateishi H, Kinuta M, Furukawa J, Takata N, Maruyama H, Oi H, Yayoi E, Okamura J. Follow-up study of combination treatment (TAE and PEIT) for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1994;33 Suppl:S119–23. [PubMed: 8137470]
  128. Kato T, Saito Y, Niwa M, Ishiguro J, Ogoshi K. Combination therapy of transcatheter chemoembolization and percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1994;33 Suppl:S115–8. [PubMed: 8137469]
  129. Horiguchi Y, Sekoguchi B, Imai H, Suzuki T, Kubo H, Itoh H, Itoh M. Treatment of choice for unresectable small liver cancer: percutaneous ethanol injection therapy or transarterial chemoembolization therapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1994;33 Suppl:S111–4. [PubMed: 8137468]
  130. Teshima Y, Iwasaki N. Efficacy of CO2-DSA in embolization. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1994;33 Suppl:S109–10. [PubMed: 8137467]
  131. Ravikumar TS, Buenaventura S, Salem RR, D'Andrea B. Intraoperative ultrasonography of liver: detection of occult liver tumors and treatment by cryosurgery. Cancer Detect Prev. 1994;18(2):131–8. [PubMed: 8025895]
  132. Kosuga K, Ohgami N, Kinoshita H, Okuda K, Shimada S, So H, Shibata J, Nakayama T, Ohishi K. A study of reservoir implantation--especially with saphenous vein graft catheterization. Kurume Med J. 1994;41(1):23–30. [PubMed: 7933914]
  133. Konno T, Kai Y, Yamashita R, Nagamitsu A, Kimura M. Targeted chemotherapy for unresectable primary and metastatic liver cancer. Acta Oncol. 1994;33(2):133–7. [PubMed: 7515628]
  134. Nishimine K, Uchida H, Matsuo N, Sakaguchi H, Hirohashi S, Nishimura Y, Guo Q, Ohishi H, Nagano N, Yoshioka T, et al. Segmental transarterial chemoembolization with Lipiodol mixed with anticancer drugs for nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: follow-up CT and therapeutic results. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1994;33(Suppl):S60–8. [PubMed: 7511069]
  135. Colleoni M, Buzzoni R, Bajetta E, Bochicchio AM, Bartoli C, Audisio R, Bonfanti G, Nole F. A phase II study of mitoxantrone combined with beta-interferon in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 1993;72(11):3196–201. [PubMed: 8242542]
  136. Stuart K, Stokes K, Jenkins R, Trey C, Clouse M. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma using doxorubicin/ethiodized oil/gelatin powder chemoembolization. Cancer. 1993;72(11):3202–9. [PubMed: 7694787]
  137. Jones DV Jr., Patt YZ, Ajani JA, Abbruzzese J, Carrasco CH, Charnsangavej C, Levin B, Wallace S. A phase I-II trial of mitoxantrone by hepatic arterial infusion in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or colorectal carcinoma metastatic to the liver. Cancer. 1993;72(9):2560–3. [PubMed: 8402476]
  138. Clouse ME, Stokes KR, Kruskal JB, Perry LJ, Stuart KE, Nasser IA. Chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: epinephrine followed by a doxorubicin-ethiodized oil emulsion and gelatin sponge powder. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1993;4(6):717–25. [PubMed: 7506597]
  139. Lawrence TS, Kessler ML, Robertson JM. Conformal high-dose radiation plus intraarterial floxuridine for hepatic cancer. Oncology (Williston Park). 1993;7(10):51–7. discussion 57-8, 63. PMID: [PubMed: 8251308]
  140. Ku Y, Saitoh M, Iwasaki T, Tominaga M, Maekawa Y, Shiki H, Samizo M, Fukumoto T, Kuroda Y, Sako M, et al. Intraarterial infusion of high-dose adriamycin for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma using direct hemoperfusion under hepatic venous isolation. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1993;19(4):387–92. [PubMed: 8395412]
  141. Sangro B, Bilbao I, Herrero I, Corella C, Longo J, Beloqui O, Ruiz J, Zozaya JM, Quiroga J, Prieto J. Partial splenic embolization for the treatment of hypersplenism in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1993;18(2):309–14. [PubMed: 8340060]
  142. Imaoka S, Sasaki Y, Masutani S, Furukawa H, Ishikawa O, Kabuto T, Kameyama M, Koyama H, Iwanaga T. Palliative surgical treatment for recurrent and non-resectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 1993;40(4):342–6. [PubMed: 7691700]
  143. Robertson JM, Lawrence TS, Dworzanin LM, Andrews JC, Walker S, Kessler ML, DuRoss DJ, Ensminger WD. Treatment of primary hepatobiliary cancers with conformal radiation therapy and regional chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11(7):1286–93. [PubMed: 8391066]
  144. Zhou XD, Tang ZY, Yu YQ, Ma ZC, Xu DB, Zheng YX, Zhang BH. Microwave surgery in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Surg Oncol. 1993;9(4):318–22. [PubMed: 8210912]
  145. Tang ZY, Fiorentini G. Hepatoma today: therapeutic experiences of multimodal approach. Tumori. 1993;79(3):166–9. [PubMed: 8236498]
  146. Uchino J, Une Y, Sato Y, Gondo H, Nakajima Y, Sato N. Chemohormonal therapy of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 1993;16(3):206–9. [PubMed: 8393272]
  147. Wang J, Li LS, Feng YL, Yao HM, Wang XH. Permanent hepatic artery embolization with dextran microspheres in 131 patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Chin Med J (Engl). 1993;106(6):441–5. [PubMed: 7693402]
  148. Pentecost MJ, Daniels JR, Teitelbaum GP, Stanley P. Hepatic chemoembolization: safety with portal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1993;4(3):347–51. [PubMed: 8513208]
  149. Nakagawa N, Cornelius AS, Kao SC, Nakajima Y, Nakada K. Transcatheter oily chemoembolization for unresectable malignant liver tumors in children. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1993;4(3):353–8. [PubMed: 8390318]
  150. Ngan H, Lai CL, Fan ST, Lai EC, Yuen WK, Tso WK. Treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization using an emulsion of cisplatin in iodized oil and gelfoam. Clin Radiol. 1993;47(5):315–20. [PubMed: 8389682]
  151. Kanematsu T, Matsumata T, Shirabe K, Sugimachi K, Sakamoto S, Nawata H, Hasuo K, Honda H, Masuda K. A comparative study of hepatic resection and transcatheter arterial embolization for the treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 1993;71(7):2181–6. [PubMed: 8384063]
  152. Une Y, Uchino J, Yasuhara M, Misawa K, Kamiyama T, Shimamura T, Sato N, Nakajima Y, Hata Y. Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy on unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma under occlusion of hepatic arterial flow. Clin Ther. 1993;15(2):347–54. [PubMed: 8390917]
  153. Lai CL, Lau JY, Wu PC, Ngan H, Chung HT, Mitchell SJ, Corbett TJ, Chow AW, Lin HJ. Recombinant interferon-alpha in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology. 1993;17(3):389–94. [PubMed: 8383088]
  154. Sitzmann JV, Abrams R. Improved survival for hepatocellular cancer with combination surgery and multimodality treatment. Ann Surg. 1993;217(2):149–54. [PMC free article: PMC1242754] [PubMed: 8382468]
  155. Zeng ZC, Tang ZY, Xie H, Liu KD, Lu JZ, Chai XJ, Wang GF, Yao Z, Qian JM. Radioimmunotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma using 131I-Hepama-1 mAb: preliminary results. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1993;119(5):257–9. [PubMed: 8382704]
  156. Douglass EC, Reynolds M, Finegold M, Cantor AB, Glicksman A. Cisplatin, vincristine, and fluorouracil therapy for hepatoblastoma: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11(1):96–9. [PubMed: 8380296]
  157. Lau WY, Arnold M, Leung NW, Leung TW, Chan M, Shiu W, Metreweli C, Li AK. Hepatic intra-arterial lipiodol ultrasound guided biopsy in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Surg Oncol. 1993;2(2):119–24. [PubMed: 8252199]
  158. Okada S, Okazaki N, Nose H, Shimada Y, Yoshimori M, Aoki K. A phase 2 study of cisplatin in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology. 1993;50(1):22–6. [PubMed: 7678453]
  159. Lygidakis NJ, Savanis G, Konstantinidou AE, Markidou S, Touloupakis E, Pavlis T, Saleh M, Eftichidou E, Stringaris K, Tavernaraki A. A new look in the management of unresectable primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 1992;39(6):577–83. [PubMed: 1336477]
  160. Ikei S, Ogawa M, Beppu T, Ohara C, Sakamoto K, Sameshima H, Arakawa H, Yamaguchi Y, Yamanaka T, Kudo S, et al. Changes in IL-6, IL-8, C-reactive protein and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor after transcatheter arterial chemo-embolization therapy for hepato-cellular carcinoma. Cytokine. 1992;4(6):581–4. [PubMed: 1337988]
  161. Yoshimi F, Nagao T, Inoue S, Kawano N, Muto T, Gunji T, Ohnishi S, Imawari M. Comparison of hepatectomy and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: necessity for prospective randomized trial. Hepatology. 1992;16(3):702–6. [PubMed: 1324216]
  162. Kishi K, Sonomura T, Mitsuzane K, Nishida N, Kimura M, Satoh M, Yamada R, Kodama N, Kinoshita M, Tanaka H, et al. Time courses of PIVKA-II and AFP levels after hepatic artery embolization and hepatic artery infusion against hepatocellular carcinoma: relation between the time course and tumor necrosis. Radiat Med. 1992;10(5):189–95. [PubMed: 1279748]
  163. Johnson PJ, Dobbs N, Kalayci C, Aldous MC, Harper P, Metivier EM, Williams R. Clinical efficacy and toxicity of standard dose adriamycin in hyperbilirubinaemic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: relation to liver tests and pharmacokinetic parameters. Br J Cancer. 1992;65(5):751–5. [PMC free article: PMC1977380] [PubMed: 1316777]
  164. Atiq OT, Kemeny N, Niedzwiecki D, Botet J. Treatment of unresectable primary liver cancer with intrahepatic fluorodeoxyuridine and mitomycin C through an implantable pump. Cancer. 1992;69(4):920–4. [PubMed: 1370918]
  165. Kajanti M, Pyrhonen S, Mantyla M, Rissanen P. Intra-arterial and intravenous use of 4' epidoxorubicin combined with 5-fluorouracil in primary hepatocellular carcinoma. A randomized comparison. Am J Clin Oncol. 1992;15(1):37–40. [PubMed: 1312770]
  166. Raoul JI, Bretagne JF, Caucanas JP, Pariente EA, Boyer J, Paris JC, Michel H, Bourguet P, Victor G, Therain F, et al. Internal radiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Results of a French multicenter phase II trial of transarterial injection of iodine 131-labeled Lipiodol. Cancer. 1992;69(2):346–52. [PubMed: 1309429]
  167. Horiguchi Y, Itoh M, Takagawa H, Imai H, Kamei A, Sekoguchi B, Nagamura Y. Assessment of chemoembolization therapy for primary liver cancer using a stabilized adriamycin-lipiodol suspension. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1992;31(Suppl):S60–4. [PubMed: 1333909]
  168. Oon CJ. Long-term survival following treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in Singapore: evaluation of Wellferon in the prophylaxis of high-risk pre-cancerous conditions. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1992;31(Suppl):S137–42. [PubMed: 1333900]
  169. Uno T, Itami J, Shiina T, Toita T, Mikuriya S, Hatano K, Arimizu N. Radiation therapy in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1992;31(Suppl):S106–10. [PubMed: 1333896]
  170. Habrand JL, Nehme D, Kalifa C, Gauthier F, Gruner M, Sarrazin D, Terrier-Lacombe MJ, Lemerle J. Is there a place for radiation therapy in the management of hepatoblastomas and hepatocellular carcinomas in children? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1992;23(3):525–31. [PubMed: 1319426]
  171. Konno T. Targeting chemotherapy for hepatoma: arterial administration of anticancer drugs dissolved in Lipiodol. Eur J Cancer. 1992;28(2-3):403–9. [PubMed: 1317198]
  172. Fan Z, Tang Z, Liu K, Zhou D, Lu J, Yuan A, Zhao H. Radioiodinated anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ferritin. Targeting therapy, tumor imaging and anti-antibody response in HCC patients with hepatic arterial infusion. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1992;118(5):371–6. [PubMed: 1316355]
  173. Leung WT, Shiu WC, Leung N, Chan M, Tao M, Li AK, Metreweli C. Treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma by intra-arterial lipiodol and 4'-epidoxorubicin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1992;29(5):401–4. [PubMed: 1312908]
  174. Kim BS, Chung HC, Seong JS, Suh CO, Kim GE. Phase II trial for combined external radiotherapy and hyperthermia for unresectable hepatoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1992;31(Suppl):S119–27. [PubMed: 1281042]
  175. Beppu T, Ohara C, Yamaguchi Y, Ichihara T, Yamanaka T, Katafuchi S, Ikei S, Mori K, Fukushima S, Nakano M, et al. A new approach to chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma using aclarubicin microspheres in combination with cisplatin suspended in iodized oil. Cancer. 1991;68(12):2555–60. [PubMed: 1657361]
  176. Guthrie CM, Leahy AL, Redhead DN, Garden OJ. Transcatheter hepatic arterial therapy for symptomatic liver malignancy. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1991;36(6):384–7. [PubMed: 1723100]
  177. Maeda M, Watanabe N, Yamauchi N, Tsuji Y, Niitsu Y. Successful treatment of a case of hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor necrosis factor and local hyperthermia. Gastroenterol Jpn. 1991;26(6):774–8. [PubMed: 1722471]
  178. Matsuoka Y, Ohtomo K, Yanagidaira H, Okubo T, Kojima K, Nishikawa J, Sasaki Y. Computed tomography during arterial portography prior to transcatheter arterial therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma with marked portal extension: four case reports. Eur J Radiol. 1991;13(3):192–5. [PubMed: 1661674]
  179. Zhou XD, Tang ZY, Yu YQ, Ma ZC, Xu DB, Bao YM, Yang R, Zhang M, Zhou M. Hepatic artery ligation and infusion chemotherapy for unresectable primary liver cancer. Chin Med J (Engl). 1991;104(10):846–50. [PubMed: 1661226]
  180. Novell JR, Dusheiko G, Markham NI, Reddy K, Dick R, Hobbs KE. Selective regional chemotherapy of unresectable hepatic tumours using lipiodol. HPB Surg. 1991;4(3):223–34. discussion 234-6. PMID: [PMC free article: PMC2423635] [PubMed: 1657118]
  181. Novell JR, Hilson A, Hobbs KE. Therapeutic aspects of radio-isotopes in hepatobiliary malignancy. Br J Surg. 1991;78(8):901–6. [PubMed: 1655152]
  182. Akashi Y, Koreeda C, Enomoto S, Uchiyama S, Mizuno T, Shiozaki Y, Sameshima Y, Inoue K. Prognosis of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: an evaluation based on multivariate analysis of 90 cases. Hepatology. 1991;14(2):262–8. [PubMed: 1650325]
  183. Sakagami H, Asano K, Fukuchi K, Gomi K, Ota H, Kazama K, Tanuma S, Kochi M. Induction of tumor degeneration by sodium benzylideneascorbate. Anticancer Res. 1991;11(4):1533–8. [PubMed: 1746910]
  184. Yokomori K, Hori T, Asoh S, Tuji A, Takemura T. Complete disappearance of unresectable hepatoblastoma by continuous infusion therapy through hepatic artery. J Pediatr Surg. 1991;26(7):844–6. [PubMed: 1654408]
  185. Kirk S, Blumgart R, Craig B, Rosen A, Terblanche J, Spence RA. Irresectable hepatoma treated by intrahepatic iodized oil doxorubicin hydrochloride: initial results. Surgery. 1991;109(6):694–7. [PubMed: 1645890]
  186. Vetter D, Wenger JJ, Bergier JM, Doffoel M, Bockel R. Transcatheter oily chemoembolization in the management of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: results of a Western comparative study in 60 patients. Hepatology. 1991;13(3):427–33. [PubMed: 1847892]
  187. Epstein B, Ettinger D, Leichner PK, Order SE. Multimodality cisplatin treatment in nonresectable alpha-fetoprotein-positive hepatoma. Cancer. 1991;67(4):896–900. [PubMed: 1703915]
  188. Stillwagon GB, Order SE, Guse C, Leibel SA, Asbell SO, Klein JL, Leichner PK. Prognostic factors in unresectable hepatocellular cancer: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study 83-01. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991;20(1):65–71. [PubMed: 1847127]
  189. Kajanti MJ, Pyrhonen SO. Phase II intravenous study of epirubicin with 5-fluorouracil in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 1991;27(12):1620–2. [PubMed: 1664219]
  190. Kalayci C, Johnson PJ, Raby N, Metivier EM, Williams R. Intraarterial adriamycin and lipiodol for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparison with intravenous adriamycin. J Hepatol. 1990;11(3):349–53. [PubMed: 1705275]
  191. Huang GT, Yang PM, Sheu JC, Hsu HC, Sung JL, Wang TH, Chen DS. Intratumor injection of OK-432 for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 1990;37(5):452–6. [PubMed: 2174823]
  192. Pelletier G, Roche A, Ink O, Anciaux ML, Derhy S, Rougier P, Lenoir C, Attali P, Etienne JP. A randomized trial of hepatic arterial chemoembolization in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 1990;11(2):181–4. [PubMed: 2174933]
  193. Arai K, Matsui O, Takashima T, Kadoya M, Yoshikawa J, Gabata T, Ueda K, Kawamori Y, Izumi R, Kobayashi K, et al. Efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization therapy for small hepatocellular carcinomas: comparison with other treatments. Radiat Med. 1990;8(5):191–8. [PubMed: 1963696]
  194. Audisio RA, Doci R, Mazzaferro V, Bellegotti L, Tommasini M, Montalto F, Marchiano A, Piva A, DeFazio C, Damascelli B, et al. Hepatic arterial embolization with microencapsulated mitomycin C for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. Cancer. 1990;66(2):228–36. [PubMed: 2164435]
  195. Nakamura H, Hashimoto T, Oi H, Sawada S, Furui S, Mizumoto S, Monden M. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by segmental hepatic artery injection of adriamycin-in-oil emulsion with overflow to segmental portal veins. Acta Radiol. 1990;31(4):347–9. [PubMed: 2169828]
  196. Yoo HS, Suh JH, Lee JT, Kim KW, Kim DI, Kim BS, Choi HJ, Lee KS. Nodular hepatocellular carcinoma--treatment with intraarterial injection of I-131 Lipiodol. J Korean Med Sci. 1990;5(2):75–83. [PMC free article: PMC3053730] [PubMed: 2177607]
  197. Yamada R, Kishi K, Sonomura T, Tsuda M, Nomura S, Satoh M. Transcatheter arterial embolization in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1990;13(3):135–9. [PubMed: 2171771]
  198. Venook AP, Stagg RJ, Lewis BJ, Chase JL, Ring EJ, Maroney TP, Hohn DC. Chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 1990;8(6):1108–14. [PubMed: 2161449]
  199. Nagata Y, Hiraoka M, Akuta K, Abe M, Takahashi M, Jo S, Nishimura Y, Masunaga S, Fukuda M, Imura H. Radiofrequency thermotherapy for malignant liver tumors. Cancer. 1990;65(8):1730–6. [PubMed: 2156599]
  200. Lai CL, Wu PC, Lok AS, Lin HJ, Ngan H, Lau JY, Chung HT, Ng MM, Yeoh EK, Arnold M. Recombinant alpha 2 interferon is superior to doxorubicin for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomised trial. Br J Cancer. 1989;60(6):928–33. [PMC free article: PMC2247256] [PubMed: 2557881]
  201. Gandolfi L, Solmi L, Pizza GC, Bertoni F, Muratori R, De Vinci C, Bacchini P, Morelli MC, Corrado G. Intratumoral echo-guided injection of interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 1989;36(5):352–6. [PubMed: 2559885]
  202. Kasugai H, Kojima J, Tatsuta M, Okuda S, Sasaki Y, Imaoka S, Fujita M, Ishiguro S. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by transcatheter arterial embolization combined with intraarterial infusion of a mixture of cisplatin and ethiodized oil. Gastroenterology. 1989;97(4):965–71. [PubMed: 2550311]
  203. Carachi R, Azmy A, Hann I, McAllister J. Hepatocarcinoma in a child: a clinical and experimental study. Z Kinderchir. 1989;44(4):243–5. [PubMed: 2477964]
  204. Ichihara T, Sakamoto K, Mori K, Akagi M. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma using polylactic acid microspheres containing aclarubicin hydrochloride. Cancer Res. 1989;49(15):4357–62. [PubMed: 2472878]
  205. Fagan EA, Pulley M, Limb A, Wolstencroft R, Cranenburgh C, De Vinci C, Karani J, Michell M, Nunnerley H, Zaman S, et al. Adoptive immunotherapy administered via the hepatic artery and intralesional interleukin-2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev. 1989;16(Suppl A):151–60. [PubMed: 2475251]
  206. Sitzmann JV, Order SE. Immunoradiotherapy for primary nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Surg Clin North Am. 1989;69(2):393–400. [PubMed: 2538937]
  207. Liu KD, Tang ZY, Bao YM, Lu JZ, Qian F, Yuan AN, Zhao HY. Radioimmunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using 131I-anti HCC isoferritin IgG: preliminary results of experimental and clinical studies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989;16(2):319–23. [PubMed: 2537805]
  208. Sue K, Ikeda K, Nakagawara A, Hironaga Y, Hachitanda Y, Otubo K, Mitsuishi T, Aoyama T. Intrahepatic arterial injections of cisplatin-phosphatidylcholine-Lipiodol suspension in two unresectable hepatoblastoma cases. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1989;17(6):496–500. [PubMed: 2555659]
  209. Cheirsilpa A, Leelasethakul S, Auethaveekiat V, Maoleekulpriroj S, Kangsumrit N, Thanakaravit P, Phanthumjida P. High-dose mitomycin C: activity in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1989;24(1):50–3. [PubMed: 2541938]
  210. Takayasu K, Suzuki M, Uesaka K, Muramatsu Y, Moriyama N, Yoshida T, Yoshino M, Okazaki N, Hasegawa H. Hepatic artery embolization for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma; prognosis and risk factors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1989;23(Suppl):S123–5. [PubMed: 2538258]
  211. Lai KH, Tsai YT, Lee SD, Ng WW, Teng HC, Tam TN, Lo GH, Lin HC, Lin HJ, Wu JC, et al. Phase II study of mitoxantrone in unresectable primary hepatocellular carcinoma following hepatitis B infection. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1989;23(1):54–6. [PubMed: 2535794]
  212. Joyce AD, Howard ER. Hepatobiliary tumours of childhood: investigation and management. Prog Pediatr Surg. 1989;22:69–93. [PubMed: 2492394]
  213. Gupta S, Korula J. Failure of ketoconazole as anti-androgen therapy in nonresectable primary hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1988;10(6):651–4. [PubMed: 2466073]
  214. Shiu W, Leung N, Li M, Leung WT, Li AK. The efficacy of high-dose 4'epidoxorubicin in hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1988;18(3):235–7. [PubMed: 2842522]
  215. Lai CL, Wu PC, Chan GC, Lok AS, Lin HJ. Doxorubicin versus no antitumor therapy in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. A prospective randomized trial. Cancer. 1988;62(3):479–83. [PubMed: 2839280]
  216. Herlin T, Norup K, Storm K. Treatment of unresectable hepatoblastoma with cisplatin, vincristine and 5-fluorouracil. Eur J Pediatr. 1988;147(5):514–5. [PubMed: 2842158]
  217. Soga K, Nomoto M, Ichida T, Aoyagi Y, Ozaki T, Ichida F. Clinical evaluation of transcatheter arterial embolization and one-shot chemotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 1988;35(3):116–20. [PubMed: 2841214]
  218. Doci R, Bignami P, Bozzetti F, Bonfanti G, Audisio R, Colombo M, Gennari L. Intrahepatic chemotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 1988;61(10):1983–7. [PubMed: 2834036]
  219. Zhou XD, Tang ZY, Yu YQ, Ma ZC. Clinical evaluation of cryosurgery in the treatment of primary liver cancer. Report of 60 cases. Cancer. 1988;61(9):1889–92. [PubMed: 2833343]
  220. Patt YZ, Claghorn L, Charnsangavej C, Soski M, Cleary K, Mavligit GM. Hepatocellular carcinoma. A retrospective analysis of treatments to manage disease confined to the liver. Cancer. 1988;61(9):1884–8. [PubMed: 2833342]
  221. Suzuki K, Kono N, Ono A, Osuga Y, Kiyokawa H, Mineo I, Matsuda Y, Miyoshi S, Kawata S, Minami Y, et al. Transcatheter arterial chemo-embolization for humoral hypercalcemia of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol Jpn. 1988;23(1):29–36. [PubMed: 2832239]
  222. Lin DY, Liaw YF, Lee TY, Lai CM. Hepatic arterial embolization in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma--a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 1988;94(2):453–6. [PubMed: 2826285]
  223. Rosenthal CJ, Rotman M. Pilot study of interaction of radiation therapy with doxorubicin by continuous infusion. NCI Monogr. 1988;(6):285–90. [PubMed: 3352772]
  224. Ogita S, Tokiwa K, Taniguchi H, Takahashi T. Intraarterial chemotherapy with lipid contrast medium for hepatic malignancies in infants. Cancer. 1987;60(12):2886–90. [PubMed: 2824018]
  225. Spence RA, Rosen A, Krige JE, Blumgart RL, Temple-Camp CR, Terblanche J. Unresectable fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma treated with intra-arterial lipiodolised doxorubicin. A case report. S Afr Med J. 1987;72(10):701–3. [PubMed: 2825364]
  226. Forbes A, Wilkinson ML, Iqbal MJ, Johnson PJ, Williams R. Response to cyproterone acetate treatment in primary hepatocellular carcinoma is related to fall in free 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1987;23(11):1659–64. [PubMed: 2828073]
  227. Ogita S, Tokiwa K, Taniguchi H, Takahashi T. Intraarterial injection of anti-tumor drugs dispersed in lipid contrast medium: a choice for initially unresectable hepatoblastoma in infants. J Pediatr Surg. 1987;22(5):412–4. [PubMed: 3035159]
  228. Intra-arterial administration of epirubicin in the treatment of nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Epirubicin Study Group for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1987;19(3):183–9. [PubMed: 3034443]
  229. Forbes A, Williams R. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy of malignant hepatic tumours. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. 1987;1(1):151–69. [PubMed: 3034357]
  230. Ogita S, Tokiwa K, Takahashi T, Imashuku S, Sawada T. Combination chemotherapy for unresectable hepatoblastoma in children. Jpn J Surg. 1987;17(1):21–7. [PubMed: 3033374]
  231. Kajanti M, Rissanen P, Virkkunen P, Franssila K, Mantyla M. Regional intra-arterial infusion of cisplatin in primary hepatocellular carcinoma. A phase II study. Cancer. 1986;58(11):2386–8. [PubMed: 3021314]
  232. Imaoka S, Sasaki Y, Ishikawa O, Ouhigashi H, Koyama H, Iwanaga T, Ishiguro S. Immunochemotherapy in human hepatocellular carcinoma using the streptococcal agent OK-432. J Clin Oncol. 1986;4(11):1645–51. [PubMed: 2430071]
  233. Livraghi T, Ravetto C, Solbiati L, Suter F. Percutaneous interstitial chemotherapy of a small hepatocellular carcinoma under ultrasound guidance. Tumori. 1986;72(5):525–7. [PubMed: 3026072]
  234. Okuno K, Takagi H, Nakamura T, Nakamura Y, Iwasa Z, Yasutomi M. Treatment for unresectable hepatoma via selective hepatic arterial infusion of lymphokine-activated killer cells generated from autologous spleen cells. Cancer. 1986;58(5):1001–6. [PubMed: 2425926]
  235. Giaccone G, Bonardi G, Leria G, Donadio M, Calciati A. Long-term survival and complete response to adriamycin and etoposide in a case of hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumori. 1986;72(4):409–11. [PubMed: 3020753]
  236. Li GH, Li JQ. Hepatic artery ligation combined with radiotherapy for treatment of nonresectable primary liver carcinoma. J Surg Oncol. 1986;32(4):208–10. [PubMed: 3016412]
  237. Vitale GC, Heuser LS, Polk HC Jr. Malignant tumors of the liver. Surg Clin North Am. 1986;66(4):723–41. [PubMed: 2426809]
  238. Lin HJ, Lai CL, Wu PC. Serum hepatitis B viral DNA in HBsAg-positive hepatocellular carcinoma treated with interferon or adriamycin. Br J Cancer. 1986;54(1):67–73. [PMC free article: PMC2001653] [PubMed: 3015183]
  239. Gauthier F, Valayer J, Thai BL, Sinico M, Kalifa C. Hepatoblastoma and hepatocarcinoma in children: analysis of a series of 29 cases. J Pediatr Surg. 1986;21(5):424–9. [PubMed: 2423669]
  240. Chin JH, Oon CJ, Tan L, Yong YM. Treatment of irresectible hepatocellular carcinoma with intrahepatic arterial lipoidal mixed with adriamycin and mitomycin C. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1986;15(2):162–8. [PubMed: 3019214]
  241. Tommasini M, Colombo M, Sangiovanni A, Orefice S, Bignami P, Doci R, Gennari L. Intrahepatic doxorubicin in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. The unfavorable role of cirrhosis. Am J Clin Oncol. 1986;9(1):8–11. [PubMed: 3006474]
  242. Fujimoto S, Miyazaki M, Endoh F, Takahashi O, Okui K, Morimoto Y. Biodegradable mitomycin C microspheres given intra-arterially for inoperable hepatic cancer. With particular reference to a comparison with continuous infusion of mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil. Cancer. 1985;56(10):2404–10. [PubMed: 2412682]
  243. Quinn JJ, Altman AJ, Robinson HT, Cooke RW, Hight DW, Foster JH. Adriamycin and cisplatin for hepatoblastoma. Cancer. 1985;56(8):1926–9. [PubMed: 2411381]
  244. Forbes A, Johnson PJ, Williams R. Recombinant human gamma-interferon in primary hepatocellular carcinoma. J R Soc Med. 1985;78(10):826–9. [PMC free article: PMC1289947] [PubMed: 2413205]
  245. Phase II study of co-administration of uracil and tegafur (UFT) in hepatocellular carcinoma. Tokyo Liver Cancer Chemotherapy Study Group. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1985;15(3):559–62. [PubMed: 2997511]
  246. Sato Y, Fujiwara K, Furui S, Ogata I, Oka Y, Hayashi S, Ohta Y, Iio M, Oka H. Benefit of transcatheter arterial embolization for ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma complicating liver cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 1985;89(1):157–9. [PubMed: 2989072]
  247. Sato Y, Fujiwara K, Ogata I, Ohta Y, Hayashi S, Oka Y, Furui S, Oka H. Transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Benefits and limitations for unresectable cases with liver cirrhosis evaluated by comparison with other conservative treatments. Cancer. 1985;55(12):2822–5. [PubMed: 2986826]
  248. Ohnishi K, Tsuchiya S, Nakayama T, Hiyama Y, Iwama S, Goto N, Takashi M, Ohtsuki T, Kono K, Nakajima Y, et al. Arterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma with mitomycin C microcapsules. Radiology. 1984;152(1):51–5. [PubMed: 6203138]
  249. Attali P, Houssin D, Roche A, Buffet C, Bismuth H, Etienne JP. Hepatic arterial embolization for malignant hypercalcemia in hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci. 1984;29(5):466–9. [PubMed: 6325107]
  250. Nakakuma K, Tashiro S, Hiraoka T, Uemura K, Konno T, Miyauchi Y, Yokoyama I. Studies on anticancer treatment with an oily anticancer drug injected into the ligated feeding hepatic artery for liver cancer. Cancer. 1983;52(12):2193–200. [PubMed: 6196102]
  251. Morstyn G, Ihde DC, Eddy JL, Bunn PA, Cohen MH, Minna JD. Combination chemotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma with doxorubicin and streptozotocin. Am J Clin Oncol. 1983;6(5):547–51. [PubMed: 6310986]
  252. Konno T, Maeda H, Iwai K, Tashiro S, Maki S, Morinaga T, Mochinaga M, Hiraoka T, Yokoyama I. Effect of arterial administration of high-molecular-weight anticancer agent SMANCS with lipid lymphographic agent on hepatoma: a preliminary report. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1983;19(8):1053–65. [PubMed: 6311559]
  253. Mahour GH, Wogu GU, Siegel SE, Isaacs H. Improved survival in infants and children with primary malignant liver tumors. Am J Surg. 1983;146(2):236–40. [PubMed: 6309030]
  254. Yamada R, Sato M, Kawabata M, Nakatsuka H, Nakamura K, Takashima S. Hepatic artery embolization in 120 patients with unresectable hepatoma. Radiology. 1983;148(2):397–401. [PubMed: 6306721]
  255. Friedman MA. Hepatic intraarterial chemotherapy--current status and future prospects--”If you have a short sword, take a step forward” Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1983;10(5):1209–24. [PubMed: 6307163]
  256. Monna T, Kanno T, Marumo T, Harihara S, Kuroki T, Yamamoto S, Kobayashi N, Sato M, Nakamura K, Nakatsuka H, Onoyama Y, Yamada R. A comparison of transcatheter arterial embolization with one shot therapy for the patients with hepatic cell carcinoma. Gastroenterol Jpn. 1982;17(6):542–9. [PubMed: 6298047]
  257. Joishy SK, Bennett JM, Balasegaram M, MacIntyre JM, Falkson G, Moertel C, Carbone PP. Clinical and chemotherapeutic study of hepatocellular carcinoma in Malaysia: a comparison with African and American patients. Cancer. 1982;50(6):1065–9. [PubMed: 6286085]
  258. Chlebowski RT, Chan KK, Tong MJ, Weiner JM, Ryden VM, Bateman JR. Adriamycin and methyl-CCNU combination therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: clinical and pharmacokinetic aspects. Cancer. 1981;48(5):1088–95. [PubMed: 6268277]
  259. Lise M, Cagol PP, Nitti D, Feltrin G, Fosser V, Cecchetto A, Rubaltelli L, Pucciarelli S. Temporary occlusion of the hepatic artery plus infusion and systemic chemotherapy for inoperable cancer of the liver. Int Surg. 1980;65(4):315–23. [PubMed: 6164663]
  260. Yamada R, Nakatsuka H, Nakamura K, Sato M, Itami M, Kobayashi N, Minakuchi K, Onoyama T, Kanno T, Monna T, Yamamoto S. Hepatic artery embolization in 32 patients with unresectable hepatoma. Osaka City Med J. 1980;26(2):81–96. [PubMed: 6170035]
  261. Inokuchi K, Nagasue N, Kanashima R, Kohno H, Kobayashi M. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with associated cirrhosis. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1979;68(3):94–7. [PubMed: 231411]
  262. Nagasue N, Inokuchi K, Kobayashi M, Ogawa Y, Iwaki A. Hepatic dearterialization for nonrespectable primary and secondary tumors of the liver. Cancer. 1976;38(6):2593–603. [PubMed: 63320]
  263. Ramming KP, Sparks FC, Eilber FR, Holmes EC, Morton DL. Hepatic artery ligation and 5-fluorouracil infusion for metastatic colon carcinoma and primary hepatoma. Am J Surg. 1976;132(2):236–42. [PubMed: 182029]
  264. Provan JL, Stokes JF, Edwards D. Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy in hepatoma. Br Med J. 1968;3(5614):346–9. [PMC free article: PMC1991200] [PubMed: 4173964]
  265. Li L, Wu PH, Li JQ, Zhang WZ, Lin HG, Zhang YQ. Segmental transcatheter arterial embolization for primary hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 1998;4(6):511–512. [PMC free article: PMC4723440] [PubMed: 11819357]
  266. Colleoni M, Liessi G, Mastrapasqua G, Boni L, Nelli P, Vicario G, Sgarbossa G, Pancheri F, Manente P. Prognostic factors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma submitted to chemoembolization. Oncol Rep. 1997;4(5):1025–8. [PubMed: 21590188]
  267. Nastasi G, Porta C, Moroni M, Alessiani M, Fossati G. Intrahepatic fluorodeoxyuridine to treat unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Oncol Rep. 1997;4(3):511–4. [PubMed: 21590087]
  268. Ngan H. Imaging and radiological intervention in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hong Kong Med J. 1997;3(1):57–68. [PubMed: 11847357]
  269. Choi J. Regional Transcatheter Therapy of Hepatic Neoplasms. Cancer Control. 1996;3(5):407–413. [PubMed: 10764498]
  270. Colleoni M, Liessi G, Mastrapasqua G, Nelli P, Vicario G, Sgarbossa G, Pancheri F, Manente P. Feasibility of intra-arterial chemotherapy followed by chemoembolization, every 28 days, in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep. 1996;3(5):879–82. [PubMed: 21594473]
  271. Sangro B, Carpanese L, Cianni R, Golfieri R, Gasparini D, Ezziddin S, Paprottka PM, Fiore F, Van Buskirk M, Ignacio Bilbao J, Maria Ettorre G, Salvatori R, Giampalma E, Geatti O, Wilhelm K, Thorsten Hoffmann R, Izzo F, Inarrairaegui M, Ludovico Maini C, Urigo C, Cappelli A, Vit A, Ahmadzadehfar H, Franz Jakobs T, Lastoria S. Survival after Yttrium-90 resin microsphere radioembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma across Barcelona clinic liver cancer stages: A European evaluation. Hepatology. 2011;54(3):868–878. [PubMed: 21618574]
  272. Ni H, Yang M, Guo Z, Zhang T. Sorafenib combined with cryoablation to treat unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Chinese Journal of Cancer Research. 2011;23(3):188–193. [PMC free article: PMC3587556] [PubMed: 23467380]
  273. Chan KM, Yu MC, Chou HS, Wu TJ, Lee CF, Lee WC. Significance of tumor necrosis for outcome of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma receiving locoregional therapy prior to liver transplantation. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2011;18(9):2638–2646. [PubMed: 21584831]
  274. Hu HT, Kim JH, Lee LS, Kim KA, Ko GY, Yoon HK, Sung KB, Gwon DI, Shin JH, Song HY. Chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: Multivariate analysis of predicting factors for tumor response and survival in a 362-patient cohort. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 2011;22(7):917–923. [PubMed: 21571545]
  275. Hiramine Y, Uto H, Imamura Y, Tabu K, Baba Y, Hiwaki T, Sho Y, Tahara K, Higashi H, Tamai T, Oketani M, Ido A, Tsubouchi H. Sorafenib and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for unresectable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A comparative study. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 2011;2(3):433–441. [PMC free article: PMC3440737] [PubMed: 22977522]
  276. Ciboulet A, Boulin M, Chauffert B, Cercueil JP, Fagnoni P, Bedenne L, Guiu B, Jouve JL. Prospective randomized study of transarterial chemoembolization with or without amiodarone in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Results of the lipiothep study. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy. 2011;33(2):457.
  277. Kim YC, Kim YH, Um SH, Seo YS, Park EK, Oh SY, Han YM, Choe JG. Usefulness of bremsstrahlung images after intra-arterial Y-90 resin microphere radioembolization for hepatic tumors. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2011;45(1):59–67. [PMC free article: PMC4042949] [PubMed: 24899979]
  278. Koizumi Y, Hirooka M, Uehara T, Kisaka Y, Uesugi K, Kumagi T, Abe M, Matsuura B, Hiasa Y, Onji M. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with fine-powder cisplatin-lipiodol for HCC. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 2011;58(106):512–515. [PubMed: 21661422]
  279. Luo J, Guo RP, Lai ECH, Zhang YJ, Lau WY, Chen MS, Shi M. Transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis: A prospective comparative study. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2011;18(2):413–420. [PubMed: 20839057]
  280. Kawaoka T, Aikata H, Takaki S, Hashimoto Y, Katamura Y, Hiramatsu A, Waki K, Takahashi S, Kamada K, Kitamoto M, Nakanishi T, Ishikawa M, Hieda M, Kakizawa H, Tanaka J, Chayama K. Transcatheter chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and comparison of five staging systems. Hepatology Research. 2010;40(11):1082–1091. [PubMed: 20880059]
  281. Kwon JH, Bae SH, Kim JY, Choi BO, Jang HS, Jang JW, Choi JY, Yoon SK, Chung KW. Long-term effect of stereotactic body radiation therapy for primary hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for local ablation therapy or surgical resection. Stereotactic radiotherapy for liver cancer. BMC Cancer. 2010;10 [PMC free article: PMC2940809] [PubMed: 20813065]
  282. Gish RG, Abou-alfa GK, Tong MJ. Integrating recent data in managing adverse events in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2010;6(9):1–13. [PMC free article: PMC3302169] [PubMed: 22423222]
  283. Oh D, Lim DH, Park HC, Paik SW, Koh KC, Lee JH, Choi MS, Yoo BC, Lim HK, Lee WJ, Rhim H, Shin SW, Park KB. Early three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma after incomplete transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: A Prospective Evaluation of Efficacy and Toxicity. American Journal of Clinical Oncology: Cancer Clinical Trials. 2010;33(4):370–375. [PubMed: 20142728]
  284. Park MK, Gwak GY, Lim DH, Choo SW, Choi MS, Lee JH, Koh KC, Paik SW, Yoo BC. The efficacy of combined transarterial chemoembolization and 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with main portal vein thrombosis. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 2010;57(101):801–806. [PubMed: 21033233]
  285. Giannini EG, Savarino V, Risso D, Nolfo MAD, Poggio PD, Benvegnu L, Farinati F, Zoli M, Borzio F, Caturelli E, Chiaramonte M, Trevisani F. Transarterial chemoembolization in Child-Pugh class B patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: Between the devil and the deep blue sea. Liver International. 2010;30(6):923–924. [PubMed: 20214738]
  286. Amelie D, Patrick F, Alain H. State of the art: Radiolabeled microspheres treatment for liver malignancies. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2010;11(4):579–586. [PubMed: 20163269]
  287. Zhang B, Wang X, Yue H, Ling C. Clinical analysis of long-term survivors for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Chinese-German Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2010;9(3):161–164.
  288. Poston GJ. Transarterial chemoembolisation using doxorubicin beads for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Onkologie. 2010;33(1-2):5–6. [PubMed: 20164653]
  289. Senthil M, Mailey B, Leong L, Chung V, Yen Y, Chen YJ, Marx H, Kim J. Liver-directed regional therapy in the multi-disciplinary management of hepatocellular cancer. Current Cancer Therapy Reviews. 2010;6(1):19–25.
  290. Raoul JL, Boucher E, Rolland Y, Garin E. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with intra-arterial injection of radionuclides. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2010;7(1):41–49. [PubMed: 20051971]
  291. Martin RCG, Scoggins CR, McMasters KM. Safety and efficacy of microwave ablation of hepatic tumors: A prospective review of a 5-year experience. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2010;17(1):171–178. [PubMed: 19707829]
  292. Yang Y, Qingbo L, Zhe C, Bai L, Chaoqin Y, Dezeng Z, Xiaofeng Z, Changquan L. The efficacy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma may be improved by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in combination with a traditional Chinese herbal medicine formula: A retrospective study. Cancer. 2009;115(22):5132–5138. [PubMed: 19672999]
  293. Reyes DK, Vossen JA, Kamel IR, Azad NS, Wahlin TA, Torbenson MS, Choti MA, Geschwind JFH. Single-Center phase II trial of transarterial chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Initial experience in the United States. Cancer Journal. 2009;15(6):526–532. [PMC free article: PMC4390059] [PubMed: 20010173]
  294. Hao MZ, Chen Q, Lin HL, Wu H, Chen QZ, Li JC, Zheng JX, Ye YB. Comparison of intra-arterial chemotherapy with gemcitabine or floxuridine followed by TACE with oxaliplatine. Hepatitis Monthly. 2009;9(4):253–260.
  295. Sangro B, Bilbao JI, Inarrairaegui M, Rodriguez M, Garrastachu P, Martinez-Cuesta A. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by radioembolization using y microspheres. Digestive Diseases. 2009;27(2):164–169. [PubMed: 19546555]
  296. Woodall CE, Scoggins CR, Ellis SF, Tatum CM, Hahl MJ, Ravindra KV, McMasters KM, Martin Ii RCG. Is Selective Internal Radioembolization Safe and Effective for Patients with Inoperable Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Venous Thrombosis? Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2009;208(3):375–382. [PubMed: 19317999]
  297. Shelgikar CS, Loehle J, Scoggins CR, McMasters KM, Martin Ii RCG. Empiric Antibiotics for Transarterial Embolization in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Indicated? Journal of Surgical Research. 2009;151(1):121–124. [PubMed: 18657833]
  298. Choi BO, Choi IB, Jang HS, Kang YN, Jang JS, Bae SH, Yoon SK, Chai GY, Kang KM. Stereotactic body radiation therapy with or without transarterial chemoembolization for patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma: Preliminary analysis. BMC Cancer. 2008;8 [PMC free article: PMC2615783] [PubMed: 19038025]
  299. Taneja M, Lo RHG, Tay KH, Htoo A, Tan BS. Interventional radiology in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Singapore General Hospital Proceedings. 2008;17(2):60–66.
  300. Lee CM, Leung TK, Chang CC, Kuo YC, Chiou JF, Wang HJ, Chen YY. Effect of silymarin on hepatic function of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization. Chinese Journal of Radiology. 2008;33(3):137–141.
  301. Gonsalves CF, Brown DB, Carr BI. Regional radioactive treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Review of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2008;2(4):453–456. [PubMed: 19072393]
  302. Buch SC, Kondragunta V, Branch RA, Carr BI. Gender-based outcomes differences in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology International. 2008;2(1):95–101. [PMC free article: PMC2716876] [PubMed: 19669284]
  303. Nie Z, Feng H, Wen J, Zhang X, Han Z, Yong QL, Meng J, Li Y, Duan Y, Lugnani F. Argon-Helium cryoablation of primary hepatic carcinoma: A clinical study of the combined therapy. Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment. 2007;6(5):478–481.
  304. Goh ASW, Chung AYF, Lo RHG, Lau TN, Yu SWK, Chng M, Satchithanantham S, Loong SLE, Ng DCE, Lim BC, Connor S, Chow PKH. A novel approach to brachytherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma using a phosphorous32 (32P) brachytherapy delivery device-a first-in-man study. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 2007;67(3):786–792. [PubMed: 17141975]
  305. Low SCS, Lo RHG, Lau TN, Ooi LLPJ, Ho CK, Tan BS, Chung AYF, Koo WH, Chow PKH. Image-guided radiofrequency ablation of liver malignancies: Experience at Singapore General Hospital. Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore. 2006;35(12):851–857. [PubMed: 17218995]
  306. Trinchet JC, Rached AA, Beaugrand M, Mathieu D, Chevret S, Chastang C. A comparison of Lipiodol chemoembolization and conservative treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine. 1995;332(19):1256–1261. [PubMed: 7708069]
  307. Wan Ds, Fiorentini G, Li gc, Guan Zz, Li Jq, Zhang Yq, Cheng Jq, Huang Yc. High dose intra-arterial hepatic infusion chemotherapy with drug filtration (HAI-F) for primary liver cancer: A preliminary report. Regional Cancer Treatment. 1994;7(3-4):208–210.
  308. Lotz JP, Grange JD, Hannoun L, Boudghene F, Amiot X, Lamarque D, Andre T, Esteso A, Bellaiche A, Bouleuc C, Bodin F, Parc R, Bigot JM, Izrael V. Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with a combination of human recombinant (alpha)-2b interferon and doxorubicin: Results of a pilot study. European Journal of Cancer Part A: General Topics. 1994;30(9):1319–1325. [PubMed: 7528030]
  309. Nishimine K, Uchida H, Matsuo N, Sakaguchi H, Hirohashi S, Nishimura Y, Guo Q, Ohishi H, Nagano N, Yoshioka T, Ohue S, Fukui H, Tsujii T. Segmental transarterial chemoembolization with Lipiodol mixed with anticancer drugs for nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Follow-up CT and therapeutic results. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, Supplement. 1994;33:S60–S68. [PubMed: 7511069]
  310. Thomas H. Recombinant interferon-alpha in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomized controlled trial. Interferons and Cytokines. 1993;(24):41. [PubMed: 8383088]
  311. Tateishi H, Hasuike Y, Kinuta M, Furukawa J, Takata N, Maruyama H, Oi H, Yayoi E, Okamura J. Studies on combination therapy with TAE and PEIT for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Japanese Journal of Cancer and Chemotherapy. 1993;20(11):1492–1494. [PubMed: 8396903]
  312. Tang ZY, Liu KD, Fan Z, Lu JZ, Zhang YJ, Bao YM, Zeng ZC, Zhou D, Tang WY, Xia XL, Yang R, Li J, Wei C, Wu B, Lin ZY, Ma ZC, Zhou XD, Yu YQ, Yang BH. A decade's studies on the immunotargeting therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Antibody, Immunoconjugates, and Radiopharmaceuticals. 1993;6(3):155–165.
  313. Tang ZY, Zeng ZC, Liu KD, Yu YQ, Lu JZ, Xie H. Intrahepatic arterial I131 anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) monoclonal antibody combined with hepatic artery ligation for treatment of unresectable HCC. Antibody, Immunoconjugates, and Radiopharmaceuticals. 1993;6(3):167–175.
  314. Wang J, Li L, Feng Y, Yao H, Wang X. Permanent hepatic artery embolization with dextran microspheres in 131 patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Chinese Medical Journal. 1993;106(6):441–445. [PubMed: 7693402]
  315. Ngan H, Lai CL, Fan ST, Lai ECS, Yuen WK, Tso WK. Treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization using an emulsion of Cisplatin in iodized oil and gelfoam. Clinical Radiology. 1993;47(5):315–320. [PubMed: 8389682]
  316. Hirai K, Ijuin H, Sakata K, Ono N, Noguchi H, Aoki Y, Tanikawa K. Assessment of long survived cases by arterial chemotherapy and TAE treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma. Regional Cancer Treatment. 1992;5(3-4):98–101.

Level 3, Form Abstract Screening, AbstractScreening -> Exclude

  1. Tiong L, Maddern GJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of survival and disease recurrence after radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg. 2011;98(9):1210–24. [PubMed: 21766289]
  2. Kang JY, Choi MS, Kim SJ, Kil JS, Lee JH, Koh KC, Paik SW, Yoo BC. Long-term outcome of preoperative transarterial chemoembolization and hepatic resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Korean J Hepatol. 2010;16(4):383–8. [PMC free article: PMC3304614] [PubMed: 21415582]
  3. Oliveri RS, Wetterslev J, Gluud C. Transarterial (chemo)embolisation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(3):CD004787. [PubMed: 21412886]
  4. Livraghi T. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2011;20(2):281–99. viii. [PubMed: 21377584]
  5. Kim KW, Lee JM, Choi BI. Assessment of the treatment response of HCC. Abdom Imaging. 2011;36(3):300–14. [PubMed: 21279353]
  6. Li CY, Wang XL, Wang JH, Yan ZP, Gong GQ, Cheng JM, Chen Y, Liu LX, Li GP, Wang CG, Shi DH. Identifying serum biomarkers for TACE therapy efficiency of hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2011;3:212–20. [PubMed: 21196300]
  7. Lencioni R, Chen XP, Dagher L, Venook AP. Treatment of intermediate/advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in the clinic: how can outcomes be improved? Oncologist. 2010;15(Suppl 4):42–52. [PubMed: 21115580]
  8. Huntley H. Image-guided treatment for liver cancer. Radiol Technol. 2010;82(2):161VI–178VI. [PubMed: 21048066]
  9. Van de Wiele C. Radioembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Curr Drug Discov Technol. 2010;7(4):247–52. [PubMed: 21034410]
  10. Jouneau S, Vauleon E, Caulet-Maugendre S, Polard E, Volatron AC, Meunier C, Tattevin P, Montani D, Garin E, Raoul JL, Delaval P. (1)(3)(1)I-labeled lipiodol-induced interstitial pneumonia: a series of 15 cases. Chest. 2011;139(6):1463–9. [PubMed: 20947651]
  11. Poggi G, Quaretti P, Montagna B, Sottotetti F, Tagliaferri B, Pozzi E, Amatu A, Pagella C, Bernardo G. Acute thrombocytopenia: an unusual complication occurring after drug-eluting microspheres transcatheter hepatic chemoembolization. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2011;34(Suppl 2):S190–4. [PubMed: 20848100]
  12. Sangro B, Salem R, Kennedy A, Coldwell D, Wasan H. Radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: a review of the evidence and treatment recommendations. Am J Clin Oncol. 2011;34(4):422–31. [PubMed: 20622645]
  13. Lo SS, Dawson LA, Kim EY, Mayr NA, Wang JZ, Huang Z, Cardenes HR. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Discov Med. 2010;9(48):404–10. [PubMed: 20515608]
  14. Biolato M, Marrone G, Racco S, Di Stasi C, Miele L, Gasbarrini G, Landolfi R, Grieco A. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for unresectable HCC: a new life begins? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2010;14(4):356–62. [PubMed: 20496548]
  15. Tsochatzis EA, Germani G, Burroughs AK. Transarterial chemoembolization, transarterial chemotherapy, and intra-arterial chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. Semin Oncol. 2010;37(2):89–93. [PubMed: 20494700]
  16. Di Carlo I, Pulvirenti E, Toro A, Patane D. Simultaneous transarterial and portal embolization for unresectable tumors of the liver. Hepatogastroenterology. 2010;57(97):140–5. [PubMed: 20422890]
  17. Liapi E, Geschwind JF. Intra-arterial therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma: where do we stand? Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17(5):1234–46. [PubMed: 20405328]
  18. Hoffe SE, Finkelstein SE, Russell MS, Shridhar R. Nonsurgical options for hepatocellular carcinoma: evolving role of external beam radiotherapy. Cancer Control. 2010;17(2):100–10. [PubMed: 20404793]
  19. Cheng LF, Ma KF, Fan WC, Yung AW, Li TM, Wong CS. Hepatocellular carcinoma with extrahepatic collateral arterial supply. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2010;54(1):26–34. [PubMed: 20377712]
  20. Wang W, Shi J, Xie WF. Transarterial chemoembolization in combination with percutaneous ablation therapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Liver Int. 2010;30(5):741–9. [PubMed: 20331507]
  21. Kim JH, Yoon HK, Ko GY, Gwon DI, Jang CS, Song HY, Shin JH, Sung KB. Nonresectable combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma: analysis of the response and prognostic factors after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Radiology. 2010;255(1):270–7. [PubMed: 20308463]
  22. Deleporte A, Flamen P, Hendlisz A. State of the art: radiolabeled microspheres treatment for liver malignancies. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010;11(4):579–86. [PubMed: 20163269]
  23. Bhaijee F, Locketz ML, Krige JE. Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma at a tertiary centre in South Africa: a case series. S Afr J Surg. 2009;47(4):108–11. [PubMed: 20141066]
  24. Padma S, Martinie JB, Iannitti DA. Liver tumor ablation: percutaneous and open approaches. J Surg Oncol. 2009;100(8):619–34. [PubMed: 20017157]
  25. Cho YK, Kim Y, Rhim H. Pitfalls in the radiological and pathological correlation of tumour response rates of hepatocellular carcinoma following radiofrequency ablation. J Clin Pathol. 2009;62(12):1071–3. [PubMed: 19946093]
  26. Crocetti L, de Baere T, Lencioni R. Quality improvement guidelines for radiofrequency ablation of liver tumours. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2010;33(1):11–7. [PMC free article: PMC2816824] [PubMed: 19924474]
  27. Sangro B, Bilbao JI, Inarrairaegui M, Rodriguez M, Garrastachu P, Martinez-Cuesta A. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by radioembolization using 90Y microspheres. Dig Dis. 2009;27(2):164–9. [PubMed: 19546555]
  28. Maleux G, van Malenstein H, Vandecaveye V, Heye S, Vaninbroukx J, Nevens F, Verslype C. Transcatheter chemoembolization of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: current knowledge and future directions. Dig Dis. 2009;27(2):157–63. [PubMed: 19546554]
  29. Van De Wiele C, Defreyne L, Peeters M, Lambert B. Yttrium-90 labelled resin microspheres for treatment of primary and secondary malignant liver tumors. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;53(3):317–24. [PubMed: 19521311]
  30. Bouza C, Lopez-Cuadrado T, Alcazar R, Saz-Parkinson Z, Amate JM. Meta-analysis of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation versus ethanol injection in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Gastroenterol. 2009;9:31. [PMC free article: PMC3224700] [PubMed: 19432967]
  31. Ong SL, Gravante G, Metcalfe MS, Strickland AD, Dennison AR, Lloyd DM. Efficacy and safety of microwave ablation for primary and secondary liver malignancies: a systematic review. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;21(6):599–605. [PubMed: 19282763]
  32. Merle P, Mornex F, Trepo C. Innovative therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: three-dimensional high-dose photon radiotherapy. Cancer Lett. 2009;286(1):129–33. [PubMed: 19138819]
  33. Sandhu DS, Tharayil VS, Lai JP, Roberts LR. Treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;2(1):81–92. [PubMed: 19072372]
  34. Meng MB, Cui YL, Lu Y, She B, Chen Y, Guan YS, Zhang RM. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in combination with radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiother Oncol. 2009;92(2):184–94. [PubMed: 19042048]
  35. Lencioni R, Crocetti L, Pina MC, Cioni D. Percutaneous image-guided radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors. Abdom Imaging. 2009;34(5):547–56. [PubMed: 19030918]
  36. Nagai H, Sumino Y. Therapeutic strategy of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma by using combined intra-arterial chemotherapy. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov. 2008;3(3):220–6. [PubMed: 18991790]
  37. Meng MB, Cui YL, Guan YS, Ying Z, Zheng MH, Yuan CK, Zhang RM. Traditional Chinese medicine plus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14(8):1027–42. [PubMed: 18990050]
  38. Vente MA, Wondergem M, van der Tweel I, van den Bosch MA, Zonnenberg BA, Lam MG, van Het Schip AD, Nijsen JF. Yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolization for the treatment of liver malignancies: a structured meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2009;19(4):951–9. [PubMed: 18989675]
  39. Strebel BM, Dufour JF. Combined approach to hepatocellular carcinoma: a new treatment concept for nonresectable disease. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2008;8(11):1743–9. [PubMed: 18983234]
  40. Bal CS, Kumar A. Radionuclide therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: indication, cost and efficacy. Trop Gastroenterol. 2008;29(2):62–70. [PubMed: 18972764]
  41. Vogl TJ, Naguib NN, Nour-Eldin NE, Rao P, Emami AH, Zangos S, Nabil M, Abdelkader A. Review on transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma: palliative, combined, neoadjuvant, bridging, and symptomatic indications. Eur J Radiol. 2009;72(3):505–16. [PubMed: 18835117]
  42. Popa B, Popiel M, Gulie L, Turculet C, Beuran M. Endovascular treatment of primary hepatic tumours. J Med Life. 2008;1(4):383–9. [PMC free article: PMC3018971] [PubMed: 20108517]
  43. Jones A, Alexander HR Jr. Development of isolated hepatic perfusion for patients who have unresectable hepatic malignancies. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2008;17(4):857–76. x. [PubMed: 18722923]
  44. Skelton MR, O'Neil B. Targeted therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2008;6(3):209–18. [PubMed: 18391920]
  45. Georgiades CS, Hong K, Geschwind JF. Radiofrequency ablation and chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer J. 2008;14(2):117–22. [PubMed: 18391617]
  46. Ibrahim SM, Lewandowski RJ, Sato KT, Gates VL, Kulik L, Mulcahy MF, Ryu RK, Omary RA, Salem R. Radioembolization for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a clinical review. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(11):1664–9. [PMC free article: PMC2695906] [PubMed: 18350597]
  47. Dawson LA. The evolving role of radiation therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Radiother. 2008;12(2):96–101. [PubMed: 18289910]
  48. Kettenbach J, Stadler A, Katzler IV, Schernthaner R, Blum M, Lammer J, Rand T. Drug-loaded microspheres for the treatment of liver cancer: review of current results. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2008;31(3):468–76. [PubMed: 18228095]
  49. Schirmang TC, Dupuy DE. Image-guided thermal ablation of nonresectable hepatic tumors using the Cool-Tip radiofrequency ablation system. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2007;4(6):803–14. [PubMed: 18035946]
  50. Ganeshan A, Upponi S, Hon LQ, Warakaulle D, Uberoi R. Hepatic arterial infusion of chemotherapy: the role of diagnostic and interventional radiology. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(5):847–51. [PubMed: 18029972]
  51. Lencioni R, Crocetti L. Radiofrequency ablation of liver cancer. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;10(1):38–46. [PubMed: 17980317]
  52. Allison C. Yttrium-90 microspheres (TheraSphere and SIR-Spheres) for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Issues Emerg Health Technol. 2007;(102):1–6. [PubMed: 17824141]
  53. Qasmi IM, Saeed F, Bhatti MA. Radiofrequency thermal ablation: imaging guided therapeutic applications. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2007;17(5):303–7. [PubMed: 17553335]
  54. Simon CJ, Dupuy DE, Iannitti DA, Lu DS, Yu NC, Aswad BI, Busuttil RW, Lassman C. Intraoperative triple antenna hepatic microwave ablation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187(4):W333–40. [PubMed: 16985103]
  55. Santambrogio R, Bianchi P, Palmisano A, Donadon M, Moroni E, Montorsi M. Radiofrequency of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis: a critical appraisal of the laparoscopic approach. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2003;22(4 Suppl):251–5. [PubMed: 16767941]
  56. Hong K, Georgiades CS, Geschwind JF. Technology insight: Image-guided therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma--intra-arterial and ablative techniques. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2006;3(6):315–24. [PubMed: 16757969]
  57. Cormier JN, Thomas KT, Chari RS, Pinson CW. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg. 2006;10(5):761–80. [PubMed: 16713550]
  58. Hawkins MA, Dawson LA. Radiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: from palliation to cure. Cancer. 2006;106(8):1653–63. [PubMed: 16541431]
  59. Gish RG. Hepatocellular carcinoma: overcoming challenges in disease management. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(3):252–61. [PubMed: 16527686]
  60. Lin XD, Lin LW. Local injection therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2006;5(1):16–21. [PubMed: 16481276]
  61. Gillams AR. Complications of percutaneous therapy. Cancer Imaging. 2005;5:110–3. [PMC free article: PMC1665234] [PubMed: 16305947]
  62. Staunton M, Dodd JD, McCormick PA, Malone DE. Finding evidence-based answers to practical questions in radiology: which patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma will survive longer after transarterial chemoembolization? Radiology. 2005;237(2):404–13. [PubMed: 16244249]
  63. Akahane M, Koga H, Kato N, Yamada H, Uozumi K, Tateishi R, Teratani T, Shiina S, Ohtomo K. Complications of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepato-cellular carcinoma: imaging spectrum and management. Radiographics. 2005;25(Suppl 1):S57–68. [PubMed: 16227497]
  64. Clark HP, Carson WF, Kavanagh PV, Ho CP, Shen P, Zagoria RJ. Staging and current treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiographics. 2005;25(Suppl 1):S3–23. [PubMed: 16227495]
  65. Ben-Josef E, Lawrence TS. Radiotherapy for unresectable hepatic malignancies. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2005;15(4):273–8. [PubMed: 16183481]
  66. Gannon CJ, Curley SA. The role of focal liver ablation in the treatment of unresectable primary and secondary malignant liver tumors. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2005;15(4):265–72. [PubMed: 16183480]
  67. Ruers TJ, de Jong KP, Ijzermans JN. Radiofrequency for the treatment of liver tumours. Dig Surg. 2005;22(4):245–53. [PubMed: 16174981]
  68. Gillams AR. The use of radiofrequency in cancer. Br J Cancer. 2005;92(10):1825–9. [PMC free article: PMC2361772] [PubMed: 15870717]
  69. Huo TI, Huang YH, Wu JC. Percutaneous ablation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: current practice and future perspectives. J Chin Med Assoc. 2005;68(4):155–9. [PubMed: 15850062]
  70. Ng KK, Poon RT. Radiofrequency ablation for malignant liver tumor. Surg Oncol. 2005;14(1):41–52. [PubMed: 15777889]
  71. Rhim H. Complications of radiofrequency ablation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdom Imaging. 2005;30(4):409–18. [PubMed: 15688113]
  72. Grover A, Alexander HR Jr. The past decade of experience with isolated hepatic perfusion. Oncologist. 2004;9(6):653–64. [PubMed: 15561809]
  73. Reidy DL, Schwartz JD. Therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: review of the randomized clinical trials-I: hepatic arterial embolization and embolization-based therapies in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Anticancer Drugs. 2004;15(5):427–37. [PubMed: 15166616]
  74. Tranberg KG. Percutaneous ablation of liver tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;18(1):125–45. [PubMed: 15123088]
  75. Kokudo N, Makuuchi M. Current role of portal vein embolization/hepatic artery chemoembolization. Surg Clin North Am. 2004;84(2):643–57. [PubMed: 15062666]
  76. Elias D, de Baere T, Sideris L, Ducreux M. Regional chemotherapeutic techniques for liver tumors: current knowledge and future directions. Surg Clin North Am. 2004;84(2):607–25. [PubMed: 15062664]
  77. Subar DA, Sheen AJ, Sherlock DJ. Cryoablation for liver tumors - is there clinical utility? MedGenMed. 2003;5(4):19. [PubMed: 14745366]
  78. Rai R, Manas D. Radiofrequency ablation of unresectable liver tumours. Hosp Med. 2003;64(12):737–9. [PubMed: 14702787]
  79. Llovet JM, Bruix J. Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: meta-analysis of arterial embolization. Radiology. 2004;230(1):300–1. author reply 301-2. PMID: [PubMed: 14695404]
  80. Llovet JM, Burroughs A, Bruix J. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet. 2003;362(9399):1907–17. [PubMed: 14667750]
  81. Pawlik TM, Izzo F, Cohen DS, Morris JS, Curley SA. Combined resection and radiofrequency ablation for advanced hepatic malignancies: results in 172 patients. Ann Surg Oncol. 2003;10(9):1059–69. [PMC free article: PMC7101740] [PubMed: 14597445]
  82. Garcea G, Lloyd TD, Aylott C, Maddern G, Berry DP. The emergent role of focal liver ablation techniques in the treatment of primary and secondary liver tumours. Eur J Cancer. 2003;39(15):2150–64. [PubMed: 14522372]
  83. Qian J, Feng GS, Vogl T. Combined interventional therapies of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9(9):1885–91. [PMC free article: PMC4656637] [PubMed: 12970869]
  84. Keng GH, Sundram FX. Radionuclide therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2003;32(4):518–24. [PubMed: 12968558]
  85. Nikfarjam M, Christophi C. Interstitial laser thermotherapy for liver tumours. Br J Surg. 2003;90(9):1033–47. [PubMed: 12945069]
  86. Geschwind JF, Ramsey DE, Choti MA, Thuluvath PJ, Huncharek MS. Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a metaanalysis. Am J Clin Oncol. 2003;26(4):344–9. [PubMed: 12902882]
  87. Scaife CL, Curley SA. Complication, local recurrence, and survival rates after radiofrequency ablation for hepatic malignancies. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2003;12(1):243–55. [PubMed: 12735142]
  88. Curley SA. Radiofrequency ablation of malignant liver tumors. Ann Surg Oncol. 2003;10(4):338–47. [PubMed: 12734080]
  89. Myers RP. Meta-analysis of transarterial embolization in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology. 2003;227(2):611–2. author reply 612-3. PMID: [PubMed: 12732709]
  90. Yu AS, Keeffe EB. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 2003;3(1):8–24. [PubMed: 12684589]
  91. Llovet JM, Bruix J. Systematic review of randomized trials for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Chemoembolization improves survival. Hepatology. 2003;37(2):429–42. [PubMed: 12540794]
  92. Ramsey DE, Geschwind JF. Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma--what to tell the skeptics: review and meta-analysis. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;5(3):122–6. [PubMed: 12524642]
  93. Geschwind JF. Chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: where does the truth lie? J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;13(10):991–4. [PubMed: 12397119]
  94. Salem R, Thurston KG, Carr BI, Goin JE, Geschwind JF. Yttrium-90 microspheres: radiation therapy for unresectable liver cancer. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;13(9 Pt 2):S223–9. [PubMed: 12354840]
  95. Ramsey DE, Kernagis LY, Soulen MC, Geschwind JF. Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;13(9 Pt 2):S211–21. [PubMed: 12354839]
  96. Kountouras J, Boura P, Kouklakis G. Locoregional immunochemotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;49(46):1109–12. [PubMed: 12143214]
  97. Camma C, Schepis F, Orlando A, Albanese M, Shahied L, Trevisani F, Andreone P, Craxi A, Cottone M. Transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Radiology. 2002;224(1):47–54. [PubMed: 12091661]
  98. Liu LX, Jiang HC, Piao DX. Radiofrequence ablation of liver cancers. World J Gastroenterol. 2002;8(3):393–9. [PMC free article: PMC4656408] [PubMed: 12046057]
  99. Teramoto K, Kawamura T, Okamoto H, Hara Y, Takamatsu S, Iwai T, Arii S. Percutaneous transhepatic lymphography method to image and treat intra-abdominal lymph node metastasis in patients with unresectable hepatobiliary pancreatic cancer. Surgery. 2002;131(5):529–33. [PubMed: 12019406]
  100. Ku Y, Tominaga M, Iwasaki T, Fukumoto T, Kuroda Y. Isolated hepatic perfusion chemotherapy for unresectable malignant hepatic tumors. Int J Clin Oncol. 2002;7(2):82–90. [PubMed: 12018114]
  101. Curley SA, Izzo F. Radiofrequency ablation of primary and metastatic hepatic malignancies. Int J Clin Oncol. 2002;7(2):72–81. [PubMed: 12018113]
  102. Curley SA, Izzo F. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Minerva Chir. 2002;57(2):165–76. [PubMed: 11941292]
  103. Allgaier HP, Galandi D, Zuber I, Blum HE. Radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis. 2001;19(4):301–10. [PubMed: 11935090]
  104. Teo EK, Fock KM. Hepatocellular carcinoma: an Asian perspective. Dig Dis. 2001;19(4):263–8. [PubMed: 11935085]
  105. Tang ZY. Hepatocellular carcinoma--cause, treatment and metastasis. World J Gastroenterol. 2001;7(4):445–54. [PMC free article: PMC4688653] [PubMed: 11819809]
  106. Lim HK. Radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinomas. Korean J Radiol. 2000;1(4):175–84. [PMC free article: PMC2718198] [PubMed: 11752952]
  107. Georgiades CS, Ramsey DE, Solomon S, Geschwind JF. New nonsurgical therapies in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2001;4(3):193–9. [PubMed: 11748557]
  108. Wakabayashi H, Ishimura K, Okano K, Izuishi K, Karasawa Y, Goda F, Maeba T, Maeta H. Is preoperative portal vein embolization effective in improving prognosis after major hepatic resection in patients with advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma? Cancer. 2001;92(9):2384–90. [PubMed: 11745294]
  109. Towu E, Boxer G, Begent R, Zweit J, Spitz L, Hobbs K, Winslet M. In-vitro uptake of radioactive lipiodol I-131 and I-125 by hepatoblastoma: implications for targeted radiotherapy. Pediatr Surg Int. 2001;17(8):609–13. [PubMed: 11727050]
  110. Favoulet P, Cercueil JP, Faure P, Osmak L, Isambert N, Beltramo JL, Cognet F, Krause D, Bedenne L, Chauffert B. Increased cytotoxicity and stability of Lipiodol-pirarubicin emulsion compared to classical doxorubicin-Lipiodol: potential advantage for chemoembolization of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Anticancer Drugs. 2001;12(10):801–6. [PubMed: 11707647]
  111. Barnett CC Jr., Curley SA. Ablative techniques for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Oncol. 2001;28(5):487–96. [PubMed: 11685741]
  112. Izzo F, Barnett CC Jr., Curley SA. Radiofrequency ablation of primary and metastatic malignant liver tumors. Adv Surg. 2001;35:225–50. [PubMed: 11579813]
  113. Moroz P, Jones SK, Gray BN. Status of hyperthermia in the treatment of advanced liver cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2001;77(4):259–69. [PubMed: 11473375]
  114. Trevisani F, De Notariis S, Rossi C, Bernardi M. Randomized control trials on chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: is there room for new studies? J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001;32(5):383–9. [PubMed: 11319307]
  115. Curley SA. Radiofrequency ablation of malignant liver tumors. Oncologist. 2001;6(1):14–23. [PubMed: 11161225]
  116. Nakamoto T, Inagawa H, Takagi K, Soma G. A new method of antitumor therapy with a high dose of TNF perfusion for unresectable liver tumors. Anticancer Res. 2000;20(6A):4087–96. [PubMed: 11131677]
  117. Alexander HR Jr., Bartlett DL, Libutti SK. Current status of isolated hepatic perfusion with or without tumor necrosis factor for the treatment of unresectable cancers confined to liver. Oncologist. 2000;5(5):416–24. [PubMed: 11040278]
  118. Ishikawa M, Yogita S, Miyake H, Fukuda Y, Harada M, Wada D, Tashiro S. Hepatocellular carcinoma effectively treated by intravenous infusion of cisplatin. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2000;7(2):218–21. [PubMed: 10982617]
  119. Wallace S, Kan Z, Li C. Hepatic chemoembolization: clinical and experimental correlation. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2000;63(2):169–73. [PubMed: 10925454]
  120. Feng M, Ben-Josef E. Radiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2011;21(4):271–7. [PubMed: 21939856]
  121. Sato K, Mori M. Evolving Molecular Mechanism-Based Strategies for Control of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Curr Med Chem. 2011 [PubMed: 21861817]
  122. Miyayama S, Yamashiro M, Hattori Y, Orito N, Matsui K, Tsuji K, Yoshida M, Matsui O. Efficacy of cone-beam computed tomography during transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn J Radiol. 2011;29(6):371–7. [PubMed: 21786092]
  123. Cao H, Xu Z, Long H, Zhang LL, Zhang J, Peng ZP, Li SL. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in combination with high-intensity focused ultrasound for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the chinese literature. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2011;37(7):1009–16. [PubMed: 21640479]
  124. Sangro B, D'Avola D, Inarrairaegui M, Prieto J. Transarterial therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011;12(7):1057–73. [PubMed: 21470073]
  125. Hoffmann RT, Paprottka PM, Schon A, Bamberg F, Haug A, Durr EM, Rauch B, Trumm CT, Jakobs TF, Helmberger TK, Reiser MF, Kolligs FT. Transarterial Hepatic Yttrium-90 Radioembolization in Patients with Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Factors Associated with Prolonged Survival. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2011 [PubMed: 21431970]
  126. Goffredo V, Paradiso A, Ranieri G, Gadaleta CD. Yttrium-90 ((90)Y) in the principal radionuclide therapies: An efficacy correlation between peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, radioimmunotherapy and transarterial radioembolization therapy. Ten years of experience (1999-2009). Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2011 [PubMed: 21388824]
  127. Lord R, Suddle A, Ross PJ. Emerging strategies in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: the role of targeted therapies. Int J Clin Pract. 2011;65(2):182–8. [PubMed: 21235699]
  128. Coldwell D, Sangro B, Salem R, Wasan H, Kennedy A. Radioembolization in the Treatment of Unresectable Liver Tumors: Experience Across a Range of Primary Cancers. Am J Clin Oncol. 2010 [PubMed: 21127414]
  129. Lau WY, Kennedy AS, Kim YH, Lai HK, Lee RC, Leung TW, Liu CS, Salem R, Sangro B, Shuter B, Wang SC. Patient Selection and Activity Planning Guide for Selective Internal Radiotherapy with Yttrium-90 Resin Microspheres. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 [PubMed: 20950954]
  130. Lau WY, Lai EC, Leung TW. Current role of selective internal irradiation with yttrium-90 microspheres in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;81(2):460–7. [PubMed: 20888138]
  131. Lencioni R, Marrero J, Venook A, Ye SL, Kudo M. Design and rationale for the non-interventional Global Investigation of Therapeutic DEcisions in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Of its Treatment with Sorafenib (GIDEON) study. Int J Clin Pract. 2010;64(8):1034–41. [PMC free article: PMC2905618] [PubMed: 20642705]
  132. Gish RG, Marrero JA, Benson AB. A multidisciplinary approach to the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2010;6(3 Suppl 6):1–16. [PMC free article: PMC2886473] [PubMed: 20567570]
  133. Carter S, Martin Ii RC. Drug-eluting bead therapy in primary and metastatic disease of the liver. HPB (Oxford). 2009;11(7):541–50. [PMC free article: PMC2785948] [PubMed: 20495705]
  134. Mojtahedi A, Yang X, Goswami GK. Embolotherapy in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2008;25(3):234–41. [PMC free article: PMC3036440] [PubMed: 21326513]
  135. Al-Kalbani A, Kamel Y. Y-90 microshperes in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(2):90–2. [PMC free article: PMC2702899] [PubMed: 19568509]
  136. Sundram F. Radionuclide therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Imaging Interv J. 2006;2(3):e40. [PMC free article: PMC3097631] [PubMed: 21614248]
  137. Lewandowski RJ, Salem R. Yttrium-90 radioembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic disease to the liver. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2006;23(1):64–72. [PMC free article: PMC3036309] [PubMed: 21326721]

Level 4, Form Full-Text Screening

  1. Helmberger T, Dogan S, Straub G, Schrader A, Jungst C, Reiser M, Waggershauser T, Jakobs T, Hoffmann RT, Lohe F, Graeb C, Rau HG, Schauer R, Jauch KW, Caselmann WH, Goke B, Jungst D. Liver resection or combined chemoembolization and radiofrequency ablation improve survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Digestion. 2007;75(2-3):104–12. [PubMed: 17598962]
  2. Lencioni RA, Allgaier HP, Cioni D, Olschewski M, Deibert P, Crocetti L, Frings H, Laubenberger J, Zuber I, Blum HE, Bartolozzi C. Small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: randomized comparison of radio-frequency thermal ablation versus percutaneous ethanol injection. Radiology. 2003;228(1):235–40. [PubMed: 12759473]
  3. Nicolini A, Martinetti L, Crespi S, Maggioni M, Sangiovanni A. Transarterial chemoembolization with epirubicin-eluting beads versus transarterial embolization before liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010;21(3):327–32. [PubMed: 20097098]
  4. Salem R, Lewandowski RJ, Kulik L, Wang E, Riaz A, Ryu RK, Sato KT, Gupta R, Nikolaidis P, Miller FH, Yaghmai V, Ibrahim SM, Senthilnathan S, Baker T, Gates VL, Atassi B, Newman S, Memon K, Chen R, Vogelzang RL, Nemcek AA, Resnick SA, Chrisman HB, Carr J, Omary RA, Abecassis M, Benson AB 3rd, Mulcahy MF. Radioembolization results in longer time-to-progression and reduced toxicity compared with chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(2):497–507 e2. [PMC free article: PMC3129335] [PubMed: 21044630]
  5. Shibata T, Iimuro Y, Yamamoto Y, Maetani Y, Ametani F, Itoh K, Konishi J. Small hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of radio-frequency ablation and percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy. Radiology. 2002;223(2):331–7. [PubMed: 11997534]
  6. Shiina S, Teratani T, Obi S, Sato S, Tateishi R, Fujishima T, Ishikawa T, Koike Y, Yoshida H, Kawabe T, Omata M. A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency ablation with ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2005;129(1):122–30. [PubMed: 16012942]
  7. Yamasaki T, Kurokawa F, Shirahashi H, Kusano N, Hironaka K, Okita K. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma during occlusion of hepatic blood flow. Comparison with standard percutaneous radiofrequency ablation therapy. Cancer. 2002;95(11):2353–60. [PubMed: 12436442]
  8. Bruls S, Joskin J, Chauveau R, Delwaide J, Meunier P. Ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma following transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. JBR-BTR. 2011;94(2):68–70. [PubMed: 21699037]
  9. Kuo YC, Chiu YM, Shih WP, Yu HW, Chen CW, Wong PF, Lin WC, Hwang JJ. Volumetric intensity-modulated Arc (RapidArc) therapy for primary hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison with intensity-modulated radiotherapy and 3-D conformal radiotherapy. Radiat Oncol. 2011;6:76. [PMC free article: PMC3138395] [PubMed: 21693003]
  10. He Q, Liu Y, Zou Q, Guan YS. Transarterial injection of H101 in combination with chemoembolization overcomes recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(18):2353–5. [PMC free article: PMC3098405] [PubMed: 21633603]
  11. Zanus G, Boetto R, Gringeri E, Vitale A, D'Amico F, Carraro A, Bassi D, Bonsignore P, Noaro G, Mescoli C, Rugge M, Angeli P, Senzolo M, Burra P, Feltracco P, Cillo U. Microwave thermal ablation for hepatocarcinoma: six liver transplantation cases. Transplant Proc. 2011;43(4):1091–4. [PubMed: 21620060]
  12. O'Doherty J, Scuffham J, Hinton P. The importance of scatter correction for the assessment of lung shunting prior to yttrium-90 radioembolization therapy. Nucl Med Commun. 2011;32(7):628–34. [PubMed: 21540757]
  13. Huang ZL, Luo J, Chen MS, Li JQ, Shi M. Blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts survival in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing transarterial chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2011;22(5):702–9. [PubMed: 21514523]
  14. Vogl TJ, Nour-Eldin NE, Emad-Eldin S, Naguib NN, Trojan J, Ackermann H, Abdelaziz O. Portal vein thrombosis and arterioportal shunts: effects on tumor response after chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(10):1267–75. [PMC free article: PMC3068261] [PubMed: 21455325]
  15. Wiggermann P, Sieron D, Brosche C, Brauer T, Scheer F, Platzek I, Wawrzynek W, Stroszczynski C. Transarterial Chemoembolization of Child-A hepatocellular carcinoma: drug-eluting bead TACE (DEB TACE) vs. TACE with cisplatin/lipiodol (cTACE). Med Sci Monit. 2011;17(4):CR189–95. [PMC free article: PMC3539521] [PubMed: 21455104]
  16. Carr BI, Irish W, Federle MP. Chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with or without portal vein thrombosis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2010;57(104):1375–81. [PubMed: 21443089]
  17. Jin B, Wang D, Lewandowski RJ, Riaz A, Ryu RK, Sato KT, Larson AC, Salem R, Omary RA. Chemoembolization endpoints: effect on survival among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196(4):919–28. [PMC free article: PMC3157291] [PubMed: 21427346]
  18. Joh DH, Kim JD, Kim YN, Song HH, Kim H, Song KH, Lee SJ, Lee JR, Jeon WJ, Cha BH. A case of hepatocellular carcinoma in the caudate lobe successfully treated by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization using drug-eluting beads. Korean J Hepatol. 2010;16(4):405–9. [PMC free article: PMC3304613] [PubMed: 21415586]
  19. Kim HY, Kim JD, Bae SH, Park JY, Han KH, Woo HY, Choi JY, Yoon SK, Jang BK, Hwang JS, Kim SG, Kim YS, Seo YS, Yim HJ, Um SH. A comparative study of high-dose hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy and transarterial chemoembolization using doxorubicin for intractable, advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Korean J Hepatol. 2010;16(4):355–61. [PMC free article: PMC3304604] [PubMed: 21415578]
  20. Yodono H, Matsuo K, Shinohara A. A retrospective comparative study of epirubicin-lipiodol emulsion and cisplatin-lipiodol suspension for use with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Anticancer Drugs. 2011;22(3):277–82. [PubMed: 21360850]
  21. Bush DA, Kayali Z, Grove R, Slater JD. The safety and efficacy of high-dose proton beam radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase 2 prospective trial. Cancer. 2011;117(13):3053–9. [PubMed: 21264826]
  22. Daniels JR. Overall survival after transarterial lipiodol infusion chemotherapy with or without embolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: propensity score analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196(2):W220. [PubMed: 21257869]
  23. Shimohira M, Ogino H, Kawai T, Kushita A, Watanabe M, Kawaguchi T, Kurono K, Shibamoto Y. Use of the triaxial microcatheter method in super-selective transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Radiol. 2011;84(998):184–7. [PMC free article: PMC3473862] [PubMed: 21257838]
  24. Kim HC, Chung JW, An S, Seong NJ, Son KR, Jae HJ, Park JH. Transarterial chemoembolization of a colic branch of the superior mesenteric artery in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2011;22(1):47–54. [PubMed: 21195900]
  25. Xu LT, Zhou ZH, Lin JH, Chen Z, Wang K, Wang P, Zhu XY, Shen YH, Meng ZQ, Liu LM. Clinical study of transarterial chemoembolization combined with 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2011;37(3):245–51. [PubMed: 21195578]
  26. Poggi G, Pozzi E, Riccardi A, Tonini S, Montagna B, Quaretti P, Tagliaferri B, Sottotetti F, Baiardi P, Pagella C, Minoia C, Bernardo G. Complications of image-guided transcatheter hepatic chemoembolization of primary and secondary tumours of the liver. Anticancer Res. 2010;30(12):5159–64. [PubMed: 21187505]
  27. Holt A, Wagman LD, Senthil M, McKenzie S, Marx H, Chen YJ, Vora N, Kim J. Transarterial radioembolization with Yttrium-90 for regional management of hepatocellular cancer: the early results of a nontransplant center. Am Surg. 2010;76(10):1079–83. [PubMed: 21105614]
  28. Russell JS, Sawhney R, Monto A, Nanavati S, Davoren JB, Aslam R, Corvera CU. Periprocedural complications by Child-Pugh class in patients undergoing transcatheter arterial embolization or chemoembolization to treat unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma at a VA medical center. Am J Surg. 2010;200(5):659–64. [PubMed: 21056149]
  29. Yang CW, Yen HH, Su WW, Chen YY, Soon MS. Profound transient thrombocytopenia associated with 90Yttrium microsphere therapy for inoperable hepatoma. South Med J. 2010;103(12):1264–8. [PubMed: 21037524]
  30. Park MK, Gwak GY, Lim do H, Choo SW, Choi MS, Lee JH, Koh KC, Paik SW, Yoo BC. The efficacy of combined transarterial chemoembolization and 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with main portal vein thrombosis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2010;57(101):801–6. [PubMed: 21033233]
  31. Luo J, Guo RP, Lai EC, Zhang YJ, Lau WY, Chen MS, Shi M. Transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis: a prospective comparative study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18(2):413–20. [PubMed: 20839057]
  32. Jin C, Qian N, Zhao W, Yang W, Bai L, Wu H, Wang M, Song W, Dou K. Improved therapeutic effect of DOX-PLGA-PEG micelles decorated with bivalent fragment HAb18 F(ab')(2) for hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomacromolecules. 2010;11(9):2422–31. [PubMed: 20831277]
  33. Rusthoven KE, Hasselle MD. SBRT for unresectable HCC: a familiar tune? J Surg Oncol. 2010;102(3):207–8. [PubMed: 20740575]
  34. Strigari L, Sciuto R, Rea S, Carpanese L, Pizzi G, Soriani A, Iaccarino G, Benassi M, Ettorre GM, Maini CL. Efficacy and toxicity related to treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with 90Y-SIR spheres: radiobiologic considerations. J Nucl Med. 2010;51(9):1377–85. [PubMed: 20720056]
  35. Omed A, Lawrance JA, Murphy G, Laasch HU, Wilson G, Illidge T, Tipping J, Zivanovic M, Jeans S. A retrospective analysis of selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) with yttrium-90 microspheres in patients with unresectable hepatic malignancies. Clin Radiol. 2010;65(9):720–8. [PubMed: 20696299]
  36. Takayasu K. Chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan. Oncology. 2010;78(Suppl 1):135–41. [PubMed: 20616596]
  37. Kawaoka T, Aikata H, Katamura Y, Takaki S, Waki K, Hiramatsu A, Takahashi S, Hieda M, Kakizawa H, Chayama K. Hypersensitivity reactions to transcatheter chemoembolization with cisplatin and Lipiodol suspension for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010;21(8):1219–25. [PubMed: 20619676]
  38. Kawashima M, Kohno R, Nakachi K, Nishio T, Mitsunaga S, Ikeda M, Konishi M, Takahashi S, Gotohda N, Arahira S, Zenda S, Ogino T, Kinoshita T. Dose-volume histogram analysis of the safety of proton beam therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;79(5):1479–86. [PubMed: 20605350]
  39. Inarrairaegui M, Thurston KG, Bilbao JI, D'Avola D, Rodriguez M, Arbizu J, Martinez-Cuesta A, Sangro B. Radioembolization with use of yttrium-90 resin microspheres in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010;21(8):1205–12. [PubMed: 20598574]
  40. Miyayama S, Yamashiro M, Okuda M, Yoshie Y, Sugimori N, Igarashi S, Nakashima Y, Notsumata K, Toya D, Tanaka N, Mitsui T, Matsui O. Chemoembolization for the treatment of large hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010;21(8):1226–34. [PubMed: 20598571]
  41. Dhanasekaran R, Kooby DA, Staley CA, Kauh JS, Khanna V, Kim HS. Prognostic factors for survival in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing chemoembolization with doxorubicin drug-eluting beads: a preliminary study. HPB (Oxford). 2010;12(3):174–80. [PMC free article: PMC2889269] [PubMed: 20590884]
  42. Chua TC, Chu F, Butler SP, Quinn RJ, Glenn D, Liauw W, Morris DL. Intra-arterial iodine-131-lipiodol for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2010;116(17):4069–77. [PubMed: 20564150]
  43. Nagamatsu H, Hiraki M, Mizukami N, Yoshida H, Iwamoto H, Sumie S, Torimura T, Sata M. Intra-arterial therapy with cisplatin suspension in lipiodol and 5-fluorouracil for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumour thrombosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32(4):543–50. [PubMed: 20500734]
  44. Hsieh CH, Liu CY, Shueng PW, Chong NS, Chen CJ, Chen MJ, Lin CC, Wang TE, Lin SC, Tai HC, Tien HJ, Chen KH, Wang LY, Hsieh YP, Huang DY, Chen YJ. Comparison of coplanar and noncoplanar intensity-modulated radiation therapy and helical tomotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiat Oncol. 2010;5:40. [PMC free article: PMC2881007] [PubMed: 20492727]
  45. Chang CJ, Hou MC, Tseng HS, Liao WC, Lin HC, Lee SD. Bleeding gastric ulcer after prophylactic coiling of transarterial chemoembolization. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;44(8):588–91. [PubMed: 20453659]
  46. Miura H, Yamagami T, Terayama K, Yoshimatsu R, Matsumoto T, Nishimura T. Pneumothorax induced by radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma beneath the diaphragm under real-time computed tomography-fluoroscopic guidance. Acta Radiol. 2010;51(6):613–8. [PubMed: 20429761]
  47. Riaz A, Gates VL, Atassi B, Lewandowski RJ, Mulcahy MF, Ryu RK, Sato KT, Baker T, Kulik L, Gupta R, Abecassis M, Benson AB 3rd, Omary R, Millender L, Kennedy A, Salem R. Radiation segmentectomy: a novel approach to increase safety and efficacy of radioembolization. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;79(1):163–71. [PubMed: 20421150]
  48. Zhang JW, Feng XY, Liu HQ, Yao ZW, Yang YM, Liu B, Yu YQ. CT volume measurement for prognostic evaluation of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma after TACE. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(16):2038–45. [PMC free article: PMC2860083] [PubMed: 20419843]
  49. Ayav A, Germain A, Marchal F, Tierris I, Laurent V, Bazin C, Yuan Y, Robert L, Brunaud L, Bresler L. Radiofrequency ablation of unresectable liver tumors: factors associated with incomplete ablation or local recurrence. Am J Surg. 2010;200(4):435–9. [PubMed: 20409524]
  50. Sawrie SM, Fiveash JB, Caudell JJ. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for liver metastases and primary hepatocellular carcinoma: normal tissue tolerances and toxicity. Cancer Control. 2010;17(2):111–9. [PubMed: 20404794]
  51. Komatsu S, Hori Y, Fukumoto T, Murakami M, Hishikawa Y, Ku Y. Surgical spacer placement and proton radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(14):1800–3. [PMC free article: PMC2852832] [PubMed: 20380016]
  52. Glazer ES, Piccirillo M, Albino V, Di Giacomo R, Palaia R, Mastro AA, Beneduce G, Castello G, De Rosa V, Petrillo A, Ascierto PA, Curley SA, Izzo F. Phase II study of pegylated arginine deiminase for nonresectable and metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(13):2220–6. [PubMed: 20351325]
  53. Yoon HJ, Kim JH, Kim KA, Lee IS, Ko GY, Song HY, Gwon DI. Transcatheter arterial chemo-lipiodol infusion for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in 96 high-risk patients. Clin Radiol. 2010;65(4):271–7. [PubMed: 20338393]
  54. Ozenne V, Paradis V, Pernot S, Castelnau C, Vullierme MP, Bouattour M, Valla D, Farges O, Degos F. Tolerance and outcome of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;22(9):1106–10. [PubMed: 20300004]
  55. D'Avola D, Lnarrairaegui M, Bilbao JI, Martinez-Cuesta A, Alegre F, Herrero JI, Quiroga J, Prieto J, Sangro B. A retrospective comparative analysis of the effect of Y90-radioembolization on the survival of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2009;56(96):1683–8. [PubMed: 20214218]
  56. Dhanasekaran R, Kooby DA, Staley CA, Kauh JS, Khanna V, Kim HS. Comparison of conventional transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and chemoembolization with doxorubicin drug eluting beads (DEB) for unresectable hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC). J Surg Oncol. 2010;101(6):476–80. [PubMed: 20213741]
  57. Case RB, Moseley DJ, Sonke JJ, Eccles CL, Dinniwell RE, Kim J, Bezjak A, Milosevic M, Brock KK, Dawson LA. Interfraction and intrafraction changes in amplitude of breathing motion in stereotactic liver radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;77(3):918–25. [PubMed: 20207501]
  58. Son SH, Choi BO, Ryu MR, Kang YN, Jang JS, Bae SH, Yoon SK, Choi IB, Kang KM, Jang HS. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for patients with unresectable primary hepatocellular carcinoma: dose-volumetric parameters predicting the hepatic complication. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;78(4):1073–80. [PubMed: 20207492]
  59. Koeberle D, Montemurro M, Samaras P, Majno P, Simcock M, Limacher A, Lerch S, Kovacs K, Inauen R, Hess V, Saletti P, Borner M, Roth A, Bodoky G. Continuous Sunitinib treatment in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK) and Swiss Association for the Study of the Liver (SASL) multicenter phase II trial (SAKK 77/06). Oncologist. 2010;15(3):285–92. [PMC free article: PMC3227954] [PubMed: 20203173]
  60. Nagai H, Matsui T, Kanayama M, Momiyama K, Shizawa K, Wakui N, Shinohara M, Watanabe M, Iida K, Ishii K, Igarashi Y, Sumino Y. Hepatotoxicity of intra-arterial combination chemotherapy in patients with liver cirrhosis and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010;66(6):1123–9. [PubMed: 20180123]
  61. Takayasu K, Arii S, Ikai I, Kudo M, Matsuyama Y, Kojiro M, Makuuchi M. Overall survival after transarterial lipiodol infusion chemotherapy with or without embolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: propensity score analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194(3):830–7. [PubMed: 20173167]
  62. Poston GJ. Transarterial chemoembolization using doxorubicin beads for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Onkologie. 2010;33(1-2):5–6. [PubMed: 20164653]
  63. Chan WS, Poon WL, Cho DH, Chiu SS, Luk SH. Transcatheter embolisation of intrahepatic arteriovenous shunts in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hong Kong Med J. 2010;16(1):48–55. [PubMed: 20124574]
  64. Sinakos E, Dedes I, Papalavrentios L, Drevelegas A, Akriviadis E. Safety of transarterial chemoembolization plus sorafenib combination treatment in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2010;45(4):511–2. [PubMed: 20113152]
  65. Moschouris H, Malagari K, Papadaki MG, Kornezos I, Matsaidonis D. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of hepatocellular carcinoma after chemoembolisation using drug-eluting beads: a pilot study focused on sustained tumor necrosis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2010;33(5):1022–7. [PubMed: 20101403]
  66. Shi M, Chen JA, Lin XJ, Guo RP, Yuan YF, Chen MS, Zhang YQ, Li JQ. Transarterial chemoembolization as initial treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in southern China. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(2):264–9. [PMC free article: PMC2806567] [PubMed: 20066748]
  67. Skalicky T, Treska V, Sutnar A, Liska V, Duras P, Slauf F. Chemo-embolization of inoperable liver tumors. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2010;111(12):676–9. [PubMed: 21384740]
  68. Kooby DA, Egnatashvili V, Srinivasan S, Chamsuddin A, Delman KA, Kauh J, Staley CA 3rd, Kim HS. Comparison of yttrium-90 radioembolization and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010;21(2):224–30. [PubMed: 20022765]
  69. Hashim M, Salem AA. Simultaneous treatment of unresectable hepatocelluar carcinoma and hepatic artery aneurysm, case report. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2010;41(1):13–6. [PubMed: 20020225]
  70. Reyes DK, Vossen JA, Kamel IR, Azad NS, Wahlin TA, Torbenson MS, Choti MA, Geschwind JF. Single-center phase II trial of transarterial chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: initial experience in the United States. Cancer J. 2009;15(6):526–32. [PMC free article: PMC4390059] [PubMed: 20010173]
  71. Bonomo G, Pedicini V, Monfardini L, Della Vigna P, Poretti D, Orgera G, Orsi F. Bland embolization in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma using precise, tightly size-calibrated, anti-inflammatory microparticles: first clinical experience and one-year follow-up. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2010;33(3):552–9. [PubMed: 19957182]
  72. Gomes AS, Rosove MH, Rosen PJ, Amado RG, Sayre JW, Monteleone PA, Busuttil RW. Triple-drug transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: assessment of survival in 124 consecutive patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(6):1665–71. [PubMed: 19933662]
  73. Fleming CJ, Andrews JC, Wiseman GA, Gansen DN, Roberts LR. Hepatic vein tumor thrombus as a risk factor for excessive pulmonary deposition of microspheres during TheraSphere therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009;20(11):1460–3. [PubMed: 19875064]
  74. Okusaka T, Kasugai H, Shioyama Y, Tanaka K, Kudo M, Saisho H, Osaki Y, Sata M, Fujiyama S, Kumada T, Sato K, Yamamoto S, Hinotsu S, Sato T. Transarterial chemotherapy alone versus transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized phase III trial. J Hepatol. 2009;51(6):1030–6. [PubMed: 19864035]
  75. Yip WM, Hung HG, Lok KH, Li KF, Li KK, Szeto ML. Outcome of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma patients receiving transarterial chemoembolisation: a real-life retrospective analysis in a Hong Kong regional hospital. Hong Kong Med J. 2009;15(5):339–45. [PubMed: 19801690]
  76. Laspas F, Sotiropoulou E, Mylona S, Manataki A, Tsagouli P, Tsangaridou I, Thanos L. Computed tomography-guided radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment efficacy and complications. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2009;18(3):323–8. [PubMed: 19795027]
  77. Yu Y, Lang QB, Chen Z, Li B, Yu CQ, Zhu DZ, Huang XQ, Zhai XF, Ling CQ. Prognostic analysis of transarterial chemoembolization combined with a traditional Chinese herbal medicine formula for treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Chin Med J (Engl). 2009;122(17):1990–5. [PubMed: 19781383]
  78. Lai YL, Chang WC, Kuo WH, Huang TY, Chu HC, Hsieh TY, Chang WK. An unusual complication following transarterial chemoembolization: acute myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2010;33(1):196–200. [PubMed: 19730938]
  79. Martin RC, Scoggins CR, McMasters KM. Safety and efficacy of microwave ablation of hepatic tumors: a prospective review of a 5-year experience. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17(1):171–8. [PubMed: 19707829]
  80. Rathore R, Safran H, Soares G, Dubel G, McNulty B, Ahn S, Iannitti D, Kennedy T. Phase I study of hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin in advanced hepatocellular cancer: a brown university oncology group study. Am J Clin Oncol. 2010;33(1):43–6. [PubMed: 19687731]
  81. Yu Y, Lang Q, Chen Z, Li B, Yu C, Zhu D, Zhai X, Ling C. The efficacy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma may be improved by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in combination with a traditional Chinese herbal medicine formula: a retrospective study. Cancer. 2009;115(22):5132–8. [PubMed: 19672999]
  82. McIntosh A, Hagspiel KD, Al-Osaimi AM, Northup P, Caldwell S, Berg C, Angle JF, Argo C, Weiss G, Rich TA. Accelerated treatment using intensity-modulated radiation therapy plus concurrent capecitabine for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2009;115(21):5117–25. [PubMed: 19642177]
  83. Meijerink MR, van den Tol P, van Tilborg AA, van Waesberghe JH, Meijer S, van Kuijk C. Radiofrequency ablation of large size liver tumours using novel plan-parallel expandable bipolar electrodes: initial clinical experience. Eur J Radiol. 2011;77(1):167–71. [PubMed: 19616911]
  84. Yamashita Y, Taketomi A, Itoh S, Harimoto N, Morita K, Fukuhara T, Ueda S, Sanefuji K, Sugimachi K, Tajima T, Maehara Y. Phase I/II study of the lipiodolization using DDP-H (CDDP powder; IA-call((R))) in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010;65(2):301–7. [PubMed: 19495755]
  85. Jarnagin WR, Schwartz LH, Gultekin DH, Gonen M, Haviland D, Shia J, D'Angelica M, Fong Y, Dematteo R, Tse A, Blumgart LH, Kemeny N. Regional chemotherapy for unresectable primary liver cancer: results of a phase II clinical trial and assessment of DCE-MRI as a biomarker of survival. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(9):1589–95. [PMC free article: PMC2731015] [PubMed: 19491285]
  86. Li M, Lu C, Cheng J, Zhang J, Cao C, Xu J, Pan H, Zhong B, Tucker S, Wang D. Combination therapy with transarterial chemoembolization and interferon-alpha compared with transarterial chemoembolization alone for hepatitis B virus related unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24(8):1437–44. [PubMed: 19486255]
  87. Hiraoka A, Horiike N, Yamashita Y, Koizumi Y, Doi H, Yamamoto Y, Ichikawa S, Hasebe A, Yano M, Miyamoto Y, Ninomiya T, Ootani H, Takamura K, Kawasaki H, Otomi Y, Kogame M, Sogabe I, Ishimaru Y, Kashihara K, Miyagawa M, Hirooka M, Hiasa Y, Matsuura B, Michitaka K, Onji M. Risk factors for death in 224 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Hepatogastroenterology. 2009;56(89):213–7. [PubMed: 19453060]
  88. Wang CY, Leung SW, Wang JH, Yu PC, Wang CC. Delayed spontaneous hepatogastric fistula formation following transcatheter arterial embolisation and radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Radiol. 2009;82(978):e105–7. [PubMed: 19451307]
  89. Marelli L, Shusang V, Buscombe JR, Cholongitas E, Stigliano R, Davies N, Tibballs J, Patch D, Meyer T, Burroughs AK. Transarterial injection of (131)I-lipiodol, compared with chemoembolization, in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular cancer. J Nucl Med. 2009;50(6):871–7. [PubMed: 19443599]
  90. Kim JH, Yoon HK, Kim SY, Kim KM, Ko GY, Gwon DI, Sung KB. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization vs. chemoinfusion for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with major portal vein thrombosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;29(12):1291–8. [PubMed: 19392861]
  91. Woodall CE, Scoggins CR, Ellis SF, Tatum CM, Hahl MJ, Ravindra KV, McMasters KM, Martin RC 2nd. Is selective internal radioembolization safe and effective for patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma and venous thrombosis? J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208(3):375–82. [PubMed: 19317999]
  92. Ueno S, Sakoda M, Kubo F, Hiwatashi K, Tateno T, Baba Y, Hasegawa S, Tsubouchi H. Surgical resection versus radiofrequency ablation for small hepatocellular carcinomas within the Milan criteria. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2009;16(3):359–66. [PubMed: 19300896]
  93. Kielstein JT, Hesse G, Bahr MJ, Tsikas D, Terkamp C, Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Manns MP, Haller H, Panning B, Bode-Boger SM, Gebel M. Procedure-related pulmonary hypertension in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing percutaneous ethanol injection--role of ethanol, hemolysis, asymmetric dimethylarginine, and the nitric oxide system. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(4):1483–5. [PubMed: 19242353]
  94. Murata S, Tajima H, Nakazawa K, Onozawa S, Kumita S, Nomura K. Initial experience of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization during portal vein occlusion for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with marked arterioportal shunts. Eur Radiol. 2009;19(8):2016–23. [PubMed: 19238387]
  95. Tse AN, Wu N, Patel D, Haviland D, Kemeny N. A phase I study of gemcitabine given via intrahepatic pump for primary or metastatic hepatic malignancies. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009;64(5):935–44. [PubMed: 19221752]
  96. Poggi G, Quaretti P, Minoia C, Bernardo G, Bonora MR, Gaggeri R, Ronchi A, Saluzzo CM, Azzaretti A, Rodolico G, Montagna M, Amatu A, Teragni C, Palumbo I, Traverso E, Tonini S, Villani L, Scelsi M, Baiardi P, Felisi MG, Sottotetti F, Tagliaferri B, Riccardi A. Transhepatic arterial chemoembolization with oxaliplatin-eluting microspheres (OEM-TACE) for unresectable hepatic tumors. Anticancer Res. 2008;28(6B):3835–42. [PubMed: 19192637]
  97. Kamel IR, Liapi E, Reyes DK, Zahurak M, Bluemke DA, Geschwind JF. Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: serial early vascular and cellular changes after transarterial chemoembolization as detected with MR imaging. Radiology. 2009;250(2):466–73. [PMC free article: PMC6944072] [PubMed: 19188315]
  98. Padhani A. Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: serial early vascular and cellular changes after transarterial chemoembolization. Radiology. 2009;250(2):324–6. [PubMed: 19188308]
  99. Kennedy AS, McNeillie P, Dezarn WA, Nutting C, Sangro B, Wertman D, Garafalo M, Liu D, Coldwell D, Savin M, Jakobs T, Rose S, Warner R, Carter D, Sapareto S, Nag S, Gulec S, Calkins A, Gates VL, Salem R. Treatment parameters and outcome in 680 treatments of internal radiation with resin 90Y-microspheres for unresectable hepatic tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;74(5):1494–500. [PubMed: 19157721]
  100. Kobayashi M, Ikeda K, Kawamura Y, Yatsuji H, Hosaka T, Sezaki H, Akuta N, Suzuki F, Suzuki Y, Saitoh S, Arase Y, Kumada H. High serum des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin level predicts poor prognosis after radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2009;115(3):571–80. [PubMed: 19117347]
  101. Eisele RM, Neuhaus P, Schumacher G. Radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors using a novel bipolar device. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2008;18(6):857–63. [PubMed: 19105672]
  102. Richly H, Schultheis B, Adamietz IA, Kupsch P, Grubert M, Hilger RA, Ludwig M, Brendel E, Christensen O, Strumberg D. Combination of sorafenib and doxorubicin in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: results from a phase I extension trial. Eur J Cancer. 2009;45(4):579–87. [PubMed: 19101137]
  103. Mitchell JW, O'Connell WG, Kisza P, Klyde DP, Gonzalez SF, Maldjian P, Bahramipour P, Contractor SG. Safety and feasibility of outpatient transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009;20(2):203–8. [PubMed: 19097805]
  104. Shim JH, Park JW, Choi JI, Kim HB, Lee WJ, Kim CM. Does postembolization fever after chemoembolization have prognostic significance for survival in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma? J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009;20(2):209–16. [PubMed: 19084432]
  105. Muller C, Schoniger-Hekele M, Schernthaner R, Renner B, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Brichta A, Wrba F, Posch M, Bauer P, Ferenci P, Gangl A. Percutaneous ethanol instillation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma - a randomized controlled trial. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2008;120(19-20):608–18. [PubMed: 19083165]
  106. Hsieh CH, Jeng KS, Lin CC, Chen CK, Liu CY, Lin CP, Tai HC, Wang CH, Shueng PW, Chen YJ. Combination of sorafenib and intensity modulated radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Drug Investig. 2009;29(1):65–71. [PubMed: 19067476]
  107. Zalinski S, Scatton O, Randone B, Vignaux O, Dousset B. Complete hepatocellular carcinoma necrosis following sequential porto-arterial embolization. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(44):6869–72. [PMC free article: PMC2773886] [PubMed: 19058317]
  108. Sohn JH, Choi HJ, Lee JT, Lee JD, Kim JH, Moon YM, Park K, Park KB, Kim E, Yoo NC. Phase II study of transarterial holmium-166-chitosan complex treatment in patients with a single, large hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology. 2009;76(1):1–9. [PubMed: 19018149]
  109. Shim JH, Park JW, Kim JH, An M, Kong SY, Nam BH, Choi JI, Kim HB, Lee WJ, Kim CM. Association between increment of serum VEGF level and prognosis after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Cancer Sci. 2008;99(10):2037–44. [PubMed: 19016764]
  110. Zhao H, Wang HQ, Fan QQ, Chen XX, Lou JY. Rare pulmonary and cerebral complications after transarterial chemoembolisation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(41):6425–7. [PMC free article: PMC2766131] [PubMed: 19009665]
  111. Eguchi S, Matsumoto S, Hamasaki K, Takatsuki M, Hidaka M, Tajima Y, Sakamoto I, Kanematsu T. Re-evaluation of lipiodolized transarterial chemoembolization therapy for intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative liver resection. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2008;15(6):627–33. [PubMed: 18987934]
  112. Kanayama M, Nagai H, Sumino Y. Influence of the etiology of liver cirrhosis on the response to combined intra-arterial chemotherapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009;64(1):109–14. [PubMed: 18979100]
  113. Salmi A, Turrini R, Lanzani G, Savio A, Anglani L. Efficacy of radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with chronic liver disease without cirrhosis. Int J Med Sci. 2008;5(6):327–32. [PMC free article: PMC2574022] [PubMed: 18974861]
  114. Casaccia M, Andorno E, Nardi I, Troilo B, Barabino G, Santori G, Valente U. Laparoscopic US-guided radiofrequency ablation of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in liver cirrhosis: feasibility and clinical outcome. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2008;18(6):797–801. [PubMed: 18922065]
  115. Nalesnik MA, Federle M, Buck D, Fontes P, Carr BI. Hepatobiliary effects of 90yttrium microsphere therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 2009;40(1):125–34. [PubMed: 18799190]
  116. Kato T, Yamagami T, Hirota T, Matsumoto T, Yoshimatsu R, Nishimura T. Transpulmonary radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma under real-time computed tomography-fluoroscopic guidance. Hepatogastroenterology. 2008;55(85):1450–3. [PubMed: 18795709]
  117. Eccles CL, Bissonnette JP, Craig T, Taremi M, Wu X, Dawson LA. Treatment planning study to determine potential benefit of intensity-modulated radiotherapy versus conformal radiotherapy for unresectable hepatic malignancies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;72(2):582–8. [PubMed: 18793961]
  118. Ishida K, Hirooka M, Hiraoka A, Kumagi T, Uehara T, Hiasa Y, Horiike N, Onji M. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma using arterial chemoembolization with degradable starch microspheres and continuous arterial infusion of 5-fluorouracil. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2008;38(9):596–603. [PubMed: 18772170]
  119. Shirai S, Sato M, Suwa K, Kishi K, Shimono C, Kawai N, Tanihata H, Minamiguchi H, Nakai M. Single photon emission computed tomography-based three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;73(3):824–31. [PubMed: 18755560]
  120. Rhim H, Lim HK, Kim YS, Choi D, Lee WJ. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatic tumors: lessons learned from 3000 procedures. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23(10):1492–500. [PubMed: 18713294]
  121. Murata S, Tajima H, Ichikawa K, Onozawa S, Wang J, Kumita S, Nomura K. Oily chemoembolization combined with degradable starch microspheres for HCC with cirrhosis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2008;55(84):1041–6. [PubMed: 18705325]
  122. Grosso M, Vignali C, Quaretti P, Nicolini A, Melchiorre F, Gallarato G, Bargellini I, Petruzzi P, Massa Saluzzo C, Crespi S, Sarti I. Transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma with drug-eluting microspheres: preliminary results from an Italian multicentre study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2008;31(6):1141–9. [PubMed: 18696150]
  123. Howard JH, Tzeng CW, Smith JK, Eckhoff DE, Bynon JS, Wang T, Arnoletti JP, Heslin MJ. Radiofrequency ablation for unresectable tumors of the liver. Am Surg. 2008;74(7):594–600. discussion 600-1. PMID: [PubMed: 18646476]
  124. Berber E, Siperstein A. Local recurrence after laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors: an analysis of 1032 tumors. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15(10):2757–64. [PubMed: 18618182]
  125. Jagad RB, Koshariya M, Kawamoto J, Papastratis P, Kefalourous H, Patris V, Porfiris T, Gevrielidis P, Tzouma C, Lygidakis NJ. Laparoscopic microwave ablation of liver tumors: our experience. Hepatogastroenterology. 2008;55(81):27–32. [PubMed: 18507073]
  126. Maluccio MA, Covey AM, Porat LB, Schubert J, Brody LA, Sofocleous CT, Getrajdman GI, Jarnagin W, Dematteo R, Blumgart LH, Fong Y, Brown KT. Transcatheter arterial embolization with only particles for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2008;19(6):862–9. [PubMed: 18503900]
  127. van Iersel LB, Hoekman EJ, Gelderblom H, Vahrmeijer AL, van Persijn van Meerten EJ, Tijl FG, Hartgrink HH, Kuppen PJ, Nortier JW, Tollenaar RA, van de Velde CJ. Isolated hepatic perfusion with 200 mg melphalan for advanced noncolorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15(7):1891–8. [PMC free article: PMC2467497] [PubMed: 18470571]
  128. Seo YS, Kim JN, Keum B, Park S, Kwon YD, Kim YS, Jeen YT, Chun HJ, Kim CY, Kim CD, Ryu HS, Um SH. Radiotherapy for 65 patients with advanced unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(15):2394–400. [PMC free article: PMC2705096] [PubMed: 18416468]
  129. Lau WY, Lai EC. Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with transarterial radioembolization: iodine-131-lipiodol. ANZ J Surg. 2008;78(5):331–2. [PubMed: 18380721]
  130. Nakazawa T, Adachi S, Kitano M, Isobe Y, Kokubu S, Hidaka H, Ono K, Okuwaki Y, Watanabe M, Shibuya A, Saigenji K. Potential prognostic benefits of radiotherapy as an initial treatment for patients with unresectable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with invasion to intrahepatic large vessels. Oncology. 2007;73(1-2):90–7. [PubMed: 18337620]
  131. Ng SS, Yu SC, Lai PB, Lau WY. Biliary complications associated with selective internal radiation (SIR) therapy for unresectable liver malignancies. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(10):2813–7. [PubMed: 18320307]
  132. Tzeng WS, Wu RH, Chang SC, Chou CK, Lin CY, Chen JJ, Yang SC, Lin CH. Ionic versus nonionic contrast media solvents used with an epirubicin-based agent for transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2008;19(3):342–50. [PubMed: 18295692]
  133. Soon JL, Jeyaraj PR, Agasthian T. Thoracic complications of radiofrequency ablation of recurrent hepatoma. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2008;37(1):75–6. [PubMed: 18265903]
  134. Hildebrand P, Kleemann M, Roblick U, Mirow L, Birth M, Bruch HP. Laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation of unresectable hepatic malignancies: indication, limitation and results. Hepatogastroenterology. 2007;54(79):2069–72. [PubMed: 18251161]
  135. Bernal P, Raoul JL, Stare J, Sereegotov E, Sundram FX, Kumar A, Jeong JM, Pusuwan P, Divgi C, Zanzonico P, Vidmar G, Buscombe J, Chau TT, Saw MM, Chen S, Ogbac R, Dondi M, Padhy AK. International Atomic Energy Agency-sponsored multination study of intra-arterial rhenium-188-labeled lipiodol in the treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: results with special emphasis on prognostic value of dosimetric study. Semin Nucl Med. 2008;38(2):S40–5. [PubMed: 18243842]
  136. Doffoel M, Bonnetain F, Bouche O, Vetter D, Abergel A, Fratte S, Grange JD, Stremsdoerfer N, Blanchi A, Bronowicki JP, Caroli-Bosc FX, Causse X, Masskouri F, Rougier P, Bedenne L. Multicentre randomised phase III trial comparing Tamoxifen alone or with Transarterial Lipiodol Chemoembolisation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients (Federation Francophone de Cancerologie Digestive 9402). Eur J Cancer. 2008;44(4):528–38. [PubMed: 18242076]
  137. Yu SC, Hui EP, Wong J, Wong H, Mo F, Ho SS, Wong YY, Yeo W, Lai PB, Chan AT, Mok TS. Transarterial ethanol ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma with lipiodol ethanol mixture: phase II study. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2008;19(1):95–103. [PubMed: 18192473]
  138. Liepe K, Brogsitter C, Leonhard J, Wunderlich G, Hliscs R, Pinkert J, Folprecht G, Kotzerke J. Feasibility of high activity rhenium-188-microsphere in hepatic radioembolization. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2007;37(12):942–50. [PubMed: 18094017]
  139. Hansler J, Frieser M, Tietz V, Uhlke D, Wissniowski TT, Bernatik T, Hahn EG, Strobel D. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) using saline-perfused (wet) needle electrodes for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma--long term experience. Ultraschall Med. 2007;28(6):604–11. [PubMed: 18074314]
  140. Kothary N, Weintraub JL, Susman J, Rundback JH. Transarterial chemoembolization for primary hepatocellular carcinoma in patients at high risk. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18(12):1517–26. quiz 1527. PMID: [PubMed: 18057286]
  141. Amesur NB, Zajko AB, Carr BI. Chemo-embolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with different sizes of embolization particles. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(5):1400–4. [PubMed: 18046645]
  142. Kulik LM, Carr BI, Mulcahy MF, Lewandowski RJ, Atassi B, Ryu RK, Sato KT, Benson A 3rd, Nemcek AA Jr., Gates VL, Abecassis M, Omary RA, Salem R. Safety and efficacy of 90Y radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with and without portal vein thrombosis. Hepatology. 2008;47(1):71–81. [PubMed: 18027884]
  143. Miraglia R, Pietrosi G, Maruzzelli L, Petridis I, Caruso S, Marrone G, Mamone G, Vizzini G, Luca A, Gridelli B. Predictive factors of tumor response to trans-catheter treatment in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a multivariate analysis of pre-treatment findings. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(45):6022–6. [PMC free article: PMC4250884] [PubMed: 18023093]
  144. Sugiyama S, Beppu T, Ishiko T, Takahashi M, Masuda T, Hirata T, Imai K, Hayashi H, Takamori H, Kanemitsu K, Hirota M, Murakami R, Baba Y, Oya N, Yamashita Y, Baba H. Efficacy of radiotherapy for PV and IVC tumor thrombosis in unresectable HCC. Hepatogastroenterology. 2007;54(78):1779–82. [PubMed: 18019717]
  145. Malagari K, Chatzimichael K, Alexopoulou E, Kelekis A, Hall B, Dourakis S, Delis S, Gouliamos A, Kelekis D. Transarterial chemoembolization of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with drug eluting beads: results of an open-label study of 62 patients. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2008;31(2):269–80. [PubMed: 17999110]
  146. Rowe BP, Weiner R, Foster J, Dowsett R. 90Yttrium microspheres for nonresectable liver cancer: the University of Connecticut Health Center experience. Conn Med. 2007;71(9):523–8. [PubMed: 17966721]
  147. Chan FS, Ng KK, Poon RT, Yuen J, Tso WK, Fan ST. Duodenopleural fistula formation after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Asian J Surg. 2007;30(4):278–82. [PubMed: 17962132]
  148. Uka K, Aikata H, Takaki S, Miki D, Kawaoka T, Jeong SC, Takahashi S, Toyota N, Ito K, Chayama K. Pretreatment predictor of response, time to progression, and survival to intraarterial 5-fluorouracil/interferon combination therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol. 2007;42(10):845–53. [PubMed: 17940838]
  149. Virmani S, Ryu RK, Sato KT, Lewandowski RJ, Kulik L, Mulcahy MF, Larson AC, Salem R, Omary RA. Effect of C-arm angiographic CT on transcatheter arterial chemoembolization of liver tumors. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18(10):1305–9. [PubMed: 17911523]
  150. Hamada A, Yamakado K, Nakatsuka A, Takaki H, Takeda K. Clinical utility of coaxial reservoir system for hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18(10):1258–63. [PubMed: 17911516]
  151. Lewandowski RJ, Wang D, Gehl J, Atassi B, Ryu RK, Sato K, Nemcek AA Jr., Miller FH, Mulcahy MF, Kulik L, Larson AC, Salem R, Omary RA. A comparison of chemoembolization endpoints using angiographic versus transcatheter intraarterial perfusion/MR imaging monitoring. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18(10):1249–57. [PubMed: 17911515]
  152. Boige V, Raoul JL, Pignon JP, Bouche O, Blanc JF, Dahan L, Jouve JL, Dupouy N, Ducreux M. Multicentre phase II trial of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (XELOX) in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: FFCD 03-03 trial. Br J Cancer. 2007;97(7):862–7. [PMC free article: PMC2360397] [PubMed: 17876335]
  153. Ng KK, Poon RT, Lo CM, Yuen J, Tso WK, Fan ST. Analysis of recurrence pattern and its influence on survival outcome after radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12(1):183–91. [PubMed: 17874276]
  154. Ha BY, Ahmed A, Sze DY, Razavi MK, Simpson N, Keeffe EB, Nguyen MH. Long-term survival of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with transcatheter arterial chemoinfusion. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26(6):839–46. [PubMed: 17767468]
  155. Lu W, Li YH, Yu ZJ, He XF, Chen Y, Zhao JB, Zhu ZY. A comparative study of damage to liver function after TACE with use of low-dose versus conventional-dose of anticancer drugs in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2007;54(77):1499–502. [PubMed: 17708284]
  156. Bernal P, Raoul JL, Vidmar G, Sereegotov E, Sundram FX, Kumar A, Jeong JM, Pusuwan P, Divgi C, Zanzonico P, Stare J, Buscombe J, Minh CT, Saw MM, Chen S, Ogbac R, Padhy AK. Intra-arterial rhenium-188 lipiodol in the treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: results of an IAEA-sponsored multination study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;69(5):1448–55. [PubMed: 17692473]
  157. Takao H, Doi I, Watanabe T. Superselective transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation of an unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma using three-dimensional rotational angiography. Br J Radiol. 2007;80(953):e85–7. [PubMed: 17638836]
  158. Shen H, Agarwal D, Qi R, Chalasani N, Liangpunsakul S, Lumeng L, Yoo H, Kwo P. Predictors of outcome in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma receiving transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26(3):393–400. [PubMed: 17635374]
  159. Yamagami T, Kato T, Hirota T, Yoshimatsu R, Matsumoto T, White RI Jr., Nishimura T. Value of Micronester coils in port-catheter implantation for continuous hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with fixed catheter tip method. Eur Radiol. 2008;18(1):152–7. [PubMed: 17619883]
  160. Kang CM, Ko HK, Song SY, Kim KS, Choi JS, Lee WJ, Kim BR. Multimedia manuscript. Dual-scope guided (simultaneous thoraco-laparoscopic) transthoracic transdiaphragmatic intraoperative radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma located beneath the diaphragm. Surg Endosc. 2008;22(2):541. [PubMed: 17593456]
  161. Park JY, Ahn SH, Yoon YJ, Kim JK, Lee HW, Lee do Y, Chon CY, Moon YM, Han KH. Repetitive short-course hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with high-dose 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2007;110(1):129–37. [PubMed: 17508408]
  162. Pham TH, Iqbal CW, Grams JM, Zarroug AE, Wall JC, Ishitani MB, Nagorney DM, Moir C. Outcomes of primary liver cancer in children: an appraisal of experience. J Pediatr Surg. 2007;42(5):834–9. [PubMed: 17502194]
  163. Schumacher G, Eisele R, Spinelli A, Schmidt SC, Jacob D, Pratschke J, Neuhaus P. Indications for hand-assisted laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation for liver tumors. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2007;17(2):153–9. [PubMed: 17484640]
  164. Kumar A, Srivastava DN, Chau TT, Long HD, Bal C, Chandra P, Chien le T, Hoa NV, Thulkar S, Sharma S, Tam le H, Xuan TQ, Canh NX, Pant GS, Bandopadhyaya GP. Inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: transarterial 188Re HDD-labeled iodized oil for treatment-prospective multicenter clinical trial. Radiology. 2007;243(2):509–19. [PubMed: 17456873]
  165. Dvorchik I, Carr BI. A simple prognostic scoring system for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated by chemo-embolization. Cancer Detect Prev. 2007;31(2):154–60. [PubMed: 17416468]
  166. Morimoto M, Numata K, Sugimori K, Shirato K, Kokawa A, Oka H, Hirasawa K, Koh R, Nihommatsu H, Tanaka K. Successful initial ablation therapy contributes to survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(7):1003–9. [PMC free article: PMC4146861] [PubMed: 17373733]
  167. Marelli L, Shusang V, Senzolo M, Cholongitas E, Goode A, Yu D, Patch DW, Burroughs AK. Repeated courses of transarterial embolization with polyvinyl alcohol particles: ‘long life elixir’ in a cirrhotic patient with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;19(4):329–32. [PubMed: 17353698]
  168. Keppke AL, Salem R, Reddy D, Huang J, Jin J, Larson AC, Miller FH. Imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma after treatment with yttrium-90 microspheres. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):768–75. [PubMed: 17312067]
  169. Kamel IR, Reyes DK, Liapi E, Bluemke DA, Geschwind JF. Functional MR imaging assessment of tumor response after 90Y microsphere treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18(1 Pt 1):49–56. [PubMed: 17296704]
  170. Berber E, Siperstein AE. Perioperative outcome after laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors: an analysis of 521 cases. Surg Endosc. 2007;21(4):613–8. [PubMed: 17287917]
  171. Battula N, Srinivasan P, Madanur M, Chava SP, Priest O, Rela M, Heaton N. Ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma following chemoembolization: a western experience. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2007;6(1):49–51. [PubMed: 17287166]
  172. Maluf DG, Stravitz RT, Williams B, Cotterell AH, Mas VR, Heuman D, Luketic V, Shiffman ML, Sterling R, Posner MP, Fisher RA. Multimodality therapy and liver transplantation in patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma: 6 years, single-center experience. Transplant Proc. 2007;39(1):153–9. [PubMed: 17275495]
  173. Ikeda O, Tamura Y, Nakasone Y, Shiraishi S, Kawanaka K, Tomiguchi S, Takamori H, Chikamoto A, Kanemitsu K, Yamashita Y. Evaluation of intrahepatic perfusion on fusion imaging using a combined CT/SPECT system: influence of anatomic variations on hemodynamic modification before installation of implantable port systems for hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2007;30(3):383–91. [PubMed: 17225972]
  174. Low SC, Lo RH, Lau TN, Ooi LL, Ho CK, Tan BS, Chung AY, Koo WH, Chow PK. Image-guided radiofrequency ablation of liver malignancies: experience at Singapore General Hospital. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2006;35(12):851–7. [PubMed: 17218995]
  175. Ho CS, Kachura JR, Gallinger S, Grant D, Greig P, McGilvray I, Knox J, Sherman M, Wong F, Wong D. Percutaneous ethanol injection of unresectable medium-to-large-sized hepatomas using a multipronged needle: efficacy and safety. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2007;30(2):241–7. [PubMed: 17200905]
  176. Matsumoto K, Nojiri J, Takase Y, Egashira Y, Azama S, Kato A, Kitahara K, Miyazaki K, Kudo S. Cerebral lipiodol embolism: a complication of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2007;30(3):512–4. [PubMed: 17171304]
  177. Geyik S, Akhan O, Abbasoglu O, Akinci D, Ozkan OS, Hamaloglu E, Ozmen M. Radiofrequency ablation of unresectable hepatic tumors. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2006;12(4):195–200. [PubMed: 17160805]
  178. Kim TH, Kim DY, Park JW, Kim YI, Kim SH, Park HS, Lee WJ, Park SJ, Hong EK, Kim CM. Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients for whom transcatheter arterial chemoembolization was ineffective or unsuitable. Am J Clin Oncol. 2006;29(6):568–75. [PubMed: 17148993]
  179. Goh AS, Chung AY, Lo RH, Lau TN, Yu SW, Chng M, Satchithanantham S, Loong SL, Ng DC, Lim BC, Connor S, Chow PK. A novel approach to brachytherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma using a phosphorous32 (32P) brachytherapy delivery device--a first-in-man study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67(3):786–92. [PubMed: 17141975]
  180. Kulik LM, Atassi B, van Holsbeeck L, Souman T, Lewandowski RJ, Mulcahy MF, Hunter RD, Nemcek AA Jr., Abecassis MM, Haines KG 3rd, Salem R. Yttrium-90 microspheres (TheraSphere) treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: downstaging to resection, RFA and bridge to transplantation. J Surg Oncol. 2006;94(7):572–86. [PubMed: 17048240]
  181. Cosin O, Bilbao JI, Alvarez S, de Luis E, Alonso A, Martinez-Cuesta A. Right gastric artery embolization prior to treatment with yttrium-90 microspheres. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2007;30(1):98–103. [PubMed: 17031727]
  182. Takayasu K, Arii S, Ikai I, Omata M, Okita K, Ichida T, Matsuyama Y, Nakanuma Y, Kojiro M, Makuuchi M, Yamaoka Y. Prospective cohort study of transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in 8510 patients. Gastroenterology. 2006;131(2):461–9. [PubMed: 16890600]
  183. Amersi FF, McElrath-Garza A, Ahmad A, Zogakis T, Allegra DP, Krasne R, Bilchik AJ. Long-term survival after radiofrequency ablation of complex unresectable liver tumors. Arch Surg. 2006;141(6):581–7. discussion 587-8. PMID: [PubMed: 16785359]
  184. Sato K, Lewandowski RJ, Bui JT, Omary R, Hunter RD, Kulik L, Mulcahy M, Liu D, Chrisman H, Resnick S, Nemcek AA Jr., Vogelzang R, Salem R. Treatment of unresectable primary and metastatic liver cancer with yttrium-90 microspheres (TheraSphere): assessment of hepatic arterial embolization. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2006;29(4):522–9. [PubMed: 16729228]
  185. Haider Z, ul Haq T, Munir K, Usman MU, Azeemuddin M. Median survival time of patients after transcatheter chemo-embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2006;16(4):265–9. [PubMed: 16624189]
  186. Hiraoka A, Kumagi T, Hirooka M, Uehara T, Kurose K, Iuchi H, Hiasa Y, Matsuura B, Michitaka K, Kumano S, Tanaka H, Yamashita Y, Horiike N, Mochizuki T, Onji M. Prognosis following transcatheter arterial embolization for 121 patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with or without a history of treatment. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(13):2075–9. [PMC free article: PMC4087688] [PubMed: 16610060]
  187. Yeo W, Mo FK, Koh J, Chan AT, Leung T, Hui P, Chan L, Tang A, Lee JJ, Mok TS, Lai PB, Johnson PJ, Zee B. Quality of life is predictive of survival in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2006;17(7):1083–9. [PubMed: 16600982]
  188. Okabayashi T, Kobayashi M, Akimori T, Akisawa N, Iwasaki S, Onishi S, Araki K. Usefulness of laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Surg Technol Int. 2005;14:177–81. [PubMed: 16525971]
  189. Choi BO, Jang HS, Kang KM, Lee SW, Kang YN, Chai GY, Choi IB. Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2006;36(3):154–8. [PubMed: 16520355]
  190. Koizumi J. Arterial embolization of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with use of microspheres, lipiodol, and cyanoacrylate. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2006;29(5):928. author reply 929. PMID: [PubMed: 16502170]
  191. Kiely JM, Rilling WS, Touzios JG, Hieb RA, Franco J, Saeian K, Quebbeman EJ, Pitt HA. Chemoembolization in patients at high risk: results and complications. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006;17(1):47–53. [PubMed: 16415132]
  192. Huang YH, Wu JC, Chen SC, Chen CH, Chiang JH, Huo TI, Lee PC, Chang FY, Lee SD. Survival benefit of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma larger than 10 cm in diameter. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23(1):129–35. [PubMed: 16393290]
  193. Dumortier J, Chapuis F, Borson O, Davril B, Scoazec JY, Poncet G, Henry L, Boillot O, Mion F, Berger F, Partensky C, Paliard P, Valette PJ. Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: survival and prognostic factors after lipiodol chemoembolisation in 89 patients. Dig Liver Dis. 2006;38(2):125–33. [PubMed: 16389002]
  194. Georgiades CS, Hong K, D'Angelo M, Geschwind JF. Safety and efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;16(12):1653–9. [PubMed: 16371532]
  195. Salem R, Lewandowski RJ, Atassi B, Gordon SC, Gates VL, Barakat O, Sergie Z, Wong CY, Thurston KG. Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with use of 90Y microspheres (TheraSphere): safety, tumor response, and survival. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;16(12):1627–39. [PubMed: 16371529]
  196. Yu SB, Kim HY, Eo H, Won JK, Jung SE, Park KW, Kim WK. Clinical characteristics and prognosis of pediatric hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg. 2006;30(1):43–50. [PubMed: 16369702]
  197. Shim SJ, Seong J, Han KH, Chon CY, Suh CO, Lee JT. Local radiotherapy as a complement to incomplete transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int. 2005;25(6):1189–96. [PubMed: 16343071]
  198. Samonakis DN, Christodoulakis N, Kouroumalis EA. Octreotide for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: beyond the first sight. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;40(1):86–7. [PubMed: 16340641]
  199. Poh SB, Bai LY, Chen PM. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin-based combination chemotherapy as salvage treatment in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 2005;28(6):540–6. [PubMed: 16317261]
  200. Ben-Josef E, Normolle D, Ensminger WD, Walker S, Tatro D, Ten Haken RK, Knol J, Dawson A, Pan C, Lawrence TS. Phase II trial of high-dose conformal radiation therapy with concurrent hepatic artery floxuridine for unresectable intrahepatic malignancies. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(34):8739–47. [PubMed: 16314634]
  201. Su YW, Huang YW, Chen SH, Tzen CY. Quantitative analysis of plasma HBV DNA for early evaluation of the response to transcatheter arterial embolization for HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(39):6193–6. [PMC free article: PMC4436639] [PubMed: 16273649]
  202. Becker G, Soezgen T, Olschewski M, Laubenberger J, Blum HE, Allgaier HP. Combined TACE and PEI for palliative treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(39):6104–9. [PMC free article: PMC4436625] [PubMed: 16273634]
  203. Schwartz JD, Sung M, Schwartz M, Lehrer D, Mandeli J, Liebes L, Goldenberg A, Volm M. Thalidomide in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with optional low-dose interferon-alpha2a upon progression. Oncologist. 2005;10(9):718–27. [PubMed: 16249352]
  204. Machi J, Bueno RS, Wong LL. Long-term follow-up outcome of patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg. 2005;29(11):1364–73. [PubMed: 16240062]
  205. Yeo W, Mok TS, Zee B, Leung TW, Lai PB, Lau WY, Koh J, Mo FK, Yu SC, Chan AT, Hui P, Ma B, Lam KC, Ho WM, Wong HT, Tang A, Johnson PJ. A randomized phase III study of doxorubicin versus cisplatin/interferon alpha-2b/doxorubicin/fluorouracil (PIAF) combination chemotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(20):1532–8. [PubMed: 16234567]
  206. Biselli M, Andreone P, Gramenzi A, Trevisani F, Cursaro C, Rossi C, Ricca Rosellini S, Camma C, Lorenzini S, Stefanini GF, Gasbarrini G, Bernardi M. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-controlled study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3(9):918–25. [PubMed: 16234031]
  207. Veltri A, Moretto P, Doriguzzi A, Pagano E, Carrara G, Gandini G. Radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFA) after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) as a combined therapy for unresectable non-early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Eur Radiol. 2006;16(3):661–9. [PubMed: 16228211]
  208. Lencioni R. Editorial on Machi et al. “long term follow-up outcome of patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma” World J Surg. 2005;29(11) [PubMed: 16222457]
  209. Glaiberman CB, Pilgram TK, Brown DB. Patient factors affecting thermal lesion size with an impedance-based radiofrequency ablation system. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;16(10):1341–8. [PubMed: 16221905]
  210. Furuse J, Ishii H, Nagase M, Kawashima M, Ogino T, Yoshino M. Adverse hepatic events caused by radiotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;20(10):1512–8. [PubMed: 16174067]
  211. Philip PA, Mahoney MR, Allmer C, Thomas J, Pitot HC, Kim G, Donehower RC, Fitch T, Picus J, Erlichman C. Phase II study of Erlotinib (OSI-774) in patients with advanced hepatocellular cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(27):6657–63. [PubMed: 16170173]
  212. Hai L, Yong-Hong P, Yong F, Ren-Feng L. One-stage liver resection for spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg. 2005;29(10):1316–8. [PubMed: 16132405]
  213. Yu ZJ, Yu JW, Cai W, Yuan HX, Li XY, Yuan Y, Chen JP, Wu XY, Yao DF. Evaluation of HCPTd1,d14-double passaged intervening chemotherapy protocol for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(33):5221–5. [PMC free article: PMC4320400] [PubMed: 16127757]
  214. Czauderna P, Zbrzezniak G, Narozanski W, Korzon M, Wyszomirska M, Stoba C. Preliminary experience with arterial chemoembolization for hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2006;46(7):825–8. [PubMed: 16123986]
  215. Rhee TK, Omary RA, Gates V, Mounajjed T, Larson AC, Barakat O, Sato KT, Mulcahy M, Gordon S, Lewandowski RJ, Salem R. The effect of catheter-directed CT angiography on yttrium-90 radioembolization treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;16(8):1085–91. [PubMed: 16105920]
  216. Plentz RR, Tillmann HL, Kubicka S, Bleck JS, Gebel M, Manns MP, Rudolph KL. Hepatocellular carcinoma and octreotide: treatment results in prospectively assigned patients with advanced tumor and cirrhosis stage. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;20(9):1422–8. [PubMed: 16105131]
  217. Hwang JI, Chow WK, Hung SW, Li TC, Cheng YP, Ho YJ, Lin CC. Development of a safety index of transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma to prevent acute liver damage. Anticancer Res. 2005;25(3c):2551–4. [PubMed: 16080491]
  218. Liem MS, Poon RT, Lo CM, Tso WK, Fan ST. Outcome of transarterial chemoembolization in patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma eligible for radiofrequency ablation. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(29):4465–71. [PMC free article: PMC4398693] [PubMed: 16052673]
  219. Guan YS, Liu Y, Sun L, Li X, He Q. Successful management of postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma with p53 gene therapy combining transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(24):3803–5. [PMC free article: PMC4316041] [PubMed: 15968745]
  220. Zhu AX, Fuchs CS, Clark JW, Muzikansky A, Taylor K, Sheehan S, Tam K, Yung E, Kulke MH, Ryan DP. A phase II study of epirubicin and thalidomide in unresectable or metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncologist. 2005;10(6):392–8. [PubMed: 15967833]
  221. Murata S, Tajima H, Abe Y, Komada Y, Fukunaga T, Nakazawa K, Kumazaki T. Transcatheter management for multiple liver tumors after hepatic artery obstruction following reservoir placement. Hepatogastroenterology. 2005;52(63):852–6. [PubMed: 15966219]
  222. Raut CP, Izzo F, Marra P, Ellis LM, Vauthey JN, Cremona F, Vallone P, Mastro A, Fornage BD, Curley SA. Significant long-term survival after radiofrequency ablation of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2005;12(8):616–28. [PubMed: 15965731]
  223. Gill ML, Atiq M, Sattar S, Khokhar N. Treatment outcomes with long acting octreotide in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: a local experience and review of literature. J Pak Med Assoc. 2005;55(4):135–8. [PubMed: 15918622]
  224. Guan YS, Liu Y, Zhou XP, Li X, He Q, Sun L. p53 gene (Gendicine) and embolisation overcame recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut. 2005;54(9):1318–9. [PMC free article: PMC1774668] [PubMed: 15879012]
  225. Popperl G, Helmberger T, Munzing W, Schmid R, Jacobs TF, Tatsch K. Selective internal radiation therapy with SIR-Spheres in patients with nonresectable liver tumors. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2005;20(2):200–8. [PubMed: 15869456]
  226. Yamamoto N, Murata K, Fuke H, Inoue T, Yamanaka Y, Saitou Y, Ito K, Sugimoto K, Koyama M, Shiraki K, Nakano T. Macrocytic anemia during low-dose cisplatin and 5-Fluorouracil through implanted infusion port for unresectable hepatobilliary malignancies. Anticancer Res. 2005;25(2B):1243–6. [PubMed: 15865072]
  227. Reichman TW, Bahramipour P, Barone A, Koneru B, Fisher A, Contractor D, Wilson D, Dela Torre A, Cho KC, Samanta A, Harrison LE. Hepatitis status, child-pugh classification, and serum AFP levels predict survival in patients treated with transarterial embolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;9(5):638–45. [PubMed: 15862257]
  228. Strickland AD, Clegg PJ, Cronin NJ, Elabassy M, Lloyd DM. Rapid microwave ablation of large hepatocellular carcinoma in a high-risk patient. Asian J Surg. 2005;28(2):151–3. [PubMed: 15851373]
  229. Wang YL, Li MH, Cheng YS, Shi HB, Fan HL. Influential factors and formation of extrahepatic collateral artery in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(17):2637–42. [PMC free article: PMC4305757] [PubMed: 15849825]
  230. Lim L, Gibbs P, Yip D, Shapiro JD, Dowling R, Smith D, Little A, Bailey W, Liechtenstein M. Prospective study of treatment with selective internal radiation therapy spheres in patients with unresectable primary or secondary hepatic malignancies. Intern Med J. 2005;35(4):222–7. [PubMed: 15836500]
  231. Pistorius GA, Alexander C, Krisch CM, Feifel G, Schilling MK, Menger MD. Local platelet trapping as the cause of thrombocytopenia after hepatic cryotherapy. World J Surg. 2005;29(5):657–60. discussion 661. PMID: [PubMed: 15827856]
  232. Chok KS, Ng KC, Lam CM, Ng KK, Poon RT, Fan ST. Selective portal vein clamping for radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein invasion. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;9(4):489–93. [PubMed: 15797228]
  233. Leung TK, Lee CM, Shen LK, Chen HC, Kuo YC, Chiou JF. Post-radiation survival time in hepatocellular carcinoma based on predictors for CT-determined, transarterial embolization and various other parameters. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(11):1697–9. [PMC free article: PMC4305957] [PubMed: 15786553]
  234. Lin CP, Yu HC, Cheng JS, Lai KH, Lo GH, Hsu PI, Lin CK, Chen HH, Lo CC, Liang HL, Tseng HH. Clinical effects of intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy with cisplatin, mitomycin C, leucovorin and 5-flourouracil for unresectable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Chin Med Assoc. 2004;67(12):602–10. [PubMed: 15779483]
  235. Li CP, Chao Y. Intraarterial chemotherapy: another choice for unresectable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma? J Chin Med Assoc. 2004;67(12):595–6. [PubMed: 15779480]
  236. Huang YH, Chen CH, Chang TT, Chen SC, Chiang JH, Lee HS, Lin PW, Huang GT, Sheu JC, Tsai HM, Lee PC, Huo TI, Lee SD, Wu JC. The role of transcatheter arterial embolization for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a nationwide, multicentre study evaluated by cancer stage. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21(6):687–94. [PubMed: 15771754]
  237. Berber E, Rogers S, Siperstein A. Predictors of survival after laparoscopic radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatocellular cancer: a prospective study. Surg Endosc. 2005;19(5):710–4. [PubMed: 15759186]
  238. Park W, Lim DH, Paik SW, Koh KC, Choi MS, Park CK, Yoo BC, Lee JE, Kang MK, Park YJ, Nam HR, Ahn YC, Huh SJ. Local radiotherapy for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61(4):1143–50. [PubMed: 15752895]
  239. Ahmad J, Rhee J, Carr BI. The effects of hepatic artery chemotherapy on viral hepatitis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2005;50(2):331–5. [PubMed: 15745096]
  240. Goin JE, Salem R, Carr BI, Dancey JE, Soulen MC, Geschwind JF, Goin K, Van Buskirk M, Thurston K. Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with intrahepatic yttrium 90 microspheres: factors associated with liver toxicities. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;16(2 Pt 1):205–13. [PubMed: 15713921]
  241. Goin JE, Salem R, Carr BI, Dancey JE, Soulen MC, Geschwind JF, Goin K, Van Buskirk M, Thurston K. Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with intrahepatic yttrium 90 microspheres: a risk-stratification analysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;16(2 Pt 1):195–203. [PubMed: 15713920]
  242. Valle JW, Dangoor A, Beech J, Sherlock DJ, Lee SM, Scarffe JH, Swindell R, Ranson M. Treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD): results of a phase II study. Br J Cancer. 2005;92(4):628–30. [PMC free article: PMC2361887] [PubMed: 15700038]
  243. Morgan JH 3rd, Royer GM, Hackett P, Gamblin TC, McCampbell BL, Conforti A, Dale PS. Radio-frequency ablation of large, nonresectable hepatic tumors. Am Surg. 2004;70(12):1035–8. [PubMed: 15663040]
  244. Chen S, Li B, Xie H, Xu L, Niu G, Fan K, Fan Q. Phase I clinical trial of targeted therapy using 131I-Hepama-1 mAb in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2004;19(5):589–600. [PubMed: 15650451]
  245. Goker E, Sanli UA, Yuzer Y, Uslu R, Karabulut B, Memis A, Coker A, Mentes A. Bioembolisation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: preliminary results of a translational research study. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2004;23(3):403–9. [PubMed: 15595628]
  246. Lin AY, Brophy N, Fisher GA, So S, Biggs C, Yock TI, Levitt L. Phase II study of thalidomide in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2005;103(1):119–25. [PubMed: 15565573]
  247. Matsuno N, Nakamura Y, Iwamoto H, Hama K, Akashi I, Konno S, Jojima Y, Uchiyama M, Nagao T. Radiofrequency ablation of unresectable hepatic malignancies. Chirurgia (Bucur). 2004;99(4):205–10. [PubMed: 15560555]
  248. Hamamoto Y, Niino K, Ishiyama H, Hosoya T. Impact of pretreatment cholinesterase level on survival of inoperable intrahepatic or hepatic-hilar carcinomas treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. Radiat Med. 2004;22(5):316–23. [PubMed: 15553012]
  249. Aramaki M, Kawano K, Ohno T, Sasaki A, Tahara K, Kai S, Iwashita Y, Kitano S. Microwave coagulation therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2004;51(60):1784–7. [PubMed: 15532826]
  250. Zeng ZC, Tang ZY, Fan J, Zhou J, Qin LX, Ye SL, Sun HC, Wang BL, Yu Y, Wang JH, Guo W. A comparison of chemoembolization combination with and without radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer J. 2004;10(5):307–16. [PubMed: 15530260]
  251. Pingpank JF. Therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: time for XRT? Cancer J. 2004;10(5):291–3. [PubMed: 15530257]
  252. Geschwind JF, Salem R, Carr BI, Soulen MC, Thurston KG, Goin KA, Van Buskirk M, Roberts CA, Goin JE. Yttrium-90 microspheres for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2004;127(5 Suppl 1):S194–205. [PubMed: 15508085]
  253. Bush DA, Hillebrand DJ, Slater JM, Slater JD. High-dose proton beam radiotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: preliminary results of a phase II trial. Gastroenterology. 2004;127(5 Suppl 1):S189–93. [PubMed: 15508084]
  254. Mazzanti R, Arena U, Pantaleo P, Antonuzzo L, Cipriani G, Neri B, Giordano C, Lanini F, Marchetti S, Gentilini P. Survival and prognostic factors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by percutaneous ethanol injection: a 10-year experience. Can J Gastroenterol. 2004;18(10):611–8. [PubMed: 15497001]
  255. Kerkar S, Carlin AM, Sohn RL, Steffes C, Tyburski J, Littrup P, Weaver D. Long-term follow up and prognostic factors for cryotherapy of malignant liver tumors. Surgery. 2004;136(4):770–9. [PubMed: 15467661]
  256. Liu MT, Li SH, Chu TC, Hsieh CY, Wang AY, Chang TH, Pi CP, Huang CC, Lin JP. Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients who had failed with or were unsuited for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2004;34(9):532–9. [PubMed: 15466827]
  257. Miyamoto N, Tsuji K, Sakurai Y, Nishimori H, Kang JH, Mitsui S, Maguchi H. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for unresectable large hepatic tumours during hepatic blood flow occlusion in four patients. Clin Radiol. 2004;59(9):812–8. [PubMed: 15351246]
  258. Chok KS, Lam CM, Li FK, Ng KK, Poon RT, Lo CM, Fan ST. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma in renal transplant recipients. J Surg Oncol. 2004;87(3):139–42. [PubMed: 15334642]
  259. Wang J, Chen LT, Tsang YM, Liu TW, Shih TT. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI analysis of perfusion changes in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with an antiangiogenic agent: a preliminary study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183(3):713–9. [PubMed: 15333360]
  260. Jang JW, Park YM, Bae SH, Choi JY, Yoon SK, Chang UI, Nam SW, Kim BS. Therapeutic efficacy of multimodal combination therapy using transcatheter arterial infusion of epirubicin and cisplatin, systemic infusion of 5-fluorouracil, and additional percutaneous ethanol injection for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2004;54(5):415–20. [PubMed: 15235823]
  261. Huo T, Huang YH, Wu JC, Chiang JH, Lee PC, Chang FY, Lee SD. Comparison of transarterial chemoembolization and percutaneous acetic acid injection as the primary loco-regional therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective survey. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;19(12):1301–8. [PubMed: 15191512]
  262. Hidajat N, Griesshaber V, Hildebrandt B, Hosten N, Schroder RJ, Felix R. Repetitive transarterial chemoembolization (rTACE) of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparisons between an arterial port system and conventional angiographic technique. Eur J Radiol. 2004;51(1):6–11. [PubMed: 15186878]
  263. Yang TS, Chang HK, Chen JS, Lin YC, Liau CT, Chang WC. Chemotherapy using 5-fluorouracil, mitoxantrone, and cisplatin for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: an analysis of 63 cases. J Gastroenterol. 2004;39(4):362–9. [PubMed: 15168248]
  264. Lu YS, Hsu C, Li CC, Kuo SH, Yeh KH, Yang CH, Hsu CH, Wu CY, Cheng AL. Phase II study of combination doxorubicin, interferon-alpha, and high-dose tamoxifen treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2004;51(57):815–9. [PubMed: 15143923]
  265. Izzo F, Marra P, Beneduce G, Castello G, Vallone P, De Rosa V, Cremona F, Ensor CM, Holtsberg FW, Bomalaski JS, Clark MA, Ng C, Curley SA. Pegylated arginine deiminase treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: results from phase I/II studies. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(10):1815–22. [PubMed: 15143074]
  266. Tepel J, Hinz S, Klomp HJ, Kapischke M, Kremer B. Intraoperative radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for irresectable liver malignancies. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(5):551–5. [PubMed: 15135485]
  267. Sundram F, Chau TC, Onkhuudai P, Bernal P, Padhy AK. Preliminary results of transarterial rhenium-188 HDD lipiodol in the treatment of inoperable primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004;31(2):250–7. [PubMed: 15129708]
  268. Mazzanti R, Giallombardo AL, Mini E, Nobili S, Neri B, Arena U, Pantaleo P, Fabbroni V, Ghilardi M, Gattai R, Bandettini L. Treatment of locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma by hepatic intra-artery chemotherapy: a pilot study. Dig Liver Dis. 2004;36(4):278–85. [PubMed: 15115341]
  269. Salem R, Lewandowski R, Roberts C, Goin J, Thurston K, Abouljoud M, Courtney A. Use of Yttrium-90 glass microspheres (TheraSphere) for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with portal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004;15(4):335–45. [PubMed: 15064336]
  270. Poon RT, Yu WC, Fan ST, Wong J. Long-term oral branched chain amino acids in patients undergoing chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;19(7):779–88. [PubMed: 15043519]
  271. Feldman ED, Wu PC, Beresneva T, Helsabeck C, Rodriguez M, Bartlett DL, Libutti SK, Pingpank JF, Alexander HR. Treatment of patients with unresectable primary hepatic malignancies using hyperthermic isolated hepatic perfusion. J Gastrointest Surg. 2004;8(2):200–7. [PubMed: 15036196]
  272. Ferlitsch A, Kreil A, Bauer E, Schmidinger H, Schillinger M, Gangl A, Peck-Radosavljevic M. Bradycardia and sinus arrest during percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Clin Invest. 2004;34(3):218–23. [PubMed: 15025681]
  273. Lam CM, Ng KK, Poon RT, Ai V, Yuen J, Fan ST. Impact of radiofrequency ablation on the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a specialized centre. Br J Surg. 2004;91(3):334–8. [PubMed: 14991635]
  274. Schueller G, Kettenbach J, Sedivy R, Stift A, Friedl J, Gnant M, Lammer J. Heat shock protein expression induced by percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo. Int J Oncol. 2004;24(3):609–13. [PubMed: 14767545]
  275. Livraghi T, Meloni F, Morabito A, Vettori C. Multimodal image-guided tailored therapy of early and intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term survival in the experience of a single radiologic referral center. Liver Transpl. 2004;10(2 Suppl 1):S98–106. [PubMed: 14762848]
  276. Portolani N, Tiberio GA, Ronconi M, Coniglio A, Ghidoni S, Gaverini G, Giulini SM. Aggressive recurrence after radiofrequency ablation of liver neoplasms. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50(54):2179–84. [PubMed: 14696492]
  277. Lu W, Li Y, He X, Chen Y. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: evaluation of two kinds of dosages of anticancer drugs and analysis of prognostic factors. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50(54):2079–83. [PubMed: 14696468]
  278. Lee KH, Park JM, Yoon JK, Koh KC, Paik SW, Kim BT. Bone scintigraphy of skeletal metastasis in hepatoma patients treated by TAE. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50(54):1983–6. [PubMed: 14696448]
  279. Ohmoto K, Iguchi Y, Mimura N, Tsuduki M, Shimabara M, Kuboki M, Yamamoto S. Combined intraarterial 5-fluorouracil and intramuscular interferon-alpha therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50(54):1780–2. [PubMed: 14696403]
  280. Wilson MW, Kerlan RK Jr., Fidelman NA, Venook AP, LaBerge JM, Koda J, Gordon RL. Hepatocellular carcinoma: regional therapy with a magnetic targeted carrier bound to doxorubicin in a dual MR imaging/ conventional angiography suite--initial experience with four patients. Radiology. 2004;230(1):287–93. [PubMed: 14695402]
  281. Xu KC, Niu LZ, He WB, Guo ZQ, Hu YZ, Zuo JS. Percutaneous cryoablation in combination with ethanol injection for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9(12):2686–9. [PMC free article: PMC4612032] [PubMed: 14669313]
  282. Kwok PC, Lam TW, Lam CL, Lai AK, Lo HY, Chan SC. Rare pulmonary complications after transarterial chemoembolisation for hepatocellular carcinoma: two case reports. Hong Kong Med J. 2003;9(6):457–60. [PubMed: 14660814]
  283. Yan JJ, Shen F, Wang K, Wu MC. Patients with advanced primary hepatocellular carcinoma treated by melatonin and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: a prospective study. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2002;1(2):183–6. [PubMed: 14607735]
  284. Harrison LE, Koneru B, Baramipour P, Fisher A, Barone A, Wilson D, Dela Torre A, Cho KC, Contractor D, Korogodsky M. Locoregional recurrences are frequent after radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg. 2003;197(5):759–64. [PubMed: 14585410]
  285. Huo TI, Huang YH, Wu JC, Chiang JH, Lee PC, Chang FY, Lee SD. Sequential transarterial chemoembolization and percutaneous acetic acid injection therapy versus repeated percutaneous acetic acid injection for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study. Ann Oncol. 2003;14(11):1648–53. [PubMed: 14581273]
  286. Sumie S, Yamashita F, Ando E, Tanaka M, Yano Y, Fukumori K, Sata M. Interventional radiology for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy and transcatheter arterial lipiodol chemoembolization. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181(5):1327–34. [PubMed: 14573429]
  287. Krastev Z, Koltchakov V, Popov D, Alexiev A, Koten JW, Den Otter W. A case of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): treatment with local application of alcohol and interleukin 2 (IL-2). Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50(53):1647–9. [PubMed: 14571807]
  288. Ng KK, Lam CM, Poon RT, Law WL, Seto CL, Fan ST. Radiofrequency ablation as a salvage procedure for ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50(53):1641–3. [PubMed: 14571805]
  289. Seki S, Yamada T, Kawakita N, Masuichi H, Kitada T, Sakaguchi H. A new chemotherapeutic regimen for advanced unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50(53):1598–602. [PubMed: 14571794]
  290. Hamada A, Yamakado K, Nakatsuka A, Tanaka N, Takeda K. Repeated hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy using an implanted port system in patients with unresectable malignant liver neoplasms: significant factors affecting early hepatic arterial occlusion. Oncol Rep. 2003;10(6):1821–7. [PubMed: 14534703]
  291. Miyayama S, Matsui O, Nishida H, Yamamori S, Minami T, Shinmura R, Kozaka K, Notsumata K, Toya D, Tanaka N, Mitsui T, Nishijima H. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma fed by the cystic artery. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003;14(9 Pt 1):1155–61. [PubMed: 14514807]
  292. Li XP, Chen Z, Meng ZQ, Huang WX, Liu LM. Concurrent hyperglycemia does not influence the long-term prognosis of unresectable hepatocellular carcinomas. World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9(8):1848–52. [PMC free article: PMC4611559] [PubMed: 12918136]
  293. Guo WJ, Yu EX, Liu LM, Li J, Chen Z, Lin JH, Meng ZQ, Feng Y. Comparison between chemoembolization combined with radiotherapy and chemoembolization alone for large hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9(8):1697–701. [PMC free article: PMC4611526] [PubMed: 12918103]
  294. Yamada K, Izaki K, Sugimoto K, Mayahara H, Morita Y, Yoden E, Matsumoto S, Soejima T, Sugimura K. Prospective trial of combined transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for portal vein tumor thrombus in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;57(1):113–9. [PubMed: 12909223]
  295. Puleo S, Mauro L, Gagliano G, Lombardo R, Li Destri G, Petrillo G, Di Carlo I. Liver damage after transarterial chemoembolization without embolizing agent in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumori. 2003;89(3):285–7. [PubMed: 12908784]
  296. Sen G, Rai R, Manas DM. Factors predictive of 5-year survival after transarterial chemoembolization for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma (Br J Surg 2003; 90: 325-331). Br J Surg. 2003;90(8):1022. [PubMed: 12905563]
  297. Verhoef C, Kuiper JW, Heisterkamp J, de Man RA, Pattynama PM, IJ JN. Interstitial laser coagulation with temporary hepatic artery occlusion for patients with cirrhosis and irresectable hepatoma. Br J Surg. 2003;90(8):950–5. [PubMed: 12905547]
  298. Li B, Yu J, Wang L, Li C, Zhou T, Zhai L, Xing L. Study of local three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for patients with stage III hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 2003;26(4):e92–9. [PubMed: 12902905]
  299. Bachar GN, Greif F, Mor E, Tur-Kaspa R, Belenky A. Radiofrequency ablation for the management of liver tumors. Isr Med Assoc J. 2003;5(7):496–500. [PubMed: 12901246]
  300. Baur M, Walter R, Gebauer A, Tscholakoff D, Lochs H, Muhlbacher F, Turetschek K, Binder R, Hudec M, Gangl A, Ferenci P, Dittrich C. Chemoembolization with cisplatin, lipiodol and Gelfoam and subsequent systemic chemotherapy with cisplatin and interferon in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a non-randomized prospective study. Int J Oncol. 2003;23(3):811–9. [PubMed: 12888922]
  301. Dalhoff K, Dancey J, Astrup L, Skovsgaard T, Hamberg KJ, Lofts FJ, Rosmorduc O, Erlinger S, Bach Hansen J, Steward WP, Skov T, Burcharth F, Evans TR. A phase II study of the vitamin D analogue Seocalcitol in patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2003;89(2):252–7. [PMC free article: PMC2394267] [PubMed: 12865912]
  302. Evangelos T, Vassiliki P, Dimitrios K, Theodoros P. Hepatic artery aneurysm complicating intra-arterial chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50(51):830–1. [PubMed: 12828096]
  303. Murata K, Shiraki K, Kawakita T, Yamamoto N, Okano H, Nakamura M, Sakai T, Deguchi M, Ohmori S, Nakano T. Low-dose chemotherapy of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil or doxorubicin via implanted fusion port for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2003;23(2C):1719–22. [PubMed: 12820447]
  304. Yuen MF, Chan AO, Wong BC, Hui CK, Ooi GC, Tso WK, Yuan HJ, Wong DK, Lai CL. Transarterial chemoembolization for inoperable, early stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with Child-Pugh grade A and B: results of a comparative study in 96 Chinese patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(5):1181–5. [PubMed: 12809846]
  305. Santambrogio R, Podda M, Zuin M, Bertolini E, Bruno S, Cornalba GP, Costa M, Montorsi M. Safety and efficacy of laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis. Surg Endosc. 2003;17(11):1826–32. [PubMed: 12802646]
  306. Yuen MF, Ooi CG, Hui CK, Wong WM, Wong BC, Chan AO, Lai CL. A pilot study of transcatheter arterial interferon embolization for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2003;97(11):2776–82. [PubMed: 12767090]
  307. Hansler J, Frieser M, Schaber S, Kutschall C, Bernatik T, Muller W, Becker D, Hahn EG, Strobel D. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma with a saline solution perfusion device: a pilot study. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003;14(5):575–80. [PubMed: 12761310]
  308. Kettenbach J, Kostler W, Rucklinger E, Gustorff B, Hupfl M, Wolf F, Peer K, Weigner M, Lammer J, Muller W, Goldberg SN. Percutaneous saline-enhanced radiofrequency ablation of unresectable hepatic tumors: initial experience in 26 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180(6):1537–45. [PubMed: 12760914]
  309. Guo WJ, Yu EX. The long-term efficacy of combined chemoembolization and local irradiation in the treatment of patients with large hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50(50):500–3. [PubMed: 12749256]
  310. Brans B, Bacher K, Vandevyver V, Vanlangenhove P, Smeets P, Thierens H, Dierckx RA, Defreyne L. Intra-arterial radionuclide therapy for liver tumours: effect of selectivity of catheterization and 131I-Lipiodol delivery on tumour uptake and response. Nucl Med Commun. 2003;24(4):391–6. [PubMed: 12673167]
  311. Gunji T, Kawauchi N, Akahane M, Watanabe K, Kanamori H, Ohnishi S. Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma less than 2 centimeters by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with autologous blood clot. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2003;36(4):347–51. [PubMed: 12642743]
  312. Grieco A, Marcoccia S, Miele L, Marmiroli L, Caminiti G, Ragazzoni E, Cotroneo AR, Cefaro GA, Rapaccini GL, Gasbarrini G. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotics: functional hepatic reserve and survival. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50(49):207–12. [PubMed: 12630024]
  313. Dong BW, Zhang J, Liang P, Yu XL, Su L, Yu DJ, Ji XL, Yu G. Sequential pathological and immunologic analysis of percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Hyperthermia. 2003;19(2):119–33. [PubMed: 12623635]
  314. Feun LG, O'Brien C, Molina E, Rodriguez M, Jeffers L, Schiff ER, Marini A, Savaraj N, Ardalan B. Recombinant leukocyte interferon, doxorubicin, and 5FUDR in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma-A phase II trial. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2003;129(1):17–20. [PubMed: 12618896]
  315. Topal B, Aerts R, Penninckx F. Laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation of unresectable liver malignancies: feasibility and clinical outcome. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2003;13(1):11–5. [PubMed: 12598751]
  316. O'Suilleabhain CB, Poon RT, Yong JL, Ooi GC, Tso WK, Fan ST. Factors predictive of 5-year survival after transarterial chemoembolization for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg. 2003;90(3):325–31. [PubMed: 12594668]
  317. Ebied OM, Federle MP, Carr BI, Pealer KM, Li W, Amesur N, Zajko A. Evaluation of responses to chemoembolization in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2003;97(4):1042–50. [PubMed: 12569604]
  318. Ng KK, Lam CM, Poon RT, Fan ST. Portal vein thrombosis after radiofrequency ablation for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Asian J Surg. 2003;26(1):50–3. discussion 54. PMID: [PubMed: 12527497]
  319. Seong J, Park HC, Han KH, Chon CY. Clinical results and prognostic factors in radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study of 158 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;55(2):329–36. [PubMed: 12527045]
  320. Bleicher RJ, Allegra DP, Nora DT, Wood TF, Foshag LJ, Bilchik AJ. Radiofrequency ablation in 447 complex unresectable liver tumors: lessons learned. Ann Surg Oncol. 2003;10(1):52–8. [PubMed: 12513961]
  321. Adam R, Hagopian EJ, Linhares M, Krissat J, Savier E, Azoulay D, Kunstlinger F, Castaing D, Bismuth H. A comparison of percutaneous cryosurgery and percutaneous radiofrequency for unresectable hepatic malignancies. Arch Surg. 2002;137(12):1332–9. discussion 134. PMID: [PubMed: 12470093]
  322. Zeng ZC, Tang ZY, Yang BH, Liu KD, Wu ZQ, Fan J, Qin LX, Sun HC, Zhou J, Jiang GL. Comparison between radioimmunotherapy and external beam radiation therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29(12):1657–68. [PubMed: 12458401]
  323. Reinisch W, Holub M, Katz A, Herneth A, Lichtenberger C, Schoniger-Hekele M, Waldhoer T, Oberhuber G, Ferenci P, Gangl A, Mueller C. Prospective pilot study of recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interferon-gamma in patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Immunother. 2002;25(6):489–99. [PubMed: 12439346]
  324. Akcali Z, Akin E, Ozyilkan O. Factors predicting response and survival in 149 patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated by combination cisplatin, interferon-alpha, doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy. Cancer. 2002;95(9):2038–9. author reply 2039. PMID: [PubMed: 12404300]
  325. Tanaka H, Ostapenko VV, Miyano M, Nishide T, Sonobe M, Toda K, Nishide I, Mune M, Yukawa S. Successful treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with percutaneous ethanol injection therapy and local hyperthermia. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;49(48):1666–8. [PubMed: 12397760]
  326. Yoshida H, Onda M, Tajiri T, Akimaru K, Takasaki H, Mamada Y, Taniai N, Nakamura Y, Kawano Y, Takahashi T. Successful surgical treatment of peritoneal dissemination of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;49(48):1663–5. [PubMed: 12397759]
  327. Saccheri S, Lovaria A, Sangiovanni A, Nicolini A, De Fazio C, Ronchi G, Fasani P, Del Ninno E, Colombo M. Segmental transcatheter arterial chemoembolization treatment in patients with cirrhosis and inoperable hepatocellular carcinomas. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;13(10):995–9. [PubMed: 12397120]
  328. Chow PK, Tai BC, Tan CK, Machin D, Win KM, Johnson PJ, Soo KC. High-dose tamoxifen in the treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Hepatology. 2002;36(5):1221–6. [PubMed: 12395333]
  329. Bloomston M, Binitie O, Fraiji E, Murr M, Zervos E, Goldin S, Kudryk B, Zwiebel B, Black T, Fargher S, Rosemurgy AS. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with or without radiofrequency ablation in the management of patients with advanced hepatic malignancy. Am Surg. 2002;68(9):827–31. [PubMed: 12356160]
  330. Kamada K, Kitamoto M, Aikata H, Kawakami Y, Kono H, Imamura M, Nakanishi T, Chayama K. Combination of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization using cisplatin-lipiodol suspension and percutaneous ethanol injection for treatment of advanced small hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Surg. 2002;184(3):284–90. [PubMed: 12354601]
  331. Verhoeven BH, Haagsma EB, Appeltans BM, Slooff MJ, de Jong KP. Hyperkalaemia after radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;14(9):1023–4. [PubMed: 12352224]
  332. Lu W, Li YH, He XF, Chen Y, Zeng QL, Qiu YR. Effect of dosage of anticancer agents during transcatheter arterial chemoembolization on T cell subsets in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2002;22(6):524–6. [PubMed: 12297475]
  333. Uenishi T, Kubo S, Hirohashi K, Tanaka H, Shuto T, Yamamoto T, Tanaka S, Ogawa M, Kinoshita H. A long-term survival case underwent repeated hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with portal branch ligation and wrapping of the liver using sheets for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;49(47):1423–4. [PubMed: 12239957]
  334. Dimitroulopoulos D, Xinopoulos D, Tsamakidis K, Zisimopoulos A, Andriotis E, Markidou S, Panagiotakos D, Chrysohoou C, Bazinis A, Paraskevas E. The role of sandostatin LAR in treating patients with advanced hepatocellular cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;49(47):1245–50. [PubMed: 12239914]
  335. Court WS, Order SE, Siegel JA, Johnson E, DeNittis AS, Principato R, Martz K, Zeiger LS. Remission and survival following monthly intraarterial cisplatinum in nonresectable hepatoma. Cancer Invest. 2002;20(5-6):613–25. [PubMed: 12197216]
  336. Yuen MF, Hon C, Hui CK, Siu CW, Lai CL. Recombinant interferon alfa 2b therapy in a patient with metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002;35(3):272–5. [PubMed: 12192207]
  337. Jiang HC, Liu LX, Piao DX, Xu J, Zheng M, Zhu AL, Qi SY, Zhang WH, Wu LF. Clinical short-term results of radiofrequency ablation in liver cancers. World J Gastroenterol. 2002;8(4):624–30. [PMC free article: PMC4656310] [PubMed: 12174368]
  338. Huang CJ, Lian SL, Chen SC, Wu DK, Wei SY, Huang MY, Ho YH. External beam radiation therapy for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2001;17(12):610–4. [PubMed: 12168494]
  339. Srivastava DN, Thulkar S, Sharma S, Pandey GK, Sahni P, Julka PK, Acharya SK. Therapeutic radiological interventional procedures in hepatocellular carcinoma. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2002;21(3):96–8. [PubMed: 12118934]
  340. Gunji T, Kawauchi N, Akahane M, Watanabe K, Kanamori H, Ohnishi S. Long-term outcomes of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with autologous blood clot for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Oncol. 2002;21(2):427–32. [PubMed: 12118341]
  341. Itamoto T, Nakahara H, Tashiro H, Haruta N, Asahara T, Naito A, Ito K. Hepatic arterial infusion of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin for unresectable or recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombus of the portal vein. J Surg Oncol. 2002;80(3):143–8. [PubMed: 12115797]
  342. Fuchs CS, Clark JW, Ryan DP, Kulke MH, Kim H, Earle CC, Vincitore M, Mayer RJ, Stuart KE. A phase II trial of gemcitabine in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2002;94(12):3186–91. [PubMed: 12115351]
  343. Seidenfeld J, Korn A, Aronson N. Radiofrequency ablation of unresectable primary liver cancer. J Am Coll Surg. 2002;194(6):813–28. discussion 828. PMID: [PubMed: 12081073]
  344. Machi J, Oishi AJ, Mossing AJ, Furumoto NL, Oishi RH. Hand-assisted laparoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency thermal ablation of liver tumors: a technical report. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2002;12(3):160–4. [PubMed: 12080255]
  345. Rindani RB, Hugh TJ, Roche J, Roach PJ, Smith RC. 131I lipiodol therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. ANZ J Surg. 2002;72(3):210–4. [PubMed: 12071454]
  346. Samonakis DN, Moschandreas J, Arnaoutis T, Skordilis P, Leontidis C, Vafiades I, Kouroumalis E. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with long acting somatostatin analogues. Oncol Rep. 2002;9(4):903–7. [PubMed: 12066229]
  347. Keng GH, Sundram FX, Yu SW, Somanesan S, Premaraj J, Oon CJ, Kwok R, Htoo MM. Preliminary experience in radionuclide therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma using hepatic intra-arterial radio-conjugates. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2002;31(3):382–6. [PubMed: 12061301]
  348. Benson AB 3rd, Mitchell E, Abramson N, Klencke B, Ritch P, Burnhan JP, McGuirt C, Bonny T, Levin J, Hohneker J. Oral eniluracil/5-fluorouracil in patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2002;13(4):576–81. [PubMed: 12056708]
  349. Llovet JM, Real MI, Montana X, Planas R, Coll S, Aponte J, Ayuso C, Sala M, Muchart J, Sola R, Rodes J, Bruix J. Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9319):1734–9. [PubMed: 12049862]
  350. Lopez RR Jr., Pan SH, Hoffman AL, Ramirez C, Rojter SE, Ramos H, McMonigle M, Lois J. Comparison of transarterial chemoembolization in patients with unresectable, diffuse vs focal hepatocellular carcinoma. Arch Surg. 2002;137(6):653–7. discussion 657-8. PMID: [PubMed: 12049535]
  351. Palmieri G, Montella L, Milo M, Fiore R, Biondi E, Bianco AR, Martignetti A. Ultra-low-dose interleukin-2 in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 2002;25(3):224–6. [PubMed: 12040276]
  352. Recordare A, Bonariol L, Caratozzolo E, Callegari F, Bruno G, Di Paola F, Bassi N. Management of spontaneous bleeding due to hepatocellular carcinoma. Minerva Chir. 2002;57(3):347–56. [PubMed: 12029230]
  353. Huang YS, Chiang JH, Wu JC, Chang FY, Lee SD. Risk of hepatic failure after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: predictive value of the monoethylglycinexylidide test. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(5):1223–7. [PubMed: 12014732]
  354. Clavien PA, Kang KJ, Selzner N, Morse MA, Suhocki PV. Cryosurgery after chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2002;6(1):95–101. [PubMed: 11986024]
  355. Machi J, Uchida S, Sumida K, Limm WM, Hundahl SA, Oishi AJ, Furumoto NL, Oishi RH. Ultrasound-guided radiofrequency thermal ablation of liver tumors: percutaneous, laparoscopic, and open surgical approaches. J Gastrointest Surg. 2001;5(5):477–89. [PubMed: 11985998]
  356. Lo CM, Ngan H, Tso WK, Liu CL, Lam CM, Poon RT, Fan ST, Wong J. Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2002;35(5):1164–71. [PubMed: 11981766]
  357. Alexandre J, Tigaud JM, Gross-Goupil M, Gornet JM, Romain D, Azoulay D, Misset JL, Goldwasser F. Combination of topotecan and oxaliplatin in inoperable hepatocellular cancer patients. Am J Clin Oncol. 2002;25(2):198–203. [PubMed: 11943903]
  358. Iannitti DA, Dupuy DE, Mayo-Smith WW, Murphy B. Hepatic radiofrequency ablation. Arch Surg. 2002;137(4):422–6. discussion 427. PMID: [PubMed: 11926946]
  359. London L. Re: 188rhenium-TDD-lipiodol in treatment of inoperable primary hepatocellular carcinoma--a case report. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2002;31(1):132. [PubMed: 11885488]
  360. Yamagami T, Nakamura T, Yamazaki T, Iida S, Kato T, Nishimura T. Catheter-tip fixation of a percutaneously implanted port-catheter system to prevent dislocation. Eur Radiol. 2002;12(2):443–9. [PubMed: 11870447]
  361. Chen MS, Li JQ, Zhang YQ, Lu LX, Zhang WZ, Yuan YF, Guo YP, Lin XJ, Li GH. High-dose iodized oil transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for patients with large hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2002;8(1):74–8. [PMC free article: PMC4656630] [PubMed: 11833075]
  362. Loewe C, Cejna M, Schoder M, Thurnher MM, Lammer J, Thurnher SA. Arterial embolization of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with use of cyanoacrylate and lipiodol. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;13(1):61–9. [PubMed: 11788696]
  363. Podnos YD, Henry G, Ortiz JA, Ji P, Cooke J, Cao S, Imagawa DK. Laparoscopic ultrasound with radiofrequency ablation in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: technique and technical considerations. Am Surg. 2001;67(12):1181–4. [PubMed: 11768826]
  364. Kimoto T, Yamanoi A, Uchida M, Makino Y, Ono T, Kohno H, Nagasue N. Repeated hepatic dearterialization for unresectable carcinomas of the liver: report of a 10-year experience. Surg Today. 2001;31(11):984–90. [PubMed: 11766086]
  365. Schmidinger M, Wenzel C, Locker GJ, Muehlbacher F, Steininger R, Gnant M, Crevenna R, Budinsky AC. Pilot study with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin for advanced or unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2001;85(12):1850–2. [PMC free article: PMC2364023] [PubMed: 11747325]
  366. Dvorak J, Zoul Z, Melichar B, Jandik P, Mergancova J, Motyckova I, Kalousova D, Petera J. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in combination with hyperthermia in the treatment of a case of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002;34(1):96–8. [PubMed: 11743256]
  367. Poyanli A, Rozanes I, Acunas B, Sencer S. Palliative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by chemoembolization. Acta Radiol. 2001;42(6):602–7. [PubMed: 11736709]
  368. Sze DY, Razavi MK, So SK, Jeffrey RB Jr. Impact of multidetector CT hepatic arteriography on the planning of chemoembolization treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;177(6):1339–45. [PubMed: 11717079]
  369. Szeto CC, Wong TY, Leung CB, Leung TW, Wang AY, Lui SF, Li PK. Selective internal radiation therapy by yttrium-90 microspheres for hepatocellular carcinoma after renal transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2001;15(4):284–8. [PubMed: 11683824]
  370. Dohmen K, Shirahama M, Shigematsu H, Miyamoto Y, Torii Y, Irie K, Ishibashi H. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization therapy combined with percutaneous ethanol injection for unresectable large hepatocellular carcinoma: an evaluation of the local therapeutic effect and survival rate. Hepatogastroenterology. 2001;48(41):1409–15. [PubMed: 11677976]
  371. Okano H, Shiraki K, Inoue H, Ito T, Yamanaka T, Deguchi M, Sugimoto K, Sakai T, Ohmori S, Murata K, Takase K, Nakano T. Combining transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for small size hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Oncol. 2001;19(5):909–12. [PubMed: 11604987]
  372. Sundram FX, Yu SW, Jeong JM, Somanesan S, Premaraj J, Saw MM, Tan BS. 188rhenium-TDD-lipiodol in treatment of inoperable primary hepatocellular carcinoma--a case report. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2001;30(5):542–5. [PubMed: 11603144]
  373. Numata K, Tanaka K, Kiba T, Matsumoto S, Iwase S, Hara K, Kirikoshi H, Morita K, Saito S, Sekihara H. Nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: improved percutaneous ethanol injection therapy guided by CO(2)-enhanced sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;177(4):789–98. [PubMed: 11566674]
  374. Bowles BJ, Machi J, Limm WM, Severino R, Oishi AJ, Furumoto NL, Wong LL, Oishi RH. Safety and efficacy of radiofrequency thermal ablation in advanced liver tumors. Arch Surg. 2001;136(8):864–9. [PubMed: 11485520]
  375. Levy AE, Kowdley KV. Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: the need for an individualized multidisciplinary approach. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001;33(3):180–2. [PubMed: 11500603]
  376. Chia-Hsien Cheng J, Chuang VP, Cheng SH, Lin YM, Cheng TI, Yang PS, Jian JJ, You DL, Horng CF, Huang AT. Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with radiotherapy and/or chemoembolization. Int J Cancer. 2001;96(4):243–52. [PubMed: 11474499]
  377. Kamada K, Nakanishi T, Kitamoto M, Aikata H, Kawakami Y, Ito K, Asahara T, Kajiyama G. Long-term prognosis of patients undergoing transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of cisplatin lipiodol suspension and doxorubicin hydrochloride emulsion. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2001;12(7):847–54. [PubMed: 11435541]
  378. Tanizaki H, Furuse J, Yoshino M, Ogino T, Ishikura S, Satake M, Hasebe T. Combination radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with intraductal tumor thrombus: a case report. Eur J Radiol. 2001;38(3):213–8. [PubMed: 11399376]
  379. Yamada K, Soejima T, Sugimoto K, Mayahara H, Izaki K, Sasaki R, Maruta T, Matsumoto S, Hirota S, Sugimura K. Pilot study of local radiotherapy for portal vein tumor thrombus in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2001;31(4):147–52. [PubMed: 11386460]
  380. Arata S, Tanaka K, Okazaki H, Kondo M, Morimoto M, Saito S, Numata K, Nakamura S, Sekihara H. Risk factors for recurrence of large HCC in patients treated by combined TAE and PEI. Hepatogastroenterology. 2001;48(38):480–5. [PubMed: 11379338]
  381. Chen SD, Tsai SC, Shiau YC, Ho YJ, Kao CH. Evidence of gallbladder function changes in hepatoma after transcatheter arterial embolization by quantitative Tc-99m DISIDA cholescintigraphy. Hepatogastroenterology. 2001;48(38):393–6. [PubMed: 11379316]
  382. Lau WY, Ho S, Leung WT, Chan M, Lee WY, Johnson PJ. What determines survival duration in hepatocellular carcinoma treated with intraarterial Yttrium-90 microspheres? Hepatogastroenterology. 2001;48(38):338–40. [PubMed: 11379304]
  383. Sung KF, Tsang NM, Tseng JH, Yeh CT. Effective relief of obstructive jaundice in a patient with nonresectable icteric-type hepatocellular carcinoma by external beam radiation therapy: case report. Chang Gung Med J. 2001;24(2):114–8. [PubMed: 11360401]
  384. Kao CH, Tsai SC, Wang JJ, Ho YJ, Ho ST. Evaluation of hepatobiliary function by hepatobiliary scintigraphy in hepatoma patients after transcatheter arterial embolization. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2001;36(5):553–7. [PubMed: 11346212]
  385. Cha C, Lee FT Jr., Rikkers LF, Niederhuber JE, Nguyen BT, Mahvi DM. Rationale for the combination of cryoablation with surgical resection of hepatic tumors. J Gastrointest Surg. 2001;5(2):206–13. [PubMed: 11331484]
  386. Poggi G, Gatti C, Cupella F, Fiori M, Avanza F, Baldi M. Percutaneous US-guided radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinomas: results in 15 patients. Anticancer Res. 2001;21(1B):739–42. [PubMed: 11299836]
  387. Guo WJ, Yu EX. Evaluation of combined therapy with chemoembolization and irradiation for large hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Radiol. 2000;73(874):1091–7. [PubMed: 11271902]
  388. Ono Y, Yoshimasu T, Ashikaga R, Inoue M, Shindou H, Fuji K, Araki Y, Nishimura Y. Long-term results of lipiodol-transcatheter arterial embolization with cisplatin or doxorubicin for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 2000;23(6):564–8. [PubMed: 11202797]
  389. Liu HJ, Chen TS, Lee RC, Ho DM, Lin JT, Chu LS, Chang FY. Abdominal wall necrosis following transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 2000;63(11):838–43. [PubMed: 11155762]
  390. Arcement CM, Towbin RB, Meza MP, Gerber DA, Kaye RD, Mazariegos GV, Carr BI, Reyes J. Intrahepatic chemoembolization in unresectable pediatric liver malignancies. Pediatr Radiol. 2000;30(11):779–85. [PubMed: 11100496]
  391. Katyal S, Oliver JH, Peterson MS, Chang PJ, Baron RL, Carr BI. Prognostic significance of arterial phase CT for prediction of response to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;175(6):1665–72. [PubMed: 11090401]
  392. Dancey JE, Shepherd FA, Paul K, Sniderman KW, Houle S, Gabrys J, Hendler AL, Goin JE. Treatment of nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with intrahepatic 90Y-microspheres. J Nucl Med. 2000;41(10):1673–81. [PubMed: 11037997]
  393. Pawarode A, Tangkijvanich P, Voravud N. Outcomes of primary hepatocellular carcinoma treatment: an 8-year experience with 368 patients in Thailand. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;15(8):860–4. [PubMed: 11022825]
  394. Rossi S, Garbagnati F, Lencioni R, Allgaier HP, Marchiano A, Fornari F, Quaretti P, Tolla GD, Ambrosi C, Mazzaferro V, Blum HE, Bartolozzi C. Percutaneous radio-frequency thermal ablation of nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma after occlusion of tumor blood supply. Radiology. 2000;217(1):119–26. [PubMed: 11012432]
  395. Curley SA, Izzo F, Ellis LM, Nicolas Vauthey J, Vallone P. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular cancer in 110 patients with cirrhosis. Ann Surg. 2000;232(3):381–91. [PMC free article: PMC1421151] [PubMed: 10973388]
  396. Yang TS, Lin YC, Chen JS, Wang HM, Wang CH. Phase II study of gemcitabine in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2000;89(4):750–6. [PubMed: 10951336]
  397. Srivastava DN, Gandhi D, Julka PK, Tandon RK. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage in hepatocellular carcinoma: management with transheptic arterioembolization. Abdom Imaging. 2000;25(4):380–4. [PubMed: 10926190]
  398. Kwok PC, Lam TW, Chan SC, Chung CP, Wong WK, Chan MK, Lo HY, Lam WM. A randomized clinical trial comparing autologous blood clot and gelfoam in transarterial chemoembolization for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2000;32(6):955–64. [PubMed: 10898316]
  399. Carr BI, Dvorchik I. Effects of cisplatin dose intensity on response and survival for patients with unresectable and untransplantable hepatocellular carcinoma: an analysis of 57 patients. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2000;27(Suppl 2):432–5. [PubMed: 10895191]
  400. Seong J, Park HC, Han KH, Lee DY, Lee JT, Chon CY, Moon YM, Suh CO. Local radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients who failed with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;47(5):1331–5. [PubMed: 10889387]
  401. Eurvilaichit C, Kanjanapitak A, Leopairut J. Gigantic hepatocellular carcinoma, treated by transcatheter oily chemoembolization (TOCE) and wedge hepatic resection. J Med Assoc Thai. 2000;83(5):554–63. [PubMed: 10863903]
  402. Dawson LA, McGinn CJ, Normolle D, Ten Haken RK, Walker S, Ensminger W, Lawrence TS. Escalated focal liver radiation and concurrent hepatic artery fluorodeoxyuridine for unresectable intrahepatic malignancies. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(11):2210–8. [PubMed: 10829040]
  403. Cheng JC, Chuang VP, Cheng SH, Huang AT, Lin YM, Cheng TI, Yang PS, You DL, Jian JJ, Tsai SY, Sung JL, Horng CF. Local radiotherapy with or without transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;47(2):435–42. [PubMed: 10802371]
  404. Locker GJ, Mader RM, Steiner B, Wenzl E, Zielinski CC, Steger GG. Benefit of interferon-alpha2b in a patient with unresectable hepatoma and chronic infection with hepatitis C virus. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;12(2):251–3. [PubMed: 10741945]
  405. Ueno K, Miyazono N, Inoue H, Nishida H, Kanetsuki I, Nakajo M. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization therapy using iodized oil for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: evaluation of three kinds of regimens and analysis of prognostic factors. Cancer. 2000;88(7):1574–81. [PubMed: 10738215]
  406. Poon RT, Ngan H, Lo CM, Liu CL, Fan ST, Wong J. Transarterial chemoembolization for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma and postresection intrahepatic recurrence. J Surg Oncol. 2000;73(2):109–14. [PubMed: 10694648]
  407. Llado L, Virgili J, Figueras J, Valls C, Dominguez J, Rafecas A, Torras J, Fabregat J, Guardiola J, Jaurrieta E. A prognostic index of the survival of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Cancer. 2000;88(1):50–7. [PubMed: 10618605]
  408. Lam CM, Yuen WK, Fan ST. Hepatic cryosurgery for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy: a preliminary report. J Surg Oncol. 1998;68(2):104–6. [PubMed: 9624039]
  409. Lauenstein TC, Heusner TA, Hamami M, Ertle J, Schlaak JF, Gerken G, Bockisch A, Antoch G. Radioembolization of Hepatic Tumors: Flow Redistribution After the Occlusion of Intrahepatic Arteries. Rofo. 2011 [PubMed: 21959887]
  410. Carr BI, Bron K, Swanson DP. Prospective randomized trial of hepatic artery chemotherapy with Cisplatin and Doxorubicin, with or without lipiodol in the treatment of advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;45(9):e87–91. [PubMed: 21921843]
  411. Paul SB, Gamanagatti SR, Mukund A, Abbas SZ, Acharya SK. Transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: Significance of extrahepatic collateral supply. Indian J Cancer. 2011;48(3):339–44. [PubMed: 21921335]
  412. Pawlik TM, Reyes DK, Cosgrove D, Kamel IR, Bhagat N, Geschwind JF. Phase II Trial of Sorafenib Combined With Concurrent Transarterial Chemoembolization With Drug-Eluting Beads for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2011 [PMC free article: PMC4829081] [PubMed: 21911714]
  413. Okabe K, Beppu T, Haraoka K, Oh-Uchida Y, Yamamura S, Tomiyasu S, Yamanaka T, Sano O, Masuda T, Chikamoto A, Fujiyama S, Baba H. Safety and Short-term Therapeutic Effects of Miriplatin-Lipiodol Suspension in Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2011;31(9):2983–8. [PubMed: 21868548]
  414. Boulin M, Ciboulet A, Guiu B, Maillard E, Bonnetain F, Minello A, Gagnaire A, Lepage C, Krause D, Hillon P, Bedenne L, Cercueil JP, Chauffert B, Jouve JL. Randomised controlled trial of lipiodol transarterial chemoembolisation with or without amiodarone for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Liver Dis. 2011;43(11):905–11. [PubMed: 21802381]
  415. Paul SB, Gamanagatti S, Sreenivas V, Chandrashekhara SH, Mukund A, Gulati MS, Gupta AK, Acharya SK. Trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with unresectable Hepatocellular carcinoma: Experience from a tertiary care centre in India. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2011;21(2):113–20. [PMC free article: PMC3137848] [PubMed: 21799594]
  416. Skinner HD, Sharp HJ, Kaseb AO, Javle MM, Vauthey JN, Abdalla EK, Delclos ME, Das P, Crane CH, Krishnan S. Radiation treatment outcomes for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Oncol. 2011 [PubMed: 21793641]
  417. van Malenstein H, Maleux G, Vandecaveye V, Heye S, Laleman W, van Pelt J, Vaninbroukx J, Nevens F, Verslype C. A randomized phase II study of drug-eluting beads versus transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Onkologie. 2011;34(7):368–76. [PubMed: 21734423]
  418. Cho HS, Seo JW, Kang Y, Bae EJ, Kim HJ, Chang SH, Park DJ. Incidence and risk factors for radiocontrast-induced nephropathy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2011 [PubMed: 21695415]
  419. Kudo M, Imanaka K, Chida N, Nakachi K, Tak WY, Takayama T, Yoon JH, Hori T, Kumada H, Hayashi N, Kaneko S, Tsubouchi H, Suh DJ, Furuse J, Okusaka T, Tanaka K, Matsui O, Wada M, Yamaguchi I, Ohya T, Meinhardt G, Okita K. Phase III study of sorafenib after transarterial chemoembolisation in Japanese and Korean patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47(14):2117–27. [PubMed: 21664811]
  420. Lee MY, Chuang VP, Wei CJ, Cheng TY, Cherng MT. Histopathologic correlation of hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with polyvinyl alcohol particle of various sizes. Eur J Radiol. 2011 [PubMed: 21628086]
  421. Cabrera R, Pannu DS, Caridi J, Firpi RJ, Soldevila-Pico C, Morelli G, Clark V, Suman A, George TJ Jr., Nelson DR. The combination of sorafenib with transarterial chemoembolisation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34(2):205–13. [PMC free article: PMC3807574] [PubMed: 21605146]
  422. Muros-Ortega M, Diaz-Carrasco MS, Vila-Clerigues N, Mendoza-Otero F, de la Rubia A, Capel Aleman A. Experience using doxorubicin-loaded dc beads((R)) during hepatic chemoembolisation. Farm Hosp. 2011;35(4):172–179. [PubMed: 21570886]
  423. Kim JW, Seong J, Yun M, Lee IJ, Yoon HI, Cho HJ, Han KH. Usefulness of Positron Emission Tomography with Fluorine-18-Fluorodeoxyglucose in Predicting Treatment Response in Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Treated with External Beam Radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 [PubMed: 21570203]
  424. Cabibbo G, Genco C, Di Marco V, Barbara M, Enea M, Parisi P, Brancatelli G, Romano P, Craxi A, Camma C. Predicting survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by transarterial chemoembolisation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34(2):196–204. [PubMed: 21564144]
  425. Seki A, Hori S. Switching the Loaded Agent from Epirubicin to Cisplatin: Salvage Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization with Drug-eluting Microspheres for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2011 [PubMed: 21562932]
  426. Alberts SR, Reid JM, Morlan BW, Farr GH, Camoriano JK, Johnson DB, Enger JR, Seay TE, Kim GP. Gemcitabine and Docetaxel for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Phase II North Central Cancer Treatment Group Clinical Trial. Am J Clin Oncol. 2011 [PMC free article: PMC3154979] [PubMed: 21555932]
  427. Tsai YJ, Hsu CY, Huang YH, Su CW, Lin HC, Lee RC, Chiang JH, Huo TI, Lee SD. Early identification of poor responders to transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int. 2011 [PubMed: 21533669]
  428. Kalva SP, Iqbal SI, Yeddula K, Blaszkowsky LS, Akbar A, Wicky S, Zhu AX. Transarterial chemoembolization with Doxorubicin-eluting microspheres for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastrointest Cancer Res. 2011;4(1):2–8. [PMC free article: PMC3070282] [PubMed: 21464864]
  429. Yamanaka K, Hatano E, Narita M, Taura K, Yasuchika K, Nitta T, Arizono S, Isoda H, Shibata T, Ikai I, Sato T, Uemoto S. Comparative study of cisplatin and epirubicin in transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res. 2011;41(4):303–9. [PubMed: 21276151]
  430. Lee S, Yoon SH, Park JY, Kim DY, Ahn SH, Han KH, Choi HJ. Sorafenib versus cytotoxic chemotherapy for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective, single-institution study. Invest New Drugs. 2011 [PubMed: 21249514]
  431. Kao YH, Tan AE, Khoo LS, Lo RH, Chow PK, Goh AS. Hepatic falciform ligament Tc-99m-macroaggregated albumin activity on SPECT/CT prior to Yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolization: prophylactic measures to prevent non-target microsphere localization via patent hepatic falciform arteries. Ann Nucl Med. 2011;25(5):365–9. [PubMed: 21234723]
  432. Maeda N, Osuga K, Higashihara H, Tomoda K, Mikami K, Nakazawa T, Nakamura H, Tomiyama N. Transarterial Chemoembolization With Cisplatin as Second-Line Treatment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Unresponsive to Chemoembolization With Epirubicin-Lipiodol Emulsion. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2011 [PubMed: 21203761]
  433. Rosenbaum J, Vrazas J, Lane GK, Hardikar W. Cardiac cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in a 13-year-old treated with doxorubicin microbead transarterial chemoembolization. J Paediatr Child Health. 2010 [PubMed: 21199060]
  434. Chaudhury PK, Hassanain M, Bouteaud JM, Alcindor T, Nudo CG, Valenti D, Cabrera T, Kavan P, Feteih I, Metrakos P. Complete response of hepatocellular carcinoma with sorafenib and Y radioembolization. Curr Oncol. 2010;17(5):67–9. [PMC free article: PMC2949375] [PubMed: 20975882]
  435. Chon YE, Seong J, Kim BK, Cha J, Kim SU, Park JY, Ahn SH, Han KH, Chon CY, Shin SK, Kim DY. Gastroduodenal Complications After Concurrent Chemoradiation Therapy in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Endoscopic Findings and Risk Factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 [PubMed: 20934268]
  436. Jin C, Zhu H, Wang Z, Wu F, Chen W, Li K, Su H, Zhou K, Gong W. High-intensity focused ultrasound combined with transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Long-term follow-up and clinical analysis. Eur J Radiol. 2010 [PubMed: 20864286]
  437. Kim GP, Mahoney MR, Szydlo D, Mok TS, Marshke R, Holen K, Picus J, Boyer M, Pitot HC, Rubin J, Philip PA, Nowak A, Wright JJ, Erlichman C. An international, multicenter phase II trial of bortezomib in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Invest New Drugs. 2010 [PMC free article: PMC3896232] [PubMed: 20839030]
  438. Hao MZ, Lin HL, Chen Q, Ye YB, Chen QZ, Chen MS. Efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined with cytokine-induced killer cell therapy on hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparative study. Chin J Cancer. 2010;29(2):172–7. [PubMed: 20109346]
  439. Moriguchi M, Takayama T, Nakamura M, Aramaki O, Higaki T, Nakayama H, Ohkubo T, Fujii M. Phase I/II study of a fine-powder formulation of cisplatin for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res. 2010;40(4):369–75. [PubMed: 20070392]
  440. Gish RG, Gordon SC, Nelson D, Rustgi V, Rios I. A randomized controlled trial of thymalfasin plus transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int. 2009 [PMC free article: PMC2748379] [PubMed: 19669251]
  441. Ballem N, Berber E, Pitt T, Siperstein A. Laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term follow-up. HPB (Oxford). 2008;10(5):315–20. [PMC free article: PMC2575683] [PubMed: 18982145]
  442. Ogihara M, Wong LL, Machi J. Radiofrequency ablation versus surgical resection for single nodule hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term outcomes. HPB (Oxford). 2005;7(3):214–21. [PMC free article: PMC2023955] [PubMed: 18333193]
  443. Takeda A, Takahashi M, Kunieda E, Takeda T, Sanuki N, Koike Y, Atsukawa K, Ohashi T, Saito H, Shigematsu N, Kubo A. Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy with and without transarterial chemoembolization for small hepatocellular carcinoma not eligible for other ablation therapies: Preliminary results for efficacy and toxicity. Hepatol Res. 2008;38(1):60–9. [PubMed: 17506837]
  444. Al Fuhaid T, Al Madi M, Al Abdul Kareem H, Al Dukhayil M, Abdo AA. Radiological response in Saudi patients undergoing transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(1):21–4. [PubMed: 19858608]
  445. Burroughs A, Samonakis D. Is transarterial chemoembolization an option for all patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma? Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;1(2):78–9. [PubMed: 16265067]
  446. Lu W, Li YH, Yu ZJ, He XF, Chen Y, Zhao JB. Damage to liver function after TACE of anticancer drugs in hepatocellular carcinoma: Evaluation of two kinds of anticancer drugs. Journal of Interventional Radiology. 2006;15(6):351–355.
  447. Salem R, Lewandowski RJ, Atassi B, Gordon SC, Gates VL, Barakat O, Sergie Z, Wong CYO, Thurston KG. Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with use of 90Y microspheres (therasphere): Safety, tumor response, and survival. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 2005;16(12):1627–1639. [PubMed: 16371529]
  448. Popperl G, Helmberger T, Munzing W, Schmid R, Jacobs TF, Tatsch K. Selective internal radiation therapy with SIR-Spheres(registered trademark) in patients with nonresectable liver tumors. Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals. 2005;20(2):200–208. [PubMed: 15869456]
  449. Dae YK, Park W, Do HL, Joon HL, Byung CY, Seung WP, Kwang CK, Tae HK, Yong CA, Seung JH. Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for portal vein thrombosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2005;103(11):2419–2426. [PubMed: 15822130]
  450. Leung JY, Zhu AX, Gordon FD, Pratt DS, Mithoefer A, Garrigan K, Terella A, Hertl M, Cosimi AB, Chung RT. Liver transplantation outcomes for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: Results of a multicenter study. Liver Transplantation. 2004;10(11):1343–1354. [PubMed: 15497158]
  451. Poon RTP, Yu WC, Fan ST, Wong J. Long-term oral branched chain amino acids in patients undergoing chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomized trial. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2004;19(7):779–788. [PubMed: 15043519]
  452. Sundram F, Chau TCM, Onkhuudai P, Bernal P, Padhy AK. Preliminary results of transarterial rhenium-188 HDD lipiodol in the treatment of inoperable primary hepatocellular carcinoma. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2004;31(2):250–257. [PubMed: 15129708]
  453. Santambrogio R, Podda M, Zuin M, Bertolini E, Bruno S, Cornalba GP, Costa M, Montorsi M. Safety and efficacy of laparoscopic radiofrequency of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis. Surgical Endoscopy. 2003;17(11):1826–1832. [PubMed: 12802646]
  454. Sen G, Rai R, Manas DM. Factors predictive of 5-year survival after transarterial chemoembolization for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma [4] British Journal of Surgery. 2003;90(8):1022. [PubMed: 12905563]
  455. Hong RL, Tseng YL. A phase II and pharmacokinetic study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2003;51(5):433–438. [PubMed: 12736762]
  456. Leung TWT, Yu S, Johnson PJ, Geschwind J, Vogl TJ, Engelmann K, Gores GJ, Giovannini M, O'Grady J, Heneghan M, Stewart M, Orenberg EK, Thuluvath PJ. Phase II study of the efficacy and safety of cisplatin-epinephrine injectable gel administered to patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2003;21(4):652–658. [PubMed: 12586802]
  457. Lopez RR Jr, Pan SH, Hoffman AL, Ramirez C, Rojter SE, Ramos H, McMonigle M, Lois J. Comparison of transarterial chemoembolization in patients with unresectable, diffuse vs focal hepatocellular carcinoma. Archives of Surgery. 2002;137(6):653–658. [PubMed: 12049535]
  458. Cerna M, Kocher M, Svebisova H, Neoral C, Cwiertka K, Buriankova E, Havlik R. Two years experience with chemoembolization of unresectable malignant liver tumours. Ceska Radiologie. 2002;56(3):151–157.
  459. Votrubova J, Horejs J, Peskova M, Svab J, Krska Z. Radiofrequency thermoablation of hepatic tumours. Ceska Radiologie. 2002;56(3):145–150.
  460. Lo CM, Ngan H, Tso WK, Liu CL, Lam CM, Poon RTP, Fan ST, Wong J. Randomized controlled trial of transarterial Lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2002;35(5):1164–1171. [PubMed: 11981766]
  461. Chiang JH, Lee RC, Tseng TS, Chiou YY, Hwang JI, Chou YH, Chen SS, Teng MMH, Wu JC, Lui WY, Chang CY, Yang CF. Therapeutic effect of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in young patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Chinese Journal of Radiology. 2001;26(4):159–164.
  462. Mok TSK, Kanekal S, Lin XR, Leung TWT, Chan ATC, Yeo W, Yu S, Chak K, Leavitt R, Johnson P. Pharmacokinetic study of intralesional cisplatin for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2001;91(12):2369–2377. [PubMed: 11413527]
  463. Wang G, Shen W, Song M, Xu H. Results of combined treatment with transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization and whole-liver irradiation with the moving strip technique in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. International Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2000;5(6):380–385.
  464. Zeng ZC, Tang ZY, Wu ZQ, Ma ZC, Fan J, Qin LX, Zhou J, Wang JH, Wang BL, Zhong CS. Phase I clinical trial of oral Furtulon and combined hepatic arterial chemoembolization and radiotherapy in unresectable primary liver cancers, including clinicopathologic study. American Journal of Clinical Oncology: Cancer Clinical Trials. 2000;23(5):449–454. [PubMed: 11039502]
  465. Rossi S, Garbagnati F, Lencioni R, Allgaier HP, Marchiano A, Fornari F, Quaretti P, Di Tolla G, Ambrosi C, Mazzaferro V, Blum HE, Bartolozzi C. Percutaneous radio-frequency thermal ablation of nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma after occlusion of tumor blood supply1. Radiology. 2000;217(1):119–126. [PubMed: 11012432]
  466. Farooqi JI, Farooqi RJ. Efficacy of octreotide in cases of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: A clinical trial. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan. 2000;10(7):258–260.
  467. Kwok PCH, Lam TW, Chan SCH, Chung CP, Wong WK, Chan MK, Lo HY, Lam WM. A randomized clinical trial comparing autologous blood clot and gelfoam in transarterial chemoembolization for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Hepatology. 2000;32(6):955–964. [PubMed: 10898316]
  468. Poon RTP, Ngan H, Lo CM, Liu CL, Fan ST, Wong J. Transarterial chemoembolization for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma and postresection intrahepatic recurrence. Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2000;73(2):109–114. [PubMed: 10694648]
Bookshelf ID: NBK148525

Views

  • PubReader
  • Print View
  • Cite this Page
  • PDF version of this title (2.2M)

Recent Activity

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

See more...