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2.

Anonymous. The 1–2–3 study: achieving glycaemic goals in type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Nursing 2006;(1):1p. No original data .

3.

Anonymous. Key abstract: the EUROMIX study. Journal of Diabetes Nursing 2005;[3]. No original data .

4.

Anonymous. Rapid acting insulin analogue effective in a range of body types launched. Pharm. J. 2005;275(7369):401. No original data .

5.

Anonymous. DTB questions first-line use of insulin analogues. Pharm. J. 2004;273(7321):552. No original data .

6.

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7.

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8.

Anonymous. CDC Fact Book 2000/2001. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2000 Sep (138 p) No original data .

9.

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10.

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11.

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12.

Akram J. Prevention of hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated patients during Ramadan: results from a multicentre study: 2. Practical Diabetes International. 1998;15(1):S19. Did not evaluate a premixed insulin analogue .

13.

Aristides M, Weston AR, FitzGerald P. et al. Patient preference and willingness-to-pay for Humalog Mix25 relative to Humulin 30/70: a multicountry application of a discrete choice experiment. Value Health. 2004;7(4):442–54. Does not apply to a key question . [PubMed: 15449636]

14.

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15.

Bell D, Bode B, Clements RS. et al. Premixed vs. self-mixed insulin in the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus: A randomized trial. Today's Ther Trends. 1991;9(1):63–73. Did not evaluate a premixed insulin analogue .

16.

Bolli GB, Di Marchi RD, Park GD. et al. Insulin analogues and their potential in the management of diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1999;42(10):1151–1167. No original data . [PubMed: 10525654]

17.

Bullano MF, Fisher MD, Grochulski WD. et al. Hypoglycemic events and glycosylated hemoglobin values in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus newly initiated on insulin glargine or premixed insulin combination products. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2006;63(24):2473–82. Did not evaluate a premixed insulin analogue . [PubMed: 17158695]

18.

Calle-Pascual AL, Bagazgoitia J, Calle JR. et al. Use of insulin lispro in pregnancy. Diabetes Nutr Metab. 2000;13(3):173–7. No original data . [PubMed: 10963394]

19.

Cappelleri JC, Cefalu WT, Rosenstock J. et al. Treatment satisfaction in type 2 diabetes: a comparison between an inhaled insulin regimen and a subcutaneous insulin regimen. Clinical therapeutics. 2002;24(4):552–64. Did not evaluate a premixed insulin analogue . [PubMed: 12017400]

20.

Chan WB, Chow CC, Yeung VTF. et al. Effect of insulin lispro on glycaemic control in Chinese diabetic patients receiving twice-daily regimens of insulin. Chin Med J. 2004;117(9):1404–1407. Did not evaluate people with type 2 diabetes . [PubMed: 15377436]

21.

Clements MR, Tits J, Kinsley BT. et al. Improved glycaemic control of thrice-daily biphasic insulin aspart compared with twice-daily biphasic human insulin; a randomized, open-label trial in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008;10(3):229–37. Did not evaluate people with type 2 diabetes . [PubMed: 18269638]

22.

Cobden D, Lee WC, Balu S. et al. Health outcomes and economic impact of therapy conversion to a biphasic insulin analog pen among privately insured patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27(7):948–62. Did not compare a premixed insulin analogue to another antidiabetic agent . [PubMed: 17594200]

23.

Coscelli C, Calabrese G, Fedele D. et al. Use of premixed insulin among the elderly. Reduction of errors in patient preparation of mixtures. Diabetes Care. 1992;15(11):1628–30. Did not evaluate a premixed insulin analogue . [PubMed: 1468295]

24.

Culy CR, Jarvis B. Management of diabetes mellitus: Defining the role of insulin lispro mix75/25 (Humalog(registered trademark) Mix75/25(trademark)). Dis Manage Health Outcomes. 2001;9(12):711–730. No original data .

25.

Currie CJ, McEwan P, Poole C. et al. Comments on Long-term clinical and cost outcomes of treatment with biphasic insulin aspart 30/70 versus insulin glargine in insulin-naive type 2 diabetes patients: cost-effectiveness analysis in the UK setting. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22(5):967–9. author reply 968–9. No original data . [PubMed: 16709318]

26.

Davidson MB. Twice-Daily NPH or mixture insulins versus triple therapy: apples versus oranges: response to Poulsen et al. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(7):1846. author reply 1847–8. No original data . [PubMed: 15220288]

27.

DeWitt DE. Case study: Treating new-onset catabolic type 2 diabetes with glargine and lispro. Clin Diabetes. 2006;24(4):180–181. No original data .

28.

Dunbar JM, Madden PM, Gleeson DT. et al. Premixed insulin preparations in pen syringes maintain glycemic control and are preferred by patients. Diabetes care. 1994;17(8):874–8. Did not evaluate people with type 2 diabetes . [PubMed: 7956634]

29.

Ebeling P, Tuominen JA, Koivisto VA. Insulin analogues and carcinoma of the breast. Diabetologia. 1996;39(1):124–125. No original data . [PubMed: 8720615]

30.

Edelman S. Does a patient-administered titration algorithm of insulin glargine improve glycemic control? Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2006;2(2):78–9. Did not evaluate a premixed insulin analogue . [PubMed: 16932261]

31.

Ejskjaer N, Rasmussen M, Kamp N. et al. Comparison of thrice daily ‘high’ vs. ‘medium’ premixed insulin aspart with respect to evening and overnight glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2003;5(6):438–45. Did not compare a premixed insulin analogue to another antidiabetic agent . [PubMed: 14617230]

32.

Gale E, Del Prato S. Emerging clinical uses for insulin lispro. Pract Diabetes Int. 1997;14(4 SUPPL):S4–S10. No original data .

33.

Garber AJ. Assessing the role of biphasic insulin aspart 30 as an effective and tolerable front-line therapy for type 2 diabetes. Clin Ther. 2005;27(Suppl 2):S39–41. No original data . [PubMed: 16519036]

34.

Garg SK. New insulin analogues. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2005;7(5):813–7. No original data. [PubMed: 16241890]

35.

Groop L, Harno K, Tolppanen EM. The combination of insulin and sulphonylurea in the treatment of secondary drug failure in patients with type II diabetes. Acta Endocrinol. 1984;106(1):97–101. Did not evaluate a premixed insulin analogue . [PubMed: 6428120]

36.

Hamid Z, Simmons DL. Triple therapy in type 2 diabetes: insulin glargine or rosiglitazone added to combination therapy of sulfonylurea plus metformin in insulin-naive patients: response to Rosenstock et al. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(10):2331. author reply 2332. No original data . [PubMed: 17003324]

37.

Herz M. Clinical update on Humalog Mix25 a novel pre-mixed formulation of insulin lispro and NPL. Int J Clin Pract Suppl 1999;1048–13; discussion 18–20. No original data . [PubMed: 12669732]

38.

Home PD, Bailey CJ, Donaldson J. et al. A double-blind randomized study comparing the effects of continuing or not continuing rosiglitazone + metformin therapy when starting insulin therapy in people with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association. 2007;24(6):618–25. Did not evaluate a premixed insulin analogue . [PMC free article: PMC1974817] [PubMed: 17403121]

39.

Home P D. Comment on: Nauck MA, Duran S, Kim D et al (2007) A comparison of twice-daily exenatide and biphasic insulin aspart in patients with type 2 diabetes who were suboptimally controlled with sulfonylurea and metformin: a non-inferiority study. Diabetologia 50:259–267. Diabetologia 2007;50(7):1561–2. No original data . [PubMed: 17384924]

40.

Ishii H, Yamamura A, Malone JK. Quality-of-life (QOL) assessment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in regard to insulin lispro mixture-25 and mixture-50 twice daily therapy. J Jpn Diabetes Soc. 2005;48(8):607–616. Non-English article .

41.

Iwamoto Y, Kawamori R, Kadowaki T. et al. Clinical study on insulin lispro Mixture-25 and Mixture-50 administered twice daily in insulin requiring patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Rinsho-Iyaku. 2002;18(3):395–409. Non-English article .

42.

Janka H U, Hogy B. Economic evaluation of the treatment of type 2 diabetes with insulin glargine based on the LAPTOP trial. Eur J Health Econ 2007. Did not evaluate a premixed insulin analogue . [PubMed: 17530309]

43.

JiXiong X, Jianying L, Yulan C. et al. The human insulin analog aspart can induce insulin allergy. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(8):2084–5. Does not apply to a key question . [PubMed: 15277447]

44.

Jungmann E, Bolle J, Schmitz C. et al. Intensified insulin therapy (IIT) in type II Diabetes mellitus: pre- or postprandial injection of aspart insulin? Medizinische Klinik. 2004;99:109. Non-English article .

45.

Katahira M, Hara I, Nishizaki T. Insulin allergy decreased by Humulin S (Humulin R) and not by insulin aspart or Actrapid Penfill (Penfill R). Diabetic Med. 2005;22(10):1455–1457. No original data . [PubMed: 16176214]

46.

Kazda CM, Forst T, Gierhake C. et al. Improving blood glucose and reducing incidence of hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetics using insulin lispro 25%/NPL 75%: VERBESSERUNG DER BLUTGLUKOSEEINSTELLUNG UND SENKUNG DER HYPOGLYKAMIERATE BEI TYP-2-DIABETIKERN UNTER INSULIN LISPRO 25. Diabetes Stoffwechsel. 2003;12(5):233–238. Non-English article .

47.

Kitowicz A, Criswell DF. Question: is insulin glargine more effective? J Okla State Med Assoc. 2007;100(1):26–7. No original data . [PubMed: 17378499]

48.

Kitzmiller JL, Buchbinder A, Khoury J. et al. Insulin lispro and the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy during pregnancy (multiple letter) [4] Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185(3):774–775. No original data . [PubMed: 11568815]

49.

Kitzmiller JL, Main E, Ward B. et al. Insulin lispro and the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy during pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(5):874–6. Did not evaluate a premixed insulin analogue . [PubMed: 10332713]

50.

Koivisto VA. International experience with insulin lispro. Pract Diabetes Int. 1998;15(1 SUPPL):S15–S17. No original data .

51.

Koivisto VA, Tuominen JA, Ebeling P. Lispro Mix25 insulin as premeal therapy in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(3):459–62. Does not apply to a key question . [PubMed: 10097929]

52.

Kokic S, Bukovic D, Radman M. et al. Lispro insulin and metformin versus other combination in the diabetes mellitus type 2 management after secondary oral antidiabetic drug failure. Coll Antropol. 2003;27(1):181–7. Did not evaluate a premixed insulin analogue . [PubMed: 12974145]

53.

Lee WC, Balu S, Cobden D. et al. Medication adherence and the associated health-economic impact among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus converting to insulin pen therapy: an analysis of third-party managed care claims data. Clin Ther. 2006;28(10):1712–25. Did not compare a premixed insulin analogue to another antidiabetic agent . [PubMed: 17157128]

54.

Levinson PD. Premixed or self-mixed insulin for elderly patients. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118(SUPPL 3):80. No original data .

55.

Lindholm A, Jensen LB, Home PD. et al. Immune responses to insulin aspart and biphasic insulin aspart in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(5):876–82. Does not apply to a key question . [PubMed: 11978684]

56.

Luddeke H J. Improving post-prandial control with Humalog and Humalog mixtures. Int J Clin Pract Suppl 2000;(112):23–8. No original data . [PubMed: 11064948]

57.

McCormack J, Bassett K. The evidence for insulin lispro. CMAJ. 1998;159(11):1353–5. No original data . [PMC free article: PMC1229846] [PubMed: 9861200]

58.

Mikhail N. The combined effect of triple therapy with rosiglitazone, metformin, and insulin aspart in type 2 diabetic patients: response to Poulsen et al. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(7):1846–7. author reply 1847–8. No original data . [PubMed: 15220287]

59.

Mohn A, Marcovecchio M, Chiarelli F. et al. Insulin analogues [5] (multiple letters). New Engl J Med. 2005;352(17):1822–1824. No original data . [PubMed: 15858198]

60.

Moisey RS, Jenkins R, Nagi D. The use of basal insulin (NPH) compared with pre-mixed biphasic insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A single centre experience. Pract Diabetes Int. 2007;24(4):212–216. Exclude other reason .

61.

Nathan JP, Rosenberg JM. How are insulin glargine and insulin aspart different from the “older” insulins? Drug Topics. 2000;144(22):41. No original data .

62.

Nauck M A, Trautman M, Brodows R et al. Response to comment on: Nauck MA, Duran S, Kim D et al (2007) A comparison of twice-daily exenatide and biphasic insulin aspart in patients with type 2 diabetes who were suboptimally controlled with sulfonylurea and metformin: a non-inferiority study. Diabetologia 50:259–267. Diabetologia 2007;50(7):1563–4. No original data . [PubMed: 17160407]

63.

Ning G, Xiang K, Gao Y. et al. Comparison of post-prandial blood glucose excursions between insulin lispro 75/25 and human insulin 70/30 in Chinese patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Medicine. 2005;9(2):14–22. Did not compare a premixed insulin analogue to another antidiabetic agent .

64.

Oosthuizen H. Insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Endocrinol Metab Diabetes S Afr. 2003;8(3):72–78. No original data .

65.

Panczel P, Hosszufalusi N, Horvath MM. et al. Advantage of insulin lispro in suspected insulin allergy. Allergy. 2000;55(4):409–10. Exclude other reason . [PubMed: 10782533]

66.

Peragallo-Dittko V. Insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Self-Management. 2003;20(5):17. No original data . [PubMed: 14679948]

67.

Plog T. Insulin analogs plus oral antidiabetic drug therapy for older patients with type 2 diabetes. Long-Term Care Interface 2007; 7. No original data .

68.

Renner R, Vocke K, Hepp KD. Blood Glucose Profiles in Type I and Type II Diabetic Patients under Different Insulin Mixtures of BHI-Regular and BHI-NPH. Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift. 1983;125(Suppl 1):57–62. Non-English article . [PubMed: 6408436]

69.

Reviriego J, Herz M, Roach P. the Humalog® Mix25 Spanish Study Group. Improved glycaemic control without increased risk of hypoglycaemia with a 25% insulin/lispro 75% NPL mixture twice daily compared with NPH twice daily in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Appl Ther Res. 2004;4(4):3–9. Exclude other reason .

70.

Roach P, Strack T, Arora V. et al. Improved glycaemic control with the use of self-prepared mixtures of insulin lispro and insulin lispro protamine suspension in patients with types 1 and 2 diabetes. Int J Clin Pract. 2001;55(3):177–82. Did not evaluate a premixed insulin analogue . [PubMed: 11351771]

71.

Robertson D. Achieving fasting and postprandial blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2006;67(10):518–22. No original data . [PubMed: 17069120]

72.

Rubin RR, Peyrot M. Quality of life, treatment satisfaction, and treatment preference associated with use of a pen device delivering a premixed 70/30 insulin aspart suspension (aspart protamine suspension/soluble aspart) versus alternative treatment strategies. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(10):2495–7. Exclude other reason . [PubMed: 15451924]

73.

Schmoelzer I, de Campo A, Pressl H. et al. Biphasic insulin aspart compared to biphasic human insulin reduces postprandial hyperlipidemia in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2005;113(3):176–81. Does not apply to a key question . [PubMed: 15789278]

74.

Schreiber SA, Russmann A. Insulin glargine and educational intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes in clinical practice: long-term improvement in glycaemic control without weight gain. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2006;114(1):41–2. No original data . [PubMed: 16450317]

75.

Shichiri M, Kishikawa H, Ohkubo Y. et al. Long-term results of the Kumamoto Study on optimal diabetes control in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(Suppl 2):B21–9. Did not evaluate a premixed insulin analogue . [PubMed: 10860187]

76.

Sridhar GR. Two regimens of twice-daily premix insulin analogue: an observational study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006;71(1):105–7. Did not compare a premixed insulin analogue to another antidiabetic agent . [PubMed: 16171886]

77.

Swenson K, Brackenridge B. Lispro for type 2? Diabetes Forecast. 2000;53(7):81–83. No original data.

78.

Swenson K, Brackenridge B. Lispro insulin for improved glucose control in obese patient with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Spectrum. 1998;11(1):13–15. No original data .

79.

Thaware P, Howe J, Lawrence IG. et al. Use of the rapid acting insulin analogue lispro and its protamine retarded from (Humalog Mix 25) in a clinical setting. Pract Diabetes Int. 2004;21(9):329–333. Did not compare a premixed insulin analogue to another antidiabetic agent .

80.

Valentine WJ, Palmer AJ, Lammert M. et al. Long-term clinical and cost outcomes of treatment with biphasic insulin aspart 30/70 versus insulin glargine in insulin naive type 2 diabetes patients: cost-effectiveness analysis in the UK setting. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21(12):2063–71. No original data . [PubMed: 16368057]

81.

Walczak IM. Lantus reduces blood glucose levels, less hypoglycemia in treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2002;4(5):735–6. No original data . [PubMed: 12458566]

82.

Warren ML, Conway MJ, Klaff LJ. et al. Postprandial versus preprandial dosing of biphasic insulin aspart in elderly type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2004;66(1):23–9. Did not compare a premixed insulin analogue to another antidiabetic agent . [PubMed: 15364158]

83.

White JR. Insulin glargine clinical trials. Clin Ther. 2004;26(7):1179–81. discussion 1182–3. No original data . [PubMed: 15336483]

84.

Yamada S, Watanabe M, Funae O. et al. Effect of combination therapy of a rapid-acting insulin secretagogue (glinide) with premixed insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Intern Med. 2007;46(23):1893–7. Did not evaluate a premixed insulin analogue . [PubMed: 18057760]

85.

Yasuda H, Nagata M, Moriyama H. et al. Human insulin analog insulin aspart does not cause insulin allergy. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(11):2008–9. Did not evaluate a premixed insulin analogue . [PubMed: 11679481]

86.

Zinman B. The pharmacokinetics of insulin analogues and pumps. Pract Diabetes Int. 2001;18(5 SUPPL):S3–S4. No original data .