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Nelson HD, Fu R, Humphrey L, et al. Comparative Effectiveness of Medications To Reduce Risk of Primary Breast Cancer in Women [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2009 Sep. (AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, No. 17.)

  • This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

Cover of Comparative Effectiveness of Medications To Reduce Risk of Primary Breast Cancer in Women

Comparative Effectiveness of Medications To Reduce Risk of Primary Breast Cancer in Women [Internet].

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Appendix BList of Excluded Studies

1.
Raloxifene and prevention of vertebral fracture (cont’d): mainly when oestrogen is contraindicated. Prescrire Int. 2000;9(50):190–191. Review/No data. [PubMed: 11475503]
2.
Summaries for patients. Using medication to prevent breast cancer: recommendations from the United States Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137(1):162. Review/No data. [PubMed: 12093267]
3.
Tibolone: cancers of the breast and endometrium. Prescrire Int. 2006;15(83):107. No relevant data. [PubMed: 16764100]
4.
Abramson N, Aster RH. Retrospective assessment of hypercoagulability in breast cancer prevention trial. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(19):4133–4134. Review/No data. [PubMed: 12351619]
5.
Abramson N, Costantino JP, Garber JE, et al. Effect of Factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210-->A mutations on thromboembolic risk in the national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project breast cancer prevention trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(13):904–910. No relevant outcomes. [PubMed: 16818854]
6.
Adomaityte J, Farooq M, Qayyum R. Effect of raloxifene therapy on venous thromboembolism in postmenopausal women. A meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2008;99(2):338–342. Review/No data. [PubMed: 18278183]
7.
Al-Delaimy WK, Cho E, Chen WY, et al. A prospective study of smoking and risk of breast cancer in young adult women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13(3):398–404. Single risk factor only. [PubMed: 15006915]
8.
Aldrighi JM, Quail DC, Levy-Frebault J, et al. Predictors of hot flushes in postmenopausal women who receive raloxifene therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(6):1979–1988. No relevant data. [PubMed: 15592280]
9.
American College of Obstetrics, Gynecologists Committee on Gynecologic Practice. ACOG committee opinion. No. 336: Tamoxifen and uterine cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107(6):1475–1478. Review/No data. [PubMed: 16738185]
10.
Andersson M, Storm HH, Mouridsen HT. Incidence of new primary cancers after adjuvant tamoxifen therapy and radiotherapy for early breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1991;83(14):1013–1017. Wrong type of study. [PubMed: 2072407]
11.
Andrieu N, Clavel F, Auquier A, et al. Variations in the risk of breast cancer associated with a family history of breast cancer according to age at onset and reproductive factors. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46(9):973–980. Single risk factor only. [PubMed: 8263582]
12.
Andrieu N, Goldgar DE, Easton DF, et al. Pregnancies, breast-feeding, and breast cancer risk in the International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study (IBCCS). J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(8):535–544. Family history only model. [PMC free article: PMC2094011] [PubMed: 16622123]
13.
Andrieu N, Prevost T, Rohan TE, et al. Variation in the interaction between familial and reproductive factors on the risk of breast cancer according to age, menopausal status, and degree of familiality. Int J Epidemiol. 2000;29(2):214–223. No relevant data. [PubMed: 10817116]
14.
Antoniou AC, Durocher F, Smith P, et al. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation predictions using the BOADICEA and BRCAPRO models and penetrance estimation in high-risk French-Canadian families. Breast Cancer Res. 2006;8(1):R3. Family history only model. [PMC free article: PMC1413985] [PubMed: 16417652]
15.
Antoniou AC, Pharoah PD, McMullan G, et al. Evidence for further breast cancer susceptibility genes in addition to BRCA1 and BRCA2 in a population-based study. Genet Epidemiol. 2001;21(1):1–18. Family history only model. [PubMed: 11443730]
16.
Antoniou AC, Pharoah PPD, Smith P, et al. The BOADICEA model of genetic susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer [see comment] Br J Cancer. 2004;91(8):1580–1590. Family history only model. [PMC free article: PMC2409934] [PubMed: 15381934]
17.
Archer DF, Hendrix S, Gallagher JC, et al. Endometrial effects of tibolone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(3):911–918. Wrong type of study. [PubMed: 17192288]
18.
Arun B, Hortobagyi GN. Progress in breast cancer chemoprevention. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2002;9(1):15–32. No relevant data. [PubMed: 11914180]
19.
Ascher SM, Imaoka I, Lage JM. Tamoxifen-induced uterine abnormalities: the role of imaging. Radiology. 2000;214(1):29–38. Review/No data. [PubMed: 10644098]
20.
Ashing-Giwa KT, Padilla GV, Tejero JS, et al. Breast cancer survivorship in a multiethnic sample: challenges in recruitment and measurement. Cancer. 2004;101(3):450–465. Does not address key questions. [PubMed: 15274058]
21.
Atkins JN. The breast cancer prevention trial: a correction. JAMA. 1994;272(17):1328. Review/No data. [PubMed: 7933393]
22.
Bakour SH, Gupta JK, Khan KS. Risk factors associated with endometrial polyps in abnormal uterine bleeding. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002;76(2):165–168. Review/No data. [PubMed: 11818111]
23.
Baptista MZ, Prieto VG, Chon S, et al. Tamoxifen-related vasculitis. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(21):3504–3505. Wrong population. [PubMed: 16849770]
24.
Barakat RR. The effect of tamoxifen on the endometrium. Oncology. 9(2):129–134. discussion 139–140. Review/No data. [PubMed: 8771096]
25.
Barcenas CH, Hosain GMM, Arun B, et al. Assessing BRCA carrier probabilities in extended families. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(3):354–360. Family history only model. [PubMed: 16421416]
26.
Barrett-Connor E, Wenger NK, Grady D, et al. Coronary heart disease in women, randomized clinical trials, HERS and RUTH. Maturitas. 1998;31(1):1–7. Review/No data. [PubMed: 10091198]
27.
Barron TI, Connolly R, Bennett K, et al. Early discontinuation of tamoxifen: a lesson for oncologists. Cancer. 2007;109(5):832–839. Wrong population. [PubMed: 17243168]
28.
Baum M, Houghton J, Riley D. Tamoxifen to prevent breast cancer. Lancet. 1991;338(8759):114. Review/No data. [PubMed: 1676439]
29.
Becher H, Schmidt S, Chang-Claude J. Reproductive factors and familial predisposition for breast cancer by age 50 years. A case-control-family study for assessing main effects and possible gene-environment interaction [see comment] Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32(1):38–48. Family history only model. [PubMed: 12690006]
30.
Beckmann MW, Bani MR, Fasching PA, et al. Risk and risk assessment for breast cancer: molecular and clinical aspects. Maturitas. 2007;57(1):56–60. Family history only model. [PubMed: 17386982]
31.
Beiner ME, Finch A, Rosen B, et al. The risk of endometrial cancer in women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. A prospective study. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;104(1):7–10. Wrong population. [PubMed: 16962648]
32.
Beitler JJ. Tamoxifen and sexuality: Let’s listen to the data speak. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(11):3689–3690. Wrong population. [PubMed: 10550170]
33.
Benichou J, Gail MH, Mulvihill JJ. Graphs to estimate an individualized risk of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(1):103–110. No relevant data. [PubMed: 8558184]
34.
Berg AO. United States Preventive Services Task Force. Chemoprevention of breast cancer: recommendations and rationale. Am J Nurs. 2003;103(5):107. No relevant data. [PubMed: 12759615]
35.
Bergh J. Breast-cancer prevention: is the risk-benefit ratio in favour of tamoxifen. Lancet. 2003;362(9379):183–184. Review/No data. [PubMed: 12885476]
36.
Bernatsky S, Ramsey-Goldman R, Boivin J-F, et al. Do traditional Gail model risk factors account for increased breast cancer in women with lupus. J Rheumatol. 2003;30(7):1505–1507. Population not applicable. [PubMed: 12858448]
37.
Bernstein L, Patel AV, Ursin G, et al. Lifetime recreational exercise activity and breast cancer risk among black women and white women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(22):1671–1679. Single risk factor only. [PubMed: 16288120]
38.
Bernstein L, Ross RK, Henderson BE. Prospects for the primary prevention of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135(2):142–152. Review/No data. [PubMed: 1311141]
39.
Bevers TB. Raloxifene and the prevention of breast cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2006;7(16):2301–2307. Review/No data. [PubMed: 17059385]
40.
Blumenthal RS, Baranowski B, Dowsett SA. Cardiovascular effects of raloxifene: the arterial and venous systems. Am Heart J. 2004;147(5):783–789. Review/No data. [PubMed: 15131531]
41.
Boardman LA, Thibodeau SN, Schaid DJ, et al. Increased risk for cancer in patients with the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128(11):896–899. Population not applicable. [PubMed: 9634427]
42.
Bober SL, Hoke LA, Duda RB, et al. Recommendation recall and satisfaction after attending breast/ovarian cancer risk counseling. J Genet Couns. 2007;16(6):755–762. No relevant outcomes. [PubMed: 17674165]
43.
Bondy ML, Newman LA. Assessing breast cancer risk: evolution of the Gail Model [comment] J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(17):1172–1173. No relevant data. [PubMed: 16954464]
44.
Bordeleau LJ, Lipa JE, Neligan PC. Management of the BRCA mutation carrier or high-risk patient. Clin Plast Surg. 2007;34(1):15–27. Family history only model. [PubMed: 17307068]
45.
Boss SM, Huster WJ, Neild JA, et al. Effects of raloxifene hydrochloride on the endometrium of postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;177(6):1458–1464. Review/No data. [PubMed: 9423751]
46.
Boyapati SM, Shu XO, Jin F, et al. Dietary calcium intake and breast cancer risk among Chinese women in Shanghai. Nutr Cancer. 2003;46(1):38–43. Single risk factor only. [PubMed: 12925302]
47.
Bradbury BD, Lash TL, Kaye JA, et al. Tamoxifen-treated breast carcinoma patients and the risk of acute myocardial infarction and newly-diagnosed angina. Cancer. 2005;103(6):1114–1121. Wrong population. [PubMed: 15712362]
48.
Bradbury J. CORE breast-cancer prevention trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6(1):8. Review/No data. [PubMed: 15672490]
49.
Bremnes Y, Ursin G, Bjurstam N, et al. Different measures of smoking exposure and mammographic density in postmenopausal Norwegian women: a cross-sectional study. Breast Cancer Res. 2007;9(5):R73. Single risk factor only. [PMC free article: PMC2242671] [PubMed: 17963507]
50.
Brenner DE. Cancer chemoprevention. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2000;33(3):155–156. Review/No data. [PubMed: 10789489]
51.
Brewster AM, Christo DK, Lai H, et al. Breast carcinoma chemoprevention in the community setting. Estimating risks and benefits. Cancer. 2005;103(6):1147–1153. No relevant outcomes. [PubMed: 15674856]
52.
Brinker A, Beitz J. Spontaneous reports of pulmonary embolism in association with raloxifene. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;98(6):1151. Review/No data. [PubMed: 11755578]
53.
Brown K. Breast cancer chemoprevention: risk-benefit effects of the antioestrogen tamoxifen. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2002;1(3):253–267. Review/No data. [PubMed: 12904141]
54.
Brown P. Risk assessment: controversies and management of moderate- to high-risk individuals. Breast J. 2005;11(Suppl 1):S11–19. No relevant data. [PubMed: 15725110]
55.
Bush TL, Blumenthal R, Lobo R, et al. SERMs and cardiovascular disease in women. How do these agents affect risk? Postgrad Med. 2001;(Spec No: 17–24) Review/No data. [PubMed: 11296735]
56.
Bushnell C. The cerebrovascular risks associated with tamoxifen use. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2005;4(3):501–507. Review/No data. [PubMed: 15934856]
57.
Bushnell CD, Goldstein LB. Risk of ischemic stroke with tamoxifen treatment for breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Neurology. 2004;63(7):1230–1233. Review/No data. [PubMed: 15477543]
58.
Byrne C, Rockett H, Holmes MD. Dietary fat, fat subtypes, and breast cancer risk: lack of an association among postmenopausal women with no history of benign breast disease. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11(3):261–265. Single risk factor only. [PubMed: 11895875]
59.
Byrne C, Schairer C, Brinton LA, et al. Effects of mammographic density and benign breast disease on breast cancer risk (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2001;12(2):103–110. Single risk factor only. [PubMed: 11246838]
60.
Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker KA, et al. Tubal sterilization and risk of breast cancer mortality in US women. Cancer Causes Control. 2001;12(2):127–135. Single risk factor only. [PubMed: 11246841]
61.
Cattaneo M, Baglietto L, Zighetti ML, et al. Tamoxifen reduces plasma homocysteine levels in healthy women. Br J Cancer. 1998;77(12):2264–2266. Wrong type of study. [PMC free article: PMC2150392] [PubMed: 9649143]
62.
Cersosimo RJ. Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer. Ann Pharmacother. 2003;37(2):268–273. Review/No data. [PubMed: 12549959]
63.
Chan K, Morris GJ. Chemoprevention of breast cancer for women at high risk. Semin Oncol. 2006;33(6):642–646. Review/No data. [PubMed: 17145342]
64.
Chang J, Powles TJ, Ashley SE, et al. The effect of tamoxifen and hormone replacement therapy on serum cholesterol, bone mineral density and coagulation factors in healthy postmenopausal women participating in a randomised, controlled tamoxifen prevention study. Ann Oncol. 1996;7(7):671–675. Wrong drugs. [PubMed: 8905024]
65.
Chen WY, Colditz GA. Risk factors and hormone-receptor status: epidemiology, risk-prediction models and treatment implications for breast cancer. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2007;4(7):415–423. No relevant data. [PubMed: 17597706]
66.
Chiechi LM, Secreto G. Breast cancer and replacement therapy: which women are at risk. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1999;26(2):105–108. Single risk factor only. [PubMed: 10459451]
67.
Chittacharoen A, Theppisai U, Manonai J. Transvaginal color Doppler sonographic evaluation of the uterus in postmenopausal women on daily raloxifene therapy. Climacteric. 2002;5(2):156–159. Wrong type of study. [PubMed: 12051111]
68.
Chlebowski RT, Col N, Winer EP, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology technology assessment of pharmacologic interventions for breast cancer risk reduction including tamoxifen, raloxifene, and aromatase inhibition. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(15):3328–3343. Review/No data. [PubMed: 12149307]
69.
Chlebowski RT, Collyar DE, Somerfield MR, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology technology assessment on breast cancer risk reduction strategies: tamoxifen and raloxifene. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(6):1939–1955. Review/No data. [PubMed: 10561236]
70.
Chlebowski RT, Geller ML. Adherence to endocrine therapy for breast cancer. Oncology. 2006;71:1–2. 1–9. Wrong population. [PubMed: 17344666]
71.
Chlebowski RT, Prentice R. Tibolone in older postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(20):2172–2173. author reply 2173. No data. [PubMed: 19005202]
72.
Chow CK, Venzon D, Jones EC, et al. Effect of tamoxifen on mammographic density. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000;9(9):917–921. Wrong drugs. [PubMed: 11008909]
73.
Cittadini J, Ben J, Badano AR, et al. Use of a new steroid (Org OD 14) in the climacteric syndrome. Reproduccion. 1982;6(2):69–79. Not english. [PubMed: 6814971]
74.
Clamp A, Danson S, Clemons M. Hormonal risk factors for breast cancer: identification, chemoprevention, and other intervention strategies. Lancet Oncol. 2002;3(10):611–619. Review/No data. [PubMed: 12372723]
75.
Clamp A, Danson S, Clemons M. Hormonal and genetic risk factors for breast cancer. Surg. 2003;1(1):23–31. No relevant data. [PubMed: 15568421]
76.
Clarkson TB. Does tibolone exacerbate atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:635–637. Editorial/No data. [PubMed: 16415302]
77.
Claus EB. Risk models used to counsel women for breast and ovarian cancer: a guide for clinicians. Fam Cancer. 2001;1:3–4. 197–206. No relevant data. [PubMed: 14574179]
78.
Claus EB, Stowe M, Carter D, et al. The risk of a contralateral breast cancer among women diagnosed with ductal and lobular breast carcinoma in situ: data from the Connecticut Tumor Registry. Breast. 2003;12(6):451–456. Does not address key questions. [PubMed: 14659121]
79.
Cohen I. Benign gynecologic conditions in tamoxifen-treated patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194(4):1204–1205. author reply 1205. Review/No data. [PubMed: 16580343]
80.
Collins LC, Baer HJ, Tamimi RM, et al. The influence of family history on breast cancer risk in women with biopsy-confirmed benign breast disease: results from the Nurses’ Health Study. Cancer. 2006;107(6):1240–1247. Family history only model. [PubMed: 16902983]
81.
Costa A, Sacchini V, Decensi A. Retinoids and tamoxifen in breast cancer chemoprevention. Int J Clin Lab Res. 1993;23(2):53–55. Review/No data. [PubMed: 8518414]
82.
Couch FJ, Cerhan JR, Vierkant RA, et al. Cigarette smoking increases risk for breast cancer in high-risk breast cancer families. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001;10(4):327–332. Single risk factor only. [PubMed: 11319172]
83.
Crabbe WW. The tamoxifen controversy. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1996;23(5):761–766. No relevant outcomes. [PubMed: 8792346]
84.
Crona N, Samsioe G, Lindberg UB, et al. Treatment of climacteric complaints with Org OD 14: a comparative study with oestradiol valerate and placebo. Maturitas. 1988;9(4):303–308. Trial N too small. [PubMed: 3288845]
85.
Crowell EB Jr, Jubelirer SJ. Breast cancer risks and prevention: implications of the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial results. W V Med J. 2000;96(6):598–601. No relevant data. [PubMed: 11194088]
86.
Cui Y, Miller AB, Rohan TE. Cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk: update of a prospective cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006;100(3):293–299. Single risk factor only. [PubMed: 16773435]
87.
Culver J, Lowstuter K, Bowling L. Assessing breast cancer risk and BRCA1/2 carrier probability. Breast Dis. 2006;27:5–20. Family history only model. [PubMed: 17917138]
88.
Cummings SR. Primary prevention of breast cancer: new approaches. Maturitas. 2007;57(1):39–41. Review/No data. [PubMed: 17391879]
89.
Curtis MG. Comparative tolerability of first-generation selective estrogen receptor modulators in breast cancer treatment and prevention. Drug Saf. 2001;24(14):1039–1053. Review/No data. [PubMed: 11735660]
90.
Cuzick J. A brief review of the current breast cancer prevention trials and proposals for future trials. Eur J Cancer. 2000;36(10):1298–1302. No relevant data. [PubMed: 10882870]
91.
Cykert S, Phifer N, Hansen C. Tamoxifen for breast cancer prevention: a framework for clinical decisions. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104(3):433–442. No relevant outcomes. [PubMed: 15339751]
92.
da Silva BB, Lopes IM, Gebrim LH. Effects of raloxifene on normal breast tissue from premenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006;95(2):99–103. Review/No data. [PubMed: 16205837]
93.
de Bock GH, Jacobi CE, Jonker MA, et al. A breast cancer prediction model. Stat Med. 2005;24(10):1610–1612. author reply 1612. No relevant data. [PubMed: 15880578]
94.
De Leo V, la Marca A, Morgante G, et al. Randomized control study of the effects of raloxifene on serum lipids and homocysteine in older women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184(3):350–353. Trial N too small. [PubMed: 11228485]
95.
de Lima GR, Facina G, Shida JY, et al. Effects of low dose tamoxifen on normal breast tissue from premenopausal women. Eur J Cancer. 1990;39(7):891–898. Trial N too small. [PubMed: 12706357]
96.
de Valk-de Roo GW, Stehouwer CD, Meijer P, et al. Both raloxifene and estrogen reduce major cardiovascular risk factors in healthy postmenopausal women: A 2-year, placebo-controlled study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19(12):2993–3000. Trial N too small. [PubMed: 10591680]
97.
Decensi A, Robertson C, Ballardini B, et al. Effect of tamoxifen on lipoprotein(a) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in healthy women. Eur J Cancer. 1999;35(4):596–600. Wrong type of study. [PubMed: 10492633]
98.
Delmas PD, Davis SR, Hensen J, et al. Effects of tibolone and raloxifene on bone mineral density in osteopenic postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19(8):1153–1160. No placebo. [PubMed: 18256777]
99.
DeMichele A, Troxel AB, Berlin JA, et al. Impact of raloxifene or tamoxifen use on endometrial cancer risk: a population-based case-control study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(25):4151–4159. Wrong population. [PMC free article: PMC2654370] [PubMed: 18757329]
100.
Dias AR Jr, de Mello NR, Eluf Gebara OC, et al. Conjugated equine estrogen, raloxifene and arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women. Climacteric. 2008;11(5):390–396. Review/No data. [PubMed: 18781483]
101.
Dibble SL, Roberts SA, Nussey B. Comparing breast cancer risk between lesbians and their heterosexual sisters. Womens Health Issues. 2004;14(2):60–68. Single risk factor only. [PubMed: 15120415]
102.
Dignam JJ, Fisher B. Occurrence of stroke with tamoxifen in NSABP B-24. Lancet. 2000;355(9206):848–849. Wrong population. [PubMed: 10711957]
103.
Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. Chemoprevention of breast cancer: a joint guideline from the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care and the Canadian Breast Cancer Initiative’s Steering Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Care and Treatment of Breast Cancer (Structured abstract). Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects. 2008;(3) Review/No data. [PMC free article: PMC81154] [PubMed: 11450210]
104.
Domchek SM, Eisen A, Calzone K, et al. Application of breast cancer risk prediction models in clinical practice. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(4):593–601. Does not address key questions. [PubMed: 12586794]
105.
Doren M, Rubig A, Coelingh Bennink HJ, et al. Resistance of pelvic arteries and plasma lipids in postmenopausal women: comparative study of tibolone and continuous combined estradiol and norethindrone acetate replacement therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183(3):575–582. Wrong type of study. [PubMed: 10992176]
106.
Doren M, Rubig A, Coelingh Bennink HJ, et al. Differential effects on the androgen status of postmenopausal women treated with tibolone and continuous combined estradiol and norethindrone acetate replacement therapy. Fertil Steril. 2001;75(3):554–559. Wrong type of study. [PubMed: 11239541]
107.
Draper MW, Flowers DE, Huster WJ, et al. A controlled trial of raloxifene (LY139481) HCl: impact on bone turnover and serum lipid profile in healthy postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11(6):835–842. Trial N too small. [PubMed: 8725181]
108.
Eilertsen AL, Sandvik L, Steinsvik B, et al. Differential impact of conventional-dose and low-dose postmenopausal hormone therapy, tibolone and raloxifene on C-reactive protein and other inflammatory markers. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6(6):928–934. No placebo. [PubMed: 18394014]
109.
Eliassen AH, Missmer SA, Tworoger SS, et al. Endogenous steroid hormone concentrations and risk of breast cancer: does the association vary by a woman’s predicted breast cancer risk. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(12):1823–1830. Single risk factor only. [PubMed: 16567770]
110.
Eng-Wong J, Hursting SD, Venzon D, et al. Effect of raloxifene on insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, and leptin in premenopausal women at high risk for developing breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003;12(12):1468–1473. Wrong type of study. [PubMed: 14693739]
111.
Eng-Wong J, Orzano-Birgani J, Chow CK, et al. Effect of raloxifene on mammographic density and breast magnetic resonance imaging in premenopausal women at increased risk for breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17(7):1696–1701. Trial N too small. [PMC free article: PMC2586886] [PubMed: 18583470]
112.
Eng-Wong J, Reynolds JC, Venzon D, et al. Effect of raloxifene on bone mineral density in premenopausal women at increased risk of breast cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(10):3941–3946. Wrong type of study. [PubMed: 16868059]
113.
Esserman LJ, Ozanne EM, Dowsett M, et al. Tamoxifen may prevent both ER+ and ER− breast cancers and select for ER- carcinogenesis: an alternative hypothesis. Breast Cancer Res. 2005;7(6):R1153–1158. Review/No data. [PMC free article: PMC1410777] [PubMed: 16457695]
114.
Euhus DM. Understanding mathematical models for breast cancer risk assessment and counseling. Breast J. 2001;7(4):224–232. Population not applicable. [PubMed: 11678799]
115.
Euhus DM, Leitch AM, Huth JF, et al. Limitations of the Gail model in the specialized breast cancer risk assessment clinic. Breast J. 2002;8(1):23–27. No relevant data. [PubMed: 11856157]
116.
Evans DGR, Howell A. Breast cancer risk-assessment models. Breast Cancer Res. 2007;9(5):213. No relevant data. [PMC free article: PMC2242652] [PubMed: 17888188]
117.
Fabian CJ, Kimler BF. Use of biomarkers for breast cancer risk assessment and prevention. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;106:1–5. 31–39. Single risk factor only. [PubMed: 17596932]
118.
Fasching PA, Bani MR, Nestle-Kramling C, et al. Evaluation of mathematical models for breast cancer risk assessment in routine clinical use. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2007;16(3):216–224. No relevant data. [PubMed: 17415092]
119.
Faupel-Badger JM, Prindiville SA, Venzon D, et al. Effects of raloxifene on circulating prolactin and estradiol levels in premenopausal women at high risk for developing breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15(6):1153–1158. Trial N too small. [PubMed: 16775175]
120.
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124.
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129.
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131.
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136.
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137.
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138.
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140.
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141.
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142.
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143.
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144.
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146.
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147.
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148.
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149.
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151.
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152.
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153.
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158.
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163.
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164.
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165.
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171.
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177.
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178.
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179.
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180.
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187.
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200.
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