Characteristics of Included Studies

Rashmi B. Halker Singh; Juliana H. VanderPluym; Allison S. Morrow; Meritxell Urtecho; Tarek Nayfeh; Victor D. Torres Roldan; Magdoleen H. Farah; Bashar Hasan; Samer Saadi; Sahrish Shah; Rami Abd-Rabu; Lubna Daraz; Larry J. Prokop; Mohammad Hassan Murad; Zhen Wang

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Singh RBH, VanderPluym JH, Morrow AS, et al. Acute Treatments for Episodic Migraine [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2020 Dec. (Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 239.)

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Acute Treatments for Episodic Migraine [Internet].

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Appendix DCharacteristics of Included Studies

Table D-1Characteristics of included studies

Author, Year	Country, Study Design, Study Period	Study Setting (Outpatient, Inpatient, ED)	Intervention(s) and Comparison	Route of Administration, Dose and Duration	Length of Followup (days)	Patient Characteristics
Aggarwal, 2020¹	Crossover RCT in United States of America, 04/2017 to 02/2018	Outpatient	Timolol	Eye drop, 0.5% solution, once	2 hours	Entire population: 26 Patients aged 41±10.5 years, 96% female
Aggarwal, 2020¹	Crossover RCT in United States of America, 04/2017 to 02/2018	Outpatient	Placebo	Eye drop, once	2 hours	Entire population: 26 Patients aged 41±10.5 years, 96% female
Alemder, 2007²	Crossover RCT in Turkey	ED	Tramadol	IV, 100 mg in 100 ml saline solution, once for 30 minutes	1 day	17 Patients aged 42 ± 11.5 years, 76.5% female, 100% White
Alemder, 2007²	Crossover RCT in Turkey	ED	Placebo	IV, 100 ml saline solution, once for 30 minutes	1 day	17 Patients aged 37.1 ± 9 years, 88.2% female, 100% White
Amiri, 2017³	RCT in Iran	ED	Granisetron	IV, 2 mg, once	4 hours	Entire population: 148 Patients aged 33.5 years, 68.2% female
Amiri, 2017³	RCT in Iran	ED	Metoclopramide	IV, 10 mg, once	4 hours	Entire population: 148 Patients aged 33.5 years, 68.2% female
Aurora, 2011⁴	RCT in United States of America, 07/2008 to 03/2009	Outpatient	Dihydroergotamine	Inhaled (orally), 0.6 mg emitted dose (1 mg nominal dose, or 0.5 mg systemic) once immediately after attack	2 days	450 Patients aged 40.5 ± 11.3 years, 91.9% female, 8.9% African American, 88.1% White, 1.3% Asian, BMI 28 ± 6.6
Aurora, 2011⁴	RCT in United States of America, 07/2008 to 03/2009	Outpatient	Placebo	Inhaled (orally), once immediately after attack	2 days	453 Patients aged 39.6 ± 11.7 years, 91.2% female, 11.8% African American, 84.4% White, 3.0% Asian, BMI 27.9 ± 6.4
Aurora, 2009⁵	RCT in United States of America, 07/2006 to 02/2007	Outpatient	Placebo	Inhaled (orally), four times after attack	28 days	18 Patients aged 43.6 ± 9.4 years, 77.8% female, 94.4% White, 5.6% Asian
	RCT in United States of America, 07/2006 to 02/2007	Outpatient	Dihydroergotamine mesylate 0.5 mg	Inhaled (orally), 0.5 mg systemic dose (1 mg nominal dose), twice after attack	28 days	35 Patients aged 41.3 ± 10.9 years, 85.7% female, 5.7% African American, 88.6% White, 5.7% Asian
	RCT in United States of America, 07/2006 to 02/2007	Outpatient	Dihydroergotamine mesylate 1 mg	Inhaled (orally), 1 mg systemic dose (2mg nominal dose), twice after attack	28 days	33 Patients aged 40 ± 10.6 years, 81.8% female, 84.8% White, 6.1% Asian
Avcu, 2017⁶	RCT in Turkey, 01/2014 to 10/2014	ED	Lidocaine 10%	Intranasal, 10%, once or twice after attack	3 days	81 Patients aged 36 ± 12 years, 69.1% female
Avcu, 2017⁶	RCT in Turkey, 01/2014 to 10/2014	ED	Placebo	Intranasal, 0.9% saline, once or twice after attack	3 days	81 Patients aged 35 ± 11 years, 85.2% female
Banerjee, 1991⁷	RCT in United Kingdom	Outpatient	Propranolol	Oral, 40 mg, one to three times after attack	2 days	Entire population: 25 Patients aged 35 ± 11.75 years, 84% female
Banerjee, 1991⁷	RCT in United Kingdom	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, one to three times after attack	2 days	Entire population: 25 Patients aged 35 ± 11.75 years, 84% female
Baratloo, 2017⁸	Comparative observational study in Iran, 01/2016 to 05/2016	ED	Caffeine citrate	IV, 60 mg in 100ncc 0.9% saline, once for 10 minutes	2 hours	35 Patients aged 30.2 ± 1.5 years, 82.8% female, BMI 23.3 ± 2.7
Baratloo, 2017⁸	Comparative observational study in Iran, 01/2016 to 05/2016	ED	Magnesium sulfate	IV, 2 g in 100 cc 0.9% saline, once for 10 minutes	2 hours	35 Patients aged 36 ± 2.1 years, 54.2% female, BMI 24.1 ± 3.1
Bell, 1990⁹	RCT in Canada	ED	Chloropromazine	IV, 12.5 mg, once to three times after attack	1 day	Entire population: 76 Patients, 78.9% female
	RCT in Canada	ED	Dihydroergotamine	IV, 1 mg, once or twice after attack	1 day	Entire population: 76 Patients, 78.9% female
	RCT in Canada	ED	Lidocaine	IV, 50 mg, one to three times after attack	1 day	Entire population: 76 Patients, 78.9% female
Bigal, 2002¹⁰	RCT in Brazil, 03/01/1997 to 11/01/1999	Outpatient	Dipyrone	IV, 1 g in 10 ml 0.9% saline, once after attack	1 day	74 Patients aged 33.6 years, 69.1% female
Bigal, 2002¹⁰	RCT in Brazil, 03/01/1997 to 11/01/1999	Outpatient	Placebo	IV, 10 ml 0.9% saline, once after attack	1 day	60 Patients aged 28.8 years, 68.4% female
Bigal, 2002¹¹	RCT in Brazil, 01/01/1997 to 12/31/1999	ED	Chlorpromazine	IV, 0.1 mg/kg in 10 ml 0.9% saline, once after attack	1 day	68 Patients aged 34.65 years, 74.20% female
Bigal, 2002¹¹	RCT in Brazil, 01/01/1997 to 12/31/1999	ED	Placebo	IV, 10 ml 0.9% saline, once after attack	1 day	60 Patients aged 27.70 years, 68.85% female
Bigal, 2002¹²	RCT in Brazil, 04/01/1997 to 12/31/1999	Outpatient	Magnesium sulfate	IV, 1 g in 10 ml 0.9% saline, once after attack	1 day	60 Patients aged 29.30 years, 74.80% female
Bigal, 2002¹²	RCT in Brazil, 04/01/1997 to 12/31/1999	Outpatient	Placebo	IV, 10 ml 0.9% saline, once after attack	1 day	60 Patients aged 27.60 years, 68.40% female
Bigal, 2001¹³	Comparative observational study in Brazil	Outpatient	Dipyrone	IV, 1000 mg (2 ml in 8 ml saline), once after attack	1 hour	149 Patients aged 34.1 years, 70.7% female
Bigal, 2001¹³	Comparative observational study in Brazil	Outpatient	Placebo	IV, 10 ml saline, once after attack	1 day	60 Patients aged 30.3 ± 8.3 years, 71.7% female
Blanda, 2001¹⁴	RCT in United States of America, 07/27/1997 to 11/11/1997	ED	Lidocaine 4%	Intranasal 0.5ml drops, two or four times for unilateral or bilateral pain, respectively	1 day	27 Patients, 85.2% female
Blanda, 2001¹⁴	RCT in United States of America, 07/27/1997 to 11/11/1997	ED	Placebo	Intranasal, 0.9% saline, 0.5 ml saline drops, two or four times for unilateral or bilateral pain, respectively	1 day	22 Patients, 86.4% female
Borhani, 2010¹⁵	Crossover RCT in Iran, 03/2007 to 03/2008	Outpatient	Menthol-Placebo	Topical on forehead and temporal area, 1 ml of 10% solution of menthol crystals in ethanol, immediately after attack (Initial two attack treated with menthol and the second two attack treated with placebo)	N/A	17 Patients aged 29.8 ± 6.14 years, 76.5% female
Borhani, 2010¹⁵	Crossover RCT in Iran, 03/2007 to 03/2008	Outpatient	Placebo-Menthol	Topical on forehead and temporal area, 1 ml of 0.5% ethanol menthol solution, immediately after attack (Initial two attack treated with placebo and the second two attack treated with menthol)	N/A	18 Patients aged 29.5 ± 6.4 years, 83.3% female
Boureau, 1994¹⁶	Crossover RCT in France	Outpatient	Acetaminophen 400 mg plus codeine 25 mg	Oral, 400 mg acetaminophen and 25 mg codeine once after attack	2 hours	Entire population: 494 Patients aged 40.1 ± 11.6 years, 76.90% female
Boureau, 1994¹⁶	Crossover RCT in France	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once after attack	2 hours	Entire population: 494 Patients aged 40.1 ± 11.6 years, 76.90% female
Brandes, 2019¹⁷	RCT in United States of America, United Kingdom, and Germany, 10/7/2015 to 3/6/2018	Outpatient	Lasmiditan 100 mg	Oral, 100 mg, once or twice after attack	365 days	1014 Patients aged 42.7 ± 12.3 years, 85.4% female, 18.8% African American, 77.5% White, 0.7% Asian, BMI 31.2 ± 82
Brandes, 2019¹⁷	RCT in United States of America, United Kingdom, and Germany, 10/7/2015 to 3/6/2018	Outpatient	Lasmiditan 200 mg	Oral, 200 mg, once or twice after attack	365 days	1102 Patients aged 43.8 ± 12.5 years, 85.3% female, 16.6% African American, 79.3% White, 0.6% Asian, BMI 31.0 ± 8.2
Callaham, 1986¹⁸	RCT in United States of America, 06/1982 to 06/1984	ED	Dihydroergotamine	IV, 0.75 mg, once after attack	2 days	19 Patients
Callaham, 1986¹⁸	RCT in United States of America, 06/1982 to 06/1984	ED	Placebo	IV, once after attack	2 days	15 Patients
Cameron, 1995¹⁹	RCT in Canada, 1990 to 1992	ED	Chlorpromazine	IV, 0.1 mg/kg, once (up to three times if needed during the first hour)	2 days	47 Patients aged 32.60 ± 9.5 years, 80.90% female
Cameron, 1995¹⁹	RCT in Canada, 1990 to 1992	ED	Metoclopramide	IV, 0.1 mg/kg, once (up to three times if needed during the first hour)	2 days	44 Patients aged 31.60 ± 8.75 years, 79.50% female
Carleton, 1998²⁰	RCT in the United States of America, 11/1991 to 08/1992	ED	Dihydroergotamine mesylate plus Hydroxyzine hydrochloride	IM, dihydroergotamine mesylate, 1 mg, once (second dose after 1 hour if necessary), Hydroxyzine hydrochloride: Intramuscular, 0.70 mg/kg, once (second dose of 0.35 mg/kg after 1 hour if necessary)	1 day after discharge	85 Patients aged 32.52 ± 8.82 years, 82.40% female
Carleton, 1998²⁰	RCT in the United States of America, 11/1991 to 08/1992	ED	Meperidine plus Hydroxyzine hydrochloride	IM meperidine, 1.5 mg/kg, once (second dose of 0.75 mg/kg after 1 hour if necessary), Hydroxyzine hydrochloride: Intramuscular, 0.70 mg/kg, once (second dose of 0.35 mg/kg after 1 hour if necessary)	1 day after discharge	85 Patients aged 32.36 ± 8.78 years, 82.40% female
Cete, 2005²¹	RCT in Turkey	ED	Metoclopramide plus normal Saline	IV, 10 mg in 100 ml normal saline, once for 10 minutes	1 day after discharge	37 Patients aged 40 ± 13 years, 89% female
	RCT in Turkey	ED	Magnesium sulfate plus normal saline	IV, 2 g in 100 ml normal saline, once for 10 minutes	1 day after discharge	36 Patients aged 40 ± 12 years, 75% female
	RCT in Turkey	ED	Placebo	IV, 100 mL Normal saline once for 10 minutes	1 day after discharge	40 Patients aged 40 ± 11 years, 88% female
Chappell, 1994²²	Crossover RCT in the United States of America	ED	Zatosetron to placebo	IV, 13 mg or 0.19 mg/kg, once for 30 minutes	1.5 hours	9 Patients aged 36.3 ± 2.6 years, 89% female, 78% White, 22% African American
Chappell, 1994²²	Crossover RCT in the United States of America	ED	Placebo to zatosetron	IV, 13 mg or 0.19 mg/kg, once for 30 minutes	1.5 hours	10 Patients aged 42.9 ± 6.1 years, 90% female, 100% White
Chou, 2019²³	RCT in the United States of America, 02/01/2016 to 03/31/2017	ED	Verum external trigeminal nerve stimulation	Transcutaneously, 1.284 C (total maximum dose), high frequency pulse of 100 Hz with pulse width of 250 µs for 1 hour	1 day	52 Patients aged 39.71 ± 13.62 years, 83% female
Chou, 2019²³	RCT in the United States of America, 02/01/2016 to 03/31/2017	ED	Sham external trigeminal nerve stimulation	Transcutaneously, low frequency pulse of 3 Hz with pulse width of 250 µs for 1 hour	1 day	54 Patients aged 40.09 ± 12.65 years, 91% female
Connor, 2009²⁴	RCT in the United States of America, Europe and Latin America, 03/2007 to 11/2007	Outpatient	Telcagepant 50 mg	Oral, 50 mg, once (optional second dose of the initial tratment)	7 days	244 Patients aged 41.4 ± 11.3 years, 88.1% female, 83.6% White
	RCT in the United States of America, Europe and Latin America, 03/2007 to 11/2007	Outpatient	Telcagepant 150 mg	Oral, 150 mg, once (optional second dose of the initial treatment or placebo)	7 days	485 Patients aged 41.6 ± 11 years, 86.4% female, 84% White
	RCT in the United States of America, Europe and Latin America, 03/2007 to 11/2007	Outpatient	Telcagepant 300 mg	Oral, 300 mg, once (optional second dose of the initial treatment or placebo)	7 days	484 Patients aged 41.8 ± 11.6 years, 86.3% female, 81.4% White
	RCT in the United States of America, Europe and Latin America, 03/2007 to 11/2007	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once (optional second dose of the initial tratment)	7 days	490 Patients aged 41.9 ± 11.9 years, 87.1% female, 83% White
Coppola, 1995²⁵	RCT in the United States of America, 11/1991 to 06/1993	ED	Metoclopramide hydrochloride	IV, 10 mg in 2 mL, once for 2 minutes	2 days after discharge	24 Patients
	RCT in the United States of America, 11/1991 to 06/1993	ED	Prochlorperazine	IV, 10 mg in 2 mL, once for 2 minutes	2 days after discharge	22 Patients
	RCT in the United States of America, 11/1991 to 06/1993	ED	Placebo	IV, 2 mL, normal saline, once for 2 minutes	2 days after discharge	24 Patients
Corbo, 2001²⁶	RCT in the United States of America	ED	Metoclopramide plus magnesium sulfate	IV, Metoclopramide: 20 mg, once for 2 minutes every 15 minutes as needed for pain up to a total of 3 doses or relief of pain, Magnesium sulfate: 2 g in a 10% normal saline solution (a total solution of 50 ml), once for 10 minutes every 15 minutes as needed for pain up to a total of 3 doses or relief of pain	1 day	21 Patients aged 39 ± 12 years, 95% female
Corbo, 2001²⁶	RCT in the United States of America	ED	Metoclopramide plus placebo	IV, Metoclopramide: 20 mg, once for 2 minutes every 15 minutes as needed for pain up to a total of 3 doses or relief of pain, placebo: 50 ml normal saline, once for 10 minutes every 15 minutes as needed for pain up to a total of 3 doses or relief of pain	1 day	23 Patients aged 37 ± 8 years, 96% female
Croop, 2019²⁷	RCT in the United States of America, 02/27/2018 to 08/28/2018	Outpatient	Rimegepant	Sublingual, 75 mg, once	7-9 days	732 Patients aged 40.3 ± 12.1 years, 85% female, 74% White, 21% African American, 1% Asian, 1% American Indian or Alaska Native, 2% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 1% Multiple, BMI 31.1 ± 8.2
Croop, 2019²⁷	Outpatient	Outpatient	Placebo	Sublingual, once	7-9 days	734 Patients aged 40 ± 11.9 years, 85% female, 76% White, 18% African American, 3% Asian, <1% American Indian or Alaska Native, 1% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 1% Multiple, BMI 30.6 ± 8
Dahlöf, 2009²⁸	RCT in Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Holland, Spain, South Africa, Switzerland, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States of America, 07/1998 to 12/1998	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once	7 days	166 Patients aged 40.4 ± 9.4 years, 79.1% female, 97.8% White, 0.8% African American, 0.8% Asian
	RCT in Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Holland, Spain, South Africa, Switzerland, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States of America, 07/1998 to 12/1998	Outpatient	Tonabersat 20 mg	Oral, 20 mg, once	7 days	168 Patients aged 39.6 ± 10.2 years, 85.8% female, 97% White, 2.2% African American, 0.8% Asian
	RCT in Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Holland, Spain, South Africa, Switzerland, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States of America, 07/1998 to 12/1998	Outpatient	Tonabersat 40 mg	Oral, 40 mg, once	7 days	166 Patients aged 38.8 ± 10.9 years, 83.9% female, 99.3% White
Demirkaya, 2001²⁹	Crossover RCT in Turkey	Outpatient	Magnesium sulfate	IV, 1 g, once for 15 minutes	1 day	Entire population: 15 Patients (Magnesium sulfate), 15 Patients (Placebo), age 35 ± 8.9 years
Demirkaya, 2001²⁹	Crossover RCT in Turkey	Outpatient	Placebo	IV, 10 mL, 0.9% saline, once, once. After 3o minutes IV, 1 g of Magnesium sulfate over 15 minutes for those with persistent complaints of pain, nausea, and vomiting	1 day	Entire population: 15 Patients (Magnesium sulfate), 15 Patients (Placebo), age 35 ± 8.9 years
Derosier, 2010³⁰	Crossover RCT in the United States of America, 12/2007 to 08/2009	Outpatient	Butalbital, acetaminophen, caffeine	Oral, butalbital 50 mg, acetaminophen 325 mg, and caffeine 40 mg, once	2 days	Entire population: 392 Patients (Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine), 405 Patients (Placebo), age 42.6 ± 7.8 years, 88% female, 83% White, 14% African American, BMI 27.3 ± 7
Derosier, 2010³⁰	Crossover RCT in the United States of America, 12/2007 to 08/2009	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once	2 days	Entire population: 392 Patients (Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine), 405 Patients (Placebo), age 42.6 ± 7.8 years, 88% female, 83% White, 14% African American, BMI 27.3 ± 7
Dexter, 1985³¹	RCT in the United Kingdom	Outpatient	Paracetamol plus metoclopramide	Oral, 2 tablets, paracetamol 500 mg, metoclopramide 5 mg, once (up to three times)	112 days	22 Patients aged 32 years, 77.27% female
Dexter, 1985³¹	RCT in the United Kingdom	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once (up to three times)	112 days	27 Patients aged 33 years, 59.26% female
Diamond, 2000³²	RCT in the United States of America	Outpatient	Civamide 20µg	Intranasal, 20 µg, once	7 days	Entire population: 27 Patients aged 36.5 years, 70.6% female
Diamond, 2000³²	RCT in the United States of America	Outpatient	Civamide 150µg	Intranasal, 150 µg, once	7 days	Entire population: 27 Patients aged 36.5 years, 70.6% female
Diamond, 1976³³	Crossover RCT in the United States of America	Outpatient	Isometheptene mucate, acetaminophen, and dichloralphenazone	Oral, isometheptene mucate 65 mg, acetaminophen 325 mg, and dichloralphenazone 100 mg, twice (up to five times)	14-60 days	Entire population: 168 Patients aged 49 ± 9.75 years, 71.4% female
	Crossover RCT in the United States of America	Outpatient	Acetaminophen	Oral, 325 mg, twice (up to five times)	14-60 days	Entire population: 168 Patients aged 49 ± 9.75 years, 71.4% female
	Crossover RCT in the United States of America	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, corn starch and talc, twice (up to five times)	14-60 days	Entire population: 168 Patients aged 49 ± 9.75 years, 71.4% female
Diener, 2011³⁴	RCT, International 08/2008 to 05/2009	Outpatient	BI 44370 TA 50 mg (CGRP antagonist)	Oral, 50 mg, once	3-7 days	79 Patients aged 42.8 ± 11.7 years, 84.4% female, 85.9% White
	RCT, International 08/2008 to 05/2009	Outpatient	BI 44370 TA 200 mg (CGRP antagonist)	Oral, 200 mg, once	3-7 days	85 Patients aged 41.2 ± 9.7 years, 81.5% female, 86.2% White
	RCT, International 08/2008 to 05/2009	Outpatient	BI 44370 TA 400 mg (CGRP antagonist)	Oral, 400 mg, once	3-7 days	84 Patients aged 41.1 ± 10 years, 75.3% female, 86.3% White
	RCT, International 08/2008 to 05/2009	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once	3-7 days	84 Patients aged 38.2 ± 10.3 years, 87.1% female, 87.1% White
Diener, 2003³⁵	RCT, international	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once	2 days	37 Patients aged 38 years, 83.8% female
	RCT, international	Outpatient	Dapitant 1 mg	Oral, 1 mg, once	2 days	38 Patients aged 39 years, 89.5% female
	RCT, international	Outpatient	Dapitant 5 mg	Oral, 5 mg, once	2 days	33 Patients aged 40 years, 93.9% female
	RCT, international	Outpatient	Dapitant 20 mg	Oral, 20 mg, once	2 days	31 Patients aged 41 years, 83.9% female
Diener, 2002³⁶	RCT in Australia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, UK, London, Israel, South africa, Poland	Outpatient	Caffeine plus ergotamine	Oral, 1 mg ergotamine tartrate with 100 mg caffeine, once or twice	7-14 days	203 Patients aged 42 ± 11 years, 86% female
Diener, 2002³⁶	RCT in Australia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, UK, London, Israel, South africa, Poland	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once or twice	7-14 days	106 Patients aged 40 ± 10 years, 86% female
Dodick, 2019³⁷	RCT in United States of America, 07/22/2016 to 12/14/2017	Outpatient	Ubrogepant 100 mg	Oral, 100 mg (2 tablets of Ubrogepant 50 mg), once. An optional second dose of either 2 tablets of placebo, 2 tablet of 5o mg Ubrogepant was allowed.	4 weeks	557 Patients aged 40.6±12 years, 86.2% female, 80.8% White, BMI 30.4±8
	RCT in United States of America, 07/22/2016 to 12/14/2017	Outpatient	Ubrogepant 50 mg	Oral, 50 mg (one tablet Ubrogepant 50 mg and one tablet placebo), once. An optional second dose of either 2 tablets of placebo, or one tablet of 5o mg Ubrogepant and one tablet of placebo was allowed.	4 weeks	556 Patients aged 40.1±11.7 years, 89.7% female, 82.2% White, BMI 30.2±8.1
	RCT in United States of America, 07/22/2016 to 12/14/2017	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, 2 tablets, once. An optional second dose of 2 tablets of placebo was allowed.	4 weeks	559 Patients aged 40.9±11.7 years, 88.7% female, 84.5% White, BMI 30±7.4
Dogan, 2019³⁸	RCT in Turkey, 12/2014 to 01/2017	ED	Metoclopramide	IV, 10 mg in 100 mL normal saline solution, once for 10 minutes	1-3 days	74 Patients aged 35 ± 13.3 years, 67.6% female
Dogan, 2019³⁸	RCT in Turkey, 12/2014 to 01/2017	ED	Placebo	IV, 100 mL normal saline, once for 10 minutes	1-3 days	74 Patients aged 33 ± 13.3 years, 62.2% female
Donaldson, 2008³⁹	RCT in United States of America, 11/2004 to 11/2005	ED	Placebo	IV, 24 mg (5ml) once	30 days	53 Patients aged 35.17 years, 73.6% female
Donaldson, 2008³⁹	RCT in United States of America, 11/2004 to 11/2005	ED	Dexamethasone	IV, 24 mg (5ml) once	30 days	62 Patients aged 37.48 years, 87.1% female
Etchison, 2018⁴⁰	RCT in United States of America, 03/2016 to 03/2017	ED	Ketamine	IV, 0.2 mg/kg in 30 ml aliquots, once for 1 minute	1 hour	16 Patients aged 38.5 ± 13.75 years, 81% female, 19% African American, 62% White, 19% other
Etchison, 2018⁴⁰	RCT in United States of America, 03/2016 to 03/2017	ED	Placebo	IV, 0.2 mg/kg saline in 30 ml aliquots, once for 1 minute	1 hour	18 Patients aged 30.5 ± 8.3 years, 72% female, 11% African American, 72% White, 17% other
Farahmand, 2018⁴¹	RCT in Iran, 03/2015 to 05/2016	Outpatient	Verum acupuncture	Skin, sterile metallic needles with a width of 0.25 mm and length of 13 mm, which enter certain points in the ear’s skin	1 day	Entire population: 30 Patients (Acupuncture), 30 Patients (Acupuncture placebo) aged 31.4 ± 7.6 years, 83.3% female
Farahmand, 2018⁴¹	RCT in Iran, 03/2015 to 05/2016	Outpatient	Sham acupuncture	Skin, sterile metallic needles with a width of 0.25 mm and length of 13 mm, inserted into inappropriate acupoints (stomach, and spleen), once	1 day	Entire population: 30 Patients (Acupuncture), 30 Patients (Acupuncture placebo) aged 31.4 ± 7.6 years, 83.3% female
Farkkila, 2012⁴²	RCT in Finland, Germany, France, Spain and Belgium, 07/08/2009 to 02/18/2010	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once	14 days	103 Patients aged 40.5 ± 10.3 years, 87% female, 100% White
	RCT in Finland, Germany, France, Spain and Belgium, 07/08/2009 to 02/18/2010	Outpatient	Lasmiditan 50 mg	Oral, 50 mg, once	14 days	106 Patients aged 40.4 ± 12.5 years, 84% female, 99% White
	RCT in Finland, Germany, France, Spain and Belgium, 07/08/2009 to 02/18/2010	Outpatient	Lasmiditan 100 mg	Oral, 100 mg, once	14 days	104 Patients aged 42 ± 10.6 years, 83% female, 99% White
	RCT in Finland, Germany, France, Spain and Belgium, 07/08/2009 to 02/18/2010	Outpatient	Lasmiditan 200 mg	Oral, 200 mg, once	14 days	100 Patients aged 39.5 ± 10.3 years, 92% female, 99% White
	RCT in Finland, Germany, France, Spain and Belgium, 07/08/2009 to 02/18/2010	Outpatient	Lasmiditan 400 mg	Oral, 400 mg, once	14 days	99 Patients aged 38.7 ± 10.3 years, 93% female, 99% White
Fernando, 2019⁴³	RCT in United States of America, 11/2016 to 12/2017	ED	Buccally absorbed prochlorperazine (BAP)	Buccally (under the upper lip), 6 mg of BAP + 2.25 mL IV normal saline solution	1-2 days	40 Patients aged 38.8 ± 12.3 years, 87% female
Fernando, 2019⁴³	RCT in United States of America, 11/2016 to 12/2017	ED	Intravenous prochlorperazine (IVP)	IV, 10 mg of IVP in a volume of 2.25 mL + buccal saccharine pills	1-2 days	40 Patients aged 37.3 ± 12.2 years, 65% female
Ferrari, 2010⁴⁴	RCT in The Netherlands, Finland, Germany, 08/2006 to 07/2007	Outpatient	Placebo	IV, 60 mL infusion, once for 20 minutes	1 day	42 Patients aged 40.3 ± 7.3 years, 90.5% female, 100% White
	RCT in The Netherlands, Finland, Germany, 08/2006 to 07/2007	Outpatient	Lasmiditan 2.5 mg	IV, 2.5 mg in 60 mL infusion, once for 20 minutes	1 day	4 Patients aged 46.8 ± 7.3 years, 75% female, 100% White
	RCT in The Netherlands, Finland, Germany, 08/2006 to 07/2007	Outpatient	Lasmiditan 5 mg	IV, 5 mg in 60 mL infusion, once for 20 minutes	1 day	12 Patients aged 39.2 ± 7.3 years, 83.3% female, 91.7% White, 8.3% Non-Caucasian
	RCT in The Netherlands, Finland, Germany, 08/2006 to 07/2007	Outpatient	Lasmiditan 10 mg	IV, 10 mg in 60 mL infusion, once for 20 minutes	1 day	24 Patients aged 34.2 ± 7.3 years, 87.5% female, 83.3% White, 16.7% Non-Caucasian
	RCT in The Netherlands, Finland, Germany, 08/2006 to 07/2007	Outpatient	Lasmiditan 20 mg	IV, 20 mg in 60 mL infusion, once for 20 minutes	1 day	28 Patients aged 38.9 ± 7.3 years, 85.7% female, 100% White
	RCT in The Netherlands, Finland, Germany, 08/2006 to 07/2007	Outpatient	Lasmiditan 30 mg	IV, 30 mg in 60 mL infusion, once for 20 minutes	1 day	16 Patients aged 40.3 ± 7.3 years, 87.5% female, 100% white
	RCT in The Netherlands, Finland, Germany, 08/2006 to 07/2007	Outpatient	Lasmiditan 45 mg	IV, 45 mg in 60 mL infusion, once for 20 minutes	1 day	4 Patients aged 40.8 ± 7.3 years, 75% female, 100% White
Foroughipour, 2013⁴⁵	RCT in Iran, during 2011	ED	Valproate	IV, 900 mg (diluted in 150 cc normal saline) (Patients at a minimum weight of 90 kg received 1200 mg), once for 10 minutes	3 days	20 Patients aged 33.9 ± 13.34 years, 89% female
Foroughipour, 2013⁴⁵	RCT in Iran, during 2011	ED	Dexamethasone	IV, 16 mg (diluted in 150 cc normal saline) (Patients at a minimum weight of 90 kg received 20 mg), once for 10 minutes	3 days	20 Patients aged 32.5 ± 11.12 years, 92% female
Freitag, 1993⁴⁶	RCT in United States of America	ED	Transnasal butorphanol	Transnasal, 1 mg, twice	6 hours	32 Patients aged 39.4 ± 9.25 years, 97% White, 3% African American
	RCT in United States of America	ED	Methadone	IM, 10 mg, once	6 hours	32 Patients aged 38.4 ± 9.5 years, 91% White, 6% African American
	RCT in United States of America	ED	Placebo	Intranasal spray, twice, and IM, once	6 hours	32 Patients aged 37.2 ± 11.75 years, 97% White, 3% African American
Friedman, 2007⁴⁷	RCT in United States of America, 07/2005 to 07/2006	ED	Dexamethasone sodium phosphate	IV, 10 mg	1 day	106 Patients aged 36 ± 10 years, 82% female, 27% African American, 6% White, 69% Latino
Friedman, 2007⁴⁷	RCT in United States of America, 07/2005 to 07/2006	ED	Placebo	IV	1 day	99 Patients aged 37 ± 11 years, 88% female, 22% African American, 2% White, 70% Latino
Friedman, 1989⁴⁸	RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Cafergot P-B	Oral, 2 tablets at the first signs of a migraine, one tablet after 0.5 hour and another after 1 hour of the first dose. One tablet after 1.5 hour and another after 2 hours of the first dose if needed for a maximum dose of 6 tablets.	3 hours	Entire population: 254 Patients aged 34.4 years, 87.4% female
	RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Cafergot	Oral, 2 tablets at the first signs of a migraine, one tablet after 0.5 hour and another after 1 hour of the first dose. One tablet after 1.5 hour and another after 2 hours of the first dose if needed for a maximum dose of 6 tablets.	3 hours	Entire population: 254 Patients aged 34.4 years, 87.4% female
	RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, 2 tablets at the first signs of a migraine, one tablet after 0.5 hour and another after 1 hour of the first dose. One tablet after 1.5 hour and another after 2 hours of the first dose if needed for a maximum dose of 6 tablets.	3 hours	Entire population: 254 Patients aged 34.4 years, 87.4% female
Friedman, 2008⁴⁹	RCT in United States of America, 08/2006 to 03/2007	ED	Prochlorperazine	IV, 10 mg, once for 15 minutes	1 day	39 Patients aged 34 ± 10 years, 85% female, 36% African American, 51% White, 3% Asian, 62% Hispanic/Latino, 10% other
Friedman, 2008⁴⁹	RCT in United States of America, 08/2006 to 03/2007	ED	Metoclopramide	IV, 20 mg, once for 15 minutes	1 day	38 Patients aged 38 ± 12 years, 95% female, 42% African American, 53% White, 68% Hispanic/Latino, 5% other
Friedman, 2011⁵⁰	RCT in United States of America, 05/2008 to 02/2010	ED	Metoclopramide 10 mg plus diphenhydramine	IV, 10 mg metoclopramide plus 25 mg diphenhydramine, once for 20 minutes	2 days	113 Patients aged 39 ± 11 years, 83% female, 28% African American, 18% White, 70% Hispanic, 0.9% previous opioid use
	RCT in United States of America, 05/2008 to 02/2010	ED	Metoclopramide 20 mg plus diphenhydramine	IV, 20 mg metoclopramide plus 25 mg diphenhydramine, once for 20 minutes	2 days	118 Patients aged 37 ± 10 years, 87% female, 28% African American, 20% White, 1% Asian, 70% Hispanic, 3.4% previous opioid use
	RCT in United States of America, 05/2008 to 02/2010	ED	Metoclopramide 40 mg plus diphenhydramine	IV, 40 mg metoclopramide plus 25 mg diphenhydramine, once for 20 minutes	2 days	118 Patients aged 38 ± 12 years, 82% female, 20% African American, 19% White, 1% Asian, 76% Hispanic, 3.4% previous opioid use
Friedman, 2016⁵¹	RCT in United States of America, 04/2013 to 12/2015	ED	Diphenhydramine plus metoclopramide	IV, diphenhydramine 50 mg plus metoclopramide 10 mg, once	2 days	104 Patients aged 41 ± 11 years, 85% female
Friedman, 2016⁵¹	RCT in United States of America, 04/2013 to 12/2015	ED	Placebo plus metoclopramide	IV, placebo (saline solution) plus metoclopramide 10 mg, once	2 days	104 Patients aged 36 ± 10 years, 89% female
Friedman, 2018⁵²	RCT in United States of America, 08/2015 to 01/2018	ED	Sham injection	Intradermally, 0.5 mL bupivacaine 0.5% bilaterally (1 mL total), once	2 days	15 Patients aged 40 ± 12 years, 80% female
Friedman, 2018⁵²	RCT in United States of America, 08/2015 to 01/2018	ED	Greater occipital nerve block	Intradermally, 3 mL bupivacaine 0.5% bilaterally (6 mL total), once	2 days	13 Patients aged 35 ± 10 years, 92% female
Friedman, 2017⁵³	RCT in United States of America, 03/2015 to 06/2016	ED	Prochlorperazine plus diphenhydramine	IV, 10 mg prochlorperazine plus 25 mg diphenhydramine, once for 5 minutes (additional optional dose after one hour)	90 days	63 Patients aged 32 ± 9 years, 79% female,
Friedman, 2017⁵³	RCT in United States of America, 03/2015 to 06/2016	ED	Hydromorphone plus normal saline placebo	IV, 1 mg hydromorphone, once for 5 minutes (additional optional dose after one hour)	90 days	64 Patients aged 35 ± 11 years,, 88% female,
Fuglsang, 2018⁵⁴	Crossover RCT in Denmark, 11/2016 to 10/2017	Outpatient	Active partial rebreathing device	Oral, twice for 40 minutes (20 minutes at the onset of the aura followed by 20 minutes after 40 minutes)	1 day	Entire population: 11 Patients aged 35.5 ± 12 years,, 72.7% female, 100% Caucasian
Fuglsang, 2018⁵⁴	Crossover RCT in Denmark, 11/2016 to 10/2017	Outpatient	Sham partial rebreathing device	Oral, twice for 40 minutes (20 minutes at the onset of the aura followed by 20 minutes after 40 minutes)	1 day	Entire population: 11 Patients aged 35.5 ± 12 years,, 72.7% female, 100% Caucasian
Gaffigan, 2015⁵⁵	RCT in United States of America, 06/2013 to 02/2014	ED	Diphenhydramine plus haloperidol	IV, diphenhydramine 25 mg plus haloperidol 5 mg, once for 2 minutes	14 days	31 Patients aged 29 ± 8 years,, 87% female
Gaffigan, 2015⁵⁵	RCT in United States of America, 06/2013 to 02/2014	ED	Diphenhydramine plus metoclopramide	IV, diphenhydramine 25 mg plus metoclopramide 10 mg, once for 2 minutes	14 days	33 Patients aged 29 ± 8 years,, 76% female
Gallagher, 1996⁵⁶	RCT in United States of America, 04/1993 to 06/1994	Outpatient	Dihydroergotamine mesylate 3 mg	Intranasal, 3 mg, 3 times in each nostril	1 day	Entire population: 348 Patients aged 40 ± 7.8 years
	RCT in United States of America, 04/1993 to 06/1994	Outpatient	Dihydroergotamine mesylate 2 mg	Intranasal, 2 mg, 3 times in each nostril	1 day	Entire population: 348 Patients aged 40 ± 7.8 years
	RCT in United States of America, 04/1993 to 06/1994	Outpatient	Placebo	Intranasal, 3 times in each nostril	1 day	Entire population: 348 Patients aged 40 ± 7.8 years
Gerhardt, 2011⁵⁷	RCT in United States of America, 01/2002 to 04/2003	Outpatient	Secobarbital	Oral, 100 mg, once or twice	3 days	14 Patients aged 45 ± 1.25 years, 94% female
Gerhardt, 2011⁵⁷	RCT in United States of America, 01/2002 to 04/2003	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once or twice	3 days	16 Patients aged 44 ± 3.25 years, 100% female
Goadsby, 2019⁵⁸	RCT in United States of America, UK and Germany, 05/19/2016 to 06/29/2017	Outpatient	Lasmiditan 200 mg	Oral, 200 mg, once within 4 hours of onset of migraine attack	7 days	721 Patients aged 41.8 ± 12.4 years, 82.6% female, 80.4% White, BMI 30.1 ± 8.2
	RCT in United States of America, UK and Germany, 05/19/2016 to 06/29/2017	Outpatient	Lasmiditan 100 mg	Oral, 100 mg, once within 4 hours of onset of migraine attack	7 days	721 Patients aged 43.4 ± 12.6 years, 84.9% female, 80.2% White, BMI 30.1± 8.3
	RCT in United States of America, UK and Germany, 05/19/2016 to 06/29/2017	Outpatient	Lasmiditan 50 mg	Oral, 50 mg, once within 4 hours of onset of migraine attack	7 days	716 Patients aged 42.8 ± 13.2 years, 84.7% female, 80.1% White, BMI 29.7 ± 7.6
	RCT in United States of America, UK and Germany, 05/19/2016 to 06/29/2017	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, Placebo, once within 4 hours of onset of migraine attack	7 days	711 Patients aged 42.6 ± 12.9 years, 84.5% female, 80% White, BMI 30.4 ± 11.1
Goldstein, 1997⁵⁹	Crossover RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Lanepitant 240 mg	Oral, 240 mg, once	4 days	Entire population: 53 Patients aged 18-65 years, 84.9% female
	Crossover RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Lanepitant 80 mg	Oral, 80 mg, once	4 days	Entire population: 53 Patients aged 18-65 years, 84.9% female
	Crossover RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Lanepitant 30 mg	Oral, 30 mg, once	4 days	Entire population: 53 Patients aged 18-65 years, 84.9% female
	Crossover RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once	4 days	Entire population: 53 Patients aged 18-65 years, 84.9% female
Gomez-Mancilla, 2001⁶⁰	RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	PNU-142633 (selective 5-HT1D agonist)	Oral, 50 mg, once	0.5 day	34 Patients aged 35.6 ± 8.25 years, 62% female, 78% White
Gomez-Mancilla, 2001⁶⁰	RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once	0.5 day	35 Patients aged 40.5 ± 9.5 years, 83% female, 88% White
Gomez-Mancilla, 2014⁶¹	Crossover RCT in Germany, Spain and the United States of America, 05/2009 to 08/2010	Outpatient	Selurampanel	Oral, 250 mg, once within 4 hours of onset of migraine attack	1 day	25 Patients aged 37.2 ± 9.25 years, 80% female, 96% White, 4% Hispanic, BMI 24.9 ± 3.6
Gomez-Mancilla, 2014⁶¹	Crossover RCT in Germany, Spain and the United States of America, 05/2009 to 08/2010	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, Placebo, once within 4 hours of onset of migraine attack	1 day	25 Patients aged 41.4 ± 10.99 years, 88% female, 84% White, 8% African American, 4% Pacific islander, 4% Other, BMI 23.7 ± 3.7
Griffith,2008⁶²	Comparative observational in United States of America, 10/2002 to 03/2003	ED	Hydromorphone	IV: 48 Patients, IM: 3 Patients, 0.5 mg: 15 Patients, 1.0 mg: 26 Patients, 2.0 mg: 7 Patients, and 4.0 mg: 3 Patients, once	NR	51 Patients aged 36.5 ± 10.3 years, 86.3% female, 80.6% White (Hydromorphone). Entire population: 25.3% African American, 7.8% Hispanic, Asian, and others
	Comparative observational in United States of America, 10/2002 to 03/2003	ED	Metoclopramide	IV, 10 mg: 37 Patients, 20 mg: 58 Patients, once	NR	95 Patients aged 35 ± 9.2 years, 85.3% female, 67.1% White (Metoclopramide). Entire population: 25.3% African American, 7.8% Hispanic, Asian, and others
	Comparative observational in United States of America, 10/2002 to 03/2003	ED	Others (Promethazine, Ondansetron, Sumatriptan, Ibuprofen, Ketorolac, Hydrocodone/acetaminophen, Acetaminophen, Prochlorperazine, Meperidine, Acetaminophen/butalbital/caffeine, Magnesium)	IV, IM, Oral, once	NR	54 Patients aged 36.5 ± 11.7 years, 88.9% female, 54.8% white (All Others). Entire population: 25.3% African American, 7.8% Hispanic, Asian, and others
Hakkarainen, 1982⁶³	Crossover RCT, in Finland	Outpatient	Ergotamine 1 mg	Suppository, once after attack	NR	Entire population: 24 Patients aged 36.3 ± 9 years, 100% female
	Crossover RCT, in Finland	Outpatient	Metoclopramide 20 mg	Suppository, once after attack	NR	Entire population: 24 Patients aged 36.3 ± 9 years, 100% female
	Crossover RCT, in Finland	Outpatient	Ergotamine 1 mg plus metoclopramide 20 mg	Suppository, once after attack	NR	Entire population: 24 Patients aged 36.3 ± 9 years, 100% female
	Crossover RCT, in Finland	Outpatient	Ergotamine 2 mg plus metoclopramide 20 mg	Suppository, once after attack	NR	Entire population: 24 Patients aged 36.3 ± 9 years, 100% female
Hewitt, 2011⁶⁴	RCT in Australia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Poland, South Africa, and the United States of America, 12/2008 to 08/2009	Outpatient	Telcagepant plus acetaminophen	Oral, 280 mg telcagepant plus 1000 mg acetaminophen, once, within 4 hours of the attack	2-5 days	171 Patients aged 42.3 ± 12.7 years, 88.7% female, 3.8% previous opioid use
	RCT in Australia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Poland, South Africa, and the United States of America, 12/2008 to 08/2009	Outpatient	Telcagepant	Oral, 280 mg, once, within 4 hours of the attack	2-5 days	170 Patients aged 39.3 ± 11.6 years, 86.2% female, 7.3% previous opioid use
	RCT in Australia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Poland, South Africa, and the United States of America, 12/2008 to 08/2009	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once, within 4 hours of the attack	2-5 days	171 Patients aged 41.9 ± 12 years, 90.5% female, 2.8% previous opioid use
Hewitt, 2011⁶⁵	RCT in United States of America, Canada and Europe, 7/2008 to 01/2009	Outpatient	MK-3207 (CGRP receptor antagonist) 2.5 mg	Oral, 2.5 mg, once, immediately after attack	14 days	39 Patients aged 43.3 ± 10.5 years, 81.8% female, 97% White
	RCT in United States of America, Canada and Europe, 7/2008 to 01/2009	Outpatient	MK-3207 (CGRP receptor antagonist) 5 mg	Oral, 5 mg, once, immediately after attack	14 days	57 Patients aged 43.4 ± 11.1 years, 85.1% female, 97.9% White
	RCT in United States of America, Canada and Europe, 7/2008 to 01/2009	Outpatient	MK-3207 (CGRP receptor antagonist) 10 mg	Oral, 10 mg, once, immediately after attack	14 days	84 Patients aged 44.1 ± 10.0 years, 92.5% female, 92.5% White
	RCT in United States of America, Canada and Europe, 7/2008 to 01/2009	Outpatient	MK-3207 (CGRP receptor antagonist) 20 mg	Oral, 20 mg, once, immediately after attack	14 days	86 Patients aged 44.1 ± 11.3 years, 80.6% female, 94.0% White
	RCT in United States of America, Canada and Europe, 7/2008 to 01/2009	Outpatient	MK-3207 (CGRP receptor antagonist) 50 mg	Oral, 50 mg, once, immediately after attack	14 days	84 Patients aged 42.2 ± 10.8 years, 91.2% female, 94.1% White
	RCT in United States of America, Canada and Europe, 7/2008 to 01/2009	Outpatient	MK-3207 (CGRP receptor antagonist) 100 mg	Oral, 100 mg, once, immediately after attack	14 days	83 Patients aged 42.4 ± 10.9 years, 83.9% female, 95.2% White
	RCT in United States of America, Canada and Europe, 7/2008 to 01/2009	Outpatient	MK-3207 (CGRP receptor antagonist) 200 mg	Oral, 200 mg, once, immediately after attack	14 days	74 Patients aged 40.5 ± 10.7 years, 85.7% female, 93.7% White
	RCT in United States of America, Canada and Europe, 7/2008 to 01/2009	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once, immediately after attack	14 days	169 Patients aged 42.1 ± 11.2 years, 89.3% female, 94.3% White
Ho, 2007⁶⁶	RCT in United States of America, 12/2005 to 05/2006	Outpatient	Telcagepant 25 mg	Oral, 25 mg, once, immediately after attack (second dose at 2 hours if still experiencing moderate or severe headache)	14 days	16 Patients aged 43 years, 78.6% female, 71.4% White
	RCT in United States of America, 12/2005 to 05/2006	Outpatient	Telcagepant 50 mg	Oral, 50 mg, once, immediately after attack (second dose at 2 hours if still experiencing moderate or severe headache)	14 days	18 Patients aged 41.5 years, 93.3% female, 73.3% White
	RCT in United States of America, 12/2005 to 05/2006	Outpatient	Telcagepant 100 mg	Oral, 100 mg, once, immediately after attack (second dose at 2 hours if still experiencing moderate or severe headache)	14 days	17 Patients aged 40.9 years, 87.5% female, 68.7% White
	RCT in United States of America, 12/2005 to 05/2006	Outpatient	Telcagepant 200 mg	Oral, 200 mg, once, immediately after attack (second dose at 2 hours if still experiencing moderate or severe headache)	14 days	16 Patients aged 34.3 years, 75% female, 50% White
	RCT in United States of America, 12/2005 to 05/2006	Outpatient	Telcagepant 300 mg	Oral, 300 mg, once, immediately after attack (second dose at 2 hours if still experiencing moderate or severe headache)	14 days	54 Patients aged 40.5 years, 87.2% female, 74.4% White
	RCT in United States of America, 12/2005 to 05/2006	Outpatient	Telcagepant 400 mg	Oral, 400 mg, once, immediately after attack (second dose at 2 hours if still experiencing moderate or severe headache)	14 days	54 Patients aged 40.1 years, 93.3% female, 75.6% White
	RCT in United States of America, 12/2005 to 05/2006	Outpatient	Telcagepant 600 mg	Oral, 600 mg, once, immediately after attack (second dose at 2 hours if still experiencing moderate or severe headache)	14 days	53 Patients aged 44.7 years, 90% female, 95% White
	RCT in United States of America, 12/2005 to 05/2006	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once, immediately after attack (second dose at 2 hours if still experiencing moderate or severe headache)	14 days	147 Patients aged 42.2 years, 90.4% female, 80% White
Ho, 2008⁶⁷	RCT in Europe and United States of America, 02/2007 to 10/2007	Outpatient	Telcagepant 150 mg	Oral, 150 mg, once immediately after attack (optional second dose at 2 hours if they still had a moderate or severe migraine attack or experienced headache recurrence within 48 hours after initial treatment)	14 days	458 Patients aged 42.7 ± 11.2 years, 83% female, 96% White
	RCT in Europe and United States of America, 02/2007 to 10/2007	Outpatient	Telcagepant 300 mg	Oral, 300 mg, once immediately after attack (optional second dose at 2 hours if they still had a moderate or severe migraine attack or experienced headache recurrence within 48 hours after initial treatment)	14 days	466 Patients aged 42.6 ± 11.4 years, 85% female, 96% White
	RCT in Europe and United States of America, 02/2007 to 10/2007	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once immediately after attack (optional second dose at 2 hours if they still had a moderate or severe migraine attack or experienced headache recurrence within 48 hours after initial treatment)	14 days	461 Patients aged 42.3 ± 12 years, 84% female, 93% White
Ho, 2010⁶⁸	RCT in Europe, United States of America, Canada, Australia and Colombia, 09/2008 to 03/2009	Outpatient	Telcagepant 140 mg	Oral, 140 mg, once immediately after attack (optional second dose at 2 hours if they still had a moderate or severe migraine attack or experienced headache recurrence within 48 hours after initial treatment)	14 days	644 Patients aged 43.4 ± 11.7 years, 85.5% female, 94.9% White, 4% previous opioid use
	RCT in Europe, United States of America, Canada, Australia and Colombia, 09/2008 to 03/2009	Outpatient	Telcagepant 280 mg	Oral, 280 mg, once immediately after attack (optional second dose at 2 hours if they still had a moderate or severe migraine attack or experienced headache recurrence within 48 hours after initial treatment)	14 days	645 Patients aged 42.4 ± 11.5 years, 85.8% female, 94.7% White, 5.3% previous opioid use
	RCT in Europe, United States of America, Canada, Australia and Colombia, 09/2008 to 03/2009	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once immediately after attack (optional second dose at 2 hours if they still had a moderate or severe migraine attack or experienced headache recurrence within 48 hours after initial treatment)	14 days	646 Patients aged 42.5 ± 11.6 years, 83.4% female, 93.9% White, 5% previous opioid use
Ho, 2012⁶⁹	Crossover RCT in United States of America, Europe, South America, and Asia, 03/2008 to 08/2009	Outpatient	Telcagepant to acetaminophen	Oral, 280 mg tablet/300 mg capsule telcagepant crossing over to 1000 mg acetaminophen, once immediately after attack (optional second dose optional at 2 hours after initial treatment if the patient continued to have a moderate or severe headache or experienced headache recurrence)	98 days	84 Patients aged 56.6 ± 10.1 years, 58.9% female, 85.7% White, 28% previous opioid use
Ho, 2012⁶⁹	Crossover RCT in United States of America, Europe, South America, and Asia, 03/2008 to 08/2009	Outpatient	Acetaminophen to telcagepant	Oral, 1000 mg acetaminophen crossing over to 280 mg tablet/300 mg capsule telcagepant, once immediately after attack (optional second dose at 2 hours after initial treatment if the patient continued to have a moderate or severe headache or experienced headache recurrence)	98 days	81 Patients aged 55.7 ± 10 years, 62.1% female, 81% White, 27.6% previous opioid use
Hoffert, 1992⁷⁰	Crossover RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Nifedipine	Oral, 20 mg, at onset of the aura. If aura persisted allowed to repeat dose every 20 minutes to the maximum dose	NR	Entire population: 14 Patients (Nifedipine), 13 Patients (Placebo) aged 33 ± 5.75, 66.6% female
Hoffert, 1992⁷⁰	Crossover RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, at onset of the aura. If aura persisted allowed to repeat dose every 20 minutes to the maximum dose	NR	Entire population: 14 Patients (Nifedipine), 13 Patients (Placebo) aged 33 ± 5.75, 66.6% female
Hoffert, 1995⁷¹	RCT in Unites States of America	Outpatient	Butorphanol	Nasal spray, 1 mg per spray, immediately after attack, additional doses were allowed within 30-90 minutes if pain relief had not been achieved then every 2-4 hours as needed, with a maximum of 12 sprays allowed over 1 day	2 days	107 Patients aged 41 ± 7 years, 85% female, 90% White, 7% African American, 1% Asian, 1% Hispanic
Hoffert, 1995⁷¹	RCT in Unites States of America	Outpatient	Placebo	Nasal spray, Placebo, immediately after attack, additional doses were allowed within 30-90 minutes if pain relief had not been achieved then every 2-4 hours as needed, with a maximum of 12 sprays allowed over 1 day	2 days	50 Patients aged 40.6 ± 10.25 years, 82% female, 96% White, 4% African American
Hokenek, 2020⁷²	RCT in Turkey, 06/2019 to 10/2019	ED	Sham stimulation	Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (electrodes over supraorbital nerve), device include 27 kΩ resistance and 47 nF capacitance connected in parallel to the load, a pulse repetition frequency of 50 Hz, a pulse width of 125 μs, an impulse amplitude of 60 voltage, and a pulse energy of 18.4 μJ (±10%) on an oscilloscope, with empty battery and the device was electrically inactive), once for 20 minutes	2 hours	41 Patients aged 33.62±10.2 years
Hokenek, 2020⁷²	RCT in Turkey, 06/2019 to 10/2019	ED	Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation	Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (electrodes over supraorbital nerve), device include 27 kΩ resistance and 47 nF capacitance connected in parallel to the load, a pulse repetition frequency of 50 Hz, a pulse width of 125 μs, an impulse amplitude of 60 voltage and a pulse energy of 18.4 μJ (±10%) on an oscilloscope, with fully charged battery), once for 20 minutes	2 hours	42 Patients aged 35.62±8.77 years
Honkaniemi, 2006⁷³	RCT in Finland, 01/2002 to 02/2005	Inpatient	Haloperidol	IV, 5 mg in 500 mL normal saline over 20-30 minutes	30 days	Entire population: 20 Patients (in each study group) aged 36 years, 85% female, 17% previous opioid use
Honkaniemi, 2006⁷³	RCT in Finland, 01/2002 to 02/2005	Inpatient	Placebo	IV, 500 mL normal saline over 20-30 minutes (if no relief in pain 1-3 hours after the infusion then received haloperidol as an open trial)	30 days	Entire population: 20 Patients (in each study group) aged 36 years, 85% female, 17% previous opioid use
Hougaard, 2013⁷⁴	Crossover RCT in Denmark, 06/2009 to 04/2011	Outpatient	NXN-188	Oral, 600 mg, once	7 days	Entire population: 49 Patients aged 39 ± 11 years, 75.5% female
Hougaard, 2013⁷⁴	Crossover RCT in Denmark, 06/2009 to 04/2011	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once	7 days	Entire population: 49 Patients aged 39 ± 11 years, 75.5% female
Jones, 1994⁷⁵	RCT in United States of America	ED	Prochlorperazine	Rectal, 25 mg, once	2 hours	10 Patients aged 30.5 ± 2.5 years, 100% female
Jones, 1994⁷⁵	RCT in United States of America	ED	Placebo	Rectal, once	2 hours	10 Patients aged 28.4 ± 2.3 years, 90% female
Jones, 1996⁷⁶	RCT in United States of America, 02/1991 to 07/1991	ED	Prochloperazine-edisylate	IM, 10 mg, once	2 days	28 Patients. Entire population:), aged 32.1 ± 2.1 years, 73% female
	RCT in United States of America, 02/1991 to 07/1991	ED	Metoclopramide hydrochloride	IM, 10 mg, once	2 days	29 Patients. Entire population: aged 32.1 ± 2.1 years, 73% female
	RCT in United States of America, 02/1991 to 07/1991	ED	Placebo	IM, 2 mL, once	2 days	29 Patients. Entire population: aged 32.1 ± 2.1 years, 73% female
Jones, 2019⁷⁷	RCT in United States of America, 01/2017 to 09/2017	ED	Fluid group	IV, 1 L of 0.9% saline solution over 1 hour	2 days	25 Patients aged 34 ± 3.75 years,76% female, 40% White, 40% African American, 40% Hispanic
Jones, 2019⁷⁷	RCT in United States of America, 01/2017 to 09/2017	ED	Control group	IV, 0.9% saline solution at 10 mL/hour over 1 hour	2 days	25 Patients aged 37 ± 5 years, 92% female, 42% White, 33% African American, 29% Hispanic
Kangasniemi, 1992⁷⁸	Crossover RCT in Finland, 01/1987 to 01/1988	Outpatient	Ergotamine	Suppositories, 2 mg, once	2 days	Entire population: 52 Patients in each group aged 39 ± 10.25 years, 88% female
Kangasniemi, 1992⁷⁸	Crossover RCT in Finland, 01/1987 to 01/1988	Outpatient	Placebo	Suppositories, once	2 days	Entire population: 52 Patients in each group aged 39 ± 10.25 years, 88% female
Kapicioglu, 1997⁷⁹	RCT in Turkey	Outpatient	Octreotide	Subcutaneous, 100 mg	1 day	17 Patients aged 39.7 years, 70.5% female
Kapicioglu, 1997⁷⁹	RCT in Turkey	Outpatient	Placebo	Subcutaneous, isotonic saline	1 day	12 Patients aged 37.11 years, 75% female
Karimi, 2017⁸⁰	RCT in Iran, 10/2014 to 06/2016	ED	Dexamethasone	IV, 8 mg, once	1 day	40 Patients aged 33.4 ± 9.2 years, 85% female
Karimi, 2017⁸⁰	RCT in Iran, 10/2014 to 06/2016	ED	Valproate sodium	IV, 400 mg (diluted into 4 mL of normal saline), once	1 day	40 Patients aged 33.9 ± 9.5 years, 77.5% female
Klapper, 1993⁸¹	RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Dihydroergotamine plus metoclopramide plus placebo	IV, 1 mg dihydroergotamine plus 10 mg metoclopramide, IM, placebo	1 hour	14 Patients
Klapper, 1993⁸¹	RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Meperidine plus hydroxyzine plus placebo	IM, 75 mg meperidine plus 75 mg hydroxyzine, IV, placebo	1 hour	14 Patients
Korucu, 2018⁸²	RCT in Turkey, 01/2016 to 12/2016	ED	Greater occipital nerve blockade	Subcutaneous, 1 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine and 1 mL of normal saline, single injection (if the headache was on one side) or a double injection (if the headache was on both sides (total 4 mL)	45 minutes	20 Patients median age 40 ± 8.9 years, 90% female
	RCT in Turkey, 01/2016 to 12/2016	ED	Dexketoprofen trometamol 50 mg plus metoclopramide10 mg	IV, 50 mg dexketoprofen plus 10 mg metoclopramide diluted in 100ml normal saline	45 minutes	20 Patients median age 35 ± 8.14, 75% female
	RCT in Turkey, 01/2016 to 12/2016	ED	Placebo	Subcutaneous, 2 mL of normal saline, single injection (if the headache was on one side) or a double injection (if the headache was on both sides (total 4 mL)	45 minutes	20 Patients median age 40 ± 10.4 years, 90% female
Kuca, 2018⁸³	RCT in United States of America, 04/27/2015 to 08/12/2016	Outpatient	Lasmiditan 200 mg	Oral, 200 mg, once	7 days	745 Patients aged 41.4 ± 12 years, 84.6 % female, 73.9% White, BMI 31 ± 8.2
	RCT in United States of America, 04/27/2015 to 08/12/2016	Outpatient	Lasmiditan 100 mg	Oral, 100 mg, once	7 days	744 Patients aged 42.2 ± 11.7 years, 81.3 % female, 74.8% White, BMI 30 ± 8
	RCT in United States of America, 04/27/2015 to 08/12/2016	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once	7 days	742 Patients aged 42.4 ± 12.3 years, 85.1 % female, 77.6% White, BMI 30.3 ± 7.5
Lane, 1989⁸⁴	RCT in Canada	ED	Chloropramazine	IV, 25 mg diluted to 10 mL plus 10 mL normal saline, every 15 minutes as needed up to a total of three doses	1 hour	24 Patients aged 31 ± 6.5 years, 87.5% female, 75% previously used opioid
Lane, 1989⁸⁴	RCT in Canada	ED	Dimenhydrinate plus meperidine	IV, 50mg dimenhydrinate diluted to 10 mL plus 100 mg meperidine diluted to 10 mL, every 15 minutes as needed up to a total of three doses	1 hour	22 Patients aged 31.09 ± 7.25 years, 81.8 % female, 68.1 % previously used opioid
Levy, 2005⁸⁵	Crossover RCT in UK	Outpatient	Octreotide	Subcutaneous, 100 µg in 1 mL normal saline, once	2 days	Entire population: 43 Patients aged 48 ± 12 years, female 95%
Levy, 2005⁸⁵	Crossover RCT in UK	Outpatient	Placebo	Subcutaneous, 1 mL normal saline, once	2 days	Entire population: 43 Patients aged 48 ± 12 years, female 95%
Li, 2009⁸⁶	RCT in China	Outpatient	Verum Acupuncture	Skin by filiform Huatao needles, at the following acupoints Waiguan (TE 5),Yanglingquan (GB 34), Qiuxu (GB 40), Jiaosun (TE 20), and Fengchi (GB 20) used bilaterally.once, for 30 minutes	1 day	58 Patients aged 41.84 years ± 14.21, 56.9% female
	RCT in China	Outpatient	Sham Acupuncture 1	Skin by filiform Huatao needles, at nonacupoints located halfway between the triple Energizer and Small Intestine meridians lateral to the acupoints Waiguan (TE 5) horizontally; halfway between the line from Qiuxu (GB 40) to Jiexi (ST 41); halfway between the Gallbladder and Bladder meridians lateral to Yanglingquan (GB 34) horizontally; halfway between the line from Jiaosun (TE 20) to Shuaigu (GB 8); and halfway between the line from Fengchi (GB 20) to Anmian (extra point) bilaterally. Once for 30 minutes	1 day	60 Patients aged 39.65 ± 12.83 years, 55% female
	RCT in China	Outpatient	Sham Acupuncture 2	Skin by filiform Huatao needles, at nonacupoints located medial arm on the anterior border of the insertion of the deltoid muscle at the junction of the deltoid and biceps muscles; the inside of the mid-thigh region 2 cm lateral to half the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the lateral superior corner of the patella on the rectus femoris;13 the edge of the tibia 1 to 2 cm lateral to the Zusanli (ST 36) point horizontally; halfway between the tip of the elbow and the axillae and halfway between the epicondylus medialis of the humerus and ulnar side of the wrist bilaterally.once for 30 minutes	1 day	57 Patients aged 39.49 ± 11.6 years, 70.2% female
Lipton, 2000⁸⁷	RCT in United Stated of America, 03/11/1998 to 08/10/1998	Outpatient	Acetaminophen	Oral, 1000 mg, once	6 hours	176 Patients aged 37.3 ± 10.4 years, 76.9% female, 23.8% African American, 75.5% White, 0.7% others
Lipton, 2000⁸⁷	RCT in United Stated of America, 03/11/1998 to 08/10/1998	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once	6 hours	175 Patients aged 36 ± 9.3 years, 83.1% female, 28.9% African American, 69.7% white, 1.4% others
Lipton, 2010⁸⁸	RCT (non-inferiority) in United States of America, 08/2006 to 02/2008	Outpatient	Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sTMS)	Transcranial (below the occipital bone), pulse of nominally 0·9 T peak (measured 1 cm from the device surface) with a rise time of roughly 180 μs and a total pulse length of less than 1 ms, two pulses about 30 s apart (treat up to 3 attacks)	90 days	102 Patients aged 38.8 ± 11.2 years, 82% female
Lipton, 2010⁸⁸	RCT (non-inferiority) in United States of America, 08/2006 to 02/2008	Outpatient	Sham stimulation	Transcranial (below the occipital bone), two pulses about 30 s apart (treat up to 3 attacks)	90 days	99 Patients aged 40.1 ± 10.8 years, 77% female
Lipton, 2019⁸⁹	RCT in United States of America, 07/2017 to 01/2018	Outpatient	Rimegepant	Oral, 75 mg, once	7 days	594 Patients aged 40.2 ± 11.9 years, 89.2% female, 20.7% African American, 73.4% White, 1.5% Asian, 14.3% Hispanic, 4.47% others, BMI 31.0 ± 7.9
Lipton, 2019⁸⁹	RCT in United States of America, 07/2017 to 01/2018	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once	7 days	592 Patients aged 40.9 ± 12.1 years, 88.2% female, 22.1% African American, 74.6% White, 1.5% Asian, 15.5% Hispanic, 1.8% others, BMI 31.8 ± 8.5
Lipton, 2019⁹⁰	RCT in United States of America, 08/26/2016 to 02/26/2018	Outpatient	Ubrogepant 50 mg	Oral, 50 mg, once within 4 hours of a qualifying migraine attack	42 days	562 Patients aged 41.2±12.5 years, 91% female, 16.8% African American, 81.6% White, 0.4% Asian, 21.9% Hispanic, 0.4% American Indian or Alaska Native, 0.2% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 0.6% multiple, BMI 30.5±7.5, 3.9% previous opioid use
	RCT in United States of America, 08/26/2016 to 02/26/2018	Outpatient	Ubrogepant 25 mg	Oral, 25 mg, once within 4 hours of a qualifying migraine attack	42 days	561 Patients aged 41.6±12.4 years, 90.2% female, 14% African American, 83.5% White, 1.3% Asian, 23% Hispanic, 0.2% American Indian or Alaska Native, 0.2% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 0.8% multiple, BMI 29.6±7, 3.6 % previous opioid use
	RCT in United States of America, 08/26/2016 to 02/26/2018	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once within 4 hours of a qualifying migraine attack	42 days	563 Patients aged 41.7±12.1 years, 88.6% female, 16.4% African American, 80% White, 1.4% Asian, 19.8% Hispanic, 0.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 0.2% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 1.4% multiple, BMI 29.8±7.7, 3.8% previous opioid use
Loisy, 1985⁹¹	RCT in France	Outpatient	Placebo	IV, once over 3-5 minutes	2 hours	23 Patients. Entire population: age range 31 – 74 years, 76.6% female
Loisy, 1985⁹¹	RCT in France	Outpatient	Bemesetron, 5HT3 receptor antagonist (MDL 72,222)	IV, 20 mL (1mg/mL), once over 3-5 minutes	2 hours	24 Patients. Entire population: age range 31 – 74 years, 76.6% female
Maizels, 1996⁹²	RCT in United States of America, 12/1994 to 10/1995	Urgent Care	Lidocaine	Intranasal, 0.5 mL of 4% lidocaine topical solution dripped in one nostril over 30 seconds (1 mL in case the headache is bilateral dripped over 1 minute), 1-2 times	1 day	53 Patients median age 43 ± 11.9 years, 87% female
Maizels, 1996⁹²	RCT in United States of America, 12/1994 to 10/1995	Urgent Care	Placebo	Intranasal, 0.5 mL, normal saline dripped in one nostril over 30 seconds (1 mL in case the headache is bilateral dripped over 1 minute), 1-2 times	1 day	28 Patients median age 40 ± 11.5 years, 75% female
Maizels, 1999⁹³	RCT in United States of America, 01/1997 to 01/1998	Outpatient	Lidocaine	Intranasal, 0.5 mL of 4% lidocaine topical solution dripped in one nostril over 30 seconds (1 mL in case the headache is bilateral dripped over 1 minute), 1-2 times	30 days (RCT),180 days (open label)	66 Patients aged 44.5 ± 9.1 years, 83.1% female
Maizels, 1999⁹³	RCT in United States of America, 01/1997 to 01/1998	Outpatient	Placebo	Intranasal, 0.5 mL, normal saline dripped in one nostril over 30 seconds (1 mL in case the headache is bilateral dripped over 1 minute), 1-2 times	30 days (RCT),180 days (open label)	65 Patients aged 47 ± 10.2 years, 87.9% female
Marcus, 2008⁹⁴	RCT in United States of America	ED	Integrated EMDR (eye movement desensitization reprocessing)	Behavioral intervention, Participant’s use of diaphragmatic breathing coupled with head compression by the provider, once for 12-60 minutes	7 days	26 Patients aged 38.33 ± 10.57 years, 95.2% female, 30% White
Marcus, 2008⁹⁴	RCT in United States of America	ED	Standard Care	Variable interventions (oral / injection; depending on drug type), Variable dosage depends on the drug, once	7 days	26 Patients aged 37.95 ± 9.57 years, 95.5% female, 68.2% White
Marcus, 2014⁹⁵	RCT in United States of America, 10/2011 to 05/ 2012	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once	7 days	229 Patients aged 37.9 ± 11.36 years, 86% female, 12% African American, 84% White, 3% others
	RCT in United States of America, 10/2011 to 05/ 2012	Outpatient	Rimegepant 10 mg	Oral, 10 mg, once	7 days	85 Patients aged 41.1 ± 10.36 years, 79% female, 14% African American, 79% White, 7% others
	RCT in United States of America, 10/2011 to 05/ 2012	Outpatient	Rimegepant 25 mg	Oral, 25 mg, once	7 days	68 Patients aged 36.5 ± 11.92 years, 90% female, 10% African American, 87% White, 3% others
	RCT in United States of America, 10/2011 to 05/ 2012	Outpatient	Rimegepant 75 mg	Oral, 75 mg, once	7 days	91 Patients aged 38.5 ± 11.87 years, 89% female, 7% African American, 90% White, 3% others
	RCT in United States of America, 10/2011 to 05/ 2012	Outpatient	Rimegepant 150 mg	Oral, 150 mg, once	7 days	90 Patients aged 39.2 ± 11.26 years, 70% female, 20% African American, 72% White, 8% others
	RCT in United States of America, 10/2011 to 05/ 2012	Outpatient	Rimegepant 300 mg	Oral, 300 mg, once	7 days	121 Patients aged 41.9 ± 11.46 years, 84% female, 13% African American, 84% White, 1% others
	RCT in United States of America, 10/2011 to 05/ 2012	Outpatient	Rimegepant 600 mg	Oral, 600 mg, once	7 days	92 Patients aged 39.3 ± 13.01 years, 83% female, 11% African American, 87% White, 2% others
Mazaheri, 2015⁹⁶	RCT in Iran, 04/2012 to 06/2014	ED	Valporate Sodium	IV, 400 mg (plus 50 mL saline normal solution) for 15 minutes, once	2 hours	43 Patients aged 37.29 ± 11.7 years, 82.9% female
Mazaheri, 2015⁹⁶	RCT in Iran, 04/2012 to 06/2014	ED	Dexamethasone	IV, 16 mg (plus 50 mL saline normal solution) for 15 minutes, once	2 hours	43 Patients aged 32.05 ± 9.1 years, 81.1% female
McEwen, 1987⁹⁷	RCT in Canada, 03/1985 to 11/1985	ED	Chlorpromazine	IM, 50 mg/2mL (1 mg/kg), once	1 day	19 patients aged 30 years, 94.7% female
McEwen, 1987⁹⁷	RCT in Canada, 03/1985 to 11/1985	ED	Normal saline	IM, 2 mL, normal saline, once	1 day	17 patients aged 36 years, 88.2% female
Miller, 2009⁹⁸	RCT in United States of America, 02/2006 to 02/2007	ED	Prochlorperazine	IV, 10 mg once for 2 minutes	3 days	20 Patients aged 27.5 ± 5.8 years, 70% female
Miller, 2009⁹⁸	RCT in United States of America, 02/2006 to 02/2007	ED	Octreotide	IV, 100 μg, once for 2 minutes	3 days	24 Patients aged 31.1 ± 11.1 years, 78% female
Million, 1984⁹⁹	RCT in England	Outpatient	Flupirtine	Oral, 100 mg, up to 4 times a day for 5 days	5 days	24 Patients aged 42.6 ± 3.3 years, 80% female
Million, 1984⁹⁹	RCT in England	Outpatient	Paracetamol	Oral, 500 mg, up to 4 times a day for 5 days	5 days	23 Patients aged 49.6 ± 2.8 years, 95% female
Mitra, 2020¹⁰⁰	RCT in Australia	ED	Propofol	IV, 1 mg/kg, slowly for 1 min	N/A	15 Patients aged 32.9±10.3 years, 47% female
Mitra, 2020¹⁰⁰	RCT in Australia	ED	Standard therapy (chlorpromazine, metoclopramide, ondansetron, lignocaine, magnesium sulphate, or morphine)	N/A	N/A	14 Patients aged 37.9±9.4 years, 89% female.
Molaie, 1987¹⁰¹	RCT in United States of America	ED	Verapamil hydrochloride	IV, 2 cc (10 mg), once	1 hour	6 Patients. Entire population: aged 33.75 ± 8.3 years, 50% female
Molaie, 1987¹⁰¹	RCT in United States of America	ED	Placebo	IV, 2 cc, once	1 hour	6 Patients. Entire population: aged 33.75 ± 8.3 years, 50% female
Niazi, 2007¹⁰²	Crossover RCT in Iran	Outpatient	Rose damascene oil	Skin, 2 cc of the rose damascene oil on forehead and temporal zones at onset of migraine attacks	1 day	Entire population: 40 Patients aged 34.89 ± 10.81 years, BMI 25.50 ± 4.77
Niazi, 2007¹⁰²	Crossover RCT in Iran	Outpatient	Placebo	Skin, 2 cc of the paraffin oil forehead and temporal zones at the onset of migraine attacks	1 day	Entire population: 40 Patients aged 34.89 ± 10.81 years, BMI 25.50 ± 4.77
Pfaffenrath, 1990¹⁰³	RCT in Germany	Outpatient	Flunarizine 10 mg	IV, 10 mg, once	2 hours	37 Patients aged 39 ± 10.5 years, 70% female
	RCT in Germany	Outpatient	Flunarizine 20 mg	IV, 20 mg, once	2 hours	32 Patients aged 44 ± 13.25 years, 72% female
	RCT in Germany	Outpatient	Placebo	IV, HP-beta-cyclodextrine, once	2 hours	33 Patients aged 43 ± 10.5 years, 61% female
Prior, 2010¹⁰⁴	RCT in United States of America, 02/1999 to 06/1999	Outpatient	Acetaminophen	Oral, 1000 mg, once	3 days	190 Patients aged 38.1 ± 11 years, 80.8% female, 87% White
Prior, 2010¹⁰⁴	RCT in United States of America, 02/1999 to 06/1999	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, placebo, once	3 days	188 Patients aged 39.8 ± 11.8 years, 85.8% female, 85.8% White
Rafieian-Kopaei, 2019¹⁰⁵	RCT in Iran	Outpatient	Lidocaine	Intranasal, 4%, once-twice	60 days	41 Patients aged 30.6 ± 6.3 years, 76.3% female
	RCT in Iran	Outpatient	Peppermint essential oil	Intranasal, 1.5%, once-twice	60 days	38 Patients aged 30.42 ± 7.2 years, 76.3.6% female
	RCT in Iran	Outpatient	Placebo	Intranasal, placebo, once-twice	60 days	41 Patients aged 31.8 ± 5.8 years, 68.3% female
Rapoport, 1995¹⁰⁶	RCT in the United States of America	Outpatient	Dihydroergotamine	Nasal spray, 2 mg in 0.5 mL, divided into 2 sprays delivered in 15 minutes interval	4 hours	114 Patients. Entire population: age range 18-62, 70% female 0% White
Rapoport, 1995¹⁰⁶	RCT in the United States of America	Outpatient	Placebo	Nasal spray, 0.5 mL, divided into 2 sprays delivered in 15 minutes interval	4 hours	115 Patients. Entire population: age range 18-62, 70% female 0% White
Reutens, 1991¹⁰⁷	RCT in Australia, 04/1989 to 12/1989	ED	Lidocaine	IV, 66 mg, once for 2 minutes	0.3 hour	13 Patients aged 40 years, 92% female
Reutens, 1991¹⁰⁷	RCT in Australia, 04/1989 to 12/1989	ED	Placebo	IV, placebo, once for 2 minutes	0.3 hour	12 Patients aged 30 years, 67% female
Richman, 2002¹⁰⁸	RCT in United States of America	ED	Droperidol	IM, 2.5 mg, once	0.5 hour	15 Patients aged 30.7 ± 8.9 years, 73% female
Richman, 2002¹⁰⁸	RCT in United States of America	ED	Meperidine	IM, 1.5 mg/ kg, once	0.5 hour	14 Patients aged 32.7 ± 9.9 years, 71% female
Rowat, 1991¹⁰⁹	RCT in Canada	ED	Granisetron 40 μg/kg	IV, 20 mL (1000 μg/ mL diluted in 0.9% saline), once for 3 minutes	3 ±1 days	10 Patients aged 39.5 ± 11.8 years, 50% female, weight 72.4 ± 11.7
	RCT in Canada	ED	Granisetron 80 μg/kg	IV, 20 mL (2000 μg/ mL diluted in 0.9% saline), once for 3 minutes	3 ±1 days	10 Patients aged 38.2 ± 13.8 years, 80% female, weight 59.8 ± 9.2
	RCT in Canada	ED	Placebo	IV, placebo, once for 3 minutes	3 ±1 days	8 Patients aged 41.3 ± 8.6 years, 87.5% female, weight 63.1 ± 11.9
Ryan, 1970¹¹⁰	Crossover RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Ergostine 1 mg plus caffeine 100 mg	Oral, 1 mg ergostine plus 100 mg caffeine, medication was taken at first sign of headache (2 tablets) followed by 1 tablet every ½ hour until attack was aborted or a maximum of six tablets had been taken	1 day	Entire population: 48 Patients aged 46 ± 12.25 years, 68.7% female
	Crossover RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Ergostamine tartrate 1 mg plus caffeine 100 mg	Oral, 1 mg ergotamine tartrate plus 100 mg caffeine, medication was taken at first sign of headache (2 tablets) followed by 1 tablet every ½ hour until attack was aborted or a maximum of six tablets had been taken	1 day	Entire population: 48 Patients aged 46 ± 12.25 years, 68.7% female
	Crossover RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, medication was taken at first sign of headache (2 tablets) followed by 1 tablet every ½ hour until attack was aborted or a maximum of six tablets had been taken	1 day	Entire population: 48 Patients aged 46 ± 12.25 years, 68.7% female
Salazar, 2011¹¹¹	RCT in Spain, 01/2007 to 03/2009	ED	Metoclopramide	IV, 10 mg diluted in 100 cc of saline, once	2 days	43 Patients aged 35 years, 53.48% female
Salazar, 2011¹¹¹	RCT in Spain, 01/2007 to 03/2009	ED	Paracetamol	IV, 1g diluted in 100 mL of saline, once	2 days	45 Patients aged 42 years, 51.11% female
Sang, 2004¹¹²	RCT in United States of America, 08/1999 to 09/2000	Outpatient	Tezampanel	IV,1.2 mg/ kg, once for 15 minutes	1 day	14 Patients aged 38 ± 8 years, 61% female
Sang, 2004¹¹²	RCT in United States of America, 08/1999 to 09/2000	Outpatient	Placebo	IV, once for 15 minutes	1 day	16 Patients aged 43 ± 12 years, 44% female
Sasannejad, 2012¹¹³	Comparative observational in Iran	Outpatient	Lavender essential oil	Topical/ inhale, 2-3 drops of oil, 1-6 times over 15 minutes	2 hours	19 Patients aged 31 ± 8 years, 71.4 female
Sasannejad, 2012¹¹³	Comparative observational in Iran	Outpatient	Placebo	Topical/ inhale, 2-3 drops of placebo, 1-6 times over 15 minutes	2 hours	28 Patients aged 29 ± 7 years, 73.3% female
Scherl, 1995¹¹⁴	RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Dihydroergotamine plus metoclopramide	IV, 0.5 mg dihydroergotamine with 10 mg metoclopramide, once	1 day	14 Patients. Entire population: aged 30.6 ± 7.6 years, 70.4% female
Scherl, 1995¹¹⁴	RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Meperidine plus promethazine	IM, 75 mg meperidine with 25 mg promethazine, once	1 day	13 patients. Entire population: aged 30.6 ± 7.6 years, 70.4% female
Shahrami, 2015¹¹⁵	RCT in Iran, 2011	ED	Dexamethasone plus metoclopramide	IV, 8 mg dexamethasone and 10 mg metoclopramide in 100 mL normal saline solution, once for 15 minutes	2 hours	35 Patients aged 38 ± 11.2 years, 60% female
Shahrami, 2015¹¹⁵	RCT in Iran, 2011	ED	Magnesium sulfate	IV, 1 g in 100 mL normal saline, once for 15 minutes	2 hours	35 Patients aged 36 ± 12.6 years, 45.7% female
Sharma, 2002¹¹⁶	RCT in India	Outpatient	Buccal prochlorperazine	Oral, 3 mg, once	N/A	Entire population: 45 Patients aged 18 to 50 years, 62.2% female
	RCT in India	Outpatient	Buccal placebo	Oral, once	N/A	Entire population: 45 Patients aged 18 to 50 years, 62.2% female
	RCT in India	Outpatient	Ergotamine tartarate plus caffeine	Oral, 1 mg ergotamine tartarate plus 100 mg caffeine, once	N/A	Entire population: 45 Patients aged 18 to 50 years, 62.2% female
Silberstein, 2005¹¹⁷	RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Acetaminophen plus tramadol	Oral, 75 mg/650 mg, once	1 day	188 Patients aged 39.2 ± 11.29 years, 87% female, 83.8% White, 10.4% Black, 1.3% Asian, 4.5% Other
Silberstein, 2005¹¹⁷	RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once	1 day	187 Patients aged 39.1 ± 10.47 years, 83.4% female, 87.6% White, 6% Black, 2% Asian, 4.6% Other
Silberstein, 2009a¹¹⁸	RCT in Australia, South Africa, Belgium, France, Germany, and UK, 06/1997 to 10/1997	Outpatient	Tonabersat 15 mg	Oral, 15 mg, once	7-10 days	109 Patients aged 39.4 ± 9.9 years, 77.1% female, 94.5% White
	RCT in Australia, South Africa, Belgium, France, Germany, and UK, 06/1997 to 10/1997	Outpatient	Tonabersat 40 mg	Oral, 40 mg, once	7-10 days	115 Patients aged 40.2 ± 11.1 years, 87% female, 93.9% White
	RCT in Australia, South Africa, Belgium, France, Germany, and UK, 06/1997 to 10/1997	Outpatient	Tonabersat 80 mg	Oral, 80 mg, once	7-10 days	109 Patients aged 40.5 ± 11.3 years, 82.6% female, 93.6% White
	RCT in Australia, South Africa, Belgium, France, Germany, and UK, 06/1997 to 10/1997	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once	7-10 days	108 Patients aged 39.7 ± 11.2 years, 76.9% female, 91.7% White
Silberstein, 2009b¹¹⁸	RCT in Canada, United States of America, 06/1997 to 10/1997	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once	7-10 days	101 Patients aged 39.6 ± 10.3 years, 82.2% female, 94.1% White
	RCT in Canada, United States of America, 06/1997 to 10/1997	Outpatient	Tonabersat 25 mg	Oral, 25 mg, once	7-10 days	102 Patients aged 40.4 ± 10.6 years, 88.2% female, 95.1% White
	RCT in Canada, United States of America, 06/1997 to 10/1997	Outpatient	Tonabersat 40 mg	Oral, 40 mg, once	7-10 days	106 Patients aged 39.4 ± 9.5 years, 84.9% female, 95.3% White
	RCT in Canada, United States of America, 06/1997 to 10/1997	Outpatient	Tonabersat 80 mg	Oral, 80 mg, once	7-10 days	109 Patients aged 39.5 ± 9.1 years, 83.5% female, 95.4% White
Silberstein, 2003¹¹⁹	RCT in United States of America, 12/19/1997 to 06/15/1998	Outpatient	Droperidol 0.1 mg	IM, 0.1 mg, once	7 days	63 Patients aged 42 ± 10.5 years, 81% female
	RCT in United States of America, 12/19/1997 to 06/15/1998	Outpatient	Droperidol 2.75 mg	IM, 2.75 mg, once	7 days	61 Patients aged 41 ± 9.1 years, 80% female
	RCT in United States of America, 12/19/1997 to 06/15/1998	Outpatient	Droperidol 5.5 mg	IM, 5.5 mg, once	7 days	59 Patients aged 41 ± 10.8 years, 81% female
	RCT in United States of America, 12/19/1997 to 06/15/1998	Outpatient	Droperidol 8.25 mg	IM, 8.25 mg, once	7 days	61 Patients aged 42 ± 10 years, 77% female
	RCT in United States of America, 12/19/1997 to 06/15/1998	Outpatient	Placebo	IM, once	7 days	61 Patients aged 41 ± 9.7 years, 85% female
Soleimanpour, 2012¹²⁰	RCT in Iran	ED	Propofol	IV, 10 mg, every 5-10 minutes (maximum dose of 80 mg), rate of 1 mL for 10 seconds	N/A	45 Patients aged 35.65 ± 12.55 years, 66.6% female
Soleimanpour, 2012¹²⁰	RCT in Iran	ED	Dexamethasone	IV, 4 mg/mL with dose of 0.15 mg/kg (maximum dose of 16 mg), rate of 1 mL for 10 seconds	N/A	45 Patients aged 36.27 ± 13.38 years, 62.22% female
Soyka, 1988¹²¹	RCT in Germany	Outpatient	Flunarizine	IV, 20 mg, once	0.5 days	33 Patients aged 41±10 years, 80.6% female
Soyka, 1988¹²¹	RCT in Germany	Outpatient	Placebo	IV, once	0.5 days	33 Patients aged 38±10 years, 72.4% female
Soyka, 1989¹²²	RCT in Germany	ED	Flunarizine	IV, 20 mg	0.5 days	31 Patients aged 41±10 years, 80.6% female
Soyka, 1989¹²²	RCT in Germany	ED	Placebo	IV, 20 mg	0.5 days	29 Patients aged 38±10 years, 72.4% female
Stiell, 1991¹²³	RCT in Canada, 02/1990 to 09/1990	ED	Methotrimeprazine	IM, 37.5 mg, once	2 days	37 Patients aged 30.9±7.3 years, 67.6% female
Stiell, 1991¹²³	RCT in Canada, 02/1990 to 09/1990	ED	Meperidine plus dimenhydrinate	IM, 75 mg meperidine with 50 mg dimenhydrinate, once	2 days	37 Patients aged 32.5±8.9 years, 83.8% female
Swidan, 2005¹²⁴	Comparative observational in United States of America, 02/1999 to 03/2000	Inpatient	Dihydroergotamine mesylate (DHE-45)	IV, 0.25-1.0 mg, 3 times daily for 3 days	3 days	40 Patients aged 38±14.25 years, 68% female
Swidan, 2005¹²⁴	Comparative observational in United States of America, 02/1999 to 03/2000	Inpatient	Diphenhydramine	IV, 25-75 mg, 3 times daily for 3 days	3 days	40 Patients aged 46±11.5 years, 70% female
Taheraghdam, 2011¹²⁵	RCT in Iran, 09/2008 to 05/2009	ED	Dexamethasone	IV, 8 mg, once	1 day	93 Patients aged 45.93±16.1 years, 55.9% female
Taheraghdam, 2011¹²⁵	RCT in Iran, 09/2008 to 05/2009	ED	Morphine	IV, 0.1 mg/kg, once	1 day	97 Patients aged 42.34±16.2 years, 67% female
Tanen, 2003¹²⁶	RCT in United States of America, 01/2002 to 08/2002	ED	Sodium valproate	IV, 500 mg, once for 2 minutes	0.5 days	20 Patients aged 31±9.3, 58% female
Tanen, 2003¹²⁶	RCT in United States of America, 01/2002 to 08/2002	ED	Prochlorperazine	IV, 10 mg, once for 2 minutes	0.5 days	20 Patients aged 38.8±11, 79.2% female
Tassorelli, 2018¹²⁷	RCT in Italy, 01/11/2016 to 03/31/2017	Outpatient	Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation	Transdermal, a low-voltage electrical signal comprising a 5-kHz sine wave burst lasting for 1 ms (5 sine waves, each lasting 200 μs), with such bursts repeated once every 40 ms (25 Hz), generating a 24-V peakvoltage and 60-mA peak output current for 2 minutes	5 days	122 Patients aged 38.8±11 years, 79.24% female, 100% White
Tassorelli, 2018¹²⁷	RCT in Italy, 01/11/2016 to 03/31/2017	Outpatient	Sham stimulation	Transdermal, a low-frequency (0.1 Hz) biphasic signal for 2 minutes	5 days	126 Patients aged 39.6±11.8 years, 30% female, 100% White
Tek, 1990¹²⁸	RCT in United States of America, 08/1987 to 04/1988	ED	Metoclopramide	IV, 10 mg, once	2 days	24 Patients age range 18-60
Tek, 1990¹²⁸	RCT in United States of America, 08/1987 to 04/1988	ED	Placebo	IV, 2 mL, once	2 days	26 Patients age range 18-60
Treves, 1998¹²⁹	RCT in Brazil	Outpatient	Dihydroergotamine 1 mg	Nasal, 1 mg, 2 to 4 times	N/A	19 Patients aged 33.3±12.3 years, 78.9% female
	RCT in Brazil	Outpatient	Dihydroergotamine 0.5 mg	Nasal, 0.5 mg, 2 to 4 times	N/A	17 Patients aged 33.7±10 years, 41.2% female
	RCT in Brazil	Outpatient	Placebo	Nasal, 2 to 4 times	N/A	16 Patients aged 34.8±13.7 years, 62.5% female
Triner, 1999¹³⁰	RCT in United States of America, 07/10/1995 to 11/30/1995	ED	Nitrous oxide plus oxygen	Inhalation, 50% (NO) 50% Oxygen, once for 20 minutes	0.5 days	10 Patients aged 34.5± 11.8 years, 80% female, 70% White
Triner, 1999¹³⁰	RCT in United States of America, 07/10/1995 to 11/30/1995	ED	Oxygen	Inhalation, 100% Oxygen, once for 20 minutes	0.5 days	12 Patients aged 28.1 ± 5.5 years, 91.6% female, 80% White
Tulunay, 2004¹³¹	Crossover RCT in Turkey	Outpatient	Dipyrone	Oral, 1g, once	1 day	49 Patients aged 32.7 ± 8.7 years, 81% female
Tulunay, 2004¹³¹	Crossover RCT in Turkey	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once	1 day	23 Patients aged 32.7 ± 8.7 years, 81% female
Tulunay, 1987¹³²	Crossover RCT in Turkey	Outpatient	Dipyrone	Intranasal (Puff), 4 mg/mL of DHE in an aqueous solution of 1 % caffeine and 5% glucose, 2 to 3 times	0.5 days	Entire population: 17 Patients aged 26.1 ± 3.34 years, 58.6% female
Tulunay, 1987¹³²	Crossover RCT in Turkey	Outpatient	Placebo	Intranasal (Puff), 2 to 3 times	0.5 days	Entire population: 17 Patients aged 26.1 ± 3.34 years, 58.6% female
Voss, 2016¹³³	RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Ubrogepant 1 mg	Oral, 1 mg, once	14 days	138 Patients aged 39.6 ± 10.7 years, 88.8% female, BMI 29.4±7.3
	RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Ubrogepant 10 mg	Oral, 10 mg, once	14 days	139 Patients aged 41.1 ± 10.9 years, 85.2% female, 29.6±7.1
	RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Placebo	Oral, once	14 days	139Patients aged 40.5 ± 11.7 years, 87.65% female, BMI 28.5±7
	RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Ubrogepant 25 mg	Oral, 25 mg, once	14 days	139 Patients aged 41.4 ± 11.5 years, 86.8% female, BMI 29.2±8.1
	RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Ubrogepant 50 mg	Oral, 50 mg, once	14 days	139 Patients aged 40.7 ± 12.3 years, 88.2% female, BMI 27.8±8.1
	RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Ubrogepant 100 mg	Oral, 100 mg, once	14 days	140 Patients aged 41.9 ± 11 years, 83.3% female, BMI 29.2±7
Wang, 2012¹³⁴	RCT in China 03/2007 to 02/2009	Outpatient	Verum Acupuncture	Acupoints, once for 30 minutes	3 days	75 Patients aged 37.8 ± 10.6 years, 89.3% female
Wang, 2012¹³⁴	RCT in China 03/2007 to 02/2009	Outpatient	Sham Acupuncture	Acupoints, once for 30 minutes	3 days	75 Patients aged 38.6 ± 12.6 years, 84% female
Wasay, 2006¹³⁵	Comparative observational in Pakistan	ED	Any opioid (pethidine, 25; pentazocine, 10; and oral opioidanalgesics, 4)	N/A	N/A	39 Patients aged 30 ± 12 years, 64% female
Wasay, 2006¹³⁵	Comparative observational in Pakistan	ED	Any non-opioid (diclofenac, 80; ketorolac, 32; tramadol, 10)	N/A	N/A	122 Patients aged 34 ± 15, 64% female
Yang, 2012¹³⁶	RCT in China, 07/2008 to 09/2009	Outpatient	Traditional acupuncture group	Received specific stimulation of traditional acupoints by electroacupuncture treatment (EAT) for 30 minutes, stimulation frequency was 2/100 Hz, and the stimulation intensity varied from 0.1 to 1.0 mA as long as the patients felt comfortable	1 hour	Entire population: 30 Patients aged 32.87 ± 8.71 years, 60% female
	RCT in China, 07/2008 to 09/2009	Outpatient	Sham acupuncture group	Received nonspecific stimulation by electroacupuncture treatment (EAT) for 30 minutes, stimulation frequency was 2/100 Hz, and the stimulation intensity varied from 0.1 to 1.0 mA as long as the patients felt comfortable	1 hour	Entire population: 30 Patients aged 32.87 ± 8.71 years, 60% female
	RCT in China, 07/2008 to 09/2009	Outpatient	No treatment	Received no treatment	1 hour	Entire population: 30 Patients aged 32.87 ± 8.71 years, 60% female
Yarnitsky, 2017¹³⁷	Crossover RCT in Israel, 06/2015 to 03/2016	Outpatient	Active remote electrical stimulation (pulse width 50 µs)	Transcutaneously, at 80-120 Hz frequency, with pulse width of 50 µs for 20 minutes	60 days	Entire population: 86 Patients aged 45.9 ± 11.7 years, 80% female
	Crossover RCT in Israel, 06/2015 to 03/2016	Outpatient	Active remote electrical stimulation (pulse width 100 µs)	Transcutaneously, at 80-120 Hz frequency, with pulse width of 100 µs for 20 minutes	60 days	Entire population: 86 Patients aged 45.9 ± 11.7 years, 80% female
	Crossover RCT in Israel, 06/2015 to 03/2016	Outpatient	Active remote electrical stimulation (pulse width 150 µs)	Transcutaneously, at 80-120 Hz frequency, with pulse width of 150 µs for 20 minutes	60 days	Entire population: 86 Patients aged 45.9 ± 11.7 years, 80% female
	Crossover RCT in Israel, 06/2015 to 03/2016	Outpatient	Active remote electrical stimulation (pulse width 200 µs)	Transcutaneously, at 80-120 Hz frequency, with pulse width of 200 µs for 20 minutes	60 days	Entire population: 86 Patients aged 45.9 ± 11.7 years, 80% female
	Crossover RCT in Israel, 06/2015 to 03/2016	Outpatient	Sham remote electrical stimulation	Transcutaneously, at 0.1 Hz frequency, with pulse width of 45 µs for 20 minutes	60 days	Entire population: 86 Patients aged 45.9 ± 11.7 years, 80% female
Yarnitsky, 2019¹³⁸	RCT in United States of America, Israel, 12/17/2017 to 10/07/2018	Outpatient	Remote electrical neuromodulation-active group	Applied to lateral arm, once for 30 to 45 minutes	2 days	126 Patients aged 44 ± 12.25 years, 80.9% female, 86.5% While
Yarnitsky, 2019¹³⁸	RCT in United States of America, Israel, 12/17/2017 to 10/07/2018	Outpatient	Sham stimulation	Applied to lateral arm, once for 30 to 45 minutes	2 days	126 Patients aged 42 ± 11.81 years, 80.9% female
Zargaran, 2018¹³⁹	Crossover RCT in Iran 12/2014 to 05/2015	Outpatient	Chamomile oil	Cutaneous gel, 2mL, twice	1 day	50 Patients aged 37.94 ± 9.77 years, 86.8% female
Zargaran, 2018¹³⁹	Crossover RCT in Iran 12/2014 to 05/2015	Outpatient	Placebo	Cutaneous gel, 2mL, twice	1 day	50 Patients aged 36.03 ± 8.79 years, 70.5% female
Ziegler, 1994¹⁴⁰	RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Dihydroergotamine	Nasal spray, 0.5 mg (per nostril repeated after 15 minutes), once to twice for 4 hours	14 days	54Patients aged 39.3 ± 10.5 years, 83.3% female
Ziegler, 1994¹⁴⁰	RCT in United States of America	Outpatient	Placebo	Nasal spray, once to twice for 4 hours	14 days	58 Patients aged 36.7 ±10.75 years, 75% female

: BAP = buccally absorbed prochlorperazine; BMI = body mass index; C = centigrade; cm = centimeter; cc = cubic centimeter; ED = emergency department; Hz = hertz; IV = intravenous; IVP = intravenous prochlorperazine; IM = intramuscular; kHz = kilohertz; g = gram; kg = kilogram; mA = milliampere; µg = microgram; μg/ mL = microgram/milliliter; µs = microsecond; mg = milligram; mg/kg = milligram/kilogram; mg/mL = milligram /milliliter; mL = milliliter; mL/hour = milliliter/hour; ms = millisecond; N/A = not available; NO = nitrous oxide; RCT = randozmized controlled trial s = second; T = temperature;

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Singh RBH, VanderPluym JH, Morrow AS, et al. Acute Treatments for Episodic Migraine [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2020 Dec. (Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 239.) Appendix D, Characteristics of Included Studies.
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Appendix DCharacteristics of Included Studies

Table D-1Characteristics of included studies

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