Exclusion codes: E1 = Ineligible population; E2 = Ineligible or no intervention; E3 = Ineligible or no comparison; E4 = Ineligible or no outcome; E5 = Ineligible study design; E6 = Ineligible publication type; E7 = Ineligible sample size; E8 = Systematic review, secondary analysis, or meta-analysis used as a source document only to identify individual studies; E9 = Article or systematic review covered by a more recent systematic review; E10 = Foreign Language; E11 = Cohort study, no confounding adjustment; E12 = Key Question with sufficient RCT evidence, observational study not needed

1.

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2.

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4.

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Adamson TE. Microendoscopic posterior cervical laminoforaminotomy for unilateral radiculopathy: results of a new technique in 100 cases. J Neurosurg. 2001 Jul;95(1 Suppl):51–7. doi: 10.3171/spi.2001.95.1.0051. PMID: 11453432. Exclusion: E5. [PubMed: 11453432] [CrossRef]

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Ahmed AF, Al Dosari MAA, Al Kuwari A, et al. The outcomes of stand alone polyetheretherketone cages in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Int Orthop. 2021 01;45(1):173–80. doi: 10.1007/s00264-020-04760-1. PMID: 32803359. Exclusion: E6. [PMC free article: PMC7801300] [PubMed: 32803359] [CrossRef]

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Ahmed OEF, Galal A. Single level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion versus dynamic cervical implant: clinical and radiological outcome. Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery. 2020;56(1) doi: 10.1186/s41983-020-0153-0. Exclusion: E7. [CrossRef]

8.

Ahn JS, Lee JK, Kim JH. Comparative study of clinical outcomes of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion using autobone graft or cage with bone substitute. Asian spine j. 2011 Sep;5(3):169–75. doi: 10.4184/asj.2011.5.3.169. PMID: 21892389. Exclusion: E11. [PMC free article: PMC3159065] [PubMed: 21892389] [CrossRef]

9.

Ahn PG, Kim KN, Moon SW, et al. Changes in cervical range of motion and sagittal alignment in early and late phases after total disc replacement: radiographic follow-up exceeding 2 years. J Neurosurg Spine. 2009 Dec;11(6):688–95. doi: 10.3171/2009.7.SPINE0946. PMID: 19951021. Exclusion: E7. [PubMed: 19951021] [CrossRef]

10.

Ahn SS, Paik HK, Chin DK, et al. The fate of adjacent segments after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: The influence of an anterior plate system. World Neurosurg. 2016 May;89:42–50. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.01.013. PMID: 26828457. Exclusion: E11. [PubMed: 26828457] [CrossRef]

11.

Ahn SS, So WS, Ku MG, et al. Radiologic findings and risk factors of adjacent segment degeneration after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion : a retrospective matched cohort study with 3-year follow-up using MRI. J. 2016 Mar;59(2):129–36. doi: 10.3340/jkns.2016.59.2.129. PMID: 26962418. Exclusion: E3. [PMC free article: PMC4783478] [PubMed: 26962418] [CrossRef]

12.

Ahn Y. The current state of cervical endoscopic spine surgery: an updated literature review and technical considerations. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2020 Dec;17(12):1285–92. doi: 10.1080/17434440.2020.1853523. PMID: 33210554. Exclusion: E8. [PubMed: 33210554] [CrossRef]

13.

Ahsan MK, Awwal MA, Khan SI, et al. Open-door laminoplasty for multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) using titanium reconstruction miniplate and screws. Mymensingh Med J. 2017 07;26(3):558–68. PMID: 28919610. Exclusion: E7. [PubMed: 28919610]

14.

Ajiboye RM, Zoller SD, Ashana AA, et al. Regression of disc-osteophyte complexes following laminoplasty versus laminectomy with fusion for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Int J Spine Surg. 2017 ISASS (E-mail: info@ISASS;11(3):129–37p. doi: 10.14444/4017. Exclusion: E4. [PMC free article: PMC5537950] [PubMed: 28765801] [CrossRef]

15.

Akbari KK, Badikillaya V, Venkatesan M, et al. Do intraoperative neurophysiological changes during decompressive surgery for cervical myeloradiculopathy affect functional outcome? A prospective study. Global spine j. 2022 Apr;12(3):366–72. doi: 10.1177/2192568220951779. PMID: 32959684. Exclusion: E7. [PMC free article: PMC9121159] [PubMed: 32959684] [CrossRef]

16.

Al Barbarawi MM, Audat ZA, Obeidat MM, et al. Decompressive cervical laminectomy and lateral mass screw-rod arthrodesis. Surgical analysis and outcome. Scoliosis. 2011 May 19;6:10. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-6-10. PMID: 21595968. Exclusion: E3. [PMC free article: PMC3113742] [PubMed: 21595968] [CrossRef]

17.

Al Eissa S, Konbaz F, Aldeghaither S, et al. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion complications and thirty-day mortality and morbidity. Cureus. 2020 Apr 12;12(4):e7643. doi: 10.7759/cureus.7643. PMID: 32411545. Exclusion: E5. [PMC free article: PMC7217235] [PubMed: 32411545] [CrossRef]

18.

Alafifi T, Kern R, Fehlings M. Clinical and MRI predictors of outcome after surgical intervention for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neuroimaging. 2007 Oct;17(4):315–22. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2007.00119.x. PMID: 17894620. Exclusion: E11. [PubMed: 17894620] [CrossRef]

19.

Albert TJ. CORR Insights( R): reoperation after cervical disc arthroplasty versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a meta-analysis. Clin Orthop. 2016 May;474(5):1317–8. doi: 10.1007/s11999-016-4753-z. PMID: 26906011. Exclusion: E6. [PMC free article: PMC4814421] [PubMed: 26906011] [CrossRef]

20.

Albert TJ, Coric D, Kim HJ, et al. Clinical obesity in total disc replacement and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion patients through five years follow-up. Spine. 2015:146–9. Exclusion: E1.

21.

Albert TJ, Pinto M, Smith MD, et al. Accuracy of SPECT scanning in diagnosing pseudoarthrosis: a prospective study. J Spinal Disord. 1998 Jun;11(3):197–9. PMID: 9657542. Exclusion: E7. [PubMed: 9657542]

22.

Alhashash M, Boehm H, Shousha M. Management of symptomatic cervical spine pseudarthrosis: a suggested algorithm for surgical planning. Int J Spine Surg. 2021 Dec;15(6):1167–73. doi: 10.14444/8148. PMID: 35086874. Exclusion: E11. [PMC free article: PMC9541594] [PubMed: 35086874] [CrossRef]

23.

Alimi M, Njoku I, Hofstetter CP, et al. Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF): comparison between zero profile implants and anterior cervical plate and spacer. Cureus. 2016 Apr 17;8(4):e573. doi: 10.7759/cureus.573. PMID: 27200226. Exclusion: E5. [PMC free article: PMC4872884] [PubMed: 27200226] [CrossRef]

24.

Alluri RK, Vaishnav AS, Fourman MS, et al. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion versus cervical disc replacement in patients with significant cervical spondylosis. Clin Spine Surg. 2022 03 01;35(2):E327–E32. doi: 10.1097/BSD.0000000000001250. PMID: 35213422. Exclusion: E12. [PubMed: 35213422] [CrossRef]

25.

Almeida ND, Lee R, Wei C, et al. Coagulation profile as a significant risk factor for short-term complications and mortality after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. World Neurosurg. 2021 04;148:e74–e86. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.12.007. PMID: 33307267. Exclusion: E5. [PubMed: 33307267] [CrossRef]

26.

Alomar SA, Maghrabi Y, Baeesa SS, et al. Outcome of anterior and posterior endoscopic procedures for cervical radiculopathy due to degenerative disk disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Global spine j. 2021;12(7):1546–60. doi: 10.1177/21925682211037270. PMID: 34402323. Exclusion: E5. [PMC free article: PMC9393995] [PubMed: 34402323] [CrossRef]

27.

Alomari S, Liu A, Westbroek E, et al. Effect of patient’s sex on early perioperative outcomes following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. J Clin Neurosci. 2021 Nov;93:247–52. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.09.015. PMID: 34656256. Exclusion: E3. [PubMed: 34656256] [CrossRef]

28.

Alonso F, Rustagi T, Schmidt C, et al. Failure patterns in standalone anterior cervical discectomy and fusion implants. World Neurosurg. 2017 Dec;108:676–82. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.09.071. PMID: 28942019. Exclusion: E5. [PubMed: 28942019] [CrossRef]

29.

Alosh H, Riley LH, 3rd, Skolasky RL. Insurance status, geography, race, and ethnicity as predictors of anterior cervical spine surgery rates and in-hospital mortality: an examination of United States trends from 1992 to 2005. Spine. 2009 Aug 15;34(18):1956–62. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181ab930e. PMID: 19652634. Exclusion: E6. [PubMed: 19652634] [CrossRef]

30.

Ament JD, Karnati T, Kulubya E, et al. Treatment of cervical radiculopathy: a review of the evolution and economics. Surg Neurol Int. 2018;9:35. doi: 10.4103/sni.sni_441_17. PMID: 29527393. Exclusion: E8. [PMC free article: PMC5838835] [PubMed: 29527393] [CrossRef]

31.

Ament JD, Yang Z, Chen Y, et al. A novel quality-of-life utility index in patients with multilevel cervical degenerative disc disease: comparison of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with total disc replacement. Spine. 2015 Jul 15;40(14):1072–8. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000898. PMID: 25811263. Exclusion: E4. [PubMed: 25811263] [CrossRef]

32.

Ament JD, Yang Z, Nunley PD, et al. Cost utility analysis of the cervical artificial disc vs. fusion for the treatment of two-level symptomatic degenerative disc disease: five-year follow-up. Spine. 2015:110–2. Exclusion: E6. [PMC free article: PMC4900425] [PubMed: 26855020]

33.

An HS, Al-Shihabi L, Kurd M. Surgical treatment for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2014 Jul;22(7):420–9. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-22-07-420. PMID: 24966248. Exclusion: E6. [PubMed: 24966248] [CrossRef]

34.

An HS, Simpson JM, Glover JM, et al. Comparison between allograft plus demineralized bone matrix versus autograft in anterior cervical fusion. A prospective multicenter study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1995 Oct 15;20(20):2211–6. PMID: 8545714. Exclusion: E7. [PubMed: 8545714]

35.

Anakwenze OA, Auerbach JD, Milby AH, et al. Sagittal cervical alignment after cervical disc arthroplasty and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: results of a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Spine. 2009 Sep 01;34(19):2001–7. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181b03fe6. PMID: 19730207. Exclusion: E4. [PubMed: 19730207] [CrossRef]

36.

Anderson PA, Matz PG, Groff MW, et al. Laminectomy and fusion for the treatment of cervical degenerative myelopathy. J Neurosurg Spine. 2009 Aug;11(2):150–6. doi: 10.3171/2009.2.SPINE08727. PMID: 19769494. Exclusion: E6 - background. [PubMed: 19769494] [CrossRef]

37.

Anderson PA, Nassr A, Currier BL, et al. Evaluation of adverse events in total disc replacement: a meta-analysis of FDA summary of safety and effectiveness data. Global spine j. 2017 Apr;7(1 Suppl):76S–83S. doi: 10.1177/2192568216688195. PMID: 28451497. Exclusion: E8. [PMC free article: PMC5400198] [PubMed: 28451497] [CrossRef]

38.

Anderson PA, Puschak TJ, Sasso RC. Comparison of short-term SF-36 results between total joint arthroplasty and cervical spine decompression and fusion or arthroplasty. Spine. 2009 Jan 15;34(2):176–83. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181913cba. PMID: 19139668. Exclusion: E3. [PubMed: 19139668] [CrossRef]

39.

Anderson PA, Sasso RC, Rouleau JP, et al. The Bryan Cervical Disc: wear properties and early clinical results. Spine J. 2004 Nov–Dec;4(6 Suppl):303S–9S. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2004.07.026. PMID: 15541681. Exclusion: E3. [PubMed: 15541681] [CrossRef]

40.

Anderson-Smits C, Sing D, Dmitriev A, et al. A comparative analysis of secondary surgeries of six total cervical disc arthroplasty devices to cervical arthrodesis at 5-years. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. 2016;25(64):2016–08. doi: 10.1002/pds.4070. Exclusion: E6. [CrossRef]

41.

Ando M, Tamaki T, Matsumoto T, et al. Can postoperative deltoid weakness after cervical laminoplasty be prevented by using intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring? J Clin Monit Comput. 2019 Feb;33(1):123–32. doi: 10.1007/s10877-018-0141-4. PMID: 29667095. Exclusion: E2. [PubMed: 29667095] [CrossRef]

42.

Angevine PD. Comment: a prospective, randomized trial comparing expansile cervical laminoplasty and cervical laminectomy and fusion for multilevel cervical myelopathy. Clin Neurosurg. 2012 United States Oxford University Press (E-mail: agents@lww;70(2):277p. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182305669. Exclusion: E6. [PubMed: 22251974] [CrossRef]

43.

Anonymous. Corrigendum to: “Surgery for Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: a Nationwide Registry-Based Observational Study With Patient-Reported Outcomes” by Sasha Gulati, MD, PhD, Vetle Vangen-Lonne, MS, Oystein P Nygaard, MD, PhD, Agnete M Gulati, MD, PhD, Tommy A Hammer, MD, Tonje O Johansen, MD, Wilco C Peul, MD, PhD, Oyvind O Salvesen, MSc, PhD, Tore K Solberg, MD, PhD. Neurosurgery, nyab259, https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyab259. Neurosurgery. 2021 Oct 13;89(5):943. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyab334. PMID: 34432876. Exclusion: E5. [PMC free article: PMC8510849] [PubMed: 34432876] [CrossRef]

44.

Aragones M, Hevia E, Barrios C. Polyurethane on titanium unconstrained disc arthroplasty versus anterior discectomy and fusion for the treatment of cervical disc disease: a review of level I-II randomized clinical trials including clinical outcomes. Eur Spine J. 2015 Dec;24(12):2735–45. doi: 10.1007/s00586-015-4228-z. PMID: 26363559. Exclusion: E8. [PubMed: 26363559] [CrossRef]

45.

Arnasson O, Carlsson CA, Pellettieri L. Surgical and conservative treatment of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy and myelopathy. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1987;84(1–2):48–53. doi: 10.1007/bf01456351. PMID: 3030063. Exclusion: E11. [PubMed: 3030063] [CrossRef]

46.

Arnold PM, Anderson KK, Foley KT. Heterotopic ossification following single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: results from a prospective, multicenter, historically-controlled trial comparing allograft to an optimized dose of rhBMP-2. Spine journal. 2015 Netherlands Elsevier Inc;Conference: 30th annual meeting of the north american spine society, NASS. Vol.15(10 Supplement 1):180Sp. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2015.07.224. Exclusion: E6. [PubMed: 27129045] [CrossRef]

47.

Arnold PM, Kopjar B, Tetreault L, et al. Tobacco smoking and outcomes of surgical decompression in patients with symptomatic degenerative cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Clinical neurosurgery. Conference. 2016;63(165) doi: 10.1227/01.neu.0000489731.76982.a4. Exclusion: E6. [CrossRef]

48.

Arnold PM, Sasso R, Janssen M, et al. Efficacy of i-FactorTM bone graft versus autograft in ACDF: prospective randomized FDA IDE study results. J Neurosurg. 2016 to 2016-05-04;124(4):A1209-p. doi: 10.3171/2016.4.JNS.AANS2016abstracts. Exclusion: E6 - conference abstract. [CrossRef]

49.

Arnold PM, Sasso RC, Janssen ME, et al. I-factor™ bone graft versus autograft in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: two-year follow-up of the randomized single-blinded food and drug administration investigational device exemption study. Spine journal. 2016 to 2016-10-29;16(10):S153–S4p. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2016.07.051. Exclusion: E6. [PubMed: 26825787] [CrossRef]

50.

Arnold PM, Sasso RC, Janssen ME, et al. I-Factor™ bone graft vs. autograft in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: two-year follow-up of the randomized single-blinded food and drug administration investigational device exemption study. Spine. 2016(366):2016–12. Exclusion: E6.

51.

Arts MP, Wolfs JF, Corbin TP. The CASCADE trial: effectiveness of ceramic versus PEEK cages for anterior cervical discectomy with interbody fusion; protocol of a blinded randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013 Aug 16;14:244. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-244. PMID: 23947902. Exclusion: E6. [PMC free article: PMC3751489] [PubMed: 23947902] [CrossRef]

52.

Arts MP, Wolfs JFC, Corbin TP. Porous silicon nitride spacers versus PEEK cages for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: clinical and radiological results of a single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2017 Sep;26(9):2372–9. doi: 10.1007/s00586-017-5079-6. PMID: 28382392. Exclusion: E3. [PubMed: 28382392] [CrossRef]

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54.

Arvin B, Kalsi-Ryan S, Mercier D, et al. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging is associated with baseline neurological status and can predict postoperative recovery in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine. 2013 Jun 15;38(14):1170–6. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31828e23a8. PMID: 23462574. Exclusion: E11. [PubMed: 23462574] [CrossRef]

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56.

Ashana AO, Ajiboye RM, Sheppard WL, et al. Cervical paraspinal muscle atrophy rates following laminoplasty and laminectomy with fusion for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. World Neurosurg. 2017 Nov;107:445–50. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.07.173. PMID: 28790004. Exclusion: E4. [PubMed: 28790004] [CrossRef]

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Astur N, Martins DE, Kanas M, et al. Quality assessment of systematic reviews of surgical treatment of cervical spine degenerative diseases: an overview. Einstein. 2022;20:eAO6567. doi: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2022AO6567. PMID: 35476082. Exclusion: E5. [PMC free article: PMC9000984] [PubMed: 35476082] [CrossRef]

58.

Auerbach JD, Anakwenze OA, Milby AH, et al. Segmental contribution toward total cervical range of motion: a comparison of cervical disc arthroplasty and fusion. Spine. 2011 Dec 01;36(25):E1593–9. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31821cfd47. PMID: 21508886. Exclusion: E4. [PubMed: 21508886] [CrossRef]

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Ayan S, Cho W, Shein D, et al. Adjacent segment level ossific disease after ACDF: comparative study between stand-alone anterior cervical interbody fusion (SAACIF) device and conventional plating. Spine journal. 2015 to 2015-10-17;15(10):237S–8Sp. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2015.07.352. Exclusion: E6. [CrossRef]

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Aydin Y, Cavusoglu H, Yuce I, et al. A prospective study of interbody fat graft application with the anterior contralateral cervical microdiscectomy to preserve segmental mobility. Neurosurgery. 2017 Oct 01;81(4):627–37. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyx056. PMID: 28368476. Exclusion: E11. [PubMed: 28368476] [CrossRef]

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Ayoub C, Zreik T, Sawaya R, et al. Significance and cost-effectiveness of somatosensory evoked potential monitoring in cervical spine surgery. Neurol India. 2010 May–Jun;58(3):424–8. doi: 10.4103/0028-3886.66454. PMID: 20644272. Exclusion: E5. [PubMed: 20644272] [CrossRef]

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Badve SA, Kurra S, Nunley PD, et al. The Mobi-C R cervical disc and other devices for two-level disc replacement: overview of its safety and efficacy. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2019 04;16(4):307–15. doi: 10.1080/17434440.2019.1593137. PMID: 30907183. Exclusion: E3. [PubMed: 30907183] [CrossRef]

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Badve SA, Nunley PD, Kurra S, et al. Review of long-term outcomes of disc arthroplasty for symptomatic single level cervical degenerative disc disease. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2018 03;15(3):205–17. doi: 10.1080/17434440.2018.1433533. PMID: 29378457. Exclusion: E8. [PubMed: 29378457] [CrossRef]

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Bae HW, Davis RJ, Hisey MS, et al. Comparing one-level versus two-level cervical TDR and one-level versus two-level ACDF at seven-year follow-up. Spine journal. 2016 to 2016-10-29;16(10):S203–S4p. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2016.07.112. Exclusion: E6. [CrossRef]

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Bae HW, Kim KD, Nunley PD, et al. Comparison of Clinical Outcomes of 1- and 2-Level Total Disc Replacement: Four-Year Results From a Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, Multicenter IDE Clinical Trial. Spine. 2015 Jun 01;40(11):759–66. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000887. PMID: 25785955. Exclusion: E3. [PubMed: 25785955] [CrossRef]

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Pinter ZW, Reed R, Townsley SE, et al. Titanium cervical cage subsidence: postoperative computed tomography analysis defining incidence and associated risk factors. Global spine j. 2021 Sep 24:21925682211046897. doi: 10.1177/21925682211046897. PMID: 34558320. Exclusion: E3. [PMC free article: PMC10556899] [PubMed: 34558320] [CrossRef]

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Rajesh N, Moudgil-Joshi J, Kaliaperumal C. Smoking and degenerative spinal disease: a systematic review. Brain Spine. 2022 Aug 7;2:100916. doi: 10.1016/j.bas.2022.100916. PMID: 36248118. Exclusion: E4. [PMC free article: PMC9560562] [PubMed: 36248118] [CrossRef]

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Ramzi N, Ribeiro-Vaz G, Fomekong E, et al. Long term outcome of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion using coral grafts. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2008 Dec;150(12):1249–56; discussion 56. doi: 10.1007/s00701-008-0140-1. PMID: 19002374. Exclusion: E7. [PubMed: 19002374] [CrossRef]

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