List of Excluded Studies

Carolyn J Crandall; Sydne J Newberry; Allison Diamant; Yee-Wei Lim; Walid F Gellad; Marika J Suttorp; Aneesa Motala; Brett Ewing; Beth Roth; Roberta Shanman; Martha Timmer; Paul G Shekelle

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Crandall CJ, Newberry SJ, Diamant A, et al. Treatment To Prevent Fractures in Men and Women With Low Bone Density or Osteoporosis: Update of a 2007 Report [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2012 Mar. (Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, No. 53.)

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

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Treatment To Prevent Fractures in Men and Women With Low Bone Density or Osteoporosis: Update of a 2007 Report [Internet].

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Appendix DList of Excluded Studies

Excluded at Short Form Review

Reject: Irrelevant Design (N=213)

1.: Oral bisphosphonates and risk of cancer of oesophagus, stomach, and colorectum: case-control analysis within a UK primary care cohort. Br Dent J. 2010 Nov 13;209(9):451. [PMC free article: PMC2933354] [PubMed: 20813820]
2.: Abelson A, Ringe JD, Gold DT, Lange JL, Thomas T. Longitudinal change in clinical fracture incidence after initiation of bisphosphonates. Osteoporos Int. 2009 Sep 1; [PMC free article: PMC2861765] [PubMed: 19722103]
3.: Adachi J, Lynch N, Middelhoven H, Hunjan M, Cowell W. The association between compliance and persistence with bisphosphonate therapy and fracture risk: a review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007;8:97. [PMC free article: PMC2094708] [PubMed: 17897451]
4.: Adami S, Giannini S, Bianchi G, Sinigaglia L, Di Munno O, Fiore CE, et al. Vitamin D status and response to treatment in post-menopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2009 Feb;20(2):239–44. [PubMed: 18551242]
5.: Aghaloo TL, Felsenfeld AL, Tetradis S. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient on Denosumab. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010 May;68(5):959–63. [PMC free article: PMC2880179] [PubMed: 20149510]
6.: Ahn JK, Lee J, Cha HS, Koh EM. Non-traumatic fracture of the femoral shaft in a patient taking long-term bisphosphonate therapy. Rheumatol Int. 2010 Apr 10; [PubMed: 20383511]
7.: Al-Azzawi F. Prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and associated fractures: Clinical evaluation of the choice between estrogen and bisphosphonates. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2008 Nov;24(11):601–9. [PubMed: 19031214]
8.: Aleid W, Sidebottom A. Oral mucosal irritation with incorrect use of alendronate. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009 Mar;47(2):170–1. [PubMed: 18814944]
9.: Alexander W, Boonen S. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research: Denosumab (Prolia): A subgroup analysis. P and T. 2009;34(11):633.
10.: Ali T, Jay RH. Spontaneous femoral shaft fracture after long-term alendronate. Age Ageing. 2009 Sep;38(5):625–6. [PubMed: 19556326]
11.: Amling M, Kurth A. Ibandronate: a review of its vertebral and nonvertebral antifracture efficacy. Womens Health (Lond Engl). 2009 Sep;5(5):467–73. [PubMed: 19702445]
12.: Anastasilakis A, Goulis DG, Koukoulis G, Kita M, Slavakis A, Avramidis A. Acute and chronic effect of teriparatide on glucose metabolism in women with established osteoporosis. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2007 Feb;115(2):108–11. [PubMed: 17318770]
13.: Anonymous. Management of Corticosteroid-Induced Osteoporosis. Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin. 2010;48(9):98–101. [PubMed: 20810708]
14.: Arai T, Inoue Y, Hayashi S, Yamamoto S, Sakatani M. Risedronate induced BOOP complicated with sarcoidosis. Thorax. 2005 Jul;60(7):613–4. [PMC free article: PMC1747454] [PubMed: 15994273]
15.: Assael LA. Oral bisphosphonates as a cause of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: clinical findings, assessment of risks, and preventive strategies. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009 May;67(5 Suppl):35–43. [PubMed: 19371813]
16.: Atik OS, Suluova F, Gormeli G, Yildirim A, Ali A. Insufficiency femoral fractures in patients undergoing prolonged alendronate therapy. Eklem Hastalik Cerrahisi. 2010 Apr;21(1):56–9. [PubMed: 20302562]
17.: Azevedo GD, Franco RF, Baggio MS, Maranhao TM, Sa MF. Procoagulant state after raloxifene therapy in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril. 2005 Dec;84(6):1680–4. [PubMed: 16359964]
18.: Badamgarav E, Fitzpatrick LA. A new look at osteoporosis outcomes: the influence of treatment, compliance, persistence, and adherence. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006 Aug;81(8):1009–12. [PubMed: 16901022]
19.: Bagan JV, Jimenez Y, Murillo J, Hernandez S, Poveda R, Sanchis JM, et al. Jaw osteonecrosis associated with bisphosphonates: multiple exposed areas and its relationship to teeth extractions. Study of 20 cases. Oral Oncol. 2006 Mar;42(3):327–9. [PubMed: 16275156]
20.: Baio G, Barbagallo M, D'Avola G, Di Luccio A, Di Tanna GL, Falaschi P, et al. Improving adherence in osteoporosis: a new management algorithm for the patient with osteoporosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011 Feb;12(2):257–68. [PubMed: 21226636]
21.: Bamias A, Terpos E, Dimopoulos MA. Avascular osteonecrosis of the jaw as a side effect of bisphosphonate treatment. Onkologie. 2010;33(6):288–9. [PubMed: 20523090]
22.: Bamrungsong T, Pongchaiyakul C. Bilateral atypical femoral fractures after long-term alendronate therapy: a case report. J Med Assoc Thai. 2010 May;93(5):620–4. [PubMed: 20524451]
23.: Bauer DC. Bisphosphonate use and atypical femoral fractures: getting down to brass tacks. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Dec;95(12):5207–9. [PubMed: 21131542]
24.: Bedogni A, Bettini G, Totola A, Saia G, Nocini PF. Oral bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw after implant surgery: a case report and literature review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010 Jul;68(7):1662–6. [PubMed: 20561470]
25.: Belhadjali H, Slim R, Aouam K, Youssef M, Zili J. Cutaneous vasculitis induced by risedronate. Allergy. 2008 Oct;63(10):1405. [PubMed: 18782119]
26.: Bell BM, Bell RE. Oral bisphosphonates and dental implants: a retrospective study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 May;66(5):1022–4. [PubMed: 18423296]
27.: Bhutta MF, Rance M, Gillett D, Weighill JS. Alendronate-induced chemical laryngitis. J Laryngol Otol. 2005 Jan;119(1):46–7. [PubMed: 15807965]
28.: Bilezikian JP. Efficacy of bisphosphonates in reducing fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Am J Med. 2009 Feb;122(2 Suppl):S14–21. [PubMed: 19187808]
29.: Bobba RS, Beattie K, Parkinson B, Kumbhare D, Adachi JD. Tolerability of different dosing regimens of bisphosphonates for the treatment of osteoporosis and malignant bone disease. Drug Saf. 2006;29(12):1133–52. [PubMed: 17147460]
30.: Bock O, Boerst H, Thomasius FE, Degner C, Stephan-Oelkers M, Valentine SM, et al. Common musculoskeletal adverse effects of oral treatment with once weekly alendronate and risedronate in patients with osteoporosis and ways for their prevention. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2007 Apr-Jun;7(2):144–8. [PubMed: 17627083]
31.: Brandao CM, Lima MG, Silva AL, Silva GD, Guerra AA Jr, Acurcio Fde A. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women: a systematic review. Cad Saude Publica. 2008;24 Suppl 4:s592–606. [PubMed: 18797733]
32.: Brandi ML. New dosing options in osteoporosis treatment: clinical evidence on risedronate 75 mg monthly treatment. Clin Case Min Bone Metab. 2008;5(2):155–8. [PMC free article: PMC2781207] [PubMed: 22461000]
33.: Breglia MD, Carter JD. Atypical insufficiency fracture of the tibia associated with long-term bisphosphonate therapy. J Clin Rheumatol. 2010 Mar;16(2):76–8. [PubMed: 20130483]
34.: Brooks JK, Gilson AJ, Sindler AJ, Ashman SG, Schwartz KG, Nikitakis NG. Osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with use of risedronate: report of 2 new cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007 Jun;103(6):780–6. [PubMed: 17223592]
35.: Brown JP. Administration of annual oral high-dose vitamin D to community-dwelling older women in autumn and winter months increases risk of falls and fractures. Evid Based Med. 2010 Aug 16; [PubMed: 20713542]
36.: Bunning RD, Rentfro RJ, Jelinek JS. Low-energy femoral fractures associated with long-term bisphosphonate use in a rehabilitation setting: a case series. PM R. 2010 Jan;2(1):76–80. [PubMed: 20129517]
37.: Bushardt RL, Turner JL, Ragucci KR, Askins DG Jr. Non-estrogen treatments for osteoporosis: an evidence-based review. JAAPA. 2006 Dec;19(12):25–30. [PubMed: 17243258]
38.: Capeci CM, Tejwani NC. Bilateral low-energy simultaneous or sequential femoral fractures in patients on long-term alendronate therapy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009 Nov;91(11):2556–61. [PubMed: 19884427]
39.: Cermak K, Shumelinsky F, Alexiou J, Gebhart MJ. Case reports: subtrochanteric femoral stress fractures after prolonged alendronate therapy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010 Jul;468(7):1991–6. [PMC free article: PMC2881993] [PubMed: 20020334]
40.: Chapurlat RD. Single annual injectable treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 May;5(5):583–91. [PubMed: 18491983]
41.: Chesnut CH. Treating osteoporosis with bisphosphonates and addressing adherence: a review of oral ibandronate. Drugs. 2006;66(10):1351–9. [PubMed: 16903769]
42.: Cheung RK, Leung KK, Lee KC, Chow TC. Sequential non-traumatic femoral shaft fractures in a patient on long-term alendronate. Hong Kong Med J. 2007 Dec;13(6):485–9. [PubMed: 18057440]
43.: Clarke BM, Boyette J, Vural E, Suen JY, Anaissie EJ, Stack BC Jr. Bisphosphonates and jaw osteonecrosis: the UAMS experience. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007 Mar;136(3):396–400. [PubMed: 17321866]
44.: Colon-Emeric CS, Lyles KW. Should there be a fracas over FRAX and other fracture prediction tools?: Comment on “A comparison of prediction models for fractures in older women” Arch Intern Med. 2009 Dec 14;169(22):2094–5. [PMC free article: PMC3743088] [PubMed: 20008692]
45.: Cranney A, Papaioannou A, Zytaruk N, Hanley D. Clin Guidelines Comm. Parathyroid Hormone for the Treatment of Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2006;175(1):52–9. [PMC free article: PMC1482742] [PubMed: 16818910]
46.: Curtis JR, Westfall AO, Cheng H, Saag KG, Delzell E. RisedronatE and ALendronate Intervention over Three Years (REALITY): minimal differences in fracture risk reduction. Osteoporos Int. 2009 Jun;20(6):973–8. [PMC free article: PMC2711629] [PubMed: 18946630]
47.: Dannemann C, Gratz KW, Riener MO, Zwahlen RA. Jaw osteonecrosis related to bisphosphonate therapy: a severe secondary disorder. Bone. 2007 Apr;40(4):828–34. [PubMed: 17236837]
48.: de Vries F. Bisphosphonates and cancer. Two studies, same data source, two answers. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2010;341:c5980. [PubMed: 20978047]
49.: Dogru T, Sonmez A, Tasci I, Genc H. Symptomatic hypocalcemia due to oral risedronate therapy. Indian J Med Sci. 2005 Dec;59(12):542–3. [PubMed: 16385174]
50.: Dore RK, Feldman RG, Taylor KA, See K, Dalsky GP, Warner MR. Patient experience with a new teriparatide delivery device. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009 Oct;25(10):2413–22. [PubMed: 19656016]
51.: Edwards MH, McCrae FC, Young-Min SA. Alendronate-related femoral diaphysis fracture-what should be done to predict and prevent subsequent fracture of the contralateral side? Osteoporos Int. 2009 Jun 27;21(4):701–3. [PubMed: 19562241]
52.: Elliott ME. Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis. Journal of the Pharmacy Society of Wisconsin. 2010;13(2):29–40.
53.: Engroff SL, Coletti D. Bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of the palate: report of a case managed with free tissue transfer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008 May;105(5):580–2. [PubMed: 18442742]
54.: Ensrud KE, Schousboe JT. Clinical practice. Vertebral fractures. N Engl J Med. 2011 Apr 28;364(17):1634–42. [PubMed: 21524214]
55.: Epstein S, Jeglitsch M, McCloskey E. Update on monthly oral bisphosphonate therapy for the treatment of osteoporosis: focus on ibandronate 150 mg and risedronate 150 mg. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009 Dec;25(12):2951–60. [PubMed: 19835464]
56.: Erbagci Z, Tuncel A, Erkilic S, Ozkur M. Progressive pigmentary purpura related to raloxifene. Saudi Med J. 2005 Feb;26(2):314–6. [PubMed: 15770314]
57.: Etminan M. Long-term use of oral bisphosphonates increases the risk of oesophageal but not gastric or colorectal cancer. Evidence-Based Medicine. 2011;16(1):28–9. [PubMed: 21115549]
58.: Favia G, Pilolli GP, Maiorano E. Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Correlated to Bisphosphonate Therapy in Non-oncologic Patients: Clinicopathological Features of 24 Patients. J Rheumatol. 2009 Nov 2;36(12):2780–7. [PubMed: 19884275]
59.: Fedele S, Porter SR, D'Aiuto F, Aljohani S, Vescovi P, Manfredi M, et al. Nonexposed variant of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: a case series. Am J Med. 2010 Nov;123(11):1060–4. [PubMed: 20851366]
60.: Feskanich D, Willett W, Colditz G. Walking and leisure-time activity and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. JAMA. 2002 Nov 13;288(18):2300–6. [PubMed: 12425707]
61.: Filip R, Huk J, Jarosz B, Skrzydlo-Radomanska B. Endoscopic and histological verification of upper GI tract side effects after long-term therapy with alendronate and strontium ranelate. Przeglad Gastroenterologiczny. 2009 June 10;4(1):23–30.
62.: Filleul O, C E, Saussez S. Bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw: a review of 2,400 patient cases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2010 Aug;136(8):1117–24. [PubMed: 20508948]
63.: Fit KE, Burkiewicz JS, Griffin BL, Meyer CM. Acute phase reaction with intravenous ibandronate. Am J Med. 2008 Sep;121(9):e7. [PubMed: 18724955]
64.: Francis RM, Anderson FH, Patel S, Sahota O, van Staa TP. Calcium and vitamin D in the prevention of osteoporotic fractures. Qjm. 2006 Jun;99(6):355–63. [PubMed: 16537574]
65.: French DD, Margo CE. Postmarketing surveillance rates of uveitis and scleritis with bisphosphonates among a national veteran cohort. Retina. 2008 Jun;28(6):889–93. [PubMed: 18536608]
66.: Gaal J, Bender T, Varga J, Horvath I, Kiss J, Somogyi P, et al. Overcoming resistance to bisphosphonates through the administration of alfacalcidol: results of a 1-year, open follow-up study. Rheumatol Int. 2009 Mar 24; [PubMed: 19308412]
67.: Girgis CM, Sher D, Seibel MJ. Atypical femoral fractures and bisphosphonate use. N Engl J Med. 2010 May 13;362(19):1848–9. [PubMed: 20463351]
68.: Giusti A, Hamdy NA, Dekkers OM, Ramautar SR, Dijkstra S, Papapoulos SE. Atypical fractures and bisphosphonate therapy: A cohort study of patients with femoral fracture with radiographic adjudication of fracture site and features. Bone. 2010 Dec 31; [PubMed: 21195812]
69.: Goddard MS, Reid KR, Johnston JC, Khanuja HS. Atraumatic bilateral femur fracture in long-term bisphosphonate use. Orthopedics. 2009 Aug;32(8) [PubMed: 19708622]
70.: Goh SK, Yang KY, Koh JS, Wong MK, Chua SY, Chua DT, et al. Subtrochanteric insufficiency fractures in patients on alendronate therapy: a caution. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007 Mar;89(3):349–53. [PubMed: 17356148]
71.: Gomez Font R, Martinez Garcia ML, Olmos Martinez JM. Osteochemonecrosis of the jaws due to bisphosphonate treatments. Update. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2008 May;13(5):E318–24. [PubMed: 18449117]
72.: Gomez V, Xiao SY. Alendronate-induced Esophagitis in an Elderly Woman. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2009;2(2):200–3. [PMC free article: PMC2583639] [PubMed: 19079657]
73.: Gonzalez-Moles MA, Bagan-Sebastian JV. Alendronate-related oral mucosa ulcerations. J Oral Pathol Med. 2000 Nov;29(10):514–8. [PubMed: 11048968]
74.: Goss A, Bartold M, Sambrook P, Hawker P. The nature and frequency of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws in dental implant patients: a South Australian case series. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010 Feb;68(2):337–43. [PubMed: 20116705]
75.: Goss AN. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws. Climacteric. 2007 Feb;10(1):5–8. [PubMed: 17364598]
76.: Grana J, Mahia IV, Meizoso MO, Vazquez T. Multiple osteonecrosis of the jaw, oral bisphosphonate therapy and refractory rheumatoid arthritis (Pathological fracture associated with ONJ and BP use for osteoporosis). Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2008 Mar-Apr;26(2):384–5. [PubMed: 18565271]
77.: Green R, Blackmore K, Robson A. Case of maxillary avascular necrosis due to oral bisphosphonates, presenting with signs of malignancy. J Laryngol Otol. 2010 May;5:1–3. [PubMed: 20441673]
78.: Gwynne Jones DP, Savage RL, Highton J. Alendronate-induced synovitis. J Rheumatol. 2008 Mar;35(3):537–8. [PubMed: 18203307]
79.: Harper KD, Krege JH, Marcus R, Mitlak BH. Osteosarcoma and teriparatide? J Bone Miner Res. 2007 Feb;22(2):334. [PubMed: 17129179]
80.: Heras Rincon I, Zubillaga Rodriguez I, Castrillo Tambay M, Montalvo Moreno JJ. Osteonecrosis of the jaws and bisphosphonates. Report of fifteen cases. Therapeutic recommendations. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007 Aug;12(4):E267–71. [PubMed: 17664910]
81.: Hess LM, Jeter JM, Benham-Hutchins M, Alberts DS. Factors associated with osteonecrosis of the jaw among bisphosphonate users. Am J Med. 2008 Jun;121(6):475–83 e3. [PMC free article: PMC2601671] [PubMed: 18501224]
82.: Hoefert S, Eufinger H. [[Osteonecrosis of the jaws as a possible adverse effect of the use of bisphosphonates]]. Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir. 2005 Jul;9(4):233–8. [PubMed: 16395774]
83.: Hoefert S, Eufinger H. Necrosis of the jaws under bisphosphonate therapy. Orthopade. 2005;35:204–10. [PubMed: 16344954]
84.: Hokama A, Ihama Y, Nakamoto M, Kinjo N, Kinjo F, Fujita J. Esophagitis dissecans superficialis associated with bisphosphonates. Endoscopy. 2007 Feb;39 Suppl 1:E91. [PubMed: 17440869]
85.: Imai K, Yamamoto S, Anamizu Y, Horiuchi T. Pelvic insufficiency fracture associated with severe suppression of bone turnover by alendronate therapy. J Bone Miner Metab. 2007;25(5):333–6. [PubMed: 17704999]
86.: Inderjeeth CA, Foo AC, Lai MM, Glendenning P. Efficacy and safety of pharmacological agents in managing osteoporosis in the old old: review of the evidence. Bone. 2009 May;44(5):744–51. [PubMed: 19130909]
87.: Ing-Lorenzini K, Desmeules J, Plachta O, Suva D, Dayer P, Peter R. Low-energy femoral fractures associated with the long-term use of bisphosphonates: a case series from a Swiss university hospital. Drug Saf. 2009;32(9):775–85. [PubMed: 19670917]
88.: Isaacs JD, Shidiak L, Harris IA, Szomor ZL. Femoral insufficiency fractures associated with prolonged bisphosphonate therapy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010 Dec;468(12):3384–92. [PMC free article: PMC2974861] [PubMed: 20809164]
89.: Isik A, Uras I, Uyar ME, Karakurt F, Kaftan O. Alendronate-induced asthma. Ann Pharmacother. 2009 Mar;43(3):547–8. [PubMed: 19261958]
90.: Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Sato Y, Uzawa M. Comparison of the effect of alendronate on lumbar bone mineral density and bone turnover in men and postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Feb;26(2):161–7. [PubMed: 16565894]
91.: Jansen JP, Bergman GJ, Huels J, Olson M. Prevention of vertebral fractures in osteoporosis: mixed treatment comparison of bisphosphonate therapies. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009 Aug;25(8):1861–8. [PubMed: 19530978]
92.: Jansen JP, Bergman GJD, Huels J, Olson M. The Efficacy of Bisphosphonates in the Prevention of Vertebral, Hip, and Nonvertebral-Nonhip Fractures in Osteoporosis: A Network Meta-Analysis. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2011;40(4):275–84.e2. [PubMed: 20828791]
93.: Jones DG, Savage R, Highton J. Synovitis induced by alendronic acid can present as acute carpal tunnel syndrome. Bmj. 2005 Jan 8;330(7482):74. [PMC free article: PMC543868] [PubMed: 15637369]
94.: Jones HT, Howard E. Combination therapy for postmenopausal osteoporosis. American Family Physician. 2010;81(4) [PubMed: 20148496]
95.: Junquera L, Gallego L, Cuesta P, Pelaz A, de Vicente JC. Clinical experiences with bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws: analysis of 21 cases. Am J Otolaryngol. 2009 Nov-Dec;30(6):390–5. [PubMed: 19880027]
96.: Kakaria PJ, Nashel DJ, Nylen ES. Debilitating muscle cramps after teriparatide therapy. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Feb 15;142(4):310. [PubMed: 15710971]
97.: Katayama K, Matsuno T. Effects of bisphosphonates on fracture incidence and bone metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis patients in general practice taking long-term corticosteroid therapy: a retrospective study. Clin Drug Investig. 2008;28(3):149–58. [PubMed: 18266400]
98.: Kauffman RP. Simple models predicted 10-year fracture risk in older women as accurately as more complex FRAX models: Commentary. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2010;152(6):JC3–13. [PubMed: 20231555]
99.: Khamaisi M, Regev E, Yarom N, Avni B, Leitersdorf E, Raz I, et al. Possible association between diabetes and bisphosphonate-related jaw osteonecrosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Mar;92(3):1172–5. [PubMed: 17179196]
100.: Khan AA, Sandor GK, Dore E, Morrison AD, Alsahli M, Amin F, et al. Bisphosphonate associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. J Rheumatol. 2009 Mar;36(3):478–90. [PubMed: 19286860]
101.: King AE, Umland EM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients receiving intravenous or oral bisphosphonates. Pharmacotherapy. 2008 May;28(5):667–77. [PubMed: 18447663]
102.: Kos M, Brusco D, Kuebler J, Engelke W. Clinical comparison of patients with osteonecrosis of the jaws, with and without a history of bisphosphonates administration. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010 Nov;39(11):1097–102. [PubMed: 20817480]
103.: Kos M, Kuebler JF, Luczak K, Engelke W. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: A review of 34 cases and evaluation of risk. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2009 Jul 8; [PubMed: 19592261]
104.: Krueger CD, West PM, Sargent M, Lodolce AE, Pickard AS. Bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw. Ann Pharmacother. 2007 Feb;41(2):276–84. [PubMed: 17299010]
105.: Kuehn BM. Reports of adverse events from bone drugs prompt caution. JAMA. 2006 Jun 28;295(24):2833–6. [PubMed: 16804139]
106.: Kuehn BM. Prolonged bisphosphonate use linked to rare fractures, esophageal cancer. JAMA. 2010 Nov 17;304(19):2114–5. [PubMed: 21081719]
107.: Kumar SK, Meru M, Sedghizadeh PP. Osteonecrosis of the jaws secondary to bisphosphonate therapy: a case series. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2008;9(1):63–9. [PubMed: 18176650]
108.: Kwek EB, Goh SK, Koh JS, Png MA, Howe TS. An emerging pattern of subtrochanteric stress fractures: a long-term complication of alendronate therapy? Injury. 2008 Feb;39(2):224–31. [PubMed: 18222447]
109.: Langsetmo LA, Morin S, Richards JB, Davison KS, Olszynski WP, Prior JC, et al. Effectiveness of antiresorptives for the prevention of nonvertebral low-trauma fractures in a population-based cohort of women. Osteoporos Int. 2009 Feb;20(2):283–90. [PMC free article: PMC5101049] [PubMed: 18581034]
110.: Lazarovici TS, Yahalom R, Taicher S, Elad S, Hardan I, Yarom N. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: a single-center study of 101 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009 Apr;67(4):850–5. [PubMed: 19304045]
111.: Lazarovici TS, Yahalom R, Taicher S, Schwartz-Arad D, Peleg O, Yarom N. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with dental implants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010 Apr;68(4):790–6. [PubMed: 20307764]
112.: Lee JK. Bilateral atypical femoral diaphyseal fractures in a patient treated with alendronate sodium. International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases. 2009 August 24;12(2):149–54. [PubMed: 20374333]
113.: Lee P, van der Wall H, Seibel MJ. Looking beyond low bone mineral density: multiple insufficiency fractures in a woman with post-menopausal osteoporosis on alendronate therapy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2007 Jul-Aug;30(7):590–7. [PubMed: 17848842]
114.: Lekkerkerker F, Kanis JA, Alsayed N, Bouvenot G, Burlet N, Cahall D, et al. Adherence to treatment of osteoporosis: a need for study. Osteoporos Int. 2007 Oct;18(10):1311–7. [PubMed: 17585359]
115.: Lenart BA, Lorich DG, Lane JM. Atypical fractures of the femoral diaphysis in postmenopausal women taking alendronate. N Engl J Med. 2008 Mar 20;358(12):1304–6. [PubMed: 18354114]
116.: Lenart BA, Neviaser AS, Lyman S, Chang CC, Edobor-Osula F, Steele B, et al. Association of low-energy femoral fractures with prolonged bisphosphonate use: a case control study. Osteoporos Int. 2009 Aug;20(8):1353–62. [PMC free article: PMC4415520] [PubMed: 19066707]
117.: Leung S, Ashar BH, Miller RG. Bisphosphonate-associated scleritis: a case report and review. South Med J. 2005 Jul;98(7):733–5. [PubMed: 16108245]
118.: Levin L, L A, Schwartz-Arad D. Denture-related osteonecrosis of the maxilla associated with oral bisphosphonate treatment. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007 Sep;138(9):1218–20. [PubMed: 17785387]
119.: Lewiecki EM. Long dosing intervals in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 Nov;23(11):2617–25. [PubMed: 17868504]
120.: Majumdar SR. Oral bisphosphonates and atrial fibrillation. BMJ. 2008 Apr 12;336(7648):784–5. [PMC free article: PMC2292276] [PubMed: 18334526]
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122.: Mamdani M, Kopp A, Hawker G. Hip fractures in users of first- vs. second-generation bisphosphonates. Osteoporos Int. 2007 Dec;18(12):1595–600. [PubMed: 17767369]
123.: Marunick M, Miller R, Gordon S. Adverse oral sequelae to bisphosphonate administration. J Mich Dent Assoc. 2005 Nov;87(11):44–9. [PubMed: 16372548]
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129.: Mehanna P, Goddard R. Bisphosphonate associated osteonecrosis: an unusual case. Australian dental journal. 2010;55(3):311–3. [PubMed: 20887520]
130.: Melo MD, Obeid G. Osteonecrosis of the jaws in patients with a history of receiving bisphosphonate therapy: strategies for prevention and early recognition. J Am Dent Assoc. 2005 Dec;136(12):1675–81. [PubMed: 16383049]
131.: Merigo E, Manfredi M, Meleti M, Guidotti R, Ripasarti A, Zanzucchi E, et al. Bone necrosis of the jaws associated with bisphosphonate treatment: a report of twenty-nine cases. Acta Biomed. 2006 Aug;77(2):109–17. [PubMed: 17172192]
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134.: Migliorati CA, Casiglia J, Epstein J, Jacobsen PL, Siegel MA, Woo SB. Managing the care of patients with bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis: an American Academy of Oral Medicine position paper. J Am Dent Assoc. 2005 Dec;136(12):1658–68. [PubMed: 16383047]
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139.: Minne H, Audran M, Simoes ME, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Sigurethsson G, Marin F, et al. Bone density after teriparatide in patients with or without prior antiresorptive treatment: one-year results from the EUROFORS study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 Oct 4; [PubMed: 18838053]
140.: Najm S, Lysitsa S, Carrel J. Bisphosphonates-related jaw osteonecrosis. Presse Med. 2005;34(15):1073–7. {French} [PubMed: 16334883]
141.: Naniwa T, Maeda T, Mizoshita T, Hayami Y, Watanabe M, Banno S, et al. Alendronate-induced esophagitis: possible pathogenic role of hypersensitivity to alendronate. Intern Med. 2008;47(23):2083–5. [PubMed: 19043266]
142.: Nase JB, Suzuki JB. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and oral bisphosphonate treatment. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006 Aug;137(8):1115–9. quiz 69-70. [PubMed: 16873327]
143.: Neviaser AS, Lane JM, Lenart BA, Edobor-Osula F, Lorich DG. Low-energy femoral shaft fractures associated with alendronate use. J Orthop Trauma. 2008 May-Jun;22(5):346–50. [PubMed: 18448990]
144.: Nieto EJ. Non-traumatic fracture of the femur in a healthy woman who had been taking alendronate for a long time: A case report. Osteoporosis International. 2010;21:S343–S4.
145.: Nieves JW, Barrett-Connor E, Siris ES, Zion M, Barlas S, Chen YT. Calcium and vitamin D intake influence bone mass, but not short-term fracture risk, in Caucasian postmenopausal women from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA) study. Osteoporos Int. 2008 May;19(5):673–9. [PubMed: 17999024]
146.: Odvina CV, Levy S, Rao S, Zerwekh JE, Sudhaker Rao D. Unusual mid-shaft fractures during long term bisphosphonate therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009 Mar 19; [PubMed: 19302584]
147.: Ornoy A, Wajnberg R, Diav-Citrin O. The outcome of pregnancy following pre-pregnancy or early pregnancy alendronate treatment. Reprod Toxicol. 2006 Nov;22(4):578–9. [PubMed: 16996245]
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150.: Park W, Kim NK, Kim MY, Rhee YM, Kim HJ. Osteonecrosis of the jaw induced by oral administration of bisphosphonates in Asian population: five cases. Osteoporos Int. 2009 May 30; [PubMed: 19484166]
151.: Pasala S, Burshell A, Ogden F. Long-term alendronate therapy and subtrochanteric femoral fractures. Ochsner Journal. 2010;10(1):22. [PMC free article: PMC3096181] [PubMed: 21603350]
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Reject: No Enrollment Criteria (N=6)

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Reject: No Relevant Interventions (N=45)

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8.: Delmas PD. Clinical effects of strontium ranelate in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16 Suppl 1:S16–9. [PubMed: 15578158]
9.: Fogelman I, Fordham JN, Fraser WD, Spector TD, Christiansen C, Morris SA, et al. Parathyroid hormone(1-84) treatment of postmenopausal women with low bone mass receiving hormone replacement therapy. Calcif Tissue Int. 2008 Aug;83(2):85–92. [PubMed: 18626566]
10.: Fujita T, Orimo H, Inoue T, Kaneda K, Sakurai M, Morita R, et al. Clinical effect of bisphosphonate and vitamin D on osteoporosis: reappraisal of a multicenter double-blind clinical trial comparing etidronate and alfacalcidol. J Bone Miner Metab. 2007;25(2):130–7. [PubMed: 17323183]
11.: Greenspan SL, Bone HG, Ettinger MP, Hanley DA, Lindsay R, Zanchetta JR, et al. Effect of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-84) on vertebral fracture and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Mar 6;146(5):326–39. [PubMed: 17339618]
12.: Groves C, McMenamin ME, Casey M, Barnes L. Interstitial granulomatous reaction to strontium ranelate. Arch Dermatol. 2008 Feb;144(2):268–9. [PubMed: 18283194]
13.: Hwang JS, Chen JF, Yang TS, Wu DJ, Tsai KS, Ho C, et al. The effects of strontium ranelate in Asian women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int. 2008 Nov;83(5):308–14. [PubMed: 18843436]
14.: Jonville-Bera AP, Crickx B, Aaron L, Hartingh I, Autret-Leca E. Strontium ranelate-induced DRESS syndrome: first two case reports. Allergy. 2009 Apr;64(4):658–9. [PubMed: 19210353]
15.: Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey EV. Bazedoxifene reduces vertebral and clinical fractures in postmenopausal women at high risk assessed with FRAX. Bone. 2009 Jun;44(6):1049–54. [PubMed: 19254788]
16.: Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey EV. A meta-analysis of the effect of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral and non-vertebral fracture in postmenopausal osteoporosis and the interaction with FRAX((R)). Osteoporos Int. 2011 Feb 2; [PubMed: 21287148]
17.: Lee HY, Lie D, Lim KS, Thirumoorthy T, Pang SM. Strontium ranelate-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis in a patient with post-menopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2009 Jan;20(1):161–2. [PubMed: 18600286]
18.: Makras P, Hamdy NA, Zwinderman AH, Ballieux BE, Papapoulos SE. Bisphosphonate dose and incidence of fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone. 2009 May;44(5):766–71. [PubMed: 19442613]
19.: Manfredi M, Merigo E, Guidotti R, Meleti M, Vescovi P. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: a case series of 25 patients affected by osteoporosis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011 Mar;40(3):277–84. [PubMed: 21163625]
20.: Matsumoto T, Hagino H, Shiraki M, Fukunaga M, Nakano T, Takaoka K, et al. Effect of daily oral minodronate on vertebral fractures in Japanese postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Osteoporos Int. 2009 Aug;20(8):1429–37. [PMC free article: PMC2708326] [PubMed: 19101754]
21.: Meunier PJ, Roux C, Ortolani S, Diaz-Curiel M, Compston J, Marquis P, et al. Effects of long-term strontium ranelate treatment on vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2009 Oct;20(10):1663–73. [PMC free article: PMC2744775] [PubMed: 19153678]
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Reject: No Relevant Outcomes (N=80)

1.: Adami S, Isaia G, Luisetto G, Minisola S, Sinigaglia L, Silvestri S, et al. Osteoporosis treatment and fracture incidence: the ICARO longitudinal study. Osteoporos Int. 2008 Aug;19(8):1219–23. [PubMed: 18286217]
2.: Aurich-Barrera B, Wilton L, Harris S, Shakir SA. Ophthalmological events in patients receiving risedronate: summary of information gained through follow-up in a prescription-event monitoring study in England. Drug Saf. 2006;29(2):151–60. [PubMed: 16454542]
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17.: Chen P, Miller PD, Delmas PD, Misurski DA, Krege JH. Change in bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk reduction in teriparatide-treated women with osteoporosis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2005 Sep;20(9):S56–S7.
18.: Conley E, Muth B, Samaniego M, Lotfi M, Voss B, Armbrust M, et al. Bisphosphonates and bone fractures in long-term kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2008 Jul 27;86(2):231–7. [PMC free article: PMC3571088] [PubMed: 18645484]
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20.: Curtis JR, Westfall AO, Cheng H, Delzell E, Saag KG. Risk of hip fracture after bisphosphonate discontinuation: implications for a drug holiday. Osteoporos Int. 2008 Nov;19(11):1613–20. [PMC free article: PMC2574626] [PubMed: 18483689]
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36.: Grima DT, Papaioannou A, Airia P, Ioannidis G, Adachi JD. Adverse events, bone mineral density and discontinuation associated with generic alendronate among postmenopausal women previously tolerant of brand alendronate: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010;11:68. [PMC free article: PMC2867835] [PubMed: 20388226]
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38.: Hoes JN, Jacobs JW, Hulsmans HM, De Nijs RN, Lems WF, Bruyn GA, et al. High incidence rate of vertebral fractures during chronic prednisone treatment, in spite of bisphosphonate or alfacalcidol use. Extension of the alendronate or alfacalcidol in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis-trial. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2010 May-Jun;28(3):354–9. [PubMed: 20406615]
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48.: Langdahl BL, Rajzbaum G, Jakob F, Karras D, Ljunggren O, Lems WF, et al. Reduction in Fracture Rate and Back Pain and Increased Quality of Life in Postmenopausal Women Treated with Teriparatide: 18-Month Data from the European Forsteo Observational Study (EFOS). Calcif Tissue Int. 2009 Oct 13;85(6):484–93. [PMC free article: PMC2788127] [PubMed: 19823760]
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52.: Martino S, Disch D, Dowsett SA, Keech CA, Mershon JL. Safety assessment of raloxifene over eight years in a clinical trial setting. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005 Sep;21(9):1441–52. [PubMed: 16197663]
53.: Maugeri D, Russo E, Luca S, Leotta C, Mamazza G, Sorace R, et al. Changes of the quality-of-life under the treatment of severe senile osteoporosis with teriparatide. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2009 Jul-Aug;49(1):35–8. [PubMed: 18555544]
54.: McHorney CA, Victor Spain C, Alexander CM, Simmons J. Validity of the adherence estimator in the prediction of 9-month persistence with medications prescribed for chronic diseases: a prospective analysis of data from pharmacy claims. Clin Ther. 2009 Nov;31(11):2584–607. [PubMed: 20110004]
55.: Meyer HE, Lofthus CM, Sogaard AJ, Falch JA. Change in the use of hormone replacement therapy and the incidence of fracture in Oslo. Osteoporos Int. 2009 May;20(5):827–30. [PubMed: 18563511]
56.: Miller PD. Non-vertebral fracture risk reduction with oral bisphosphonates: challenges with interpreting clinical trial data. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 Jan;24(1):107–19. [PubMed: 18031594]
57.: Miyakoshi N, Shimada Y, Ando S, Minato T, Itoi E. Effects of alfacalcidol alone or in combination with elcatonin on incidence of osteoporotic vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with spondylosis. J Bone Miner Metab. 2006;24(6):491–7. [PubMed: 17072742]
58.: Nikander R, Sievanen H, Heinonen A, Daly RM, Uusi-Rasi K, Kannus P. Targeted exercise against osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis for optimising bone strength throughout life. BMC Med. 2010 Jul 21;8(1):47. [PMC free article: PMC2918523] [PubMed: 20663158]
59.: O'Sullivan SM, Grey AB, Singh R, Reid IR. Bisphosphonates in pregnancy and lactation-associated osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(7):1008–12. [PubMed: 16758139]
60.: Parikh S, Avorn J, Solomon DH. Pharmacological management of osteoporosis in nursing home populations: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 Feb;57(2):327–34. [PubMed: 19207148]
61.: Qaseem A, Snow V, Shekelle P, Hopkins R, Forciea MA, Owens DK. Pharmacologic treatment of low bone density or osteoporosis to prevent fractures: A clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2008 Sep;149(6):404–W77. [PubMed: 18794560]
62.: Rajzbaum G, Jakob F, Karras D, Ljunggren O, Lems WF, Langdahl BL, et al. Characterization of patients in the European Forsteo Observational Study (EFOS): postmenopausal women entering teriparatide treatment in a community setting. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 Feb;24(2):377–84. [PubMed: 18154690]
63.: Reid DM, Hosking D, Kendler D, Brandi ML, Wark JD, Marques-Neto JF, et al. A comparison of the effect of alendronate and risedronate on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: 24-month results from FACTS-International. Int J Clin Pract. 2008 Apr;62(4):575–84. [PubMed: 18324951]
64.: Reid IR, Gamble GD, Mesenbrink P, Lakatos P, Black DM. Characterization of and risk factors for the acute-phase response after zoledronic acid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Sep;95(9):4380–7. [PubMed: 20554708]
65.: Richards JB, Cherkas LF, Spector TD. An analysis of which anti-osteoporosis therapeutic regimen would improve compliance in a population of elderly adults. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 Feb;23(2):293–9. [PubMed: 17288683]
66.: Robbins J, Aragaki AK, Kooperberg C, Watts N, Wactawski-Wende J, Jackson RD, et al. Factors associated with 5-year risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. JAMA. 2007 Nov 28;298(20):2389–98. [PubMed: 18042916]
67.: Roux C, Goldstein JL, Zhou X, Klemes A, Lindsay R. Vertebral fracture efficacy during risedronate therapy in patients using proton pump inhibitors. Osteoporos Int. 2011 Mar 2; [PubMed: 21365461]
68.: Saag KG, Geusens P. Progress in osteoporosis and fracture prevention: focus on postmenopausal women. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(5):251. [PMC free article: PMC2787277] [PubMed: 19849819]
69.: Saag KG, Shane E, Boonen S, Marin F, Donley DW, Taylor KA, et al. Teriparatide or alendronate in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 15;357(20):2028–39. [PubMed: 18003959]
70.: Sambrook P, Cranney A, Adachi JD. Risk reduction of non-vertebral fractures with intravenous ibandronate: post-hoc analysis from DIVA. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010 Mar;26(3):599–604. [PubMed: 20055751]
71.: Sato Y, Iwamoto J, Honda Y. An Open-Label Trial Comparing Alendronate and Alphacalcidol in Reducing Falls and Hip Fractures in Disabled Stroke Patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2010 Jul 1;20(1):41–6. [PubMed: 20598577]
72.: Sedghizadeh PP, Kumar SK, Gorur A, Schaudinn C, Shuler CF, Costerton JW. Microbial biofilms in osteomyelitis of the jaw and osteonecrosis of the jaw secondary to bisphosphonate therapy. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009 Oct;140(10):1259–65. [PubMed: 19797556]
73.: Shea B, Bonaiuti D, Iovine R, Negrini S, Robinson V, Kemper HC, et al. Cochrane Review on exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Eura Medicophys. 2004 Sep;40(3):199–209. [PubMed: 16172588]
74.: Silverman SL, Cummings SR, Watts NB. Recommendations for the clinical evaluation of agents for treatment of osteoporosis: consensus of an expert panel representing the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR), the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD), and the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF). J Bone Miner Res. 2008 Jan;23(1):159–65. [PubMed: 17892379]
75.: Silverman SL, Shen W, Minshall ME, Xie S, Moses KH. Prevalence of depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density and/or prevalent vertebral fracture: results from the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) study. J Rheumatol. 2007 Jan;34(1):140–4. [PubMed: 17216681]
76.: Takata S, Abbaspour A, Yonezu H, Yasui N. Differences of therapeutic effects on regional bone mineral density and markers of bone mineral metabolism between alendronate and alfacalcidol in Japanese osteoporotic women. J Med Invest. 2007 Feb;54(1-2):35–40. [PubMed: 17380012]
77.: Vanelli M, Pedan A, Liu N, Hoar J, Messier D, Kiarsis K. The role of patient inexperience in medication discontinuation: a retrospective analysis of medication nonpersistence in seven chronic illnesses. Clin Ther. 2009 Nov;31(11):2628–52. [PubMed: 20110007]
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79.: Waalen J, Bruning AL, Peters MJ, Blau EM. A telephone-based intervention for increasing the use of osteoporosis medication: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Manag Care. 2009 Aug;15(8):e60–70. [PubMed: 19659407]
80.: Zanchetta JR, Bogado CE, Cisari C, Aslanidis S, Greisen H, Fox J, et al. Treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis with PTH(1-84) for 36 months: treatment extension study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010 Nov;26(11):2627–33. [PubMed: 20923256]

Reject: Population Not Relevant (N=40)

1.: Abu-Id MH, Warnke PH, Gottschalk J, Springer I, Wiltfang J, Acil Y, et al. “Bis-phossy jaws” - high and low risk factors for bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2008 Mar;36(2):95–103. [PubMed: 18234504]
2.: Baqain ZH, Sawair FA, Tamimi Z, Bsoul N, Al Edwan G, Almasad JK, et al. Osteonecrosis of jaws related to intravenous bisphosphonates: the experience of a Jordanian teaching hospital. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2010 Sep;92(6):489–94. [PMC free article: PMC3182791] [PubMed: 20522306]
3.: Battley J, Jayathissa S, Seneviratne E. Jaw osteonecrosis associated with bisphosphonates. N Z Med J. 2006;119(1246):U2341. [PubMed: 17151715]
4.: Bhoopalam N, Campbell SC, Moritz T, Broderick WR, Iyer P, Arcenas AG, et al. Intravenous Zoledronic Acid to Prevent Osteoporosis in a Veteran Population With Multiple Risk Factors for Bone Loss on Androgen Deprivation Therapy. Journal of Urology. 2009;182(5):2257–64. [PubMed: 19758618]
5.: Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Rees JR, Grau MV, Barry E, Gui J, Baron JA. Effect of calcium supplementation on fracture risk: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jun;87(6):1945–51. [PMC free article: PMC3773875] [PubMed: 18541589]
6.: Braun E, Iacono VJ. Bisphosphonates: case report of nonsurgical periodontal therapy and osteochemonecrosis. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2006 Aug;26(4):315–9. [PubMed: 16939012]
7.: Carter G, Goss AN, Doecke C. Bisphosphonates and avascular necrosis of the jaw: a possible association. Med J Aust. 2005 Apr 18;182(8):413–5. [PubMed: 15850439]
8.: Curtis JR, McClure LA, Delzell E, Howard VJ, Orwoll E, Saag KG, et al. Population-based fracture risk assessment and osteoporosis treatment disparities by race and gender. J Gen Intern Med. 2009 Aug;24(8):956–62. [PMC free article: PMC2710475] [PubMed: 19551449]
9.: Durie BG, Katz M, Crowley J. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonates. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jul 7;353(1):99–102. discussion 99- [PubMed: 16000365]
10.: Gallego L, Junquera L. Consequence of therapy discontinuation in bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009 Jan;47(1):67–8. [PubMed: 18639371]
11.: Gilhotra JS, Gilhotra AK, Holdaway IM, Donaldson ML. Acute retinal pigment epitheliitis associated with intravenous bisphosphonate. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006 Jun;90(6):798–9. [PMC free article: PMC1860197] [PubMed: 16714273]
12.: Kanat O, Ozet A, Ataergin S, Kuzhan O, Arpaci F, Ozturk B, et al. Bisphosphonate treatment as a cause of jaw osteonecrosis. Oral Dis. 2007 May;13(3):346–7. [PubMed: 17448221]
13.: Katz H. Endodontic implications of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws: a report of three cases. J Endod. 2005 Nov;31(11):831–4. [PubMed: 16249730]
14.: Khan AM, Sindwani R. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the skull base. Laryngoscope. 2009 Mar;119(3):449–52. [PubMed: 19235747]
15.: Kumar V, Pass B, Guttenberg SA, Ludlow J, Emery RW, Tyndall DA, et al. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: a report of three cases demonstrating variability in outcomes and morbidity. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007 May;138(5):602–9. [PubMed: 17473037]
16.: Magopoulos C, Karakinaris G, Telioudis Z, Vahtsevanos K, Dimitrakopoulos I, Antoniadis K, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaws due to bisphosphonate use. A review of 60 cases and treatment proposals. Am J Otolaryngol. 2007 May-Jun;28(3):158–63. [PubMed: 17499130]
17.: Marie PJ, Ammann P, Boivin G, Rey C. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of strontium in bone. Calcif Tissue Int. 2001 Sep;69(3):121–9. [PubMed: 11683526]
18.: Mauri D, Valachis A, Polyzos IP, Polyzos NP, Kamposioras K, Pesce LL. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and use of bisphosphonates in adjuvant breast cancer treatment: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009 Aug;116(3):433–9. [PubMed: 19521766]
19.: Melo MD, Obeid G. Osteonecrosis of the maxilla in a patient with a history of bisphosphonate therapy. J Can Dent Assoc. 2005 Feb;71(2):111–3. [PubMed: 15691429]
20.: Merigo E, Manfredi M, Meleti M, Corradi D, Vescovi P. Jaw bone necrosis without previous dental extractions associated with the use of bisphosphonates (pamidronate and zoledronate): a four-case report. J Oral Pathol Med. 2005 Nov;34(10):613–7. [PubMed: 16202082]
21.: Migliorati CA. Bisphosphanates and oral cavity avascular bone necrosis. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Nov 15;21(22):4253–4. [PubMed: 14615459]
22.: Mortensen M, Lawson W, Montazem A. Osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with bisphosphonate use: Presentation of seven cases and literature review. Laryngoscope. 2007 Jan;117(1):30–4. [PubMed: 17202926]
23.: Naik NH, Russo TA. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: the role of actinomyces. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Dec 1;49(11):1729–32. [PubMed: 19886792]
24.: Navarro M, Lopez R, Alana M, Ocana A, Leno R, Sanchez F, et al. Tonic-clonic seizure as the presentation symptom of severe hypocalcemia secondary to zoledronic acid administration. J Palliat Med. 2007 Dec;10(6):1226–7. [PubMed: 18095793]
25.: Oh HK, Chambers MS, Martin JW, Lim HJ, Park HJ. Osteoradionecrosis of the mandible: treatment outcomes and factors influencing the progress of osteoradionecrosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009 Jul;67(7):1378–86. [PubMed: 19531406]
26.: Oltolina A, Achilli A, Lodi G, Demarosi F, Sardella A. Osteonecrosis of the jaws in patients treated with bisphosphonates. Review of the literature and the Milan experience. Minerva Stomatol. 2005 Jul-Aug;54(7-8):441–8. [PubMed: 16211002]
27.: Polizzotto MN, Cousins V, Schwarer AP. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the auditory canal. Br J Haematol. 2006 Jan;132(1):114. [PubMed: 16371027]
28.: Pozzi S, Marcheselli R, Falorio S, Masini L, Stelitano C, Falcone A, et al. Bisphosphonates-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: A long-term follow-up of a series of 35 cases observed by GISL and evaluation of its frequency over time. Am J Hematol. 2009 Dec;84(12):850–2. [PubMed: 19862827]
29.: Pozzi S, Marcheselli R, Sacchi S, Baldini L, Angrilli F, Pennese E, et al. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: A review of 35 cases and an evaluation of its frequency in multiple myeloma patients. Leuk Lymphoma. 2007 January 1;48(1):59–64. [PubMed: 17325848]
30.: Reilly MM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient receiving bisphosphonate therapy. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2007 Mar;34(2):301–5. [PubMed: 17573291]
31.: Reiriz AB, De Zorzi Pde M, Lovat CP. Bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw: a case report. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2008 Apr;63(2):281–4. [PMC free article: PMC2664202] [PubMed: 18438586]
32.: Salesi N, Pistilli R, Marcelli V, Govoni FA, Bozza F, Bossone G, et al. Bisphosphonates and oral cavity avascular bone necrosis: a review of twelve cases. Anticancer Res. 2006 Jul-Aug;26(4B):3111–5. [PubMed: 16886642]
33.: Sanna G, Zampino MG, Pelosi G, Nole F, Goldhirsch A. Jaw avascular bone necrosis associated with long-term use of biphosphonates. Ann Oncol. 2005 Jul;16(7):1207–8. [PubMed: 15849220]
34.: Sarathy AP, Bourgeois SL Jr., Goodell GG. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws and endodontic treatment: two case reports. J Endod. 2005 Oct;31(10):759–63. [PubMed: 16186759]
35.: Sarzi Amade D, Tallarico M, Loreti MC, Montecchi PP, Niccoli A. Clinical guidelines for prevention of osteonecrosis of the jaws in patients in treatment with bisphosphonates: literature review and report of three cases. Minerva Stomatol. 2008 Sep;57(9):429–46. [PubMed: 18923378]
36.: Sayin M, Yazici G. Hyperparathyroidism secondary to zoledronic acid infusion: case report. Support Care Cancer. 2009 May;17(5):469–70. [PubMed: 19205753]
37.: Shirota T, Nakamura A, Matsui Y, Hatori M, Nakamura M, Shintani S. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw around dental implants in the maxilla: report of a case. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009 Dec;20(12):1402–8. [PubMed: 19793318]
38.: Stumpe MR, Chandra RK, Yunus F, Samant S. Incidence and risk factors of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws. Head Neck. 2009 Feb;31(2):202–6. [PubMed: 18853454]
39.: Topakian R, Stieglbauer K, Rotaru J, Haring HP, Aichner FT, Pichler R. Hypocalcemic choreoathetosis and tetany after bisphosphonate treatment. Mov Disord. 2006 Nov;21(11):2026–7. [PubMed: 16972252]
40.: Young P, Finn BC, Bruetman JE. Numb chin syndrome by biphosphonates. Eur J Intern Med. 2008 Nov;19(7):557. [PubMed: 19013390]

Excluded at Long Form

Adherence, Inappropriate for Analysis (N=8)

1.: Cauley JA, Lacroix AZ, Robbins JA, Larson J, Wallace R, Wactawski-Wende J, et al. Baseline serum estradiol and fracture reduction during treatment with hormone therapy: The Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. Osteoporos Int. 2009 May 13; [PMC free article: PMC2787820] [PubMed: 19436934]
2.: Lewiecki EM, Babbitt AM, Piziak VK, Ozturk ZE, Bone HG. Adherence to and gastrointestinal tolerability of monthly oral or quarterly intravenous ibandronate therapy in women with previous intolerance to oral bisphosphonates: a 12-month, open-label, prospective evaluation. Clin Ther. 2008 Apr;30(4):605–21. [PubMed: 18498910]
3.: Meijer WM, Beest FJ, Olson M, Herings RM. Relationship between duration of compliant bisphosphonate use and the risk of osteoporotic fractures. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 Oct 14; [PubMed: 18922215]
4.: Pasion EG, Sivananthan SK, Kung AW, Chen SH, Chen YJ, Mirasol R, et al. Comparison of raloxifene and bisphosphonates based on adherence and treatment satisfaction in postmenopausal Asian women. J Bone Miner Metab. 2007;25(2):105–13. [PubMed: 17323180]
5.: Segal E, Ish-Shalom S. Two years adherence to anti-osteoporotic medications in postmenopausal Israeli women. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2009 Jan 13;49(3):360–3. [PubMed: 19147238]
6.: Arden NK, Earl S, Fisher DJ, Cooper C, Carruthers S, Goater M. Persistence with teriparatide in patients with osteoporosis: the UK experience. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(11):1626–9. [PubMed: 16823543]
7.: Sunyecz J, Gallager R, MacCosbe P. Persistence with medication in women taking daily versus weekly bisphosphonates for osteoporosis. Female Patient. 2006;31:21–8.
8.: Salovaara K, Tuppurainen M, Karkkainen M, Rikkonen T, Sandini L, Sirola J, et al. Effect of vitamin D(3) and calcium on fracture risk in 65- to 71-year-old women: a population-based 3-year randomized, controlled trial--the OSTPRE-FPS. J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Jul;25(7):1487–95. [PubMed: 20200964]

Adverse Events, Inappropriate for Analysis (N=22)

1.: Sorensen HT, Christensen S, Mehnert F, Pedersen L, Chapurlat RD, Cummings SR, et al. Use of bisphosphonates among women and risk of atrial fibrillation and flutter: population based case-control study. BMJ. 2008 Apr 12;336(7648):813–6. [PMC free article: PMC2292333] [PubMed: 18334527]
2.: Recker RR, Marin F, Ish-Shalom S, Moricke R, Hawkins F, Kapetanos G, et al. Comparative effects of teriparatide and strontium ranelate on bone biopsies and biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2009 Aug;24(8):1358–68. [PubMed: 19338452]
3.: Urushihara H, Kikuchi N, Yamada M, Yoshiki F, Miyauchi A. Raloxifene and stroke risks in Japanese postmenopausal women with osteoporosis on postmarketing surveillance. Menopause. 2009 Sep-Oct;16(5):971–7. [PubMed: 19357545]
4.: Abrahamsen B, Eiken P, Brixen K. Atrial fibrillation in fracture patients treated with oral bisphosphonates. J Intern Med. 2009 May;265(5):581–92. [PubMed: 19141097]
5.: Bayram M, Soyer C, Kadioglu E, Sardas S. Assessment of DNA damage in postmenopausal women under osteoporosis therapy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2006 Aug;127(2):227–30. [PubMed: 16504368]
6.: Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Piswanger-Soelkner JC, Pieber TR, Obermayer-Pietsch BM, Pilz S, Dimai HP, et al. Ibandronate prevents bone loss and reduces vertebral fracture risk in male cardiac transplant patients: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2009 Jul;24(7):1335–44. [PubMed: 19257824]
7.: Fernandes CE, Zerbini C, Russo LA, Albernaz MA, Eis SR, Szejnfeld VL, et al. Effects of short-term risedronate on bone resorption and patient satisfaction in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients. J Clin Densitom. 2009 Jan-Mar;12(1):77–83. [PubMed: 19004654]
8.: Lewiecki EM, Babbitt AM, Piziak VK, Ozturk ZE, Bone HG. Adherence to and gastrointestinal tolerability of monthly oral or quarterly intravenous ibandronate therapy in women with previous intolerance to oral bisphosphonates: a 12-month, open-label, prospective evaluation. Clin Ther. 2008 Apr;30(4):605–21. [PubMed: 18498910]
9.: Yanik B, Bavbek N, Yanik T, Inegol I, Kanbay M, Turgut FH, et al. The effect of alendronate, risedronate, and raloxifene on renal functions, based on the Cockcroft and Gault method, in postmenopausal women. Ren Fail. 2007;29(4):471–6. [PubMed: 17497471]
10.: Valimaki MJ, Farrerons-Minguella J, Halse J, Kroger H, Maroni M, Mulder H, et al. Effects of risedronate 5 mg/d on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers in late-postmenopausal women with osteopenia: a multinational, 24-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase III trial. Clin Ther. 2007 Sep;29(9):1937–49. [PubMed: 18035193]
11.: Arden NK, Earl S, Fisher DJ, Cooper C, Carruthers S, Goater M. Persistence with teriparatide in patients with osteoporosis: the UK experience. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(11):1626–9. [PubMed: 16823543]
12.: Castelo-Branco C, Cortes X, Ferrer M. Treatment persistence and compliance with a combination of calcium and vitamin D. Climacteric. 2009 Dec 1; [PubMed: 19951084]
13.: Chung YS, Lim SK, Chung HY, Lee IK, Park IH, Kim GS, et al. Comparison of Monthly Ibandronate Versus Weekly Risedronate in Preference, Convenience, and Bone Turnover Markers in Korean Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women. Calcif Tissue Int. 2009 Oct 9;85(5):389–97. [PMC free article: PMC2768795] [PubMed: 19816648]
14.: Mosca L, Barrett-Connor E, Wenger NK, Collins P, Grady D, Kornitzer M, et al. Design and methods of the Raloxifene Use for The Heart (RUTH) study. Am J Cardiol. 2001 Aug 15;88(4):392–5. [PubMed: 11545760]
15.: Shiraki M, Kushida K, Yamazaki K, Nagai T, Inoue T, Orimo H. Effects of 2 years' treatment of osteoporosis with 1alphahydroxy vitamin D3 on bone mineral density and incidence of fracture: a placebo-controlled, double-blind prospective study. Endocr J. 1996;43(2):211–20. [PubMed: 9026268]
16.: Vestergaard P, Schwartz K, Pinholt EM, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L. Gastric and esophagus events before and during treatment of osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int. 2010 Feb;86(2):110–5. [PubMed: 19957165]
17.: Vestergaard P, Schwartz K, Pinholt EM, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L. Stroke in relation to use of raloxifene and other drugs against osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2011 May 7;22:1037–45. [PubMed: 20449570]
18.: Lamberg AL, Horvath-Puho E, Christensen S, Sorensen HT. Use of oral bisphosphonates and risk of venous thromboembolism: a population-based case-control study. Osteoporos Int. 2010 Nov;21(11):1911–7. [PubMed: 19997902]
19.: Christensen S, Mehnert F, Chapurlat RD, Baron JA, Sorensen HT. Oral bisphosphonates and risk of ischemic stroke: a case-control study. Osteoporos Int. 2010 Oct 13; [PubMed: 20945149]
20.: Caplan L, Pittman CB, Zeringue AL, Scherrer JF, Wehmeier KR, Cunningham FE, et al. An observational study of musculoskeletal pain among patients receiving bisphosphonate therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010 Apr;85(4):341–8. [PMC free article: PMC2848422] [PubMed: 20231335]
21.: Cosman F, Wermers RA, Recknor C, Mauck KF, Xie L, Glass EV, et al. Effects of teriparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis on prior alendronate or raloxifene: Differences between stopping and continuing the antiresorptive agent: Editorial Comment. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey. 2010;65(3):179–80. [PubMed: 19584192]
22.: Elmariah S, Delaney JA, O'Brien KD, Budoff MJ, Vogel-Claussen J, Fuster V, et al. Bisphosphonate Use and Prevalence of Valvular and Vascular Calcification in Women MESA (The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Nov 16;56(21):1752–9. [PMC free article: PMC3004769] [PubMed: 21070928]

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Crandall CJ, Newberry SJ, Diamant A, et al. Treatment To Prevent Fractures in Men and Women With Low Bone Density or Osteoporosis: Update of a 2007 Report [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2012 Mar. (Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, No. 53.) Appendix D, List of Excluded Studies.
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