CHW EXCLUDED STUDIES

Non-US population

1. Brieger WR, Ramakrishna J, Adeniyi JD, Kale OO, Pearson CA. Improving recognition of onchocerciasis in primary care--2: Learning from a cultural perspective. Trop Doct 1986;16(1):9–13.

2. Bullock LF, Wells JE, Duff GB, Hornblow AR. Telephone support for pregnant women: outcome in late pregnancy. N Z Med J 1995;108(1012):476–8.

3. Carlisle-Pesic D. The heart of the community. Nurs Times 2001;97(38):26–7.

4. Carpenter GI, Demopoulos GR. Screening the elderly in the community: controlled trial of dependency surveillance using a questionnaire administered by volunteers. Br Med J 1990;300(6734):1253–6.

5. Crawford MJ, Patton R, Touquet R, Drummond C, Byford S, Barrett B, et al. Screening and referral for brief intervention of alcohol-misusing patients in an emergency department: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364(9442):1334–9.

6. Dennis CL. Breastfeeding peer support: maternal and volunteer perceptions from a randomized controlled trial. Birth 2002;29(3):169–76.

7. Gillam S, Levenson R. Linkworkers in primary care: an untapped resource. Br Med J 1999;319(7219):1215–1215.

8. Gyapong JO, Webber RH, Bennett S. The potential role of peripheral health workers and community key informants in the rapid assessment of community burden of disease: the example of lymphatic filariasis. Trop Med Int Health 1998;3(7):522–8.

9. Heller RF, Lim L, Valenti L, Knapp J. A randomised controlled trial of community based counselling among those discharged from hospital with ischaemic heart disease. Aust N Z J Med 1995;25(4):362–4.

10. Horiuchi S, Kataoka Y, Eto H, Oguro M, Mori T. The applicability of women-centered care: two case studies of capacity-building for maternal health through international collaboration. Jpn J Nurs Science 2006;3(2):143–150.

11. Jackson C. Community mothers: trick or treat? Health Visitor 1992;65(6):199–201.

12. Kolawole BA, Adegbenro C, Ayoola ZO, Opebiyi B. Diabetes mellitus related treatment goals: awareness and attainment in the Ife-Ijesa zone of south-western Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci 2005;34(4):389–94.

13. Leigh G, Hodgins DC, Milne R, Gerrish R. Volunteer assistance in the treatment of chronic alcoholism. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1999;25(3):543–59.

14. Lennon JL, Coombs DW. A community-based intervention for childhood diarrhoea control. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1992;10(1):35–6.

15. Lingley-Pottie P, McGrath PJ. Distance therapeutic alliance: the participant's experience. Adv Nurs Sci 2007;30(4):353–66.

16. Littlejohns P, Baveystock CM, Parnell H, Jones PW. Randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of a respiratory health worker in reducing impairment, disability, and handicap due to chronic airflow limitation. Thorax 1991;46(8):559–64.

17. McNeil JK. Effects of nonprofessional home visit programs for subclinically unhappy and unhealthy older adults. J App Gerontol 1995;14(3):333–342.

18. Morrow AL, Guerrero ML, Shults J, Calva JJ, Lutter C, Bravo J, et al. Efficacy of home-based peer counselling to promote exclusive breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999;353(9160):1226–31.

19. Nichols DC, Berrios C, Samar H. Texas' community health workforce: from state health promotion policy to community-level practice. Prev Chronic Dis 2005;2 Spec no:A13.

20. Palmer J. Nurse-led train-the-trainer program breaks new ground in HIV/AIDS care. Reflect Nurs Leadersh 2004;30(2):34–8.

21. Raphael D. New patterns in Doula client relations. Midwife Health Visit Community Nurse 1988;24(9):376–9.

22. Rissel C, Salmon A, Hughes AM. Evaluation of a (pilot) stage-tailored brief smoking cessation intervention among hospital patients presenting to a hospital pre-admission clinic. Aust Health Rev 2000;23(3):83–93.

23. Rowe AK, Lama M, Onikpo F, Deming MS. Health worker perceptions of how being observed influences their practices during consultations with ill children. Trop Doct 2002;32(3):166–7.

24. Salleras Sanmarti L, Alcaide Megias J, Altet Gomez MN, Canela Soler J, Navas Alcala E, Sune Puigbo MR, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of health education on the compliance with antituberculosis chemoprophylaxis in school children. A randomized clinical trial. Tubercle Lung Dis 1993;74(1):28–31.

25. Tudiver F, Myers T, Kurtz RG, Orr K, Rowe C, Jackson E, et al. The talking sex project: Results of a randomized controlled trial of small-group AIDS education for 612 gay and bisexual men. Eval Health Profess 1992;15(1):26–42.

26. Williams S, Brown A, Patton R, Crawford MJ, Touquet R. The half-life of the 'teachable moment' for alcohol misusing patients in the emergency department. Drug Alcohol Depend 2005;77(2):205–8.

27. Woodard GRB, Edouard L. Reaching out: a community initiative for disadvantaged pregnant women. Can J Public Health 1992;83(3):188–190.

No health or economic outcomes

28. Baffour TD, Jones MA, Contreras LK. Family health advocacy: an empowerment model for pregnant and parenting African American women in rural communities. Fam Comm Health 2006;29(3):221–228.

29. Baker EA, Kreuter M, Homan SM, Starkloff-Morgan S, Schonhoff R, Francioni A. Using community-based participatory processes to bring health education technology to communities. Health Promot Pract 2002;3(1):83–94.

30. Bigby J, Ko LK, Johnson N, David MMA, Ferrer B. A community approach to addressing excess breast and cervical cancer mortality among women of African descent in Boston. Public Health Rep 2003;118(4):338–347.

31. Bishop C, Earp JA, Eng E, Lynch KS. Implementing a natural helper lay health advisor program: lessons learned from unplanned events. Health Promot Pract 2002;3(2):233–244.

32. Blumenthal C, Eng E, Thomas JC. STEP sisters, sex, and STDs: a process evaluation of the recruitment of lay health advisors. Am J Health Promot 1999;14(1):4–6, ii.

33. Boyd NR, Windsor RA. A formative evaluation in maternal and child health practice: the Partners for Life Nutrition Education Program for pregnant women. Maternal & Child Health Journal 2003;7(2):137–143.

34. Brown DR, Hernandez A, Saint-Jean G, Evans S, Tafari I, Brewster LG, et al. A participatory action research pilot study of urban health disparities using rapid assessment response and evaluation. Am J Public Health 2008;98(1):28–38.

35. Castro FG, Elder J, Coe K, Tafoya-Barraza HM, Moratto S, Campbell N, et al. Mobilizing churches for health promotion in Latino communities: Companeros en la Salud. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1995(18):127–35.

36. D'Augelli AR, Ehrlich RP. Evaluation of a community-based system for training natural helpers. II. Effects on informal helping activities. Am J Community Psychol 1982;10(4):447–56.

37. DeCastro J, Stone B. Improving therapeutic outcomes in BPH through diagnosis, treatment and patient compliance. Am J Med 2008;121(8 Suppl 2):S27–33.

38. Duan N, Fox S, Derose KP, Carson S, Stockdale S. Identifying churches for community-based mammography promotion: lessons from the LAMP study. Health Educ Behav 2005;32(4):536–48.

39. Dumas JE, Lynch AM, Laughlin JE, Phillips Smith E, Prinz RJ. Promoting intervention fidelity. Conceptual issues, methods, and preliminary results from the EARLY ALLIANCE prevention trial. Am J Prev Med 2001;20(1 Suppl):38–47.

40. Earp JA, Flax VL. What lay health advisors do: An evaluation of advisors' activities. Cancer Pract 1999;7(1):16–21.

41. Eng E, Smith J. Natural helping functions of lay health advisors in breast cancer education. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1995;35(1):23–9.

42. Flaskerud JH, Anderson N. Disseminating the results of participant-focused research. J Transcult Nurs 1999;10(4):340–349.

43. Haraldson SS. Community health aides for sparse populations. World Health Forum 1988;9(2):235–8.

44. Haraldson SS. The Alaskan community health aide scheme. A successful rural health program. N Y State J Med 1990;90(2):61–3.

45. Hatch JW. Outreach in Chatham County. N C Med J 1987;48(12):633–5.

46. Heller BR, Walsh FJ, Wilson KM. Seniors helping seniors: training older adults as new personnel resources in home health care. J Gerontol Nurs 1981;7(9):552–5.

47. Hiatt RA, Pasick RJ, Stewart S, Bloom J, Davis P, Gardiner P, et al. Community-based cancer screening for underserved women: design and baseline findings from the Breast and Cervical Cancer Intervention Study. Prev Med 2001;33(3):190–203.

48. Jaros L, Eaker ED, Remington PL. Women's Health Alliance Intervention Study: description of a breast and cervical cancer screening program. J Public Health Manage Pract 2001;7(5):31–35.

49. Jessee PO, Cecil CE. Evaluation of social problem-solving abilities in rural home health visitors and visiting nurses. Matern Child Nurs J 1992;20(2):53–64.

50. Kelly J. Continuing medical education for community health aides/practitioners. Int J Circumpolar Health 1998;57 Suppl 1:100–2.

51. Kim MJ, Cho H, Cheon-Klessig YS, Gerace LM, Camilleri DD. Primary health care for Korean immigrants: sustaining a culturally sensitive model. Public Health Nurs 2002;19(3):191–200.

52. Larson K. The evolution of a village-based health education project. Arctic Med Res 1991;Suppl:153–6.

53. Mack M, Uken R, Powers J. People improving the community's health: community health workers as agents of change. J Health Care Poor Underserv 2006;17(1):16–25.

54. Murphy MJ, Smiciklas-Wright H, Heasley DK, Hamilton LW. Impact of EFNEP on some nutrition-related practices. Developing a tool to record changes. J Am Diet Assoc 1980;76(6):570–4.

55. Patton S. Empowering women: improving a community's health. Nurs Manage 1995;26(8):36–7, 41.

56. Persky V, Turyk M, Piorkowski J, Coover L, Knight J, Wagner C, et al. Inner-city asthma: the role of the community. Chest 2007;132(5 Suppl):831S–839S.

57. Ramos RL, Hernandez A, Ferreira-Pinto JB, Ortiz M, Somerville GG. Promovision: designing a capacity-building program to strengthen and expand the role of promotores in HIV prevention. Health Promot Pract 2006;7(4):444–9.

58. Reinschmidt KM, Hunter JB, Fernandez ML, Lacy-Martinez CR, Guernsey de Zapien J, Meister J. Understanding the success of promotoras in increasing chronic diseases screening. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2006;17(2):256–64.

59. Rogers D, Petereit DG. Cancer disparities research partnership in Lakota Country: clinical trials, patient services, and community education for the Oglala, Rosebud, and Cheyenne River Sioux tribes. Am J Public Health 2005;95(12):2129–32.

60. Saavedra-Embesi M. Healthy Smiles for a Lifetime: a dental health training curriculum for promotores. Migrant Health Newsline 2006;23(3):3–3.

61. Schulz AJ, Israel VA, Parker EA, Lockett M, Hill Y, Wills R. The East Side Village Health Worker Partnership: integrating research with action to reduce health disparities. Public Health Reports 2001;116(6):548–557.

62. Schulz AJ, Parker EA, Israel BA, Allen A, Decarlo M, Lockett M. Addressing social determinants of health through community-based participatory research: the East Side Village Health Worker Partnership. Health Educ Behav 2002;29(3):326–41.

63. Sherrill W, Crew L, Mayo RB, Mayo WF, Rogers BL, Haynes DF. Educational and health services innovation to improve care for rural Hispanic communities in the USA. Rural Remote Health 2005;5(4):402.

64. Simoni JM, Weinberg BA, Nero DK. Training community members to conduct survey interviews: notes from a study of seropositive women. AIDS Educ Prev 1999;11(1):87–8.

65. Steinberg ML, Fremont A, Khan DC, Huang D, Knapp H, Karaman D, et al. Lay patient navigator program implementation for equal access to cancer care and clinical trials: essential steps and initial challenges. Cancer 2006;107(11):2669–77.

66. Weiler RM, Sarvela PD. The attitudes toward the elderly questionnaire. Home Health Care Serv Q 1993;14(1):113–23.

67. Withy KM, Yamada S, Dever G, Veehala D, Moore N, Shomaker TS. Community outreach, training, and research: the Hawai'i/Pacific Basin area Health Education Center of the University of Hawai'i, John A. Burns SChool of Medicine. Hawaii Med J 2006;65(2):46–9.

68. Wolff M, Young S, Beck B, Maurana CA, Murphy M, Holifield J, et al. Leadership in a public housing community. J Health Commun 2004;9(2):119–26.

Not about CHWs

69. Balinsky W, LaPolla JF. The New York City shared aide program (cluster care): a model for the future. Home Health Care Serv Q 1993;14(1):41–54.

70. Barrett AC, White DA. How John Henry effects confound the measurement of self-esteem in primary prevention programs for drug abuse in middle schools. J Alcohol Drug Educ 1991(3):87–102.

71. Bass JL, Mehta KA, Ostrovsky M. Childhood injury prevention in a suburban Massachusetts population. Public Health Rep 1991;106(4):437–42.

72. Bray ML, Edwards LH. Prevalence of hypertension risk factors among Hispanic Americans. Public Health Nurs 1991;8(4):276–280.

73. Cappellino L, Eigsti DG. Home health aide program hits the mark. Nurs Health Care 1987;8(2):82–4, 109–10.

74. Chichin ER. Home care is where the heart is: the role of interpersonal relationships in paraprofessional home care. Home Health Care Serv Q 1992;13(1–2):161–77.

75. Crump SR, Shipp MP, McCray GG, Morris SJ, Okoli JA, Caplan LS, et al. Abnormal mammogram follow-up: do community lay health advocates make a difference? Health Promot Pract 2008;9(2):140–148.

76. Douglas MR, Mallonee S, Istre GR. Comparison of community based smoke detector distribution methods in an urban community. Inj Prev 1998;4(1):28–32.

77. Drotar D, Sturm L. Prediction of intellectual development in young children with early histories of nonorganic failure-to-thrive. J Pediatr Psychol 1988;13(2):281–96.

78. Drotar D, Sturm L. Influences on the home environment of preschool children with early histories of nonorganic failure-to-thrive. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1989;10(5):229–35.

79. Dumas JE, Prinz RJ, Smith EP, Laughlin J. The EARLY ALLIANCE prevention trial: an integrated set of interventions to promote competence and reduce risk for conduct disorder, substance abuse, and school failure. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 1999;2(1):37–53.

80. Dumas LS. Twice a survivor, he knows what comfort is. Med Econ 1998;75(20):169.

81. Dumas R. Prevention of mental illness: the expanding role of the nurse. N J Nurse 1982;12(1):5, 16.

82. Eggert LL, Thompson EA, Herting JR, Nicholas LJ. Prevention research program: Reconnecting at-risk youth. Issues Ment Health Nurs 1994(2):107–135.

83. Emmons KM, Hammond SK, Fava JL, Velicer WF, Evans JL, Monroe AD. A randomized trial to reduce passive smoke exposure in low-income households with young children. Pediatrics 2001;108(1):18–24.

84. Estrada LC, Fraser MR, Cioffi JP, Sesker D, Walkner L, Brand MW, et al. Partnering for preparedness: the project public health ready experience. Public Health Rep 2005;120 Suppl 1:69–75.

85. Farrell AD, Meyer AL, Dahlberg LL. Richmond youth against violence: A school-based program for urban adolescents. Am J Prevent Med 1996(5 Suppl):13–21.

86. Ferrante JM, Chen PH, Kim S. The effect of patient navigation on time to diagnosis, anxiety, and satisfaction in urban minority women with abnormal mammograms: a randomized controlled trial. J Urban Health 2008;85(1):114–24.

87. Friedell GH, Rubio A, Maretzki A, Garland B, Brown P, Crane M, et al. Community cancer control in a rural, underserved population: the Appalachian Leadership Initiative on Cancer Project. J Health Care Poor Underserv 2001;12(1):5–19.

88. Friedman JA. Home health care. NLN Publ 1987(20–2188):23–31.

89. Friedman JA. Home health care. NLN Publ 1988(20–2231):333–41.

90. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, Goff DC, Jr., Bigger JT, Buse JB, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358(24):2545–59.

91. Glass TA, Berkman LF, Hiltunen EF, Furie K, Glymour MM, Fay ME, et al. The Families In Recovery From Stroke Trial (FIRST): primary study results. Psychosom Med 2004;66(6):889–97.

92. Guyer B, Gallagher SS, Chang BH, Azzara CV, Cupples LA, Colton T. Prevention of childhood injuries: evaluation of the Statewide Childhood Injury Prevention Program (SCIPP). Am J Public Health 1989;79(11):1521–7.

93. Harris MD, Groshens B. A cooperative volunteer training program. Home Healthc Nurse 1985;3(3):37–40.

94. Harvey PA, Aitken M, Ryan GW, Demeter LA, Givens J, Sundararaman R, et al. Strategies to increase smoke alarm use in high-risk households. J Community Health 2004;29(5):375–85.

95. Hopper SV, Miller JP, Birge C, Swift J. A randomized study of the impact of home health aides on diabetic control and utilization patterns. Am J Public Health 1984;74(6):600–2.

96. Hovell MF, Zakarian JM, Matt GE, Hofstetter CR, Bernert JT, Pirkle J. Decreasing environmental tobacco smoke exposure among low income children: preliminary findings. Tob Control 2000;9 Suppl 3:III70–1.

97. Hovell MF, Zakarian JM, Matt GE, Hofstetter CR, Bernert JT, Pirkle J. Effect of counselling mothers on their children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: randomised controlled trial. Br Med J 2000;321(7257):337–42.

98. Johnston BD, Britt J, D'Ambrosio L, Mueller BA, Rivara FP. A preschool program for safety and injury prevention delivered by home visitors. Inj Prev 2000;6(4):305–9.

99. Jones ME, Cason CL, Bond ML. Cultural attitudes, knowledge, and skills of a health workforce. J Transcult Nurs 2004;15(4):283–90.

100. Kaakko T, Skaret E, Getz T, Hujoel P, Grembowski D, Moore CS, et al. An ABCD program to increase access to dental care for children enrolled in Medicaid in a rural county. J Public Health Dent 2002;62(1):45–50.

101. Ka'opua LS. Training community practitioners in a research intervention: practice examples at the intersection of cancer, Western science, and native Hawaiian healing. Cancer Control 2003;10(5 Suppl):5–12.

102. Kelly B, Sein C, McCarthy PL. Safety education in a pediatric primary care setting. Pediatrics 1987;79(5):818–24.

103. King SR. Recognizing and responding to adolescent depression. J Health Care Poor Underserved 1991;2(1):122–9; discussion 130–1.

104. Love MB, Legion V, Shim JK, Tsai C, Quijano V, Davis C. CHWs get credit: a 10-year history of the first college-credit certificate for community health workers in the United States. Health Promot Pract 2004;5(4):418–28.

105. Macalino GE, Hogan JW, Mitty JA, Bazerman LB, Delong AK, Loewenthal H, et al. A randomized clinical trial of community-based directly observed therapy as an adherence intervention for HAART among substance users. Aids 2007;21(11):1473–7.

106. Manos MM, Leyden WA, Resendez CI, Klein EG, Wilson TL, Bauer HM. A community-based collaboration to assess and improve medical insurance status and access to health care of Latino children. Public Health Reports 2001;116(6):575–584.

107. McBride CM, Baucom DH, Peterson BL, Pollak KI, Palmer C, Westman E, et al. Prenatal and postpartum smoking abstinence a partner-assisted approach. Am J Prev Med 2004;27(3):232–8.

108. Minor KI, Elrod P. The effects of a probation intervention on juvenile offenders' self-concepts, loci of control, and perceptions of juvenile justice. Youth Society 1994(4):490–511.

109. Mojonnier ML, Hall Y, Berkson DM, Robinson E, Wethers B, Pannbacker B, et al. Experience in changing food habits of hyperlipidemic men and women. J Am Diet Assoc 1980;77(2):140–8.

110. Myers RE, Hyslop T, Sifri R, Bittner-Fagan H, Katurakes NC, Cocroft J, et al. Tailored navigation in colorectal cancer screening. Med Care 2008;46(9 Suppl 1):S123–31.

111. Petereit DG, Molloy K, Reiner ML, Helbig P, Cina K, Miner R, et al. Establishing a patient navigator program to reduce cancer disparities in the American Indian communities of Western South Dakota: initial observations and results. Cancer Control 2008;15(3):254–9.

112. Petereit DG, Rogers D, Burhansstipanov L, Kaur J, Govern F, Howard SP, et al. Walking forward: the South Dakota Native American project. J Cancer Educ 2005;20(1 Suppl):65–70.

113. Powell J, Van Ottingham L, Schron E. Public defibrillation: increased survival from a structured response system. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2004(6):384–9.

114. Ragin DF, Holohan JA, Ricci EM, Grant C, Richardson LD. Shocking a community into action: a social marketing approach to cardiac arrests. J Health Social Policy 2005(2):49–70.

115. Rahm AK, Sukhanova A, Ellis J, Mouchawar J. Increasing utilization of cancer genetic counseling services using a patient navigator model. J Genet Couns 2007;16(2):171–7.

116. Rene J, Weinberger M, Mazzuca SA, Brandt KD, Katz BP. Reduction of joint pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis who have received monthly telephone calls from lay personnel and whose medical treatment regimens have remained stable. Arthritis Rheum 1992;35(5):511–5.

117. Schinke SP, Orlandi MA, Cole KC. Boys and girls clubs in public housing developments: prevention services for youth at risk. J Commun Psychol 1992:118–128.

118. Slater JS, Ha CN, Malone ME, McGovern P, Madigan SD, Finnegan JR, et al. A randomized community trial to increase mammography utilization among low-income women living in public housing. Prev Med 1998;27(6):862–70.

119. Small DJ, Martinson IM. In-service training of home health aides for arthritis care. J Community Health Nurs 1987;4(4):243–51.

120. Sox CH, Dietrich AJ, Goldman DC, Provost EM. Improved access to women's health services for Alaska natives through community health aide training. J Commun Health 1999;24(4):313–23.

121. Sparer G, Cahn MA, Robbins K, Sharp N. The paid aide demonstration: summary of operational experiences. AANNT J 1983;10(1):19–29.

122. Streng N. A student health advocate program. J Sch Nurs 2000;16(5):50–3.

123. Tobin KE, Tang AM, Gilbert SH, Latkin CA. Correlates of HIV antibody testing among a sample of injection drug users: the role of social and contextual factors. AIDS Behav 2004;8(3):303–10.

124. Warrick L, Christianson JB, Walruff J, Cook PC. Educational outcomes in teenage pregnancy and parenting programs: results from a demonstration. Fam Plann Perspect 1993(4):148–55.

125. Weinberger M, Tierney WM, Booher P, Katz BP. Can the provision of information to patients with osteoarthritis improve functional status? A randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 1989;32(12):1577–83.

126. Weinberger M, Tierney WM, Booher P, Katz BP. The impact of increased contact on psychosocial outcomes in patients with osteoarthritis: a randomized, controlled trial. J Rheumatol 1991;18(6):849–54.

127. Winget CN, Umbenhauer SL. Disaster planning: the mental health worker as "victim--by--proxy." J Health Hum Resour Adm 1982;4(3):363–73.

Wrong publication type (e.g., literature review, editorial)

128. Study identifies children at risk for otitis media. Aorn J 1980;31(6):1014–5.

129. Homemaker-Home Health Aide service helps in elderly abuse or neglect. Iowa Med 1987;77(6):296–8.

130. Diabetes community health workers. Diabetes Educ 2003;29(5):818, 821–4.

131. Breedlove G, Lamping B, Smith JA. The Kansas Health Education Training Center: caring for the underserved. Kans Nurse 2006;81(3):1–3.

132. Bruttomesso G, Miglino N. Talking about...clinic. J Thromb Haemost 2006;4(8):1850–1.

133. Burhansstipanov L. Lessons Learned from Native American Cancer Prevention, Control and Supportive Care Projects. Asian Am Pac Isl J Health 1998;6(2):91–99.

134. Davis WD, Jr. In black American communities, volunteer health cadres. Hygie 1986;5(3):32–7.

135. Dick T. School health aides. Supporting those other first responders. Emerg Med Serv 2006;35(12):32.

136. Dumas H, Cushman D, O'Brien JE, Costello L. Focus on the family. Rehab Manag 2001;14(9):26–7.

137. Dumas RA. The shaky foundations of quality circles. Training 1983;20(4):32–3.

138. Dumas RG. Social, economic, and political factors and mental illness. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 1983;21(3):31–5.

139. Erwin PC. Poverty in America: how public health practice can make a difference. Am J Public Health 2008;98(9):1570–2.

140. Farquhar SA, Michael YL. Poder es Salud/Power for Health: an application of the community health worker model in Portland, Oregon. J Interprof Care 2004;18(4):445–7.

141. Freeman HP. Patient navigation: a community centered approach to reducing cancer mortality. J Cancer Educ 2006;21(1 Suppl):S11–4.

142. Grant T, Streissguth A, Ernst C. Benefits and challenges of paraprofessional advocacy with mothers who abuse alcohol and drugs and their children. Zero to Three 2002;23(2):14–20.

143. Hinman AR. Strategies to prevent HIV infection in the United States. Am J Public Health 1991;81(12):1557–1559.

144. Holtz A. Scriptdoctor: medicine in the media. How an ER storyline helped pass the Patient Navigator Act. Oncology Times 2007;29(4):24–28.

145. Levine DM, Bone LR, Hill MN, Stallings R, Gelber AC, Barker A, et al. For the patient. Community health workers help to reduce high blood pressure. Ethn Dis 2003;13(3):403.

146. Loewenson R. Introduction: tackling health worker migration -- addressing the fault lines of policy incoherence. Global Social Policy 2008;8(1):5–7.

147. McGlade MS, Saha S, Dahlstrom ME. The Latina paradox: an opportunity for restructuring prenatal care delivery. Am J Public Health 2004;94(12):2062–2065.

148. Patel V, Kirkwood B. Perinatal depression treated by community health workers. Lancet 2008;372(9642):868–9.

149. Peavey L, Roy J, Baron-Cyr M, Dumas W, Etkind P. Vaccinating high school students against hepatitis B: a school/STD clinic collaboration. Am J Public Health 1999;89(3):412–3.

150. Raczynski JM, Cornell CE, Stalker V, Phillips M, Dignan M, Pulley L, et al. A multi-project systems approach to developing community trust and building capacity. J Public Health Manag Pract 2001;7(2):10–20.

151. Sakisaka K, Jimba M. International nutrition training for local action. Lancet 2008;371(9626):1752.

152. Satcher D. Working in and with communities to eliminate disparities in health. Health Promot Pract 2006;7(3):176S–178.

153. Satterfield D, Burd C, Valdez L, Hosey G, Shield JE. The "in-between people": participation of community health representatives in diabetes prevention and care in American Indian and Alaska native communities. Health Promot Pract 2002;3(2):166–175.

154. Scott M. Emergency care. The right care. Hosp Health Netw 2005;79(11):25.

155. Sherer JL. Neighbor to neighbor: community health workers educate their own. Hosp Health Netw 1994;68(20):52.

156. Thomas BH. Home visits by paraprofessionals improved maternal mental health and mother-child interaction 2 years after visits ended. Evid Based Nurs 2005;8(3):75–75.

157. van Dyk WA, Dumas C. How well do you know your patients? J Mass Dent Soc 1998;46(4):32–3.

Sample size < 40

158. Bergland JE, Heuer L, Lausch C. Diabetes lay educator case study: one woman's experience working with the Hispanic migrant and seasonal farmworkers. J Cult Divers 2006;13(3):152–7.

159. Lam TK, McPhee SJ, Mock J, Wong C, Doan HT, Nguyen T, et al. Encouraging Vietnamese-American women to obtain Pap tests through lay health worker outreach and media education. J Gen Intern Med 2003;18(7):516–24.

160. Rodriguez VM, Conway TL, Woodruff SI, Edwards CC. Pilot test of an assessment instrument for Latina community health advisors conducting an ETS intervention. J Immigr Health 2003;5(3):129–37.

No comparison arm/data

161. The secrets to serving Medicaid moms: the keys are constant support and hands-on care. Case Management Advisor 1997;8(5):89–92.

162. Baier C, Grant EN, Daugherty SR, Eckenfels EJ. The Henry Horner Pediatric Asthma Program. Chest 1999;116(4 Suppl 1):204S–206S.

163. Balcazar H, Alvarado M, Hollen ML, Gonzalez-Cruz Y, Pedregon V. Evaluation of Salud Para Su Corazon (Health for your Heart) -- National Council of La Raza Promotora Outreach Program. Prev Chronic Dis 2005;2(3):A09.

164. Battaglia TA, Roloff K, Posner MA, Freund KM. Improving follow-up to abnormal breast cancer screening in an urban population. A patient navigation intervention. Cancer 2007;109(2 Suppl):359–67.

165. Birkel RC, Golaszewski T, Koman JJ, 3rd, Singh BK, Catan V, Souply K. Findings from the Horizontes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Education project: the impact of indigenous outreach workers as change agents for injection drug users. Health Educ Q 1993;20(4):523–38.

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188. Jones EG, Renger R, Firestone R. Deaf community analysis for health education priorities. Public Health Nurs 2005;22(1):27–35.

189. Kegler MC, Malcoe LH. Results from a lay health advisor intervention to prevent lead poisoning among rural Native American children. Am J Public Health 2004;94(10):1730–5.

190. Kegler MC, Stern R, Whitecrow-Ollis S, Malcoe LH. Assessing lay health advisor activity in an intervention to prevent lead poisoning in Native American children. Health Promot Pract 2003;4(2):189–96.

191. Kim S, Koniak-Griffin D, Flaskerud JH, Guarnero PA. The impact of lay health advisors on cardiovascular health promotion: using a community-based participatory approach. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2004;19(3):192–9.

192. Korfmacher J, Marchi I. The helping relationship in a teen parenting program. Zero to Three 2002;23(2):21–26.

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195. Landon B, Loudon J, Selle M, Doucette S. Factors influencing the retention and attrition of community health aides/practitioners in Alaska. J Rural Health 2004;20(3):221–30.

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205. Martin M, Hernandez O, Naureckas E, Lantos J. Improving asthma research in an inner-city Latino neighborhood with community health workers. J Asthma 2005;42(10):891–5.

206. Martin MA, Hernandez O, Naureckas E, Lantos J. Reducing home triggers for asthma: the Latino community health worker approach. J Asthma 2006;43(5):369–74.

207. Mattson S, Lew L. Culturally sensitive prenatal care for Southeast Asians. J Obstet Gynecol Neonat Nurs 1992;21(1):48–54.

208. Mayo RM, Sherrill WW, Crew L, Watt P, Mayo WW. Connecting rural African American and Hispanic women to cancer education and screening: the Avon Health Connector project. J Cancer Educ 2004;19(2):123–6.

209. McCormick MC, Brooks-Gunn J, Shorter T, Holmes JH, Wallace CY, Heagarty MC. Outreach as case finding: its effect on enrollment in prenatal care. Med Care 1989;27(2):103–11.

210. McElmurry BJ, Park CG, Buseh AG. The nurse-community health advocate team for urban immigrant primary health care. J Nurs Scholarsh 2003;35(3):275–81.

211. McQuiston C, Flaskerud JH. "If they don't ask about condoms, I just tell them": a descriptive case study of Latino lay health advisers' helping activities. Health Educ Behav 2003;30(1):79–96.

212. McQuiston C, Larson K, Parrado EA, Flaskerud JH. AIDS knowledge and measurement considerations with unacculturated Latinos. West J Nurs Res 2002;24(4):354–372.

213. Parker EA, Schulz AJ, Israel BA, Hollis R. Detroit's East Side Village Health Worker Partnership: community-based lay health advisor intervention in an urban area. Health Educ Behav 1998;25(1):24–45.

214. Ramos RL, Ferreira-Pinto JB. A transcultural case management model for HIV/AIDS care and prevention. J HIV/AIDS Social Services 2006;5(2):139–157.

215. Richert ML, Webb AJ, Morse NA, O'Toole ML, Brownson CA. Move More Diabetes: using lay health educators to support physical activity in a community-based chronic disease self-management program. Diabetes Educator 2007;33:179S–184.

216. Rodney M, Clasen C, Goldman G, Markert R, Deane D. Three evaluation methods of a community health advocate program. J Community Health 1998;23(5):371–81.

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222. Tandon SD, Parillo KM, Jenkins C, Duggan AK. Formative evaluation of home visitors' role in addressing poor mental health, domestic violence, and substance abuse among low-income pregnant and parenting women. Matern Child Health J 2005;9(3):273–283.

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224. Thompson JR, Horton C, Flores C. Advancing diabetes self-management in the Mexican American population: a community health worker model in a primary care setting. Diabetes Educ 2007;33 Suppl 6:159S–165S.

225. Two Feathers J, Kieffer EC, Palmisano G, Anderson M, Sinco B, Janz N, et al. Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) Detroit Partnership: improving diabetes-related outcomes among African American and Latino adults. Am J Public Health 2005;95(9):1552–1560.

226. Valentine J, Wright-De Aguero L. Defining the components of street outreach for HIV prevention: the contact and the encounter. Public Health Rep 1996;111 Suppl 1:69–74.

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228. Whitley EM, Everhart RM, Wright RA. Measuring return on investment of outreach by community health workers. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2006;17(1 Suppl):6–15.

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230. Zuvekas A, Nolan L, Tumaylle C, Griffin L. Impact of community health workers on access, use of services, and patient knowledge and behavior. J Ambulat Care Manage 1999;22(4):33–44.

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231. Andrews JO, Felton G, Ellen Wewers M, Waller J, Tingen M. The effect of a multi-component smoking cessation intervention in African American women residing in public housing. Res Nurs Health 2007;30(1):45–60.

232. Brown SA, Garcia AA, Kouzekanani K, Hanis CL. Culturally competent diabetes self-management education for Mexican Americans: the Starr County border health initiative. Diabetes Care 2002(2):259–68.

233. Chernoff RG, Ireys HT, DeVet KA, Kim YJ. A randomized, controlled trial of a community-based support program for families of children with chronic illness: pediatric outcomes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002;156(6):533–9.

234. Dennison CR, Post WS, Kim MT, Bone LR, Cohen D, Blumenthal RS, et al. Underserved urban african american men: hypertension trial outcomes and mortality during 5 years. Am J Hypertens 2007;20(2):164–71.

235. Dixon L, Stewart B, Krauss N, Robbins J, Hackman A, Lehman A. The participation of families of homeless persons with severe mental illness in an outreach intervention. Community Ment Health J 1998;34(3):251–9.

236. Emmons KM, Stoddard AM, Fletcher R, Gutheil C, Suarez EG, Lobb R, et al. Cancer prevention among working class, multiethnic adults: results of the healthy directions-health centers study. Am J Public Health 2005;95(7):1200–5.

237. Emmons KM, Stoddard AM, Gutheil C, Suarez EG, Lobb R, Fletcher R. Cancer prevention for working class, multi-ethnic populations through health centers: the healthy directions study. Cancer Causes Control 2003;14(8):727–37.

238. Felix-Aaron KL, Bone LR, Levine DM, Rubin HR. Using participant information to develop a tool for the evaluation of community health worker outreach services. Ethn Dis 2002;12(1):87–96.

239. Fouad MN, Nagy MC, Johnson RE, Wynn TA, Partridge EE, Dignan M. The development of a community action plan to reduce breast and cervical cancer disparities between African-American and White women. Ethn Dis 2004;14(3 Suppl 1):S53–60.

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241. Fox P, Porter PG, Lob SH, Boer JH, Rocha DA, Adelson JW. Improving asthma-related health outcomes among low-income, multiethnic, school-aged children: results of a demonstration project that combined continuous quality improvement and community health worker strategies. Pediatrics 2007;120(4):e902–11.

242. Freeman HP, Muth BJ, Kerner JF. Expanding access to cancer screening and clinical follow-up among the medically underserved. Cancer Pract 1995;3(1):19–30.

243. Gary TL, Batts-Turner M, Bone LR, Yeh HC, Wang NY, Hill-Briggs F, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of nurse case manager and community health worker team interventions in urban African-Americans with type 2 diabetes. Control Clin Trials 2004;25(1):53–66.

244. Hill MN, Bone LR, Hilton SC, Roary MC, Kelen GD, Levine DM. A clinical trial to improve high blood pressure care in young urban black men: recruitment, follow-up, and outcomes. Am J Hypertens 1999;12(6):548–54.

245. Hill MN, Han HR, Dennison CR, Kim MT, Roary MC, Blumenthal RS, et al. Hypertension care and control in underserved urban African American men: behavioral and physiologic outcomes at 36 months. Am J Hypertens 2003;16(11 Pt 1):906–13.

246. Ireys HT, Chernoff R, DeVet KA, Kim Y. Maternal outcomes of a randomized controlled trial of a community-based support program for families of children with chronic illnesses. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001;155(7):771–7.

247. Ireys HT, Sills EM, Kolodner KB, Walsh BB. A social support intervention for parents of children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: results of a randomized trial. J Pediatr Psychol 1996;21(5):633–41.

248. Jilcott SB, Keyserling TC, Samuel-Hodge CD, Rosamond W, Garcia B, Will JC, et al. Linking clinical care to community resources for cardiovascular disease prevention: the North Carolina Enhanced WISEWOMAN project. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2006;15(5):569–83.

249. Kaphingst KA, Lobb R, Fay ME, Hunt MK, Suarez EG, Fletcher RH, et al. Impact of intervention dose on cancer-related health behaviors among working-class, multiethnic, community health center patients. Am J Health Promot 2007;21(4):262–6.

250. Keyserling TC, Samuel Hodge CD, Jilcott SB, Johnston LF, Garcia BA, Gizlice Z, et al. Randomized trial of a clinic-based, community-supported, lifestyle intervention to improve physical activity and diet: the North Carolina enhanced WISEWOMAN project. Prev Med 2008;46(6):499–510.

251. Krieger JW, Castorina JS, Walls ML, Weaver MR, Ciske S. Increasing influenza and pneumococcal immunization rates: a randomized controlled study of a senior center-based intervention. Am J Prev Med 2000;18(2):123–31.

252. Lapham SC, Hall M, Skipper BJ. Homelessness and substance use among alcohol abusers following participation in project H&ART. J Addict Dis 1995;14(4):41–55.

253. LeBaron CW, Starnes D, Dini EF, Chambliss JW, Chaney M. The impact of interventions by a community-based organization on inner-city vaccination coverage: Fulton County, Georgia, 1992–1993. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998;152(4):327–32.

254. Lobb R, Gonzalez Suarez E, Fay ME, Gutheil CM, Hunt MK, Fletcher RH, et al. Implementation of a cancer prevention program for working class, multiethnic populations. Prev Med 2004;38(6):766–76.

255. Martin M, Holden J, Chen Z, Quinlan K. Child passenger safety for inner-city Latinos: new approaches from the community. Inj Prev 2006;12(2):99–104.

256. Nguyen TT, McPhee SJ, Bui-Tong N, Luong TN, Ha-Iaconis T, Nguyen T, et al. Community-based participatory research increases cervical cancer screening among Vietnamese-Americans. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2006;17(2 Suppl):31–54.

257. Nguyen TT, McPhee SJ, Gildengorin G, Nguyen T, Wong C, Lai KQ, et al. Papanicolaou testing among Vietnamese Americans: results of a multifaceted intervention. Am J Prev Med 2006;31(1):1–9.

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260. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, Neal B, Billot L, Woodward M, et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358(24):2560–72.

261. Plescia M, Groblewski M, Chavis L. A lay health advisor program to promote community capacity and change among change agents. Health Promot Pract 2008;9(4):434–9.

262. Polit D. Effects of a comprehensive program for teenage parents: Five years after project redirection. Fam Plann Perspect 1989(4):164–169.

263. Roman LA, Lindsay JK, Moore JS, Duthie PA, Peck C, Barton LR, et al. Addressing mental health and stress in Medicaid-insured pregnant women using a nurse-community health worker home visiting team. Public Health Nurs 2007;24(3):239–48.

264. Siegel E, Bauman KE, Schaefer ES, Saunders MM, Ingram DD. Hospital and home support during infancy: impact on maternal attachment, child abuse and neglect, and health care utilization. Pediatrics 1980;66(2):183–90.

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266. Takaro TK, Krieger JW, Song L. Effect of environmental interventions to reduce exposure to asthma triggers in homes of low-income children in Seattle. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2004;14 Suppl 1:S133–43.

267. Voorhees CC, Stillman FA, Swank RT, Heagerty PJ, Levine DM, Becker DM. Heart, body, and soul: impact of church-based smoking cessation interventions on readiness to quit. Prev Med 1996;25(3):277–85.

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CHW component insufficiently described to distinguish from peer-led models

269. Barlow A, Varipatis-Baker E, Speakman K, Ginsburg G, Friberg I, Goklish N, et al. Home-visiting intervention to improve child care among American Indian adolescent mothers: a randomized trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006;160(11):1101–7.

270. Bird JA, McPhee SJ, Ha NT, Le B, Davis T, Jenkins CN. Opening pathways to cancer screening for Vietnamese-American women: lay health workers hold a key. Prev Med 1998;27(6):821–9.

271. Haynes CF, Cutler C, Gray J, Kempe RS. Hospitalized cases of nonorganic failure to thrive: the scope of the problem and short-term lay health visitor intervention. Child Abuse Negl 1984;8(2):229–42.

272. MacKay AM, Rothman KJ. The incidence and severity of burn injuries following Project Burn Prevention. Am J Public Health 1982;72(3):248–52.

273. Malotte CK, Hollingshead JR, Larro M. Incentives vs outreach workers for latent tuberculosis treatment in drug users. Am J Prev Med 2001;20(2):103–7.

274. Margolis KL, Lurie N, McGovern PG, Tyrrell M, Slater JS. Increasing breast and cervical cancer screening in low-income women. J Gen Intern Med 1998;13(8):515–21.

275. McLoughlin E, Vince CJ, Lee AM, Crawford JD. Project Burn Prevention: outcome and implications. Am J Public Health 1982;72(3):241–7.

276. McPhee SJ, Bird JA, Ha NT, Jenkins CN, Fordham D, Le B. Pathways to early cancer detection for Vietnamese: Suc Khoe La Vang! (Health is Gold!). Health Educ Q 1996;23(Suppl):S60–S75.

277. Nash D, Azeez S, Vlahov D, Schori M. Evaluation of an intervention to increase screening colonoscopy in an urban public hospital setting. J Urban Health 2006;83(2):231–43.

278. Plescia M, Herrick H, Chavis L. Improving health behaviors in an African American community: the Charlotte Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health project. Am J Public Health 2008;98(9):1678–84.

279. Rauscher GH, Earp JA, O'Malley M. Relation between intervention exposures, changes in attitudes, and mammography use in the North Carolina Breast Cancer Screening Program. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004;13(5):741–7.

280. Vincent ML, Clearie AF, Schluchter MD. Reducing adolescent pregnancy through school and community-based education. J Am Med Assoc 1987(24):3382–6.

281. Visnegarwala F, Rodriguez-Barradass MC, Graviss EA, Caprio M, Nykyforchyn M, Laufman L. Community outreach with weekly delivery of anti-retroviral drugs compared to cognitive-behavioural health care team-based approach to improve adherence among indigent women newly starting HAART. AIDS Care 2006;18(4):332–8.

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282. The home health aide. Front Nurs Serv Q Bull 1977;53(2):15–27.

283. Child abuse treatment in Chelsea, Mass. Pract Dig 1978;1(1):16–7.

284. Bernard VW. Composite remedies for psychosocial problems. Int Psychiatry Clin 1971;8(2):61–85.

285. Bowering J, Lowenberg RL, Morrison MA, Parker SL, Tirado N. Influence of a nutrition education program (EFNEP) on infant nutrition in East Harlem. J Am Diet Assoc 1978;72(4):392–7.

286. Branch GB. Use of aides in preventing an outbreak of diphtheria in a housing project. HSMHA Health Rep 1971;86(1):92–6.

287. Branch GB, Felix N. A model neighborhood program at a Los Angeles health center. HSMHA Health Rep 1971;86(8):684–91.

288. Brickner PW, Janeski JF, Duque T. Hospital home health care program aids isolated, homebound elderly. Hospitals 1976;50(21):117–8, 120, 122.

289. Brown HB. Multiphasic screening for preschool children. I. Methodology and clinical findings in a Spanish-American community. J Am Med Assoc 1972;219(10):1315–9.

290. Cauffman JG, Wingert WA, Friedman DB, Warburton EA, Hanes B. Community health aides: how effective are they? Am J Public Health Nations Health 1970;60(10):1904–9.

291. Colombo TJ, Freeborn DK, Mullooly JP, Burnham VR. The effect of outreach workers' educational efforts on disadvantaged preschool children's use of preventive services. Am J Public Health 1979;69(5):465–8.

292. Daily EF, Sirey AR, Goodlet LS. New York City's in-hospital family planning program. Fam Plann Perspect 1970;2(3):35–40.

293. Dawson P, Cohrs M, Eversole C, Frankenburg WK, Roth ML. Cost-effectiveness of screening children in housing projects. Am J Public Health 1976;66(12):1192–4.

294. Diamond H, Santore A. Basic tasks in developing a community mental health center. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1974;25(4):232–5.

295. Du Mas FM. Why does the cowboy kiss the lady? (A clue to discovering a bonanza of mental health workers). Hosp Community Psychiatry 1974;25(5):319–20.

296. Eichelberger CI, White M, Braun HJ. Arizona education program develops indigenous health manpower. J Am Diet Assoc 1977;71(2):143–6.

297. Epps RP, Banks EL, Brakel MO, Pace EV, Ryon K. A training program for family-health center aides. J Natl Med Assoc 1973;65(5):402–6.

298. Estabrook B, Fessenden R, Dumas M, McBride TC. Rape on campus: community education and services for victims. J Am Coll Health Assoc 1978;27(2):72–4.

299. Fischman SH, Katz SH, Sprague SG. The development of a family planning program for private patients in a community hospital. Am J Public Health 1971;61(10):2023–30.

300. Frazier PJ, Jenny J. Use of community residents as interviewers in a dental health care research project. Public Health Rep 1976;91(1):77–85.

301. Freed HM. Community mental health is alive and well in Chicago. A retrospective. Ment Health Soc 1974;1(1):3–33.

302. Gentry JT, Kaluzny AD, Veney JE, Coulter EJ. Provision of mental health services by community hospitals and health departments: a comparative analysis. Am J Public Health 1973;63(10):863–71.

303. Goldstein AD, Camp BW. A procedure for the selection of nonprofessional workers. HSMHA Health Rep 1971;86(6):533–6.

304. Gonzalez JL, Woodward LH. Expanding roles for health assistants in a model cities health program. Health Serv Rep 1974;89(2):145–51.

305. Gottesfeld H, Rhee C, Parker G. A study of the role of paraprofessionals in community mental health. Community Ment Health J 1970;6(4):285–91.

306. Grant CH, Hubble KO, Helm CJ. The utilization of peers in a college crisis intervention program. J Am Coll Health Assoc 1973;21(4):327–32.

307. Hadley JM, True JE, Kepes SY. An experimental in the education of the preprofessional mental health worker: the Purdue program. Community Ment Health J 1970;6(1):40–50.

308. Handler SL. An experiment in training high school students as health education aides in the US. Int J Health Educ 1978;21(2):124–9.

309. Harbridge R. Public education of the high risk population. J Reprod Med 1973;11(4):169–70.

310. Heiman EM. The role of the psychiatrist in a neighborhood health center. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1974;25(7):470–2.

311. Herbert GK, Chevalier MC, Meyers CL. Factors contributing to the successful use of indigenous mental health workers. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1974;25(5):308–10.

312. Holder L. Effects of source, message, audience characteristics on health behavior compliance. Health Serv Rep 1972;87(4):343–50.

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