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West S, King V, Carey TS, et al. Systems to Rate the Strength Of Scientific Evidence. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2002 Apr. (Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 47.)

  • This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

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Systems to Rate the Strength Of Scientific Evidence.

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Appendix E: Excluded Articles

IDCitationExclusion reason **
3"Assendelft, W. J.; Koes, B. W.; Knipschild, P. G., and Bouter, L. M. The relationship between methodological quality and conclusions in reviews of spinal manipulation. JAMA. 1995 Dec 27; 274(24):1942-8"NR-Not able to abstract
7"Barratt, A.; Irwig, L.; Glasziou, P.; Cumming, R. G.; Raffle, A.; Hicks, N.; Gray, J. A., and Guyatt, G. H. Users' guides to the medical literature: XVII. How to use guidelines and recommendations about screening. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1999 Jun 2; 281(21):2029-34"NR-Review
9"Bastian, H. Raising the standard: practice guidelines and consumer participation. Int J Qual Health Care. 1996 Oct; 8(5):485-90"NR-OCD
17"Berlin, J. A., and Colditz, G. A. A meta-analysis of physical activity in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Am J Epidemiol. 1990 Oct; 132(4):612-28."NR-ROS
23"Bero, L. A.; Grilli, R.; Grimshaw, J. M.; Harvey, E.; Oxman, A. D., and Thomson, M. A. Closing the gap between research and practice: an overview of systematic reviews of interventions to promote the implementation of research findings. The Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care Review Group. BMJ. 1998 Aug 15; 317(7156):465-8"NR-ROS
25"Briggs, A. H., and Gray, A. M. Handling uncertainty in economic evaluations of healthcare interventions. BMJ. 1999 Sep 4; 319(7210):635-8"NR-ROS
27"Bucher, H. C.; Guyatt, G. H.; Cook, D. J.; Holbrook, A., and McAlister, F. A. Users' guides to the medical literature: XIX. Applying clinical trial results. A. How to use an article measuring the effect of an intervention on surrogate end points. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1999 Aug 25; 282(8):771-8"NR-Implementation/Application
29"Chalmers, I.; Adams, M.; Dickersin, K.; Hetherington, J.; Tarnow-Mordi, W.; Meinert, C.; Tonascia, S., and Chalmers, T. C. A cohort study of summary reports of controlled trials. JAMA. 1990 Mar 9; 263(10):1401-5"NR-ROS
39"Clarke, M. The QUORUM statement. Lancet. 2000 Feb 26; 355(9205):756-7"ECL
41"Cluzeau, F.; Littlejohns, P.; Grimshaw, J., and Feder, G. Appraisal Instrument for Clinical Guidelines. St. George's Hospital Medical School; 1997 May"NR-Not able to abstract
49"Cook, D. J.; Guyatt, G. H.; Ryan, G.; Clifton, J.; Buckingham, L.; Willan, A.; McIlroy, W., and Oxman, A. D. Should unpublished data be included in meta-analyses? Current convictions and controversies. JAMA. 1993 Jun 2; 269(21):2749-53"NR-ROS
55"Dans, A. L.; Dans, L. F.; Guyatt, G. H., and Richardson, S. Users' guides to the medical literature: XIV. How to decide on the applicability of clinical trial results to your patient. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1998 Feb 18; 279(7):545-9"NR-Implementation/Application
59"Dickersin, K.; Higgins, K., and Meinert, C. L. Identification of meta-analyses. The need for standard terminology. Control Clin Trials. 1990 Feb; 11(1):52-66"NR-ROS
73"Fleiss, J. L., and Gross, A. J. Meta-analysis in epidemiology, with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer: a critique. J Clin Epidemiol. 1991; 44(2):127-39"NR-Not able to abstract
75"Garber, A. M. Realistic rigor in cost-effectiveness methods. Medical Decision Making. 1999 Oct-1999 Dec 31; 19(4):378-9; discussion 383-4"ECL
79"Giacomini, M. K., and Cook, D. J. Users' guides to the medical literature: XXIII. Qualitative research in health care B. What are the results and how do they help me care for my patients? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 2000 Jul 26; 284(4):478-82."NR-Implementation/Application
89"Guyatt, G. H.; Naylor, C. D.; Juniper, E.; Heyland, D. K.; Jaeschke, R., and Cook, D. J. Users' guides to the medical literature: XII. How to use articles about health-related quality of life. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1997 Apr 16; 277(15):1232-7"NR-Implementation/Application
91"Guyatt, G. H., and Rennie, D. Users' guides to the medical literature. JAMA. 1993 Nov 3; 270(17):2096-7"ECL
99"Guyatt, G. H.; Sinclair, J.; Cook, D. J., and Glasziou, P. Users' guides to the medical literature: XVI. How to use a treatment recommendation. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group and the Cochrane Applicability Methods Working Group. JAMA. 1999 May 19; 281(19):1836-43"NR-Implementation/Application
103"Harper, G.; Townsend, J., and Buxton, M. The preliminary economic evaluation of health technologies for the prioritization of health technology assessments. A discussion. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. 1998 Fall; 14(4):652-62"NR-OCD
105"Hayward, R. S.; Wilson, M. C.; Tunis, S. R.; Bass, E. B., and Guyatt, G. Users' guides to the medical literature: VIII. How to use clinical practice guidelines. A. Are the recommendations valid? The Evidence- Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1995 Aug 16; 274(7):570-4"NR-Implementation/Application
109"Hill, S. R.; Mitchell, A. S., and Henry, D. A. Problems with the interpretation of pharmacoeconomic analyses: a review of submissions to the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. JAMA. 2000 Apr 26; 283(16):2116-21"NR-ROS
111"Hunt, D. L.; Jaeschke, R., and McKibbon, K. A. Users' guides to the medical literature: XXI. Using electronic health information resources in evidence-based practice. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 2000 Apr 12; 283(14):1875-9"NR-Implementation/Application
115"Ioannidis, J. P., and Lau, J. Can quality of clinical trials and meta-analyses be quantified? Lancet. 1998 Aug 22; 352(9128):590-1"ECL
121"Jadad, A. R.; Cook, D. J.; Jones, A.; Klassen, T. P.; Tugwell, P.; Moher, M., and Moher, D. Methodology and reports of systematic reviews and meta-analyses: a comparison of Cochrane reviews with articles published in paper-based journals. JAMA. 1998 Jul 15; 280(3):278-80"NR-ROS
125"Jaeschke, R.; Guyatt, G. H., and Sackett, D. L. Users' guides to the medical literature. III. How to use an article about a diagnostic test. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? The Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1994 Mar 2; 271(9):703-7"NR-Implementation/Application
127"Kerridge, I.; Lowe, M., and Henry, D. Ethics and evidence based medicine. BMJ. 1998 Apr 11; 316(7138):1151-3."NR-OCD
131"Klassen, T. P.; Jadad, A. R., and Moher, D. Guides for reading and interpreting systematic reviews: I. Getting started. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998 Jul; 152(7):700-4"NR-OCD
137"L'Abbe, K. A.; Detsky, A. S., and O'Rourke, K. Meta-analysis in clinical research. Ann Intern Med. 1987 Aug; 107(2):224-33"NR-Not able to abstract
145"Longnecker, M. P.; Berlin, J. A.; Orza, M. J., and Chalmers, T. C. A meta-analysis of alcohol consumption in relation to risk of breast cancer. JAMA. 1988 Aug 5; 260(5):652-6"NR-Not able to abstract
147"Mandelblatt, J. S.; Fryback, D. G.; Weinstein, M. C.; Russell, L. B., and Gold, M. R. Assessing the effectiveness of health interventions for cost-effectiveness analysis. Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 1997 Sep; 12(9):551-8."NR-Review
149"McAlister, F. A.; Laupacis, A.; Wells, G. A., and Sackett, D. L. Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: XIX. Applying clinical trial results. B. Guidelines for determining whether a drug is exerting (more than) a class effect. JAMA. 1999 Oct 13; 282(14):1371-7"NR-Implementation/Application
151"McAlister, F. A.; Straus, S. E.; Guyatt, G. H., and Haynes, R. B. Users' guides to the medical literature: XX. Integrating research evidence with the care of the individual patient. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 2000 Jun 7; 283(21):2829-36"NR-Implementation/Application
153"McGinn, T. G.; Guyatt, G. H.; Wyer, P. C.; Naylor, C. D.; Stiell, I. G., and Richardson, W. S. Users' guides to the medical literature: XXII. How to use articles about clinical decision rules. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 2000 Jul 5; 284(1):79-84"NR-Not able to abstract
155"Meltzer, D., and Johannesson, M. Inconsistencies in the 'societal perspective' on costs of the Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. Medical Decision Making. 1999 Oct-1999 Dec 31; 19(4):371-7."NR-OCD
157"Meltzer, D., and Johannesson, M. On the Role of Theory in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis-A Response to Garber, Russell, and Weinstein. Medical Decision Making. 1999 Oct-1999 Dec 31; 19(4):383-4."ECL
161"Milne, R., and Oliver, S. Evidence-based consumer health information: developing teaching in critical appraisal skills. Int J Qual Health Care. 1996 Oct; 8(5):439-45."NR-OCD
175"Murphy, M. K.; Black, N. A.; Lamping, D. L.; McKee, C. M.; Sanderson, C. F. B.; Askham, J., and Marteau, T. Consensus development methods, and their use in clinical guideline development. Health Technology Assessment; 1998; pp. 55-61"NR-Review
177"Naylor, C. D., and Guyatt, G. H. Users' guides to the medical literature: X. How to use an article reporting variations in the outcomes of health services. The Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1996 Feb 21; 275(7):554-8"NR-Implementation/Application
179"Naylor, C. D., and Guyatt G. H. Users' guides to the medical literature: XI. How to use an article about a clinical utilization review. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1996 May 8; 275(18):1435-9."NR-Implementation/Application
181"Nylenna, M. Details of patients' consent in studies should be reported. BMJ. 1997 Apr 12; 314(7087):1127-8"ECL
183"O'Brien, B. J.; Heyland, D.; Richardson, W. S.; Levine, M., and Drummond, M. F. Users' guides to the medical literature: XIII. How to use an article on economic analysis of clinical practice. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1997 Jun 11; 277(22):1802-6"NR-Implementation/Application
197"Oxman, A. D.; Sackett, D. L., and Guyatt, G. H. Users' guides to the medical literature: I. How to get started. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1993 Nov 3; 270(17):2093-5"NR-Implementation/Application
205"Randolph, A. G.; Haynes, R. B.; Wyatt, J. C.; Cook, D. J., and Guyatt, G. H. Users' guides to the medical literature: XVIII. How to use an article evaluating the clinical impact of a computer-based clinical decision support system. JAMA. 1999 Jul 7; 282(1):67-74."NR-Implementation/Application
209"Rennie, D., and Luft, H. S. Pharmacoeconomic analyses: making them transparent, making them credible. JAMA. 2000 Apr 26; 283(16):2158-60."ECL
211"Richardson, W. S., and Detsky, A. S. Users' guides to the medical literature: VII. How to use a clinical decision analysis. A. Are the results of the study valid? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1995 Apr 26; 273(16):1292-5"NR-Implementation/Application
213"Richardson, W. S., and Detsky, A. S. Users' guides to the medical literature: VII. How to use a clinical decision analysis. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1995 May 24-1995 May 31; 273(20):1610-3"NR-Implementation/Application
215"Richardson, W. S.; Wilson, M. C.; Guyatt, G. H.; Cook, D. J., and Nishikawa, J. Users' guides to the medical literature: XV. How to use an article about disease probability for differential diagnosis. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1999 Apr 7; 281(13):1214-9"NR-Implementation/Application
217"Richardson, W. S.; Wilson, M. C.; Williams, J. W. Jr.; Moyer, V. A., and Naylor, C. D. Users' guides to the medical literature: XXIV. How to use an article on the clinical manifestations of disease. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 2000 Aug 16; 284(7):869-75"NR-Implementation/Application
219"Sacks, H. S.; Berrier, J.; Reitman, D.; Ancona-Berk, V. A., and Chalmers, T. C. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. N Engl J Med. 1987 Feb 19; 316(8):450-5""NR-Other, newer version available"
223"Sauerland, S., and Lefering, R. Quality of reports of randomised trials and estimates of treatment efficacy. Lancet. 1998 Nov 7; 352(9139):1555-6"ECL
233"Silagy, C. A. An analysis of review articles published in primary care journals. Fam Pract. 1993 Sep; 10(3):337-41"NR-ROS
241"Taddio, A.; Pain, T.; Fassos, F. F.; Boon, H.; Ilersich, A. L., and Einarson, T. R. Quality of nonstructured and structured abstracts of original research articles in the British Medical Journal, the Canadian Medical Association Journal and the Journal of the American Medical Association. CMAJ. 1994 May 15; 150(10):1611-5"NR-ROS
245"The Canadian Cooperative Study Group. A randomized trial of aspirin and sulfinpyrazone in threatened stroke. New Eng J Med. 1978 Jul 13; 299(2):53-9"NR-ROS
259"Whitman, N. I. The Delphi technique as an alternative for committee meetings. J Nurs Educ. 1990 Oct; 29(8):377-9"NR-OCD
265"Yusuf, S.; Peto, R.; Lewis, J.; Collins, R., and Sleight, P. Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomized trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1985 Mar-1985 Apr 30; 27(5):335-71"NR-Review
275"Roman, S. H.; Silberzweig, S. B., and Siu, A. L. Grading the evidence for diabetes performance measures. Eff Clin Pract. 2000 Mar-2000 Apr 30; 3(2):85-91"NR-Not able to abstract
279"Woloshin, S. Arguing about grades. Eff Clin Pract. 2000 Mar-2000 Apr 30; 3(2):94-5"ECL
295"Lau, J.; Zucker, D.; Engles, E. A.; Balk, E.; Barza, M.; Terrin, N.; Devine, D.; Chew, P.; Lang, T. A., and Liu, D. Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 9. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research; 1999 Mar; AHCPR Publication No. 99-E016"NR-Not able to abstract
301"Diagnosis and Treatment of Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) in Acute-Care Stroke Patients. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 8. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research; 1999 Jul; AHCPR Publication No. 99-E024"NR-Not able to abstract
329"How to read clinical journals: III. To learn the clinical course and prognosis of disease. Can Med Assoc J. 1981 Apr 1; 124(7):869-72"NR-Implementation/Application
339"Begg, C. B. Methodologic standards for diagnostic test assessment studies. J Gen Intern Med. 1988 Sep-1988 Oct 31; 3(5):518-20"ECL
343"Chalmers I. 'Applying overviews and meta-analyses at the bedside': Discussion. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995; 48(1):67-70"NR-Other
347"Evans, D. P.; Burke, M. S., and Newcombe, R. G. Medicines of choice in low back pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 1980; 6(8):540-7"NR-ROS
349"Faas, A.; Chavannes, A. W.; van Eijk, J. T., and Gubbels, J. W. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of exercise therapy in patients with acute low back pain. Spine. 1993 Sep 1; 18(11):1388-95"NR-ROS
351"Faas, A.; van Eijk, J. T.; Chavannes, A. W., and Gubbels, J. W. A randomized trial of exercise therapy in patients with acute low back pain. Efficacy on sickness absence. Spine. 1995 Apr 15; 20(8):941-7"NR-ROS
353"Farrell, J. P., and Twomey, L. T. Acute low back pain. Comparison of two conservative treatment approaches. Med J Aust. 1982 Feb 20; 1(4):160-4."NR-ROS
363"Hurlbut, T. A., 3d, and Littenberg, B. The diagnostic accuracy of rapid dipstick tests to predict urinary tract infection. Am J Clin Pathol. 1991 Nov; 96(5):582-8"NR-ROS
369"Littenberg, B., and Moses, L. E. Estimating diagnostic accuracy from multiple conflicting reports: a new meta-analytic method. Med Decis Making. 1993 Oct-1993 Dec 31; 13(4):313-21"NR-Stat Meth
373"Moses, L. E.; Shapiro, D., and Littenberg, B. Combining independent studies of a diagnostic test into a summary ROC curve: data-analytic approaches and some additional considerations. Stat Med. 1993 Jul 30; 12(14):1293-316"NR-Stat Meth
385"Toman, C.; Harrison, M.B., and Logan, J. Clinical practice guidelines: necessary but not sufficient for evidence-based patient education and counseling. Patient Education and Counseling. 2001 Mar; 42(3):279-87"NR-OCD
393"Wasson, J. H.; Sox, H. C.; Neff, R. K., and Goldman, L. Clinical prediction rules. Applications and methodological standards. N Engl J Med. 1985 Sep 26; 313(13):793-9"NR-Not able to abstract
435"Fishbain, D.; Cutler, R. B.; Rosomoff, H. L., and Rosomoff, R. S. What is the quality of the implemented meta-analytic procedures in chronic pain treatment meta-analyses? Clin J Pain. 2000 Mar; 16(1):73-85"NR-ROS
447"Johanson, R., and Lucking, L. Evidence-based medicine in obstetrics. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2001 Feb; 72(2):179-185"NR-ROS
1008"Beral, V. 'The practice of meta-analysis': discussion. Meta-analysis of observational studies: a case study of work in progress. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995 Jan; 48(1):165-6"NR-OCD
1010"Berkey, C. S.; Anderson, J. J., and Hoaglin, D. C. Multiple-outcome meta-analysis of clinical trials. Statistics in Medicine. 1996 Mar 15; 15(5):537-57"NR-Stat Meth
1012"Berkey, C. S.; Hoaglin, D. C.; Antczak-Bouckoms, A.; Mosteller, F., and Colditz, G. A. Meta-analysis of multiple outcomes by regression with random effects. Statistics in Medicine. 1998 Nov 30; 17(22):2537-50"NR-Stat Meth
1014"Berkey, C. S.; Hoaglin, D. C.; Mosteller, F., and Colditz, G. A. A random-effects regression model for meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine. 1995 Feb 28; 14(4):395-411"NR-Stat Meth
1016"Boissel, J. and Cucherat, M. The meta-analysis of diagnostic test studies. European Radiology. 1998; 8(3):484-7"NR-Review
1018"Bramwell, V. H., and Williams, C. J. Do authors of review articles use systematic methods to identify, assess and synthesize information?. Annals of Oncology. 1997 Dec; 8(12):1185-95"NR-ROS
1026"Dean, M. Out of step with the Lancet homeopathy meta-analysis: more objections than objectivity?. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine. 1998 Winter; 4(4):389-98"NR-ROS
1028"Devine, E. C. Issues and challenges in coding interventions for meta-analysis of prevention research. NIDA Research Monograph. 1997; 170130-46"NR-Design/Methods
1030"Diezel, K.; Pharoah, F. M., and Adams, C. E. Abstracts of trials presented at the Vth World Congress of Psychiatry (Mexico, 1971): a cohort study. Psychological Medicine. 1999 Mar; 29(2):491-4"NR-ROS
1040"Gelskey, S. C. Cigarette smoking and periodontitis: methodology to assess the strength of evidence in support of a causal association. Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology. 1999 Feb; 27(1):16-24"NR-Review
1044"Hansen, W. B., and Rose, L. A. Issues in classification in meta-analysis in substance abuse prevention research. NIDA Research Monograph. 1997; 170183-201"NR-ROS
1046"Jadad, A. R.; Moher, D., and Klassen, T. P. Guides for reading and interpreting systematic reviews: II. How did the authors find the studies and assess their quality? Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1998 Aug; 152(8):812-7"NR-Review
1048"Jadad, A. R.; Moher, M.; Browman, G. P.; Booker, L.; Sigouin, C.; Fuentes, M., and Stevens, R. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses on treatment of asthma: critical evaluation. BMJ. 2000 Feb 26; 320(7234):537-40" 
1054"Johansen, H. K., and Gotzsche, P. C. Problems in the design and reporting of trials of antifungal agents encountered during meta-analysis. JAMA. 1999 Nov 10; 282(18):1752-9"NR-ROS
1056"Jones, J. L. Drugs for AIDS/HIV: assessing the evidence. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. 1998 Summer; 14(3):567-72"NR-Design/Methods
1060"Kaegi, L. AMA Clinical Quality Improvement Forum ties it all together: from guidelines to measurement to analysis and back to guidelines. Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement. 1999 Feb; 25(2):95-106"NR-Review
1062"Kelly, S.; Berry, E.; Roderick, P.; Harris, K. M.; Cullingworth, J.; Gathercole, L.; Hutton, J., and Smith, M. A. The identification of bias in studies of the diagnostic performance of imaging modalities. British Journal of Radiology. 1997 Oct; 70(838):1028-35."NR-Review
1066"Ladhani, S. and Williams, H. C. The management of established postherpetic neuralgia: a comparison of the quality and content of traditional vs. systematic reviews. British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 Jul; 139(1):66-72."NR-ROS
1068"Lafata, J. E.; Koch, G. G., and Ward, R. E. Synthesizing evidence from multiple studies. The role of meta-analysis in pharmacoeconomics. Medical Care. 1996 Dec; 34(12 Suppl):DS136-45."NR-Design/Methods
1070"Lau, J.; Ioannidis, J. P., and Schmid, C. H. Quantitative synthesis in systematic reviews. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1997 Nov 1; 127(9):820-6."NR-Design/Methods
1072"Macarthur, C.; Foran, P. J., and Bailar, J. C. 3rd. Qualitative assessment of studies included in a meta-analysis: DES and the risk of pregnancy loss. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1995 Jun; 48(6):739-47."NR-ROS
1074"Meade, M. O. and Richardson, W. S. Selecting and appraising studies for a systematic review. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1997 Oct 1; 127(7):531-7."NR-Review
1080"Mulrow, C.; Langhorne, P., and Grimshaw, J. Integrating heterogeneous pieces of evidence in systematic reviews. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1997 Dec 1; 127(11):989-95"NR-Not able to abstract
1082"Myers, J. E., and Thompson, M. L. Meta-analysis and occupational epidemiology. Occupational Medicine. 1998 Feb; 48(2):99-101"NR-Design/Methods
1084"Olkin, I. Diagnostic statistical procedures in medical meta-analyses. Statistics in Medicine. 1999 Sep 15-1999 Sep 30; 18(17-18):2331-41"NR-Stat Meth
1088"Ramirez, A. J.; Westcombe, A. M.; Burgess, C. C.; Sutton, S.; Littlejohns, P., and Richards, M. A. Factors predicting delayed presentation of symptomatic breast cancer: a systematic review [see comments]. [Review] [34 refs]. Lancet. 1999 Apr 3; 353(9159):1127-31"NR-ROS
1110"Watt, D.; Verma, S., and Flynn, L. Wellness programs: a review of the evidence [see comments]. [Review] [34 refs]. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1998 Jan 27; 158(2):224-30"NR-ROS
2000"British Association of Surgical Oncology Guidelines. The management of metastatic bone disease in the United Kingdom. Breast Specialty Group of the British Association of Surgical Oncology. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1999 Feb; 25(1):3-23"NR-Guideline
2002"Clinical practice guideline: diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. American Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2000 May; 105(5):1158-70NR-Guideline
2006"Heart failure clinical guideline. South African Medical Association Heart Failure Working Group. S Afr Med J. 1998 Sep; 88(9 Pt 2):1133-55"NR-Guideline
2008"The management of minor closed head injury in children. Committee on Quality Improvement, American Academy of Pediatrics. Commission on Clinical Policies and Research, American Academy of Family Physicians. Pediatrics. 1999 Dec; 104(6):1407-15"NR-Guideline
2010"National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: Breast Cancer Screening for Women Ages 40-49, January 21-23, 1997. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997 Jul 16; 89(14):1015-26"NR-Guideline
2012"Practice parameter: the diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of the initial urinary tract infection in febrile infants and young children. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Quality Improvement. Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection. Pediatrics. 1999 Apr; 103(4 Pt 1):843-52"NR-Guideline
2014"Practice parameter: the management of acute gastroenteritis in young children. American Academy of Pediatrics, Provisional Committee on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on Acute Gastroenteritis. Pediatrics. 1996 Mar; 97(3):424-35"NR-Guideline
2016"Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1998 Oct 16; 47(RR-19):1-39"NR-Guideline
2018"Vaccine-preventable diseases: improving vaccination coverage in children, adolescents, and adults. A report on recommendations from the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1999 Jun 18; 48(RR-8):1-15"NR-Guideline
2020"Adams, J. L.; Fitzmaurice, D. A.; Heath, C. M.; Loudon, R. F.; Riaz, A.; Sterne, A., and Thomas, C. P. A novel method of guideline development for the diagnosis and management of mild to moderate hypertension. Br J Gen Pract. 1999 Mar; 49(440):175-9"NR-Design/Methods
2022"Anderson, I. M.; Nutt, D. J., and Deakin, J. F. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 1993 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. British Association for Psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2000 Mar; 14(1):3-20"NR-Guideline
2024"Anderson, J. D. Need for evidence-based practice in prosthodontics. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2000 Jan; 83(1):58-65"NR-Review
2030"Begg, C. B. The role of meta-analysis in monitoring clinical trials. Statistics in Medicine. 1996 Jun 30; 15(12):1299-306; discussion 1307-11."NR-OCD
2032"Bernstein, S. J.; Hofer, T. P.; Meijler, A. P., and Rigter, H. Setting standards for effectiveness: a comparison of expert panels and decision analysis. International Journal for Quality in Health Care. 1997 Aug; 9(4):255-63"NR-ROS
2036"Bigby, M. Evidence-based medicine in a nutshell. A guide to finding and using the best evidence in caring for patients. Archives of Dermatology. 1998 Dec; 134(12):1609-18"NR-Review
2038"Bisno, A. L.; Gerber, M. A.; Gwaltney, J. M. Jr.; Kaplan, E. L., and Schwartz, R. H. Diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: a practice guideline. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1997 Sep; 25(3):574-83"NR-Guideline
2040"Black, H. R., and Crocitto, M. T. Number needed to treat: solid science or a path to pernicious rationing? American Journal of Hypertension. 1998 Aug; 11(8 Pt 2):128S-134S; discussion 135S-137S"NR-OCD
2042"Black, W. C.; Nease, R. F. Jr., and Tosteson, A. N. Perceptions of breast cancer risk and screening effectiveness in women younger than 50 years of age. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1995 May 17; 87(10):720-31"NR-ROS
2044"Blumberg, J. B. Considerations of the scientific substantiation for antioxidant vitamins and beta-carotene in disease prevention. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 Dec; 62(6 Suppl):1521S-1526S"NR-Review
2050"Burnand, B.; Vader, J. P.; Froehlich, F.; Dupriez, K.; Larequi-Lauber, T.; Pache, I.; Dubois, R. W.; Brook, R. H., and Gonvers, J. J. Reliability of panel-based guidelines for colonoscopy: an international comparison [see comments]. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 1998 Feb; 47(2):162-6"NR-ROS
2062"Frank, C. Dementia workup. Deciding on laboratory testing for the elderly. Canadian Family Physician. 1998 Jul; 44:1489-95"NR-Guideline
2064"Freemantle, N.; Mason, J., and Eccles, M. Deriving treatment recommendations from evidence within randomized trials. The role and limitation of meta-analysis. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. 1999 Spring; 15(2):304-15"NR-Design/Methods
2068"Gershon, A. A.; Gardner, P.; Peter, G.; Nichols, K., and Orenstein, W. Quality standards for immunization. Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1997 Oct; 25(4):782-6"NR-Guideline
2070"Gibbons, R. J.; Balady, G. J.; Beasley, J. W., et al. ACC/AHA Guidelines for Exercise Testing. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Exercise Testing). Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1997 Jul; 30(1):260-311"NR-Review
2072"Grilli, R.; Magrini, N.; Penna, A.; Mura, G., and Liberati, A. Practice guidelines developed by specialty societies: the need for a critical appraisal. Lancet. 2000 Jan 8; 355(9198):103-6"NR-ROS
2074"Guyatt, G. H.; DiCenso, A.; Farewell, V.; Willan, A., and Griffith, L. Randomized trials versus observational studies in adolescent pregnancy prevention. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2000 Feb; 53(2):167-74"NR-ROS
2078"Hadorn, D. C.; Baker, D. W.; Kamberg, C. J., and Brooks, R. H. Phase II of the AHCPR-sponsored heart failure guideline: translating practice recommendations into review criteria. Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement. 1996 Apr; 22(4):265-76"NR-Guideline
2080"Haynes, R. B. Some problems in applying evidence in clinical practice. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1993 Dec 31; 703210-24; discussion 224-5"NR-Review
2082"Hedges, L. V. Improving meta-analysis for policy purposes. NIDA Research Monograph. 1997; 170:202-15"NR-Stat Meth
2084"Heisey, R.; Mahoney, L., and Watson, B. Management of palpable breast lumps. Consensus guideline for family physicians. Canadian Family Physician. 1999 Aug; 451926-32"NR-Guideline
2088"Hudak, P. L.; Cole, D. C., and Haines, A. T. Understanding prognosis to improve rehabilitation: the example of lateral elbow pain. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1996 Jun; 77(6):586-93"NR-Not able to abstract
2092"Irwig, L.; Zwarenstein, M.; Zwi, A., and Chalmers, I. A flow diagram to facilitate selection of interventions and research for health care. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1998; 76(1):17-24"NR-OCD
2094"Jacob, R. F., and Carr, A. B. Hierarchy of research design used to categorize the 'strength of evidence' in answering clinical dental questions. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2000 Feb; 83(2):137-52"NR-Review
2096"Jadad, A. R.; Cook, D. J., and Browman, G. P. A guide to interpreting discordant systematic reviews. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1997 May 15; 156(10):1411-6"NR-Review
2100"Lipsey, M. W. Using linked meta-analysis to build policy models. NIDA Research Monograph. 1997; 170216-33"NR-Modeling
2104"Mackway-Jones, K.; Carley, S. D.; Morton, R. J., and Donnan, S. The best evidence topic report: a modified CAT for summarising the available evidence in emergency medicine. Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 1998 Jul; 15(4):222-6"NR-Review
2110"Matt, G. E. Drawing generalized causal inferences based on meta-analysis. NIDA Research Monograph. 1997; 170165-82"NR-Design/Methods
2116"Newman, M. G., and McGuire, M. K. Evidence-based periodontal treatment. II. Predictable regeneration treatment. International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry. 1995 Apr; 15(2):116-27"NR-Design/Methods
2118"Owens, D. K., and Nease, R. F. Jr. Development of outcome-based practice guidelines: a method for structuring problems and synthesizing evidence. Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement. 1993 Jul; 19(7):248-63"NR-Modeling
2120"Peterson, E. D.; Shaw, L. J., and Califf, R. M. Risk stratification after myocardial infarction [see comments]. [Review] [280 refs]. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1997 Apr 1; 126(7):561-82"NR-Guideline
2124"Ramirez, A. J.; Westcombe, A. M.; Burgess, C. C.; Sutton, S.; Littlejohns, P., and Richards, M. A. Factors predicting delayed presentation of symptomatic breast cancer: a systematic review. Lancet. 1999 Apr 3; 353(9159):1127-31"NR-Not able to abstract
2126"Schuster, M. A.; Asch, S. M.; McGlynn, E. A.; Kerr, E. A.; Hardy, A. M., and Gifford, D. S. Development of a quality of care measurement system for children and adolescents. Methodological considerations and comparisons with a system for adult women. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1997 Nov; 151(11):1085-92"NR-ROS
2128"Stuck, A. E.; Walthert, J. M.; Nikolaus, T.; Bula, C. J.; Hohmann, C., and Beck, J. C. Risk factors for functional status decline in community-living elderly people: a systematic literature review. Social Science & Medicine. 1999 Feb; 48(4):445-69"NR-ROS
2136"Whitley, R. J.; Jacobson, M. A.; Friedberg, D. N.; Holland, G. N.; Jabs, D. A.; Dieterich, D. T.; Hardy, W. D.; Polis, M. A.; Deutsch, T. A.; Feinberg, J.; Spector, S. A.; Walmsley, S.; Drew, W. L.; Powderly, W. G.; Griffiths, P. D.; Benson, C. A., and Kessler, H. A. Guidelines for the treatment of cytomegalovirus diseases in patients with AIDS in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: recommendations of an international panel. International AIDS Society-USA. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1998 May 11; 158(9):957-69"NR-Guideline
2142"Williams, D. N.; Rehm, S. J.; Tice, A. D.; Bradley, J. S.; Kind, A. C., and Craig, W. A. Practice guidelines for community-based parenteral anti-infective therapy. ISDA Practice Guidelines Committee. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1997 Oct; 25(4):787-801"NR-Guideline
2144"Wilson, L. M.; Reid, A. J.; Midmer, D. K.; Biringer, A.; Carroll, J. C., and Stewart, D. E. Antenatal psychosocial risk factors associated with adverse postpartum family outcomes. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1996 Mar 15; 154(6):785-99"NR-Review

* See Table 4 for the code to abbreviations.

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