NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
McCrory DC, Matchar DB, Bastian L, et al. Evaluation of Cervical Cytology. Rockville (MD): Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (US); 1999 Feb. (Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 5.)
This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.
- Adachi A, Fleming I, Burk RD, Ho GY, Klein RS Women with human immunodeficiency virus infection and abnormal Papanicolaou smears: A prospective study of colposcopy and clinical outcome. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;81(3):372–7. [PubMed: 8437789]
- Alanen KW, Elit LM, Molinaro PA, McLachlin CM Assessment of cytologic follow-up as the recommended management for patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Cancer. 1998;84:5–10. [PubMed: 9500646]
- Allahverdian V, Valaitis J, Kalis O, Pearlman S Cytology and colposcopy in the diagnosis and management of outpatients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Reprod Med. 1980;24:1–4. [PubMed: 7359496]
- Allen KA, Zaleski S, Cohen MB Review of negative Papanicolaou tests: Is the retrospective 5-year review necessary? Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;101:19–21. [PubMed: 8279450]
- Alloub MI, Barr BB, McLaren KM, Smith IW, Bunney MH, Smart GE Human papillomavirus infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women with renal allografts. BMJ. 1989;298:153–6. [PMC free article: PMC1835493] [PubMed: 2538174]
- Alons-van Kordelaar JJ, Boon ME Diagnostic accuracy of squamous cervical lesions studied in spatula-cytobrush smears. Acta Cytol. 1988;32:801–4. [PubMed: 3059733]
- American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines for health supervision II. Elk Grove Village, IL: The Academy; 1988.
- American Cancer Society Guidelines for the cancer-related checkup: An update. New York: The Society; 1993.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Cervical cytology: Evaluation and management of abnormalities. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; 1993 Aug. ACOG Technical Bulletin No. 183.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG Committee Opinion: Colposcopy training and practice. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; 1994. Publication No. 133.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG Committee Opinion: Recommendations on frequency of Pap test screening. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; 1995. Publication No. 152. [PubMed: 7649335]
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Ambulatory care criteria set. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; 1995. Publication No. 6.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists CoGP ACOG Committee Opinion: Routine cancer screening. Number 185, September 1997 (replaces no. 128, October 1993). Int J Gynecol Obstet. 1997;59:157–61. [PubMed: 9431884]
- American College of Physicians Screening for cervical cancer. In: Eddy DM, editor. Common screening tests. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians; 1991. p. 413-4.
- American Joint Committee on Cancer Cervix uteri.In: AJCC cancer staging manual. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 5th edition, 1997. p. 189-94.
- American Medical Association AMA guidelines for adolescent preventive services (GAPS): Recommendations and rationale. Chicago: American Medical Association; 1994.
- Amschler DH Pap tests every three years: Cost-effective in the long run? Health Educ. 1983;14:42–5. [PubMed: 6443895]
- Andersen W, Frierson H, Barber S, Tabbarah S, Taylor P, Underwood P Sensitivity and specificity of endocervical curettage and the endocervical brush for the evaluation of the endocervical canal. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;159:702–7. [PubMed: 3048105]
- Anderson DJ, Flannelly GM, Kitchener HC, Fisher PM, Mann EM, Campbell MK, Templeton A Mild and moderate dyskaryosis: Can women be selected for colposcopy on the basis of social criteria? BMJ. 1992;305:84–7. [PMC free article: PMC1882624] [PubMed: 1638252]
- Anderson DJ, Strachan F, Parkin DE Cone biopsy: Has endocervical sampling a role? Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992;99:668–70. [PubMed: 1390473]
- Anderson G, Macaulay C, Matisic J, Garner D, Palcic B The use of an automated image cytometer for screening and quantitative assessment of cervical lesions in the British Columbia Cervical Smear Screening Programme. Cytopathology. 1997;8:298–312. [PubMed: 9313982]
- Anderson M, Jones BA False positive cervicovaginal cytology: A follow-up study. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:1697–700. [PubMed: 9390126]
- Andrews S, Miyazawa K The significance of a negative Papanicolaou smear with hyperkeratosis or parakeratosis. Obstet Gynecol. 1989;73(5 Pt 1):751–3. [PubMed: 2704502]
- Andrews S, Hernandez E, Miyazawa K Paired Papanicolaou smears in the evaluation of atypical squamous cells. Obstet Gynecol. 1989;73(5 Pt 1):747–50. [PubMed: 2704501]
- Anonymous Population screening for cervical cancer in The Netherlands. A report by the Evaluation Committee. Int J Epidemiol. 1989;18:775–81. [PubMed: 2695473]
- Anonymous Pap smears cost-effective screening for high-risk elderly. Geriatrics. 1991;45:18–23.
- Anonymous PAPNET cytological screening system. Lab Med. 1991;22:276–80.
- Aponte-Cipriani SL, Teplitz C, Rorat E, Savino A, Jacobs AJ Cervical smears prepared by an automated device versus the conventional method. A comparative analysis. Acta Cytol. 1995;39:623–30. [PubMed: 7631534]
- Ashfaq R, Liang Y, Saboorian MH Evaluation of PAPNET system for rescreening of negative cervical smears. Diagn Cytopathol. 1995;13:31–6. [PubMed: 7587873]
- Ashfaq R, Solares B, Saboorian MH Detection of endocervical component by PAPNET system on negative cervical smears. Diagn Cytopathol. 1996;15:121–3. [PubMed: 8872433]
- Ashfaq R, Thomas S, Saboorian MH Efficiency of PAPNET in detecting infectious organisms in cervicovaginal smears. Acta Cytol. 1996;40:885–8. [PubMed: 8842161]
- Ashfaq R, Saliger F, Solares B, Thomas S, Liu G, Liang Y, Saboorian MH Evaluation of the PAPNET system for prescreening triage of cervicovaginal smears. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:1058–64. [PubMed: 9250299]
- Audet-Lapointe P Detection of cervical cancer in a women's prison. Can Med Assoc J. 1971;104:509–11. [PMC free article: PMC1930911] [PubMed: 5549991]
- August N Cervicography for evaluating the atypical Papanicolaou smear. J Reprod Med. 1991;36:89–94. [PubMed: 2010901]
- Austin RM Results of blinded rescreening of Papanicolaou smears versus biased retrospective review. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1997;121:311–4. [PubMed: 9111125]
- Austin RM, Ramzy I Increased detection of epithelial cell abnormalities by liquid-based gynecologic cytology preparations. A review of accumulated data. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:178–84. [PubMed: 9479337]
- Autier P, Coibion M, Huet F, Grivegnee AR Transformation zone location and intraepithelial neoplasia of the cervix uteri. Br J Cancer. 1996;74:488–90. [PMC free article: PMC2074626] [PubMed: 8695371]
- Awen C, Hathway S, Eddy W, Voskuil R, Janes C Efficacy of ThinPrep preparation of cervical smears: A 1,000-case, investigator-sponsored study. Diagn Cytopathol. 1994;11:33–6; discussion 36-7. [PubMed: 7956657]
- Aziz DC, Ferre F, Robitaille J, Ferenczy A Human papillomavirus testing in the clinical laboratory. Part I: Squamous lesions of the cervix. J Gynecol Surg. 1993 Spring;9:1–7. [PubMed: 10150114]
- Bacus JW Cervical cell recognition and morphometric grading by image analysis. J Cell Biochem Suppl. 1995;23:33–42. [PubMed: 8747376]
- Baker A, Melcher D, Smith R Role of re-screening of cervical smears in internal quality control. J Clin Pathol. 1995;48:1002–4. [PMC free article: PMC503002] [PubMed: 8543619]
- Baker RW, Wadsworth J, Brugal G, Coleman DV An evaluation of "rapid review" as a method of quality control of cervical smears using the AxioHOME microscope. Cytopathology. 1997;8:85–95. [PubMed: 9134333]
- Baldauf JJ, Dreyfus M, Ritter J, Philippe E Colposcopy and directed biopsy reliability during pregnancy: A cohort study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1995 Sep;62(1):31–6. [PubMed: 7493705]
- Baldauf JJ, Dreyfus M, Lehmann M, Ritter J, Philippe E Cervical cancer screening with cervicography and cytology. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1995;58:33–9. [PubMed: 7758643]
- Baldauf JJ, Dreyfus M, Ritter J, Meyer P, Philippe E Screening histories of incidence cases of cervical cancer and high grade SIL. A comparison. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:1431–8. [PubMed: 9305380]
- Bamber, D The area above the ordinal dominance graph and the area below the receiver operating characteristic graph. J Math Psychol. 1975;12:387–415.
- Barnes BA Papanicolaou cervical smears for screening in asymptomatic women. Prim Care. 1981;8:131–40. [PubMed: 6911755]
- Barnes BA, Barnes AB Evaluation of surgical therapy by cost-benefit analysis. Surgery. 1977;82:21–33. [PubMed: 406685]
- Barton SE, Jenkins D, Hollingworth A, Cuzick J, Singer A An explanation for the problem of false-negative cervical smears. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989;96:482–5. [PubMed: 2751964]
- Bartoo GT, Lee JS, Bartels PH, Kiviat NB, Nelson AC Automated prescreening of conventionally prepared cervical smears: A feasibility study. Lab Invest. 1992;66:116–22. [PubMed: 1731146]
- Bauer HM, Hildesheim A, Schiffman MH, Glass AG, Rush BB, Scott DR, Cadell DM, Kurman RJ, Manos MM Determinants of genital human papillomavirus infection in low-risk women in Portland, Oregon. Sex Transm Dis. 1993;20:274–8. [PubMed: 8235925]
- Bearman DM, MacMillan JP, Creasman WT Papanicolaou smear history of patients developing cervical cancer: An assessment of screening protocols. Obstet Gynecol. 1987;69:151–5. [PubMed: 3808501]
- Beeby AR, Keating PJ, Wagstaff TI, Wilson EMJ, Sims PF, Manning PJ, Wadehra V The quality and accuracy of cervical cytology: A study of five sampling devices in a colposcopy clinic. J Obstet Gynaecol. 1993;13: 276–81.
- Beeby AR, Wadehra V, Keating PJ, Wagstaff TI A retrospective analysis of 94 patients with CIN and false negative cervical smears taken at colposcopy. Cytopathology. 1993;4:331–7. [PubMed: 8110972]
- Begg, CB Advances in statistical methodology for diagnostic medicine in the 1980's. Stat Med. 1991;10:1887–95. [PubMed: 1805316]
- Begg, CB, Greenes RA Assessment of diagnostic tests when disease verification is subject to selection bias. Biometrics. 1983;39:207–15. [PubMed: 6871349]
- Beilby JO, Bourne R, Guillebaud J, Steele ST Paired cervical smears: A method of reducing the false-negative rate in population screening. Obstet Gynecol. 1982;60:46–8. [PubMed: 7088450]
- Berger BM Using the Pathfinder system to reduce missed abnormal cervical cytologic smear cases in a rescreening program. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:173–81. [PubMed: 9022741]
- Bergeron C, Debaque H, Ayivi J, Amaizo S, Fagnani F Cervical smear histories of 585 women with biopsy-proven carcinoma in situ. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:1676–80. [PubMed: 9390123]
- Berget A, Olsen J, Poll P Sensitivity and specificity of screening by cervico-vaginal cytology. Dan Med Bull. 1977;24:26–9. [PubMed: 837739]
- Bergstrom R, Adami HO, Gustafsson L, Ponten J, Sparen P Detection of preinvasive cancer of the cervix and the subsequent reduction in invasive cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993;85:1050–7. [PubMed: 8515491]
- Berkeley AS, LiVolsi VA, Schwartz PE Advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix with recent normal Papanicolaou tests. Lancet. 1980;2:375–6. [PubMed: 6105514]
- Berkowitz RS, Ehrmann RL, Lavizzo-Mourey R, Knapp RC Invasive cervical carcinoma in young women. Gynecol Oncol. 1979;8:311–6. [PubMed: 510997]
- Bernstein A, Vitner S, Webber JM Evaluation of a new tampon device for cytologic autocollection and mass screening of cervical cancer and its precursors. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985;151:351–5. [PubMed: 3970103]
- Bethwaite J, Rayner T, Bethwaite P Economic aspects of screening for cervical cancer in New Zealand. N Z Med J. 1986;99:747–51. [PubMed: 3464889]
- Bigelow JH, Ellis DB The false-negative rate in screening for cervical cancer. In: Proceedings of the Joint IIASA/WHO Workshop on Screening for Cervical Cancer. Laxenburg (Austria): International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis; 1975. p. 34-46.
- Bigelow JH The natural history of cervical cancer. In: Proceedings of the Joint IIASA/WHO Workshop on Screening for Cervical Cancer. Laxenburg, Austria: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis; 1975.
- Bigrigg MA, Codling BW, Pearson P, Read MD, Swingler GR Colposcopic diagnosis and treatment of cervical dysplasia at a single clinic visit. Experience of low-voltage diathermy loop in 1000 patients. Lancet. 1990;336:229–31. [PubMed: 1973781]
- Bishop JW, Bigner SH, Colgan TJ, Husain M, Howell HP, McIntosh KM, Taylor DA, Sadeghi MH Multicenter masked evaluation of AutoCyte PREP thin layers with matched conventional smears. Including initial biopsy results. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:189–97. [PubMed: 9479339]
- Bishop JW, Hartinger JS, Pawlick GF Time interval effect on repeat cervical smear results. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:269–76. [PubMed: 9100753]
- Bishop JW Comparison of the CytoRich system with conventional cervical cytology. Preliminary data on 2,032 cases from a clinical trial site. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:15–23. [PubMed: 9022721]
- Blakely DD, Oddone EZ, Hasselblad V, Simel DL, Matchar DB Noninvasive carotid artery testing. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122:360–7. [PubMed: 7847648]
- Block B, Branham RA Efforts to improve the follow-up of patients with abnormal Papanicolaou test results. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1998;11:1–11. [PubMed: 9456441]
- Blue Cross Blue Shield Association Monolayer slide preparation and automated slide reading systems for cervical cancer screening -- clinical effectiveness analysis. Chicago, IL: Blue Cross Blue Shield Association Technical Evaluation Center Assessment Program; Vol. 15, No. 1; 1998 April. [PubMed: 10183359]
- Bocking A, Hilgarth M, Auffermann W, Hack-Werdier C, Fischer-Becker D, von Kalkreuth G DNA-cytometric diagnosis of prospective malignancy in borderline lesions of the uterine cervix. Acta Cytol. 1986;30:608–15. [PubMed: 3466496]
- Boden E, Evander M, Wadell G, Bjersing L, von Schoultz B, Rylander E Detection of human papilloma virus in women referred for colposcopy. A comparison between different diagnostic methods. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1990;69:153–9. [PubMed: 2166988]
- Bolger BS, Lewis BV A prospective study of colposcopy in women with mild dyskaryosis or koilocytosis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988;95:1117–9. [PubMed: 3207640]
- Bolick DR, Hellman DJ Laboratory implementation and efficacy assessment of the ThinPrep cervical cancer screening system. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:209–13. [PubMed: 9479342]
- Bonfiglio TA Cervical cytology: Perspectives from both sides of the Atlantic. Human Pathol. 1997;28:117–9. [PubMed: 9023389]
- Boon ME, de Graaff Guilloud JC Cost effectiveness of population screening and rescreening for cervical cancer in the Netherlands. Acta Cytol. 1981;25:539–42. [PubMed: 6792845]
- Boon ME, de Graaff Guilloud JC, Rietveld WJ, Wijsman-Grootendorst A Effect of regular 3-yearly screening on the incidence of cervical smears: The Leiden experience. Cytopathology. 1990;1:201–10. [PubMed: 2101670]
- Boon ME, Kok LP Neural network processing can provide means to catch errors that slip through human screening of pap smears. Diagn Cytopathol. 1993;9:411–16. [PubMed: 8261846]
- Boon ME, Kleinschmidt-Guy ED, Ouwerkerk-Noordam E PAPNET for analysis of proliferating (MIB-1 positive) cell populations in cervical smears. Eur J Morphol. 1994;32:78–85. [PubMed: 8086271]
- Boon ME, Kok LP, Nygaard-Nielsen M, Holm K, Holund B Neural network processing of cervical smears can lead to a decrease in diagnostic variability and an increase in screening efficacy: A study of 63 false-negative smears. Mod Pathol. 1994;7:957–61. [PubMed: 7892166]
- Boon ME, Kok LP, Beck S Histologic validation of neural network-assisted cervical screening: comparison with the conventional procedure. Cell Vision. 1995;2:23–7.
- Boon ME Assessing costs and benefits of PAPNET. Acta Cytol. 1996;40:1109–11. [PubMed: 8842185]
- Boyko EJ Meta-analysis of Pap test accuracy. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;143:406–7. [PubMed: 8633625]
- Brown AD, Garber AM The cost-effectiveness of three new technologies to enhance Pap testing. Chicago, IL: Blue Cross Blue Shield Association Technical Evaluation Center Assessment Program Special Assessment; April 1998.
- Bryant J, Stevens A Cervical screening interval. Bristol, England: U.K. National Health Service, South and West Regional Health Authority; 1995. 10 p.
- Buchanan M, Husain OA, Butler EB Costs and benefits of cervical screening. Cytopathology. 1997;8:4–5. [PubMed: 9068959]
- Buntinx F, Brouwers M Relation between sampling device and detection of abnormality in cervical smears: A meta-analysis of randomised and quasi-randomised studies. BMJ. 1996;313:1285–90. [PMC free article: PMC2352737] [PubMed: 8942687]
- Buntinx F, Knottnerus JA, Crebolder HF, Essed GG, Schouten H Relation between quality of cervical smears and probability of abnormal results. BMJ. 1992;304:–. [PMC free article: PMC1881780] [PubMed: 1515793]
- Bur M, Knowles K, Pekow P, Corral O, Donovan J Comparison of ThinPrep preparations with conventional cervicovaginal smears. Practical considerations. Acta Cytol. 1995;39:631–42. [PubMed: 7631535]
- Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI-U. Medicare Services Average Annual Index, Base Period 1982-84.
- Byrne P, Jordan J, Williams D, Woodman C Importance of negative result of cervical biopsy directed by colposcopy. BMJ. 1988;296:–. [PMC free article: PMC2544903] [PubMed: 3122987]
- Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment Assessment of techniques for cervical cancer screening. Ottawa: CCOHTA; 1997 May. CCOHTA Report 1997:2E.
- Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination Canadian guide to clinical preventive health care. Ottawa: Health Canada; 1994.
- Cannistra SA, Niloff JM Cancer of the uterine cervix. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1030–8. [PubMed: 8598842]
- Cantor SB, Mitchell MF, Tortolero-Luna G, Bratka CS, Bodurka DC, Richards-Kotum R Cost-effectiveness analysis of diagnosis and management of cervical squamos intraepithelial lesions. Obstet Gynecol. 1998; 91:270–7. [PubMed: 9469288]
- Carson HJ, DeMay RM The mode ages of women with cervical dysplasia. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;82:430–4. [PubMed: 8355947]
- Carter PG, Harris VG, Wilson POG The management of the abnormal cervical smear: A comparative study between loop diathermy alone and laser ablation preceded by colposcopically directed punch biopsy. J Obstet Gynaecol. 1993;13:59–63.
- Carter PM, Coburn TC, Luszczak M Cost-effectiveness of cervical cytologic examination during pregnancy. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1993;6:537–45. [PubMed: 8285092]
- Cecchini S, Iossa A, Grazzini G Estimate of clinical human papilloma virus infection prevalence in a population-based screening. Cervix Lower Female Genital Tract. 1998;6:213–7.
- Cecchini S, Bonardi R, Iossa A, Zappa M, Ciatto S Colposcopy as a primary screening test for cervical cancer. Tumori. 1997;83:810–3. [PubMed: 9428912]
- Cecchini S, Bonardi R, Mazzotta A, Grazzini G, Iossa A, Ciatto S Testing cervicography and cervicoscopy as screening tests for cervical cancer. Tumori. 1993;79:22–5. [PubMed: 8497916]
- Celentano DD, deLissovoy G Assessment of cervical cancer screening and follow-up programs. Public Health Rev. 1989;17:173–240. [PubMed: 2518819]
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Current trends: Premarital sexual experience among adolescent women -- United States, 1970-1988. MMWR. 1991;39:929–32. [PubMed: 1898527]
- Chakrabarti S, Guijon FB, Paraskevas M Brush vs.spatula for cervical smears: Histologic correlation with concurrent biopsies. Acta Cytol. 1994;38:315–8. [PubMed: 8191818]
- Chesebro MJ, Everett WD A cost-benefit analysis of colposcopy for cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions found on Papanicolaou smear. Arch Fam Med. 1996;5:576–81. [PubMed: 8930229]
- Chia KV, Fayle RJ, Sobowale O Efficacy of large loop excision of the transformation zone for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1993;33:287–9. [PubMed: 8304896]
- Chock C, Irwig L, Berry G, Glasziou P Comparing dichotomous screening tests when individuals negative on both tests are not verified. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50:1211–7. [PubMed: 9393377]
- Chomet J Screening for cervical cancer: A new scope for general practitioners?Results of the first year of colposcopy in general practice. BMJ. 1987;294:1326–8. [PMC free article: PMC1246491] [PubMed: 3109641]
- Chou P Review on cervical cancer screening. Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih (Taipei). 1991;48:1–12. [PubMed: 1653088]
- Chou P, Lai MY, Chang HJ Accuracy of screening for cervical cancer in Taiwan, 1974-1984. Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih (Taipei). 1990;45:147–56. [PubMed: 2168258]
- Clement KD, Christenson PD Papanicolaou smear cell recovery techniques used by primary care physicians. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1990;3:253–8. [PubMed: 2248091]
- Cocchi V, Carretti D, Fanti S, Baldazzi P, Casotti MT, Piazzi R, Prosperi L, Morselli-Labate AM Intralaboratory quality assurance in cervical/vaginal cytology: Evaluation of intercytologist diagnostic reproducibility. Diagn Cytopathol. 1997;16:87–92. [PubMed: 9034745]
- Cohenford MA, Godwin TA, Cahn F, Bhandare P, Caputo TA, Rigas B Infrared spectroscopy of normal and abnormal cervical smears: Evaluation by principal component analysis. Gynecol Oncol. 1997;66:59–65. [PubMed: 9234922]
- Coibion M, Autier P, Vandam P, Delobelle A, Huet F, Hertens D, Vosse M, Andry M, De Sutter P, Heimann R, et al Is there a role for cervicography in the detection of premalignant lesions of the cervix uteri? Br J Cancer. 1994;70:125–8. [PMC free article: PMC2033300] [PubMed: 8018522]
- Coker AL, Jenkins GR, Busnardo MS, Chambers JC, Levine LZ, Pirisi L Human papillomaviruses and cervical neoplasia in South Carolina. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1993;2:207–12. [PubMed: 8391355]
- Colgan TJ, Patten SF Jr, Lee JS A clinical trial of the AutoPap 300 QC system for quality control of cervicovaginal cytology in the clinical laboratory. Acta Cytol. 1995;39:1191–8. [PubMed: 7483997]
- Colgan TJ, Bon N, Lee JS, Patten SF Jr AutoPap 300 QC system scoring of cervical smears without "epithelial cell abnormalities.". Acta Cytol. 1997;41:45–9. [PubMed: 9022725]
- Colgan TJ, Smith J, Patten SF Jr, Lee JS Enhancing the performance of the AutoPap 300 QC system with optimal staining and presentation of cervical smears. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:50–5. [PubMed: 9022726]
- Collignon BD Influence of Cytobrush sampling of the uterine cervix on smear adequacy. Can J Med Tech. 1993;55:229–32.
- Coppleson LW, Brown B Estimation of the screening error rate from the observed detection rates in repeated cercival cytology. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1974;119:953–8. [PubMed: 4841153]
- Corkill M, Knapp D, Martin J, Hutchinson ML Specimen adequacy of ThinPrep sample preparations in a direct-to-vial study. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:39–44. [PubMed: 9022724]
- Cox JT, Schiffman MH, Winzelberg AJ, Patterson JM An evaluation of human papillomavirus testing as part of referral to colposcopy clinics. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80(3 Pt 1):389–95. [PubMed: 1323087]
- Cox J, Lorincz A, Schiffman M, Sherman M, Cullen A, Kurman R Human papillomavirus testing by hybrid capture appears to be useful in triaging women with a cytologic diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172:946–54. [PubMed: 7892889]
- Creasman WT How good (or bad) is the Pap smear? J S C Med Assoc. 1989;85:459–62. [PubMed: 2811306]
- Cross PA Internal quality assurance in cervical cytology one laboratory's experience. Cytopathology. 1996;7:25–31. [PubMed: 8833871]
- Cross PA Rapid rescreening of cervical smears as a quality control method. Cytopathology. 1997;8:79–84. [PubMed: 9134332]
- Csango PA, Skuland J, Bie RB Cervical infection with human papillomaviruses and cervical dysplasia in Norwegian women. J Obstet Gynaecol. 1996;16:384–9.
- Cuzick J, Terry G, Ho L, Hollingworth T, Anderson M HPV in cervical smears. Lancet. 1992;340:112–3. [PubMed: 1351976]
- Davis JR, Hindman WM, Paplanus SH, Trego DC, Wiens JL, Suciu TN Value of duplicate smears in cervical cytology. Acta Cytol. 1981;25:533–8. [PubMed: 6945018]
- Davison JM, Marty JJ Detecting premalignant cervical lesions. Contribution of screening colposcopy to cytology. J Reprod Med. 1994;39:388–92. [PubMed: 8064706]
- Del Priore G, Maag T, Bhattacharya M, Garcia PM, Till M, Lurain JR The value of cervical cytology in HIV-infected women. Gynecol Oncol. 1995;56:395–8. [PubMed: 7705674]
- de Villiers E, Wagner D, Schneider A, Wesch H, Munz F, Miklaw H, Hausen H Human papillomavirus DNA in women without and with cytological abnormalities: Results of a 5-year follow-up study. Gynecol Oncol. 1992;44:33–9. [PubMed: 1309717]
- DiBonito L, Falconieri G, Tomasic G, Colautti I, Bonifacio D, Dudine S Cervical cytopathology. An evaluation of its accuracy based on cytohistologic comparison. Cancer. 1993;72:3002–6. [PubMed: 8221568]
- Dickinson L Evaluation of the effectiveness of cytologic screening for cervical cancer. 3. Cost-benefit analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 1972;47:550–5. [PubMed: 5049159]
- DiSaia P, Creasman W Clinical gynecologic oncology. St. Louis: Mosby; 1997.
- Dodd LG, Sneige N, Villarreal Y, Fanning CV, Staerkel GA, Caraway NP, Silva EG, Katz RL Quality-assurance study of simultaneously sampled, non-correlating cervical cytology and biopsies. Diagn Cytopathol. 1993;9:138–44. [PubMed: 8513706]
- Dodgson J, Walker EM, Hussein KA, Robertson AJ, Duncan ID The increasing problem in Tayside of cervical cancer in younger women. Scot Med J. 1989;34:403–5. [PubMed: 2785288]
- Dolan J, Ryan E, Thornhill M, Curran B, Leader M Review of an Irish cervical smear service. Ir J Med Sci. 1990;159:233–6. [PubMed: 2076943]
- Doornewaard H, van de Seijp H, Woudt JM, van der Graaf Y, van den Tweel JG Negative cervical smears before CIN 3/carcinoma. Reevaluation with the PAPNET testing system. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:74–8. [PubMed: 9022729]
- Dowling PT, Culpepper L Cervical screening. Lancet. 1989;2:627–9. [PubMed: 2570326]
- Drummond MF, Richardson WS, O'Brien BJ, Levine M, Heyland D For the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Users' guides to the medical literature. XIII. How to use an article on economic analysis of clinical practice. A. Are the results of the study valid? JAMA. 1997;277:1552–7. [PubMed: 9153371]
- Dudding N, Lane S, Sutton J Koilocytes; a cause for concern? (Meeting abstract). Cytopathology. 1993;4(Suppl 1):–.
- Dudding N Rapid rescreening of cervical smears: An improved method of quality control. Cytopathology. 1995;6:95–9. [PubMed: 7795170]
- Duggan MA, Brasher P Paired comparison of manual and automated Pap test screening using the PAPNET system. Diagn Cytopathol. 1997;17:248–54. [PubMed: 9316778]
- Dunton CJ, Van Hoeven KH, Kovatich AJ, Oliver RE, Scacheri RQ, Cater JR, Carlson JA Jr Ki-67 antigen staining as an adjunct to identifying cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol. 1997;64:451–5. [PubMed: 9062149]
- Eaker ED, Vierkant RA, Konitzer KA, Remington PL Cervical cancer screening among women with and without hysterectomies. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;91:551–5. [PubMed: 9540939]
- Eddy DM Screening for cervical cancer. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:214–26. [PubMed: 2115753]
- Eisenberg JN Clinical economics. A guide to the economic analysis of clinical practices. JAMA. 1989;262:2879–86. [PubMed: 2509745]
- Engineer AD, Misra JS The role of routine outpatient cytological screening for early detection of carcinoma of the cervix in India. Diagn Cytopathol. 1987;3:30–4. [PubMed: 3568970]
- Evans DM, Shelley G, Cleary B, Baldwin Y Observer variation and quality control of cytodiagnosis. J Clin Pathol. 1974;27:945–50. [PMC free article: PMC475560] [PubMed: 4616047]
- Fahey MT, Irwig L, Macaskill P Meta-analysis of Pap test accuracy. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;141:680–9. [PubMed: 7702044]
- Fahim HI, Faris R, Arab SE, Sammour MB An epidemiologic study of Papanicolaou smear data at Ain-Shams University hospitals. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 1991;66:97–111. [PubMed: 1800628]
- Fahs MC, Mandelblatt J, Schechter C, Muller C Cost effectiveness of cervical cancer screening for the elderly. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:520–7. [PubMed: 1503355]
- Falcone T, Ferenczy A Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and condyloma: An analysis of diagnostic accuracy of posttreatment follow-up methods. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1986;154:260–4. [PubMed: 3946513]
- Faraker CA, Boxer ME Rapid review (partial rescreening) of cervical cytology. Four years experience and quality assurance implications. J Clin Pathol. 1996;49:587–91. [PMC free article: PMC500577] [PubMed: 8813961]
- Faraker CA Rapid review. Cytopathology. 1998;9:71–6. [PubMed: 9660635]
- Farnsworth A, Chambers FM, Goldschmidt CS Evaluation of the PAPNET system in a general pathology service. Med J Aust. 1996;165:429–31. [PubMed: 8913244]
- Feinstein AR Clinical epidemiology: The architecture of clinical research. Philadelphia, Pennsyvanlia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1985. p. 434.
- Feldman MJ, Kent DR, Pennington RL Intraepithelial neoplasia of the uterine cervix in the teenager. Cancer. 1978;41:1405–8. [PubMed: 639001]
- Feldman MJ, Seeve CC, Srebnik E False positive cervical cytology: An important reason for colposcopy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977;129:141–4. [PubMed: 900175]
- Ferenczy A, Robitaille J, Franco E, Arseneau J, Richart RM, Wright TC Conventional cervical cytologic smears vs. ThinPrep smears. A paired comparison study on cervical cytology. Acta Cytol. 1996;40:1136–42. [PubMed: 8960019]
- Ferenczy A, Gelfand MM, Franco E, Mansour N Human papillomavirus infection in postmenopausal women with and without hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;90:7–11. [PubMed: 9207803]
- Ferris DG, Wright TC, Litaker MS, Richart RM, Lorincz AT, Sun X, Borgatta L, Buck H, Kramer L, Rubin R Triage of women with ASCUS and LSIL on Pap smear reports: Management by repeat Pap smear, HPV DNA testing, or colposcopy? J Fam Pract. 1998;46:125–34. [PubMed: 9487318]
- Ferris DG, Wright TC, Litaker MS, Richart RM, Lorincz AT, Sun X, Woodward L Comparison of two tests for detecting carcinogenic HPV in women with Papanicolaou smear reports of ASCUS and LSIL. J Fam Pract. 1998;46:136–41. [PubMed: 9487319]
- Fetters MD, Fischer G, Reed BD Effectiveness of vaginal Papanicolaou smear screening after total hysterectomy for benign disease. JAMA. 1996;275:940–7. [PubMed: 8598623]
- Figueroa JP, Ward E, Luthi TE, Vermund SH, Brathwaite AR, Burk RD Prevalence of human papillomavirus among STD clinic attenders in Jamaica: Association of younger age and increased sexual activity. Sex Transm Dis. 1995;22:114–8. [PubMed: 7624812]
- Fischer S Inexpensive population screening for abnormal cells from the uterine cervix and valid results using the vaginal cytopipette. Gynecol Oncol. 1992;46:62–4. [PubMed: 1634142]
- Fletcher A, Metaxas N, Grubb C, Chamberlain J Four and a half year follow up of women with dyskaryotic cervical smears. BMJ. 1990;301:641–4. [PMC free article: PMC1663903] [PubMed: 2224218]
- Food and Drug Administration Points to consider for cervical cytology devices, Version 7/25/94. Washington, DC: FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Document No. 968; 1994.
- Forsmo S, Jacobsen BK, Stalsberg H Cervical neoplasia in pap smears: risk of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) after negative or no prior smears in a population without a mass screening programme. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25:53–8. [PubMed: 8666505]
- Framarino dei Malatesta ML, Carraro C, Silvestrini I, Marzetti L, Vecchione A Microcolposcopy vs colposcopy in evaluating abnormal Pap smear. Comparison with histological findings. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1993;20:236–40. [PubMed: 8281705]
- Frame PS, Frame JS Determinants of cancer screening frequency: The example of screening for cervical cancer. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1998;11:87–95. [PubMed: 9542700]
- Franke HR, Helmerhorst TJ, Kruijff H, Kwikkel HJ, Van der Putten HW Predictive value of diagnostic tests in gynecological oncology. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1988;29:227–33. [PubMed: 2851467]
- Frankel K Reimbursement and cost-effective services in cervical cytology. Am J Clin Pathol. 1997;108:–. [PubMed: 9353104]
- Frankel KA ASCUS diagnoses. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:271–2. [PubMed: 9479351]
- Frisch LE, Milner FH, Ferris DG Naked-eye inspection of the cervix after acetic acid application may improve the predictive value of negative cytologic screening. J Fam Pract. 1994;39:457–60. [PubMed: 7755697]
- Frisch LE, Parmar H, Buckley LD, Chalem SA Improving the sensitivity of cervical cytologic screening. A comparison of duplicate smears and colposcopic examination of patients with cytologic inflammatory epithelial changes. Acta Cytol. 1990;34:136–9. [PubMed: 2181801]
- Frisch LE Inflammatory atypia and the false-negative smear in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Acta Cytol. 1987;31:873–7. [PubMed: 3425147]
- Fung Kee Fung M, Senterman M, Eid P, Faught W, Mikhael NZ, Wong PT Comparison of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic screening of exfoliated cervical cells with standard Papanicolaou screening. Gynecol Oncol. 1997;66:10–5. [PubMed: 9234913]
- Garutti P, Immovilli S, Chiari U, Segala V, Mollica G Cervical screening for detection of cervical HPV. Cervix Lower Female Genital Tract. 1994;12:31–4.
- Germain M, Heaton R, Erickson D, Henry M, Nash J, O'Connor D A comparison of the three most common Papanicolaou smear collection techniques. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84:168–73. [PubMed: 8041524]
- Geyman JP Evidence-based medicine in primary care: An overview. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1998;11:46–56. [PubMed: 9456447]
- Ghoussoub RAD, Rimm DL Degree of dysplasia following diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance is influenced by patient history and type of follow-up. Diagn Cytopathol. 1997;17:14–9. [PubMed: 9218897]
- Giard RWM, Hermans, J The evaluation and interpretation of cervical cytology: Application of the likelihood ratio concept. Cytopathology. 1993;4:131–7. [PubMed: 8343590]
- Giles JA, Hudson E, Crow J, Williams D, Walker P Colposcopic assessment of the accuracy of cervical cytology screening. BMJ. 1988;296:1099–102. [PMC free article: PMC2545505] [PubMed: 3132225]
- Giles JA, Deery A, Crow J, Walker P The accuracy of repeat cytology in women with mildly dyskaryotic smears. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989;96:1067–70. [PubMed: 2804009]
- Glenthoj A, Rank F, Peen U, Bostofte E Diagnostic efficiency of brush cytology from the uterine cervix.In: Gierttler K, Fuchter G, Witte S, editors. New frontiers in cytology. Berlin: Springer; 1988. p. 421-4.
- Gohagan JK, Swift JG Scheduling Pap smears for asymptomatic women. Prev Med. 1981;10:741–53. [PubMed: 6276879]
- Golbang P, Scurry J, De Jong S, McKenzie D, Planner R, Pyman J, Davoren R Investigation of 100 consecutive negative cone biopsies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;104:100–4. [PubMed: 8988706]
- Gold MR, Siegel JE, Russell LB, Weinstein MC, editors Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996.
- Gonzalez D, Hernandez E, Anderson L, Heller P, Atkinson BF Clinical significance of a cervical cytologic diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. Favoring a reactive process or low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. J Reprod Med. 1996;41:719–23. [PubMed: 9026557]
- Goon MS, Tay BL Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): Management by a general (non-oncological) gynaecological unit. Singapore Med J. 1994;35:587–90. [PubMed: 7761881]
- Gray JA Cervical cancers diagnosed after negative results on cervical cytology. BMJ. 1990;301:–. [PMC free article: PMC1663499] [PubMed: 2390615]
- Green M, editor Bright futures: Guidelines for health supervision of infants, children and adolescents. Arlington, VA: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health; 1994.
- Grohs DH Impact of automated technology on the cervical cytologic smear. A comparison of cost. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:165–70. [PubMed: 9479335]
- Guerrini L, Sama D, Cotignoli T, Bucchi L A cytological review of smears preceding cervical cancer diagnosis. Cervix Lower Female Genital Tract. 1993;11:59–62.
- Gullotta G, Margariti PA, Rabitti C, Balsamo G, Valle D, Capelli A, Mancuso S Cytology, histology, and colposcopy in the diagnosis of neoplastic non-invasive epithelial lesions of the cervix. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1997;18:36–8. [PubMed: 9061320]
- Gundersen JH, Schauberger CW, Rowe NR The Papanicolaou smear and the cervigram. A preliminary report. J Reprod Med. 1988;33:46–8. [PubMed: 3351806]
- Gupta PK Cytopathology today: Challenges and opportunities. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:1–5. [PubMed: 9022718]
- Gupta S, Rao MC, Gupta IM, Gupta YN, Khanna S, Sanyal SK, Prakash A Cervix correlated cyto-histological study. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1979;22:93–6. [PubMed: 489088]
- Gustafsson L, Adami H-O Optimization of cervical cancer screening. Cancer Causes Control. 1992;3:125–36. [PubMed: 1562702]
- Gustafsson L, Ponten J, Bergstrom R, Adami HO International incidence rates of invasive cervical cancer before cytological screening. Int J Cancer. 1997;71:159–65. [PubMed: 9139836]
- Gustafsson L, Ponten J, Zack M, Adami HO International incidence rates of invasive cervical cancer after introduction of cytological screening. Cancer Causes Control. 1997;8:755–63. [PubMed: 9328198]
- Haddad NG, Hussein I, Livingstone JR, Smart GE Colposcopy in teenagers. BMJ. 1988;297:–. [PMC free article: PMC1834838] [PubMed: 3143457]
- Halford JA, Wright RG, Ditchmen EJ Quality assurance in cervical cytology screening. Comparison of rapid rescreening and the PAPNET Testing System. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:79–81. [PubMed: 9022730]
- Hall JB, McGee JA Jr, Marroum MC, Dee L Evaluation of the cerviscope as a screening instrument. Gynecol Oncol. 1985;20:17–22. [PubMed: 3965376]
- Hall TL, Castleman KR, Rosenthal DL Canonical analysis of cells in normal and abnormal cervical smears. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 1988;10:161–5. [PubMed: 3408540]
- Hamou J, Salat-Baroux J, Coupez F, De Brux J Microhysteroscopy: a new approach to the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol. 1984;63:567–74. [PubMed: 6700904]
- Handley J, Lawther H, Horner T, Maw R, Dinsmore W Ten year follow-up study of women presenting to a genitourinary medicine clinic with anogenital warts. Int J STD AIDS. 1992;3:28–32. [PubMed: 1543764]
- Hasselblad V, Hedges L Meta-analysis of screening and diagnostic tests. Psychometric Bull. 1995;117(1):167–78. [PubMed: 7870860]
- Heatley MK, Bury JP The correlation between the grade of dyskaryosis on cervical smear, grade of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) on punch biopsy and the final histological diagnosis on cone biopsies of the cervix. Cytopathology. 1998;9:93–9. [PubMed: 9577735]
- Hees K, Lebeau PB Comparison of conventional and ThinPrep preparations of mucoid cytology samples. Diagn Cytopathol. 1995;12:81–5. [PubMed: 7774503]
- Hellberg D, Axelsson O, Gad A, Nilsson S Conservative management of the abnormal smear during pregnancy. A long-term follow-up. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1987;66:195–9. [PubMed: 3661125]
- Hellberg D, Nilsson S, Valentin J Positive cervical smear with subsequent normal colposcopy and histology -- frequency of CIN in a long-term follow-up. Gynecol Oncol. 1994;53:148–51. [PubMed: 8188072]
- Helmerhorst TJ, Dijkhuizen GH, Calame JJ, Kwikkel HJ, Stolk JG The accuracy of colposcopically directed biopsy in diagnosis of CIN. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1987;24:221–9. [PubMed: 3493927]
- Herbert A Cost effectiveness of 3 and 5 yearly cervical screening. Cytopathology. 1996;7:372–3. [PubMed: 8911762]
- Herbert A Management of cervical dyskaryosis. Cytological surveillance will still be necessary. BMJ. 1994;309:–. [PMC free article: PMC2540739] [PubMed: 7702650]
- Herrero R Epidemiology of cervical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1996;21:1–6. [PubMed: 9023822]
- Herrington CS, Evans MF, Hallam NF, Charnock FM, Gray W, McGee O'D J Human papillomavirus status in the prediction of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in patients with persistent low-grade cervical cytological abnormalities. Br J Cancer. 1995;71:206–9. [PMC free article: PMC2033453] [PubMed: 7819041]
- Higgins RV, Hall JB, McGee JA, Laurent S, Alvarez RD, Partridge EE Appraisal of the modalities used to evaluate an initial abnormal Papanicolaou smear. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84:174–8. [PubMed: 8041525]
- Hildesheim A, Gravitt P, Schiffman MH, Kurman RJ, Barnes W, Jones S, Tchabo JG, Brinton LA, Copeland C, Epp J, et al Determinants of genital human papillomavirus infection in low-income women in Washington, DC. Sex Transm Dis. 1993;20:279–85. [PubMed: 8235926]
- Hildesheim A, Schiffman MH, Gravitt PE, Glass AG, Greer CE, Zhang T, Scott DR, Rush BB, Lawler P, Sherman ME, et al Persistence of type-specific human papillomavirus infection among cytologically normal women. J Infect Dis. 1994;169:235–40. [PubMed: 8106758]
- Hilgarth M, Menton M The colposcopic screening. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1996;65:65–9. [PubMed: 8706960]
- Hirschowitz L, Raffle AE, Mackenzie EF, Hughes AO Long term follow up of women with borderline cervical smear test results: Effects of age and viral infection on progression to high grade dyskaryosis. BMJ. 1992;304:1209–12. [PMC free article: PMC1881787] [PubMed: 1325232]
- Ho GYF, Bierman R, Beardsley L, Chang CJ, Burk RD Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:423–8. [PubMed: 9459645]
- Hockstad RL A comparison of simultaneous cervical cytology, HPV testing, and colposcopy. Fam Pract Res J. 1992;12:53–60. [PubMed: 1312758]
- Hoffman MS, Sterghos S Jr, Gordy LW, Gunasekaran S, Cavanagh D Evaluation of the cervical canal with the endocervical brush. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;82(4 Pt 1):573–7. [PubMed: 8377985]
- Hopkins MP, Morley GW Stage IB squamous cell cancer of the cervix: Clinicopathologic features related to survival. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;164(6 Pt 1):1520–7; discussion 1527-9. [PubMed: 2048598]
- Howell LP, Davis RL, Belk TI, Agdigos R, Lowe J The AutoCyte preparation system for gynecologic cytology. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:171–7. [PubMed: 9479336]
- Hughes RR Errors in the use of the Pap smear. South Med J. 1972;65:575–8. [PubMed: 5027464]
- Huntingford PJ, Bate JG, Morse A Cervical cytology and the results obtained in a central London teaching hospital. Anglo Ger Med Rev. 1972;6:7–14. [PubMed: 4655642]
- Husain OA, Butler EB, Nayagam M, Mango L, Alonzo A An analysis of the variation of human interpretation: Papnet a mini-challenge. Anal Cell Pathol. 1994;6:157–63. [PubMed: 8167098]
- Husain OA, Kocjan G, Butler EB, McGloin JE PAPNET. The human and other dimensions. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:1439–44. [PubMed: 9305381]
- Husain OA Quality control in cytological screening for cervical cancer. Tumori. 1976;62:303–14. [PubMed: 1014126]
- Hutchinson ML, Agarwal P, Denault T, Berger B, Cibas ES A new look at cervical cytology. ThinPrep multicenter trial results. Acta Cytol. 1992;36:499–504. [PubMed: 1636340]
- Hutchinson ML, Cassin CM, Ball HG 3d The efficacy of an automated preparation device for cervical cytology. Am J Clin Pathol. 1991;96:300–5. [PubMed: 1877527]
- Hutchinson ML, Isenstein LM, Goodman A, Hurley AA, Douglass KL, Mui KK, Patten FW, Zahniser DJ Homogeneous sampling accounts for the increased diagnostic accuracy using the ThinPrep Processor. Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;101:215–9. [PubMed: 8116578]
- IARC Working Group on Evaluation of Cervical Cytology Cancer Screening Programmes Screening for squamous cervical cancer: Duration of low risk after negative results of cervical cytology and its implication for screening policies. BMJ. 1986; 293:659–64. [PMC free article: PMC1341512] [PubMed: 3092971]
- Ibrahim SN, Krigman HR, Coogan AC, Wax TD, Dodd LG, Bentley RC, Robboy SJ, Johnston WW Prospective correlation of cervicovaginal cytologic and histologic specimens. Am J Clin Pathol. 1996;106:319–24. [PubMed: 8816588]
- Inhorn SL, Wilbur D, Zahniser D, Linder J Validation of the ThinPrep Pap test for cervical cancer diagnosis. J. Lower Genital Tract Dis 1998; in press. [PubMed: 25950214]
- Intersociety Working Group for Cytology Technologies Proposed guidelines for secondary screening (rescreening) instruments for gynecologic cytology. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:273–6. [PubMed: 9479352]
- Irwig L, Tosteson ANA, Gatsonis C, Lau J, Colditz G, Chalmers TC, Mosteller F Guidelines for meta-analyses evaluating diagnostic tests. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120:667–76. [PubMed: 8135452]
- Isacson C, Cohen MB Are ThinPrep smears better than Papanicolaou smears in practice? Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;102:557–8. [PubMed: 7818678]
- Jackson SR, Hollingworth TA, Anderson MC, Johnson J, Hammond RH Glandular lesions of the cervix-cytological and histological correlation. Cytopathology. 1996;7:10–6. [PubMed: 8833869]
- Jain RK A semi-Markov model for the average length of stay in transient states and its application. Computers Biomed Res. 1989;22:209–14. [PubMed: 2721170]
- Janerich DT, Hadjimichael O, Schwartz PE, Lowell DM, Meigs JW, Merino MJ, Flannery JT, Polednak AP The screening histories of women with invasive cervical cancer, Connecticut. Am J Public Health. 1995;85:791–4. [PMC free article: PMC1615485] [PubMed: 7762711]
- Jenny J, Isenegger I, Boon ME, Husain OA Consistency of a double PAPNET scan of cervical smears. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:82–7. [PubMed: 9022731]
- Johansen P, Arffmann E, Pallesen G Evaluation of smears obtained by cervical scraping and an endocervical swab in the diagnosis of neoplastic disease of the uterine cervix. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1979;58:265–70. [PubMed: 484218]
- Johnson N, Bromham DR, Welsh R Should cotton wool buds be used to take endocervical smears? A random trial. J Obstet Gynaecol. 1991;11:215–7.
- Johnson N, Sutton J, Thornton JG, Lilford RJ, Johnson VA, Peel KR Decision analysis for best management of mildly dyskaryotic smear. Lancet. 1993;342(8863):91–6. [PubMed: 8100917]
- Johnson SJ, Hair T, Gibson L, Ridley B, Wadehra V An assessment of partial rescreening as an internal quality control method for cervical smears. Cytopathology. 1995;6:376–87. [PubMed: 8770539]
- Jones BA, Novis DA Cervical biopsy-cytology correlation: A College of American Pathologists Q-Probes study of 22,439 correlations in 348 laboratories. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1996;120:523–31. [PubMed: 8651852]
- Jones BA Rescreening in gynecologic cytology. Rescreening of 8096 previous cases for current low-grade and indeterminate-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion diagnoses -- a College of American Pathologists Q-Probes study of 323 laboratories. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1996;120:519–22. [PubMed: 8651851]
- Jones DE, Creasman WT, Dombroski RA, Lentz SS, Waeltz JL Evaluation of the atypical Pap smear. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987;157:544–9. [PubMed: 3631155]
- Jones EG Comparison of cytologic and histopathologic diagnosis to detect carcinoma of the vagina and uterus in postmenopausal women. Effect of vaginal stenosis on diagnosis and treatment. Trans Pac Coast Obstet Gynecol Soc. 1970;38:44–51. [PubMed: 5522651]
- Jones MH, Jenkins D, Cuzick J, Wolfendale MR, Jones JJ, Balogun-Lynch C, Usherwood MM, Singer A Mild cervical dyskaryosis: Safety of cytological surveillance. Lancet. 1992;339:1440–3. [PubMed: 1351129]
- Jones WB, Shingleton HM, Russell A, Chmiel JS, Fremgen AM, Clive RE, Zuber-Ocwieja KE, Winchester DP Patterns of care for invasive cervical cancer: Results of a national survey of 1984 and 1990. Cancer. 1995(suppl);76:1934–47. [PubMed: 8634985]
- Jonsson M, Karlsson R, Evander M, Gustavsson A, Rylander E, Wadell G Acetowhitening of the cervix and vulva as a predictor of subclinical human papillomavirus infection: Sensitivity and specificity in a population- based study. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;90:744–7. [PubMed: 9351757]
- Jordan SW, Smith NL, Dike LS The significance of cervical cytologic dysplasia. Acta Cytol. 1981;25:237–44. [PubMed: 6942614]
- Joseph L, Gyorkos TW, Coupal L Bayesian estimation of disease prevalence and the parameters of diagnostic tests in the absence of a gold standard. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;141:263–72. [PubMed: 7840100]
- Joste NE, Crum CP, Cibas ES Cytologic/histologic correlation for quality control in cervicovaginal cytology: Experience with 1,582 paired cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1995;103:32–4. [PubMed: 7817940]
- Kainz C, Tempfer C, Gitsch G, Heinzl H, Reinthaller A, Breitenecker G Influence of age and human papillomavirus-infection on reliability of cervical cytopathology. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 1995;256:23–8. [PubMed: 7726650]
- Kaminsky FC, Benneyan JC, Mullins DL Automated rescreening in cervical cytology. Mathematical models for evaluating overall process sensitivity, specificity and cost. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:209–23. [PubMed: 9022745]
- Kaminsky FC, Burke RJ, Haberle KR, Mullins DL An economic model for comparing alternative policies for cervical cytologic smear screening. Acta Cytol. 1995;39:232–8. [PubMed: 7887070]
- Kaminsky FC, Burke RJ, Haberle KR, Mullins DL Rescreening policies in cervical cytology and their effect on detecting the truly positive patient. Acta Cytol. 1995;39:239–45. [PubMed: 7887071]
- Kaminsky FC, Burke RJ, Haberle KR, Mullins DL Statistical analysis of data in cervical cytology from the viewpoint of total quality management. Acta Cytol. 1995;39:222–31. [PubMed: 7887069]
- Kashimura M, Matsuura Y, Shinohara M, Baba S, Obara K, Fujiwara H, Sato H Comparative study of cytology and punch biopsy in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia during pregnancy. A preliminary report. Acta Cytol. 1991;35:100–4. [PubMed: 1994617]
- Kassel SH Cytologic smears and invasive carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1972;114:1108–9. [PubMed: 4635210]
- Kataja V, Syrjanen K, Mantyjarvi R, Vayrynen M, Syrjanen S, Saarikoski S, Parkkinen S, Yliskoski M, Salonen JT, Castren O Prospective follow-up of cervical HPV infections: Life table analysis of histopathological, cytological, and colposcopic data. Eur J Epidemiol. 1989;5:1–7. [PubMed: 2540024]
- Kataja V, Syrjanen K, Syrjanen S, Mantyjarvi R, Yliskoski M, Saarkoski S, Salonen JT Prospective follow-up of genital HPV infections: survival analysis of the HPV typing data. Eur J Epidemiol. 1990;6:9–14. [PubMed: 2160892]
- Katz L, Hinberg I, Weber F False-negative smears in gynaecological cytology. Lancet. 1979;1(8115):–. [PubMed: 85155]
- Kaufman RH, Adam E, Icenogle J, Reeves WC Human papillomavirus testing as triage for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions: Sensitivity, specificity, and cost-effectiveness. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;177:930–6. [PubMed: 9369847]
- Kaufman RH, Schreiber K, Carter T Analysis of atypical squamous (glandular) cells of undetermined significance smears by neural network-directed review. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;91:556–60. [PubMed: 9540940]
- Kavanagh AM, Santow G, Mitchell H Consequences of current patterns of Pap smear and colposcopy use. J Med Screen. 1996;3:29–34. [PubMed: 8861048]
- Kealy WF Correlation of cervical cytodiagnosis and histopathology -- an exercise in quality control. Ir J Med Sci. 1986;155:381–8. [PubMed: 3804671]
- Keyhani-Rofagha S, Palma T, O'Toole RV Automated screening for quality control using PAPNET: A study of 638 negative Pap smears. Diagn Cytopathol. 1996;14:316–20. [PubMed: 8725131]
- Kierkegaard O, Byrjalsen C, Frandsen KH, Hansen KC, Frydenberg M Diagnostic accuracy of cytology and colposcopy in cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1994;73:648–51. [PubMed: 7941991]
- Kinney WK, Manos MM, Hurley LB, Ransley JE Where's the high-grade neoplasia? The importance of minimally abnormal Papanicolaou diagnoses. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;91:973–6. [PubMed: 9611007]
- Kiviat N Natural history of cervical neoplasia: Overview and update. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;175:1099–104. [PubMed: 8885793]
- Kjerulff KH, Guzinski GM, Langenberg PW, Stolley PD, Moye NEA, Kazandjian VA Hysterectomy and race. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;82:757–64. [PubMed: 8414322]
- Klinken L, Koch F, Albrechtsen R Comparison of pipette and smear methods in population screenings for carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Dan Med Bull. 1972;19:138–40. [PubMed: 5041571]
- Knesel EA Jr Roche Image Analysis Systems, Inc. Acta Cytol. 1996;40:60–6. [PubMed: 8604576]
- Kok MR, Boon ME Consequences of neural network technology for cervical screening: Increase in diagnostic consistency and positive scores. Cancer. 1996;78:112–7. [PubMed: 8646706]
- Koonings PP, Dickinson K, d'Ablaing G 3d, Schlaerth JB A randomized clinical trial comparing the Cytobrush and cotton swab for Papanicolaou smears. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80:241–5. [PubMed: 1635737]
- Koopmanschap MA, van Oortmarssen GJ, van Agt HM, van Ballegooijen M, Habbema JD, Lubbe KT Cervical-cancer screening: Attendance and cost-effectiveness. Int J Cancer. 1990;45:410–5. [PubMed: 2106499]
- Korach J, Menczer J, Lusky A A comparison between referral and hospital cervical cytology laboratory reports. Isr J Med Sci. 1995;31:352–5. [PubMed: 7607854]
- Korn AP, Autry M, DeRemer PA, Tan W Sensitivity of the Papanicolaou smear in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;83:401–4. [PubMed: 8127533]
- Koss LG, Lin E, Schreiber K, Elgert P, Mango L Evaluation of the PAPNET cytologic screening system for quality control of cervical smears. Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;101:220–9. [PubMed: 8116579]
- Koss LG, Sherman ME, Cohen MB, Anes AR, Darragh TM, Lemos LB, McClellan BJ, Rosenthal DL, Keyhani-Rofagha S, Schreiber K, Valente PT Significant reduction in the rate of false-negative cervical smears with neural network-based technology (PAPNET Testing System). Hum Pathol. 1997;28:1196–203. [PubMed: 9343327]
- Koss LG Cervical (Pap) smear. New directions. Cancer. 1993;71(4 Suppl):1406–12. [PubMed: 8381706]
- Koss LG Detection of carcinoma of the uterine cervix. JAMA. 1972;222(6):699–700. [PubMed: 4677901]
- Koss LG Diagnostic accuracy in cervicovaginal cytology. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1993;117:1240–2. [PubMed: 8250695]
- Koutsky L Epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection. Am J Med. 1997;102(5A):3–8. [PubMed: 9217656]
- Koutsky LA, Holmes KK, Critchlow CW, Stevens CE, Paavonen J, Beckmann AM, DeRouen TA, Galloway DA, Vernon D, Kiviat NB A cohort study of the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 in relation to papillomavirus infection. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1272–8. [PubMed: 1328880]
- Krieger PA Strategies for reducing Papanicolaou smear screening errors: Principles derived from data and experience with quality control. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1997;121:277–81. [PubMed: 9111118]
- Kristensen GB, Skyggebjerg KD, Holund B, Holm K, Hansen MK Analysis of cervical smears obtained within three years of the diagnosis of invasive cervical cancer. Acta Cytol. 1991;35:47–50. [PubMed: 1994634]
- Kurman RJ, Henson DE, Herbst AL, Noller KN, Schiffman MH The 1992 National Cancer Institute Workshop. Interim guidelines for management of abnormal cervical cytology. JAMA. 1994;271:1866–9. [PubMed: 8196145]
- Kwikkel HJ, Quaak MJ, de With C Predictive value of the abnormal Pap smear: A retrospective analysis of error rates. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1986;21:101–12. [PubMed: 3956830]
- Lai-Goldman M, Nieberg RK, Mulcahy D, Wiesmeier E The cytobrush for evaluating routine cervicovaginal-endocervical smears. J Reprod Med. 1990;35:959–63. [PubMed: 2246763]
- Lambourne A, Lederer H Effects of observer variation in population screening for cervical carcinoma. J Clin Pathol. 1973;26:564–9. [PMC free article: PMC477827] [PubMed: 4733861]
- Landis SH, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo PA Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 1998;48:6–29. [PubMed: 9449931]
- Landoni F, Maneo A, Columbo A, Placa F, Milani R, Perego P, Favini P, Fern L, Mangioni C Randomised study of radical surgery versus radiotherapy for stage Ib-IIa cervical cancer. Lancet. 1997;350:532–40. [PubMed: 9284774]
- Laverty CR, Farnsworth A, Thurloe JK, Grieves A, Bowditch R Evaluation of the CytoRich slide preparation process. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 1997;19:239–45. [PubMed: 9196807]
- Laverty CR, Thurloe JK, Redman NL, Farnsworth A An Australian trial of ThinPrep: A new cytopreparatory technique. Cytopathology. 1995;6:140–8. [PubMed: 7669924]
- Lawrence CE, Mundigo AI, ReVelle CS A mathematical model for resource allocation in population programs. Demography. 1972;9:465–83. [PubMed: 4670336]
- Lazcano-Ponce EC, Alonso de Ruiz P, Lopez-Carrillo L, Najera-Aguilar P, Avila-Ceniceros R, Escandon-Romero C, Cisneros MT, Hernandez-Avila M Validity and reproducibility of cytologic diagnosis in a sample of cervical cancer screening centers in Mexico. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:277–84. [PubMed: 9100754]
- Lazcano-Ponce EC, Alonso de Ruiz P, Martinez-Arias C, Murguia-Riechers L Reproducibility study of cervical cytopathology in Mexico: A need for regulation and professional accreditation. Diagn Cytopathol. 1997;17:20–4. [PubMed: 9218898]
- Lederer H, Lambourne A The results of screening by cervical cytology and of histological examination of gynaecological operation specimens. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1973;80:67–71. [PubMed: 4696563]
- Lee JS, Wilhelm P, Kuan L, Ellison DG, Lei X, Oh S, Patten SF Jr AutoPap system performance in screening for low prevalence and small cell abnormalities. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:56–64. [PubMed: 9022727]
- Lee JSJ, Kuan L, Oh S, Patten FW, Wilbur DC A feasibility study of the AutoPap System location-guided screening. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:221–6. [PubMed: 9479344]
- Lee KR, Ashfaq R, Birdsong GG, Corkill ME, McIntosh KM, Inhorn SL Comparison of conventional Papanicolaou smears and a fluid-based, thin-layer system for cervical cancer screening. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;90:278–84. [PubMed: 9241308]
- Lee KR, Manna EA, St John T Atypical endocervical glandular cells: Accuracy of cytologic diagnosis. Diagn Cytopathol. 1995;13:202–8. [PubMed: 8575278]
- Lee KR, Minter LJ, Crum CP Koilocytotic atypia in Papanicolaou smears. Reproducibility and biopsy correlations. Cancer. 1997;81:10–5. [PubMed: 9100535]
- Lee KR, Minter LJ, Granter SR Papanicolaou smear sensitivity for adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix. A study of 34 cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1997;107(1):30–5. [PubMed: 8980364]
- Lee SNN, Collins RJ, Pun TC, Cheng DKL, Ngan HYS Conservative treatment of low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) of the cervix. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 1998; 60:35–40. [PubMed: 9506412]
- Lepine LA, Hillis SD, Marchbanks PA, Koonin LM, Morrow B, Kieke BA, Wilcox LS Hysterectomy surveillance -- United States, 1980-1993. MMWR. 1997;46 (No. SS-4):1–14. [PubMed: 9259214]
- Levine AJ, Harper J, Hilborne L, Rosenthal DL, Weismeier E, Haile RW HPV DNA and the risk of squamous intraepithelial lesions of the uterine cervix in young women. Am J Clin Pathol. 1993;100:6–11. [PubMed: 8394050]
- Liggins G, MacMahon B, Olanoff LS, Remington RD, Seddon RJ, Shearman RP, Wied GL, Tillott M, Fitzgerald N, Drake M, Hawkins CM, Lee JG, Tong DM, Penhallegon RA, Goostrey SA, Bandstra B, Paton D, Varley A, Borden EK, et al An attempt to estimate the incidence of cervical dysplasia in a group of New Zealand women using contraception. The New Zealand Contraception and Health Study Group. Epidemiology. 1995;6:121–6. [PubMed: 7742396]
- Lindberg LG, Ahlgren M, Nordqvist SR Cytologic screening and rescreening in detection and prevention of preclinical cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 1977;5:121–33. [PubMed: 881124]
- Linder J, Zahniser D ThinPrep Papanicolaou testing to reduce false-negative cervical cytology. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1998;122:139–44. [PubMed: 9499356]
- Linder J Automation of the Papanicolaou smear: A technology assessment perspective. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1997;121:282–6. [PubMed: 9111119]
- Londo R, Bjelland T, Girod C, Glasser M Prenatal and postpartum Pap smears: Do we need both? Fam Pract Res J. 1994;14:359–67. [PubMed: 7863808]
- Lonky NM, Mann WJ, Massad LS, Mutch DG, Blanco JS, Vasilev SA, Finan MA, Scotti RJ Ability of visual tests to predict underlying cervical neoplasia. Colposcopy and speculoscopy. J Reprod Med. 1995;40:530–6. [PubMed: 7473444]
- Love RR Cancer prevention. Current therapy in hematology-oncology 1985-1986. Brian MC, Carbone PP, editors. Cancer Therapy Series. Philadelphia: B.C. Decker Inc.; 1985. p. 71.
- Lozowski MS, Mishriki Y, Talebian F, Solitare G The combined use of cytology and colposcopy in enhancing diagnostic accuracy in preclinical lesions of the uterine cervix. Acta Cytol. 1982;26:285–91. [PubMed: 6954809]
- Luce BR The implications of cost-effectiveness analysis of medical technology. Background paper No. 2: Case studies of medical technologies. Case study No. 7: Allocating costs and benefits in disease prevention programs: An application to cervical cancer screening. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment; 1981 Jun. 43 p.
- Luthy DA, Briggs RM, Buyco A, Eschenbach A Cervical cytology. Increased sensitivity with a second cervical smear. Obstet Gynecol. 1978;51:713–7. [PubMed: 662251]
- Lynge E, Arffmann E, Poll P, Anderson PK Smear misclassification in a cervical cancer screening programme. Br J Cancer. 1993;68:368–73. [PMC free article: PMC1968579] [PubMed: 8347493]
- Lynge E, Poll P Incidence of cervical cancer following negative smear. A cohort study from Maribo County, Denmark. Am J Epidemiol. 1986;124:345–52. [PubMed: 3740035]
- Lynge E Screening for cancer of the cervix uteri. World J Surg. 1989;13:71–8. [PubMed: 2658357]
- MacCormac L, Lew W, King G, Allen PW Gynaecological cytology screening in South Australia: A 23-year experience. Med J Aust. 1988;149:530–6. [PubMed: 3185322]
- Maggi R, Zannoni E, Giorda G, Biraghi P, Sideri M Comparison of repeat smear, colposcopy, and colposcopically directed biopsy in the evaluation of the mildly abnormal smear. Gynecol Oncol. 1989;35:294–6. [PubMed: 2599462]
- Mahlck CG, Jonsson H, Lenner P Pap smear screening and changes in cervical cancer mortality in Sweden. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1994;44:267–72. [PubMed: 7909766]
- Makuc DM, Freid VM, Parsons PE Health insurance and cancer screening among women. Adv Data. 1994;254:1–12. [PubMed: 10138738]
- Mandelblatt JS, Fahs MC The cost-effectiveness of cervical cancer screening for low-income elderly women. JAMA. 1988;259:2409–13. [PubMed: 3127608]
- Mandelblatt J, Traxler M, Lakin P, Kanetsky P, Thomas L, Chauhan P, Matseoane S, Ramsey E Breast and cervical cancer screening of poor, elderly, black women: clinical results and implications. Harlem Study Team. Am J Prev Med. 1993;9:133–8. [PubMed: 8347363]
- Mandelblatt J, Freeman H, Winczewski D, Cagney K, Williams S, Trowers R, Tang J, Gold K, Lin TH, Kerner J The costs and effects of cervical and breast cancer screening in a public hospital emergency room. The Cancer Control Center of Harlem. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:1182–9. [PMC free article: PMC1380894] [PubMed: 9240110]
- Mango LJ Computer-assisted cervical cancer screening using neural networks. Cancer Lett. 1994;77(2-3):155–62. [PubMed: 8168062]
- Mango LJ Neural network rescreening for the detection of abnormal cervical cells. Am Clin Lab. 1996;15:12–3. [PubMed: 10164048]
- Mango LJ Neuromedical Systems, Inc. Acta Cytol. 1996;40(1):53–9. [PubMed: 8604575]
- Mango LJ Reducing false negatives in clinical practice: The role of neural network technology. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;175(4 Pt 2):1114–9. [PubMed: 8885796]
- Mango LJ The FDA review process: Obtaining premarket approval for the PAPNET Testing System. Acta Cytol. 1996;40:138–40. [PubMed: 8604567]
- Mango LJ, Radensky PW Interactive neural network-assisted screening. A clinical assessment. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:233–45. [PubMed: 9479346]
- Mango LJ, Valente PT Neural network-assisted analysis and microscopic rescreening in presumed negative cervical cytologic smears. A comparison. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:227–32. [PubMed: 9479345]
- Mann W, Lonky N, Massad S, Scotti R, Blanco J, Vasilev S Papanicolaou smear screening augmented by a magnified chemiluminescent exam. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1993;43:289–96. [PubMed: 7907040]
- Martin L, Calle E, Wingo P, Heath C Comparison of mammography and Pap test use from the 1987 and 1992 National Health Interview Surveys: Are we closing the gaps? Am J Prev Med. 1996;12:82–90. [PubMed: 8777072]
- Massad LS, Lonky NM, Mutch DG, Mann WJ, Blanco JS, Vasilev SA, Finan MA, Scotti RJ Use of speculoscopy in the evaluation of women with atypical Papanicolaou smears. Improved cost effectiveness by selective colposcopy. J Reprod Med. 1993;38:163–9. [PubMed: 8387595]
- Matsunaga G, Tsuji I, Sato S, Fukao A, Hisamichi S, Yajima A Cost-effectiveness analysis of mass screening for cervical cancer in Japan. J Epidemiol. 1997;7:135–141. [PubMed: 9337511]
- May D Error rates in cervical cytological screening tests. Br J Cancer. 1974;29:106–13. [PMC free article: PMC2009002] [PubMed: 4830137]
- Mayeaux EJ Jr, Harper MB, Abreo F, Pope JB, Phillips GS A comparison of the reliability of repeat cervical smears and colposcopy in patients with abnormal cervical cytology. J Fam Pract. 1995;40:57–62. [PubMed: 7807039]
- Maziah AM, Sharifah NA, Yahya A Comparative study of cytologic and colposcopic findings in preclinical cervical cancer. Malays J Pathol. 1991;13:105–8. [PubMed: 1823091]
- McGoogan E, Reith A Would monolayers provide more representative samples and improved preparations for cervical screening? Overview and evaluation of systems available. Acta Cytol. 1996;40:107–19. [PubMed: 8604562]
- McIntosh DG Pap smear screening after hysterectomy. Comp Ther. 1998;24:14–8. [PubMed: 9452896]
- McKinnon KJ, Ford RM, Hunter JC High prevalence of human papillomavirus and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in a young Australian STD population. Int J STD AIDS. 1991;2:276–9. [PubMed: 1655057]
- McMeekin DS, McGonigle KF, Vasilev SA Cervical cancer prevention: Towards cost-effective screening. Medscape Women's Health. 1997;2(12) [PubMed: 9746710]
- Melamed MR, Hutchinson ML, Kaufman EA, Schechter CB, Garner D, Kobler TP, Krieger PA, Reith A, Schenck U Evaluation of costs and benefits of advances in cytologic technology. International Academy of Cytology Task Force summary. Diagnostic Cytology Towards the 21st Centery: An Internation Expert Conference and Tutorial. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:69–75. [PubMed: 9479325]
- Melnikow J, Nuovo J, Paliescheskey M Management choices for patients with squamous atypia on Papanicolaou smear. A toss up? Med Care. 1996;34:336–47. [PubMed: 8606558]
- Melnikow J, Nuovo J, Paliescheskey M, Stewart GK, Howell L, Green W Detection of high-grade cervical dysplasia: Impact of age and Bethesda System terminology. Diagn Cytopathol. 1997;17:321–5. [PubMed: 9360043]
- Merrill R, Feuer E Risk-adjusted cancer-incidence rates (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1996;7:544–52. [PubMed: 8877053]
- Merriman H, Martingale P, Charnock FM, Gray W The role of cervical cytology in the detection of adenocarcinoma and glandular intra-epithelial neoplasia of the cervix -- A retrospective study. J Obstet Gynaecol. 1995;15:263–5.
- Metcalf KS, Sutton J, Moloney MD, Brown LA, Peel KR, Baines A Which cervical sampler? A comparison of four methods. Cytopathology. 1994;5:219–25. [PubMed: 7948758]
- Michelow PM, Hlongwane NF, Leiman G Simulation of primary cervical cancer screening by the PAPNET system in an unscreened, high-risk community. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:88–92. [PubMed: 9022732]
- Miller BA, Kolonel LN, Bernstein L, Young JL, Swanson GM, West D, Key CR, Liff JM, Glover CS, Alexander GA, et al Racial/ethnic patterns of cancer in the United States 1988-1992. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health; 1998.
- Miller DK, Homan SM Determining transition probabilities: Confusion and suggestions. Med Decis Making. 1994;14:52–8. [PubMed: 8152357]
- Miller WC Bias in discrepant analysis: when two wrongs don't make a right. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51:219–31. [PubMed: 9495687]
- Mitchell H, Drake M, Medley G Screening costs associated with saving a life from cancer of the cervix. Med J Aust. 1987;146:52–3. [PubMed: 3796396]
- Mitchell H, Higgins V Recent negative cytology prior to histologically confirmed carcinoma in situ of the cervix. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1994;34:178–81. [PubMed: 7980308]
- Mitchell H, Medley G, Giles G Cervical cancers diagnosed after negative results on cervical cytology: Perspective in the 1980s. BMJ. 1990;300:1622–6. [PMC free article: PMC1663265] [PubMed: 2372641]
- Mitchell H, Medley G Detection of laboratory false negative smears by the PAPNET cytologic screening system. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:265–70. [PubMed: 9479350]
- Mitchell H, Medley G Detection of unsuspected abnormalities by PAPNET-assisted review. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:260–4. [PubMed: 9479349]
- Mitchell H, Medley G Differences between Papanicolaou smears with correct and incorrect diagnoses. Cytopathology. 1995;6:368–75. [PubMed: 8770538]
- Mitchell HS, Giles GG Cancer diagnosis after a report of negative cervical cytology. Med J Aust. 1996;164:270–3. [PubMed: 8628160]
- Mitchell M, Tortolero-Luna G, Wright T, Sarkar A, Richards-Kortum R, Hong WK, Schottenfeld D Cervical human papillomavirus infection and intraepithelial neoplasia: A review. J Natl Cancer Inst Mongr. 1996;21:17–25. [PubMed: 9023824]
- Mitchell MF, Schottenfeld D, Tortolero-Luna G, Cantor SB, Richards-Kortun R Colposcopy for the diagnosis of squamous intraepithelial lesions: A meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;91:626–31. [PubMed: 9540955]
- Mogensen ST, Bak M, Dueholm M, Frost L, Knoblauch NO, Praest J, Svanholm H Cytobrush and endocervical curettage in the diagnosis of dysplasia and malignancy of the uterine cervix. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1997;76:69–73. [PubMed: 9033248]
- Morell ND, Taylor JR, Snyder RN, Ziel HK, Saltz A, Willie S False-negative cytology rates in patients in whom invasive cervical cancer subsequently developed. Obstet Gynecol. 1982;60:41–5. [PubMed: 7088449]
- Morgan PR, Murdoch JB, Lopes A, Monaghan JM Histological differences in paired biopsies obtained by colposcopic directed punch biopsy and large loop excision of the transformation zone. J Obstet Gynaecol. 1993;13:374–7.
- Morrison BW, Erickson ER, Doshi N, Russo JF The significance of atypical cervical smears. J Reprod Med. 1988;33:809–12. [PubMed: 3193410]
- Morrison EA, Goldberg GL, Hagan RJ, Kadish AS, Burk RD Self-administered home cervicovaginal lavage: A novel tool for the clinical-epidemiologic investigation of genital human papillomavirus infections. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;167:104–7. [PubMed: 1332474]
- Morrow CP, Cozen W Perspective on cervical cancer: Why prevent? J Cell Biochem Suppl. 1995;23:61–70. [PubMed: 8747379]
- Moscicki AB, Palefsky JM, Gonzales J, Schoolnik GK The association between human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid status and the results of cytologic rescreening tests in young, sexually active women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;165:67–71. [PubMed: 1649551]
- Moscicki AB, Shiboski S, Broering J, Powell K, Clayton L, Jay N, Darragh TM, Brescia R, Kanowitz S, Miller SB, et al The natural history of human papillomavirus infection as measured by repeated DNA testing in adolescent and young women. J Pediatr. 1998;132:277–84. [PubMed: 9506641]
- Moses LE, Littenberg B, Shapiro D Combining independent studies of a diagnostic test into a summary ROC curve: Data-analytic approaches and some additional considerations. Stat Med. 1993;12:1293–316. [PubMed: 8210827]
- Muller C, Mandelblatt J, Schechter CB, Power EJ, Duffy BM, Wagner JL Costs and effectiveness of cervical cancer screening in elderly women -- Background paper. Washington, DC: U. S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment; 1990 Feb.
- Munoz N, Kato I, Bosch FX, Eluf-Neto J, SanJose SD, Ascunce N, Gili M, Izarzugaza I, Viladiu P, Tormo M-J, et al Risk factors for HPV DNA detection in middle-aged women. Sex Transm Dis. 1996:504–10. [PubMed: 8946637]
- Murata PJ, Johnson RA, McNicoll KE Controlled evaluation of implementing the Cytobrush technique to improve Papanicolaou smear quality. Obstet Gynecol. 1990;75:690–5. [PubMed: 2314788]
- Myers ER, Thompson JW, Simpson K Cost-effectiveness of mandatory compared with voluntary screening for human immunodeficiency virus in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;91:174–81. [PubMed: 9469271]
- Nagy GK, Collins DN, Wilson TA Sample size calculations for rescreening cytologic smears. Acta Cytol. 1996;40:501–5. [PubMed: 8669186]
- Naryshkin S The false-negative fraction for Papanicolaou smears: How often are "abnormal" smears not detected by a "standard" screening cytologist? Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1997;121:270–2. [PubMed: 9111116]
- Naslund I, Auer G, Pettersson F, Sjovall K Evaluation of the pulse wash sampling technique for screening of uterine cervical carcinoma. Acta Radiol Oncol. 1986;25:131–6. [PubMed: 3012957]
- National Cancer Institute Workshop The Bethesda System for reporting cervical/vaginal cytologic diagnoses: Revised after the second National Cancer Institute Workshop, April 29-30, 1991. Acta Cytol. 1993;37:115–24. [PubMed: 8465628]
- National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchswwn/daa/gm291_1.pdf.
- National Institutes of Health Cervical cancer screening: The Pap smear. NIH Consensus Statement Online. 1980 Jul 23-25 [http://text.nlm.nih.gov cited August 14,1997];3(4):1–11.
- National Institutes of Health Cervical Cancer. NIH Consensus Statement. Bethesda, MD. NIH. 1996 Apr 1-3;14(1):1–38.
- Naujoks H, Strohmeier R, Bicker T, van Driel-Kulker AM, Knepfle CF, Ploem JS Interobserver variability in the cytological diagnosis of 1500 Papanicolaou stained cervical monolayer specimens. Pathol Res Pract. 1990;186:150–3. [PubMed: 1690414]
- Naujoks H Cervical dysplasia: Cytology class III D and CIN I-II. Pathol Res Pract. 1985;179:401–4. [PubMed: 2984645]
- Nenning H, Horn LC, Kuhndel K, Bilek K False positive cervical smears: A cytometric and histological study. Anal Cell Pathol. 1995;9:61–8. [PubMed: 7577756]
- Neuhauser D Economic Aspects of Screening.Screening for cancer. Miller AB, editor. New York: Academic Press; 1985. p. 49-57.
- Neuser D Evaluation and costing of mass screening programmes for cervical cancer. Tumori. 1976;62:351–3. [PubMed: 1014134]
- Newell GR Screening: Potential for cancer prevention. Biomed Pharmacother. 1988;42:435–7. [PubMed: 3224155]
- Nielsen NH, Jensen H Cervical cancers in Greenlandic women diagnosed after negative results on cervical cytology: Perspectives in a high-risk population. APMIS. 1993;101:492–6. [PubMed: 8363826]
- Noller KL Incident and demographic trends in cervical neoplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;175(4 Pt 2):1088–90. [PubMed: 8885791]
- Nuovo GJ, Moritz J, Walsh LL, MacConnell P, Koulos J Predictive value of human papillomavirus DNA detection by filter hybridization and polymerase chain reaction in women with negative results of colposcopic examination. Am J Clin Pathol. 1992;98:489–92. [PubMed: 1336640]
- Nyirjesy I Atypical or suspicious cervical smears. An aggressive diagnostic approach. JAMA. 1972;222:691–3. [PubMed: 4677898]
- O'Brien BJ, Heyland D, Richardson WS, Levine M, Drummond MF Users' guides to the medical literature. XIII. How to use an article on economic analysis of clinical practice. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? Forsedneingroup. (Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group). JAMA. 1997;277:1802–6. [PubMed: 9178794]
- Okagaki T, Zelterman D Information, discrimination and divergence in cytology. II. Total discrimination as a measure of performance. Acta Cytol. 1991;35:25–9. [PubMed: 1994629]
- Okagaki T, Fujimura M, Zelterman D Information, discrimination and divergence in cytology. III. Optimization of classification of Papanicolaou smears. Acta Cytol. 1991;35:30–4. [PubMed: 1994631]
- Okagaki T, Fujimura M, Brooker DC, McIntosh L, Zelterman D Information, discrimination and divergence in cytology. IV. Quality control in diagnostic cytology. Acta Cytol. 1991;35:35–9. [PubMed: 1994632]
- Olamijulo J, Duncan ID Is cervical cytology screening of teenagers worthwhile? Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1995;102:515–6. [PubMed: 7647050]
- O'Leary TJ, Tellado M, Buckner SB, Ali IS, Stevens A, Ollayos CW PAPNET-assisted rescreening of cervical smears. Cost and accuracy compared with a 100% manual rescreening strategy. JAMA. 1998;279:235–7. [PubMed: 9438746]
- O'Sullivan JP Observer variation in gynaecological cytopathology. Cytopathology. 1998;9:6–14. [PubMed: 9523123]
- O'Sullivan JP, Ismail SM, Barnes WS, Deery AR, Gradwell E, Harvey JA, Husain OA, Kocjan G, McKee G, Olafsdottir R, et al Interobserver variation in the diagnosis and grading of dyskaryosis in cervical smears: Specialist cytopathologists compared with non-specialists. J Clin Pathol. 1994;47:515–8. [PMC free article: PMC494736] [PubMed: 8063933]
- O'Sullivan JP, Ismail SM, Barnes WS, Deery AR, Gradwell E, Harvey JA, Husain OA, Kocjan G, McKee G, Olafsdottir R, Ratcliffe NA, Newcombe RG Inter- and intra-observer variation in the reporting of cervical smears: Specialist cytopathologists versus histopathologists. Cytopathology. 1996;7:78–89. [PubMed: 9074657]
- Ouwerkerk-Noordam E, Boon ME, Beck S Computer-assisted primary screening of cervical smears using the PAPNET method: Comparison with conventional screening and evaluation of the role of the cytologist. Cytopathology. 1994;5:211–8. [PubMed: 7948757]
- Oyer R, Hanjani P Endocervical curettage: Does it contribute to the management of patients with abnormal cervical cytology? Gynecol Oncol. 1986;25:204–11. [PubMed: 3758830]
- Pacey F, Ayer B, Greenberg M The cytologic diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri and related lesions. III. Pitfalls in diagnosis. Acta Cytol. 1988;32:325–30. [PubMed: 3376699]
- Pairwuti S False-negative Papanicolaou smears from women with cancerous and precancerous lesions of the uterine cervix. Acta Cytol. 1991;35:40–6. [PubMed: 1994633]
- Palli D, Confortini M, Biggeri A, Russo A, Cariaggi P, Carozzi F, Minuti PA A quality control system involving peer review of abnormal cervical smears. Cytopathology. 1993;4:17–25. [PubMed: 8453014]
- Pang JC, Hsu C, Kwan-Chau KM Cytology and colposcopy in the diagnosis of cervical neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol. 1977;5:134–41. [PubMed: 881125]
- Papillo JL, Zarka MA, St. John TL Evaluation of the ThinPrep pap test in clinical practice. A seven-month, 16,314-case experience in northern Vermont. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:203–8. [PubMed: 9479341]
- Parham DM, Wiredu EK, Hussein KA The cytological prediction of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in colposcopically directed biopsies. Cytopathology. 1991;2:285–90. [PubMed: 1801949]
- Parker A, Ueki M A comparison of preoperative exfoliative cervical cytology with subsequent histology. N Z Med J. 1986;99:414–6. [PubMed: 3461355]
- Parkin DM The epidemiological basis for evaluating screening policies. New developments in cervical cancer screening and prevention. Franco E, Monsonego J, editors. Oxford, England: Blackwell Science; 1997.
- Paskett ED, Rimer BK Psychosocial effects of abnormal Pap tests and mammograms: A review. J Women's Health. 1995;4:73–81.
- Paskett ED, Carter WB, Chu J, White E Compliance behavior in women with abnormal Pap smears. Developing and testing a decision model. Med Care. 1990;28:643–56. [PubMed: 2366603]
- Paterson ME, Peel KR, Joslin CA Cervical smear histories of 500 women with invasive cervical cancer in Yorkshire. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1984;289:896–8. [PMC free article: PMC1443405] [PubMed: 6434133]
- Patten SF Jr, Lee JS, Nelson AC NeoPath, Inc. NeoPath AutoPap 300 Automatic Pap Screener System. Acta Cytol. 1996;40(1):45–52. [PubMed: 8604574]
- Patten SF Jr, Lee JSJ, Wilbur DC, Bonfiglio TA, Colgan TJ, Richart RM, Cramer H, Moinuddin S The AutoPap 300 QC System multicenter clinical trials for use in quality control rescreening of cervical smears. I. A prospetive intended use study. Cancer. 1997a;81:337–42. [PubMed: 9438458]
- Patten SF Jr, Lee JSJ, Wilbur DC, Bonfiglio TA, Colgan TJ, Richart RM, Cramer H, Moinuddin S The AutoPap 300 QC System multicenter clinical trials for use in quality control rescreening of cervical smears. II. Prospective and archival sensitivity studies. 1997b;81:343–7. [PubMed: 9438459]
- Patten SF Jr The FDA process from the perspective of a cytopathologist in industry. Acta Cytol. 1996;40:141–2. [PubMed: 8604569]
- Pearlstone AC, Grigsby PW, Mutch DG High rates of atypical cervical cytology: Occurrence and clinical significance. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80:191–5. [PubMed: 1635730]
- Pecorari D, Brizio PD Letter: Diagnostic accuracy of vaginal smears. Lancet. 1974;2:1457–8. [PubMed: 4140377]
- Peters RK, Thomas D, Skultin G, Henderson BE Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix after recent negative cytologic test results -- a distinct subgroup? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;158:926–35. [PubMed: 3364503]
- Phelps E, Hutson A Estimating diagnostic test accuracy using a fuzzy gold standard. Med Decis Making. 1995;15:44–57. [PubMed: 7898298]
- Pisharodi LR, Jovanoska S Spectrum of cytologic changes in pregnancy: A review of 100 abnormal cervicovaginal smears, with emphasis on diagnostic pitfalls. Acta Cytol. 1995;39:905–8. [PubMed: 7571968]
- Powell WS, McKenzie HJ Abnormal Papanicolaou smears: Comparison of cytology, colposcopy and cervical swab DNA hybridization. J Reprod Med. 1992;37:525–8. [PubMed: 1320120]
- Power EJ From the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment. JAMA. 1990;263:–. [PubMed: 2342204]
- Power EJ Pap smears, elderly women, and Medicare. Cancer Invest. 1993;11(2):164–8. [PubMed: 8462016]
- Prabhakar AK Cervical cancer in India -- strategy for control. Indian J Cancer. 1992;29:104–13. [PubMed: 1292993]
- Pretorius R, Semrad N, Watring W, Fotheringham N Presentation of cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 1991;2:48–53. [PubMed: 1916510]
- Pretorius RG, Sadeghi M, Fotheringham N, Semrad N, Watring WG A randomised trial of three methods of obtaining Papaicolaou smears. Obstet Gynecol. 1991;78:831–6. [PubMed: 1923208]
- Prorok PC Mathematical models and natural history in cervical cancer screening. Screening for cancer of the uterine cervix. Hakama M, Miller AB, Day NE, editors. Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer 1986; 76: 185-98. [PubMed: 3570404]
- Prussia PR, Bruce AD, Walters SY, Attapattu JAF A critical review of cervical smears classified as Papanicolaou class II between 1986 and 1989 in Barbados. J Obstet Gynaecol. 1993;13:201–2.
- Quantin C, Dusserre L, Montaud AM, Mottot C, Feldman JP A model for quality assessment in cervical cytology used as a screening test. Qual Assur Health Care. 1992;4:105–13. [PubMed: 1511144]
- Raab SS The cost-effectiveness of cervical-vaginal rescreening. Am J Clin Pathol. 1997;108:525–36. [PubMed: 9353091]
- Raab SS, Snider TE, Potts SA, McDaniel HL, Robinson RA, Nelson DL, Sigman JD, Thomas PA Atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance. Diagnostic accuracy and interobserver variability using select cytologic criteria. Am J Clin Pathol. 1997;107:299–307. [PubMed: 9052380]
- Radensky PW, Mango LJ Interactive neural network-assisted screening. An economic assessment. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:246–52. [PubMed: 9479347]
- Raffle AE Cost Effectiveness of 3 and 5 yearly cervical screening. Cytopathology. 1997;8:63–4. [PubMed: 9068958]
- Raffle AE The economics of screening. Cytopathology. 1996;7:227–30. [PubMed: 8853968]
- Ramirez EJ, Hernandez E, Miyazawa K Cervical conization findings in women with dysplastic cervical cytology and normal colposcopy. J Reprod Med. 1990;35:359–61. [PubMed: 2352226]
- Ransdell JS, Davey DD, Zaleski S Clinicopathologic correlation of the unsatisfactory Papanicolaou smear. Cancer. 1997;81(3):139–43. [PubMed: 9196011]
- Ransohoff DF, Feinstein AR Problems of spectrum and bias in evaluating the efficacy of diagnostic tests. N Engl J Med. 1978;299:926–30. [PubMed: 692598]
- Rasbridge SA, Nayagam M Discordance between cytologic and histologic reports in cervica intraepithelial neoplasia. Results of a one-year audit. Acta Cytol. 1995;39:648–53. [PubMed: 7631537]
- Reagan JW, Fu YS Histologic types and prognosis of cancers of the uterine cervix. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1979;5:1015–20. [PubMed: 229090]
- Reid R, Greenberg MD, Lorincz A, Jenson AB, Laverty CR, Husain M, Daoud Y, Zado B, White T, Cantor D, et al Should cervical cytologic testing be augmented by cervicography or human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid detection? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;164(6 Pt 1):1461–9; discussion 1469-71. [PubMed: 1646568]
- Renshaw AA, Dean BR, Cibas ES Receiver operating characteristic curves for analysis of the results of cervicovaginal smears. A useful quality improvement tool. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1997;121:968–75. [PubMed: 9302930]
- Renshaw AA, DiNisco SA, Minter LJ, Cibas ES A more accurate measure of the false-negative rate of Papanicolaou smear screening is obtained by determining the false-negative rate of the rescreening process. Cancer. 1997;81:272–6. [PubMed: 9349513]
- Richart RM Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. In: Pathology Annual. East Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1973. p. 301-23. [PubMed: 4583016]
- Richart RM, Barron BA Screening strategies for cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer. 1981;47(5 Suppl):1176–81. [PubMed: 7237375]
- Richart RM, Masood S, Syrjanen KJ, Vassilakos P, Kaufman R, Meisels A, Olszewski WT, Sakamoto A, Stoler MH, Vooijs GP, Wilbur DC Human Papillomavirus. IAC Task Force Summary. Diagnostic Cytology Towards the 21st Century: An International Expert Conference and Tutorial. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:50–8. [PubMed: 9479323]
- Richert-Boe KE, Humphrey LL Screening for cancers of the cervix and breast. Arch Int Med. 1992;152:2405–11. [PubMed: 1456849]
- Ries LAG, Kosary CL, Hankey BF, Miller BA, Harras A, Edwards BK SEER cancer statistics review, 1973-1994. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 1997. NIH Pub No. 97-2789.
- Ries LAG, Kosary CL, Hankey BF, Miller BA, Edwards BK, editors SEER cancer statistics review, 1973-1995, Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 1998.
- Rimm DL, Gmitro S, Frable WJ Atypical reparative change on cervical/vaginal smears may be associated with dysplasia. Diagn Cytopathol. 1996;14:374–9. [PubMed: 8725141]
- Ritter DB, Kadish AS, Vermund SH, Romney SL, Villari D, Burk RD Detection of human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid in exfoliated cervicovaginal cells as a predictor of cervical neoplasia in a high-risk population. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;159:1517–25. [PubMed: 2849881]
- Roberts AW, Lane DA, Buntine D, Wright RG Invasive carcinoma of the cervix in young women. Med J Aust. 1985;143:333–5. [PubMed: 4046945]
- Roberts CJ, Farrow SC, Charney MC Cost of saving a life by cervical screening. Lancet. 1985;2:–. [PubMed: 2865447]
- Roberts JM, Gurley AM, Thurloe JK, Bowditch R, Laverty CRA Evaluation of the ThinPrep Pap test as an adjunct to the conventional Pap smear. Med J Aust. 1997;167:466–9. [PubMed: 9397059]
- Robertson JH, Woodend B Negative cytology preceding cervical cancer: Causes and prevention. J Clin Pathol. 1993;46:700–2. [PMC free article: PMC501451] [PubMed: 8408692]
- Robertson JH, Woodend BE, Crozier EH, Hutchinson J Risk of cervical cancer associated with mild dyskaryosis. BMJ. 1988;297:18–21. [PMC free article: PMC1834182] [PubMed: 3408902]
- Robinson ML Finding the value in screening. Bus Health. 1997;15:44–7,50-1. [PubMed: 10164781]
- Robinson WR, Barnes SE, Adams S, Perrin MS Histology/cytology discrepancies in HIV-infected obstetric patients with normal pap smears. Gynecol Oncol. 1997;65:430–3. [PubMed: 9190970]
- Roland PY, Naumann RW, Alvarez RD, Kilgore LC, Partridge EE A decision analysis of practice patterns used in evaluating and treating abnormal Pap smears. Gynecol Oncol. 1995;59:75–80. [PubMed: 7557619]
- Ronco G, Montanari G, Aimone V, Parisio F, Segnan N, Valle A, Volante R Estimating the sensitivity of cervical cytology: Errors of interpretation and test limitations. Cytopathology. 1996;7:151–8. [PubMed: 8782987]
- Rosenthal DL, Acosta D, Peters RK Computer-assisted rescreening of clinically important false negative cervical smears using the PAPNET Testing System. Acta Cytol. 1996;40:120–6. [PubMed: 8604564]
- Rosenthal DL, Philippe A, Hall TL, Harami S, Missirlian N, Suffin SC Prognosis of moderate dysplasia. Predictive value of selected markers in routinely prepared cervical smears. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 1987;9:165–8. [PubMed: 3606775]
- Rubio CA False negatives in cervical cytology: can they be avoided? Acta Cytol. 1981;25:199–202. [PubMed: 6166144]
- Ruffin MT 4th Cervical cancer screening. Issues of collection tools and reporting. Arch Fam Med. 1993;2:261–3. [PubMed: 8252145]
- Russell A, Shingleton HM, Jones WB, Fremgen AM, Winchester DP, Clive RE, Chmiel JS Diagnostic assessements in patients with invasive cancer of the cervix: A national patterns of care study of the American College of Surgeons. Gynecol Oncol. 1996;63:159–65. [PubMed: 8910621]
- Russell LB Some of the tough decisions required by a national health plan. Science. 1989;246:892–6. [PubMed: 2510299]
- Ryan MR, Stastny JF, Remmers R, Pedigo MA, Cahill LA, Frable WJ PAPNET-directed rescreening of cervicovaginal smears: A study of 101 cases of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. Am J Clin Pathol. 1996;105:711–8. [PubMed: 8659445]
- Rylander E Cervical cancer in women belonging to a cytologically screened population. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1976;55:361–6. [PubMed: 973566]
- Sasieni P Cervical screening: What is the point? Lancet. 1995;346:244; discussion 246–7. [PubMed: 7616810]
- Schapiro B PAPNET -- a further analysis. Diagn Cytopathol. 1997;16:–. [PubMed: 9099556]
- Schauberger CW, Rowe N, Gundersen JH, Jensen DP, Chadbourn M Cervical screening with cervicography and the Papanicolaou smear in women with genital condylomata. J Reprod Med. 1991;36:100–2. [PubMed: 2010889]
- Schechter CB Cost-effectiveness of rescreening conventionally prepared cervical smears by PAPNET testing. Acta Cytol. 1996;40:1272–82. [PubMed: 8960040]
- Schechter CB Costs and benefits of alternative rescreening strategies. Acta Cytol. 1996;40:1111–4. [PubMed: 8842186]
- Schenck U, Herbert A, Solomon D, Amma NS, Collins RJ, Gupta SK, Jimenez-Ayala M, Kobilkova J, Nielsen M, Suprun HZ Terminology. IAC Task Force Summary. Diagnostic Cytology Towards the 21st Century: An International Expert Conference and Tutorial. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:5–15. [PubMed: 9479319]
- Schiffman M, Bauer H, Hoover R, Glass A, Cadell D, Rush B, Scott D, Sherman M, Kurman R, Wacholder S Epidemiologic evidence showing that human papillomavirus infection causes most cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993;85:958–64. [PubMed: 8388478]
- Schneider A, Meinhardt G Screening for cervical cancer in Butha Buthe, Lesotho. A study of Papanicolaou (Pap) smears in a previously unscreened community over a one-year period. Trop Doct. 1984;14:170–4. [PubMed: 6495377]
- Schulzer M, Anderson DR, Drance SM Sensitivity and specificity of a diagnostic test determined by repeated observations in the absence of an external standard. J Clin Epidemiol. 1991;44:1167–79. [PubMed: 1789861]
- Schwartz FW, Brecht JG Evaluation of German cancer screening by cross-sectional data. Int J Epidemiol. 1984;13:283–6. [PubMed: 6333401]
- Schwartz PE, Hadjimichael O, Lowell DM, Merino MJ, Janerich D Rapidly progressive cervical cancer: The Connecticut experience. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;175:1105–9. [PubMed: 8885794]
- Schweitzer SO Cost effectiveness of early detection of disease. Health Serv Res. 1974;9:22–32. [PMC free article: PMC1071777] [PubMed: 4829491]
- Schweitzer SO, Luce BR A cost-effective approach to cervical cancer detection: Final report and executive summary. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (formerly the National Center for Health Services Research); 1978 Apr. National Center for Health Services Research Publication 79-82. 86 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB292685.
- Schydlower M, Greeenberg H, Patterson PH Adolescents with abnormal cervical cytology. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1981;20:723–6. [PMC free article: PMC358331] [PubMed: 7297012]
- Sedlis A, Walters AT, Balin H, Hontz A, Lo Sciuto L Evaluation of two simultaneously obtained cervical cytological smears. Acta Cytol. 1974;18:291–6. [PubMed: 4526248]
- Seltzer V Cancer screening in the postmenopausal woman. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1996;39:889–92. [PubMed: 8934038]
- Selvaggi S Previous cytology in patients with invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Acta Cytol. 1986;30:318–9. [PubMed: 3459334]
- Selvaggi SM, Haefner HK Microglandular endocervical hyperplasia and tubal metaplasia: Pitfalls in the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma on cervical smears. Diagn Cytopathol. 1997;16(2):168–73. [PubMed: 9067112]
- Sfameni SF, Jobling TW, Trickey NR, Havelock C Evaluation of serial cervical cytology in the assessment of preinvasive cervical neoplasia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989;29:40–3. [PubMed: 2562599]
- Shafi MI, Luesley DM, Jordan JA, Dunn JA, Rollason TP, Yates M Randomised trial of immediate versus deferred treatment strategies for the management of minor cervical cytological abnormaliites. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;104:590–4. [PubMed: 9166203]
- Shaw CT Colposcopic examination of patients with class II Papanicolaou smears. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1986;86:355–9. [PubMed: 3733482]
- Sheets EE, Constantine NM, Dinisco S, Dean B, Cibas ES Colposcopically directed biopsies provide a basis for comparing the accuracy of ThinPrep and Papanicolaou smears. J Gynecol Tech. 1995;1:27–34.
- Shelley J, Street A Increasing women's participation in Pap smear screening in Australia -- how can we tell if the national policy is effective? Aust Health Rev. 1992;15:190–9. [PubMed: 10119050]
- Shepherd J, Lynch W Koilocytotic atypia and underlying dysplasia. J Fam Pract. 1991;33:168–71. [PubMed: 1890397]
- Sherlaw-Johnson C, Gallivan S, Jenkins D, Jones MH Cytological screening and management of abnormalities in prevention of cervical cancer: An overview with stochastic modelling. J Clin Pathol. 1994;47:430–5. [PMC free article: PMC502020] [PubMed: 8027396]
- Sherman ME, Kelly D High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive carcinoma following the report of three negative Papanicolaou smears: Screening failures or rapid progression? Mod Pathol. 1992;5:337–42. [PubMed: 1495939]
- Sherman ME, Schiffman MH, Lorincz AT, Herrero R, Hutchinson ML, Bratti C, Zahniser D, Morales J, Hildesheim A, Helgesen K, Kelly D, Alfaro M, Mena F, Balmaceda I, Mango L, Greenberg M Cervical specimens collected in liquid buffer are suitable for both cytologic screening and ancillary human papillomavirus testing. Cancer. 1997;81:89–97. [PubMed: 9126136]
- Sherman ME, Mendoza M, Lee KR, Ashfaq R, Birdsong, Corkill ME, McIntosh KM, Inhorn SL, Zahniser DJ, Baber G, Barber C, Stoler MH Peformance of liquid-based, thin-layer cervical cytology: Correlation with reference diagnosis and human papillomavirus testing. Mod Pathol, Sep;11(9)837-43. [PubMed: 9758363]
- Sherman ME, Schiffman MH, Mango LJ, Kelly D, Acosta D, Cason Z, Elgert P, Zaleski S, Scott DR, Kurman RJ, Stoler M, Lorincz AT Evaluation of PAPNET testing as an ancillary tool to clarify the status of the "atypical" cervical smear. Mod Pathol. 1997;10:564–71. [PubMed: 9195573]
- Shield PW, Cox NC The sensitivity of rapid (partial) review of cervical smears. Cytopathology. 1998;9:84–92. [PubMed: 9577734]
- Shield PW, Daunter B, Wright RG The Pap smear revisited. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1987;27:269–83. [PubMed: 3331082]
- Shingleton HM, Patrick RL, Johnston WW, Smith RA The current status of the Papanicolaou smear. CA Cancer J Clin. 1995;45:305–20. [PubMed: 7656133]
- Shulman JJ, Hontz A, Sedlis A, Walters AT, Balin H, LoScuito L The Pap smear: Take two. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1975;121:1024–8. [PubMed: 1119496]
- Shulman JJ, Leyton M, Hamilton R The Papanicolaou smear: An insensitive case-finding procedure. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1974;120:446–51. [PubMed: 4416606]
- Sidawy MK, Siriaunkgul S, Frost AR Retrospective analysis of non-correlating cervical smears and colposcopically directed biopsies. Diagn Cytopathol. 1994;11:343–7. [PubMed: 7895572]
- Sidawy MK, Tabbara SO, Silverberg SG Should we report cervical smears lacking endocervical component as unsatisfactory? Diagn Cytopathol. 1992;8:567–70. [PubMed: 1468332]
- Sideri M, Schettino F, Spinaci L, Spolti N, Crosignani P Operator variability in disease detection and grading by colposcopy in patients with mild dysplastic smears. Cancer. 1995;76:1601–5. [PubMed: 8635064]
- Siegel JE, Weinstein MC, Russell LB, Gold MR For the Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. Recommendations for reporting cost-effectiveness analyses. JAMA. 1996;276:1339–41. [PubMed: 8861994]
- Silcock J, Ratcliffe J The 1990 GP contract -- meeting needs? Health Policy. 1996;36:199–207. [PubMed: 10172659]
- Singer A, Tay SK, Griffin JF, Wickens DG, Dormandy TL Diagnosis of cervical neoplasia by the estimation of octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid. Lancet. 1987;1:537–9. [PubMed: 2881085]
- Singh P, Pang M, Ratnam SS Selective cervical conization following colposcopy: A critical evaluation of 107 cases. Singapore Med J. 1985;26:289–94. [PubMed: 4048991]
- Sjolin KE Cytologic findings and their significance within gynaecology. Clinico-pathological and cytologic correlation. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand Suppl. 1970;212(Suppl):–. [PubMed: 5267096]
- Skehan M, Soutter WP, Lim K, Krausz T, Pryse-Davies J Reliability of colposcopy and directed punch biopsy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1990;97:811–6. [PubMed: 2242366]
- Skrabanek P Cervical cancer screening: The time for reappraisal. Can J Public Health. 1988;79:86–9. [PubMed: 3383065]
- Slagel DD, Zaleski S, Cohen MB Efficacy of automated cervical cytology screening. Diagn Cytopathol. 1995;13:26–30. [PubMed: 7587871]
- Slater DN, Milner PC, Radley H Audit of deaths from cervical cancer: Proposal for an essential component of the National Screening Programme. J Clin Pathol. 1994;47:27–8. [PMC free article: PMC501751] [PubMed: 8132804]
- Slater DN Sensitivity of primary screening by rapid review: "to act or not to act on the results, that is the question.". Cytopathology. 1998;9:77–83. [PubMed: 9577733]
- Slawson DC, Bennett JH, Herman JM Follow-up Papanicolaou smear for cervical atypia: Are we missing significant disease?A HARNET Study. J Fam Pract. 1993;36:289–93. [PubMed: 8454975]
- Slawson DC, Bennett JH, Herman JM Are Papanicolaou smears enough? Acetic acid washes of the cervix as adjunctive therapy: A HARNET study. J Fam Pract. 1992;35:271–7. [PubMed: 1517723]
- Slawson DC, Bennett JH, Simon LJ, Herman JM Should all women with cervical atypia be referred for colposcopy: A HARNET study. J Fam Pract. 1994;38:387–92. [PubMed: 8163964]
- Smith EM, Johnson SR, Figuerres EJ, Mendoza M, Fedderson D, Haugen TH, Tureck LP The frequency of human papillomavirus detection in postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy. Gynecol Oncol. 1997;65:441–6. [PubMed: 9190973]
- Smith JJ, Cowan L, Hemstreet G 3d, Smith ML, Pippitt CH Jr, Doggett R, McGill L Automated quantitative fluorescent image analysis of cervical cytology. Gynecol Oncol. 1987;28:241–54. [PubMed: 3678975]
- Solomon D, Davey D, Nozawa S, Syrjanen KJ Future directions in cervical cytology. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:1–4. [PubMed: 9479318]
- Solomon D, Frable WJ, Vooijs GP, Wilbur DC, Amma NS, Collins RJ, Davey DD, Knight BK, Luff RD, Meisels A, Navin J, Rosenthal DL, Sauer T, Stoler M, Suprun HZ, Yamauchi K ASCUS and AGUS criteria. AIC Task Force Summary. Diagnostic Cytology Towards the 21st Century: An International Expert Conference and Tutorial. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:16–24. [PubMed: 9479320]
- Solomon HM, Frist S PAPNET testing for HSILs. The few cell/small cell challenge. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:253–9. [PubMed: 9479348]
- Sonnenberg FA, Beck JR Markov models in medical decision making: A practical guide. Med Decis Making. 1993;13:322–38. [PubMed: 8246705]
- Soost HJ, Lange HJ, Lehmacher W, Ruffing-Kullmann B The validation of cervical cytology. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. Acta Cytol. 1991;35:8–14. [PubMed: 1994641]
- Soutter WP, Fletcher A Invasive cancer of the cervix in women with mild dyskaryosis followed up cytologically. BMJ. 1994;308:1421–3. [PMC free article: PMC2540366] [PubMed: 8019256]
- Soutter WP, Wisdom S, Brough AK, Monaghan JM Should patients with mild atypia in a cervical smear be referred for colposcopy? Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1986;93:70–4. [PubMed: 3942709]
- Spinillo A, Capuzzo E, Tenti P, De Santolo A, Piazzi G, Iasci A Adequacy of screening cervical cytology among human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive women. Gynecol Oncol. 1998;69:109–13. [PubMed: 9600816]
- Spitzer M, Krumholz BA, Chernys AE, Seltzer V, Lightman AR Comparative utility of repeat Papanicolaou smears, cervicography, and colposcopy in the evaluation of atypical Papanicolaou smears. Obstet Gynecol. 1987;69:731–5. [PubMed: 3106869]
- Sprenger E, Schwarzmann P, Kirkpatrick M, Fox W, Heinzerling RH, Geyer JW, Knesel EA The false negative rate in cervical cytology. Comparison of monolayers to conventional smears. Acta Cytol. 1996;40:81–9. [PubMed: 8604579]
- Spurrett B, Ayer B, Pacey NF The inadequacies of instruments used for cervical screening. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989;29:44–6. [PubMed: 2665718]
- Stafl A Cervicography: A new method for cervical cancer detection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981;139:815–25. [PubMed: 7211987]
- Stastny JF, Remmers RE, London WB, Pedigo MA, Cahill LA, Ryan M, Frable WJ Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. A comparative review of original and automated rescreen diagnosis of cervicovaginal smears with long term follow-up. Cancer. 1997;81:348–53. [PubMed: 9438460]
- Stenkvist B, Soderstrom J Reasons for cervical cancer despite extensive screening. J Med Screen. 1996;3:204–7. [PubMed: 9041486]
- Stenning HM, Stenning DBB, Rajasekariah GR, Stadler-Prelec M, Gebski V The LonStenn -- A new cervical sampling device. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 1995;5:426–31. [PubMed: 11578516]
- Stevens MW, Milne AJ, James KA, Brancheau D, Ellison D, Kuan L Effectiveness of automated cervical cytology rescreening using the AutoPap 300 QC System. Diagn Cytopathol. 1997;16:505–12. [PubMed: 9181316]
- Stewart CJ The economics of screening. Cytopathology. 1997;8:–. [PubMed: 9202898]
- Stuart GC, McGregor SE, Duggan MA, Nation JG Review of the screening history of Alberta women with invasive cervical cancer. Can Med Assoc J. 1997;157:513–9. [PMC free article: PMC1227964] [PubMed: 9294389]
- Swets, JA Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems. Science. 1988;240:1285–1293. [PubMed: 3287615]
- Syamsuddin S, Muljanto WA, Nuranna L, Endardjo S, Prihartono J, Cornain S, Aziz F, Luwia MS, Tsu V, Bishop A Gynescopy for cervical cancer screening: Assessed as conducted by gynecologists and nurse-midwives (Meeting abstract). Cancer Conference 12th Asia Pacific, Singapore. 1995 Oct 17-20. p.227.
- Syrjanen KJ, Mantyjarvi R, Vayrynen M, Yliskoski M, Syrjanen SM, Saarikoski S, Nurmi T, Parkkinen S, Castren O Cervical smears in assessment of the natural history of human papillomavirus infections in prospectively followed women. Acta Cytol. 1987;31:855–65. [PubMed: 2827414]
- Syrjanen K, Kataja V, Ykliskoski M, Chang F, Syrjanen S, Saarikoski S Natural history of cervical human papillomavirus lesions does not substantiate the biologic relevance of the Bethesda System. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;79:675–82. [PubMed: 1314359]
- Szarewski A, Cuzick J, Edwards R, Butler B, Singer A The use of cervicography in a primary screening service. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1991;98:313–7. [PubMed: 2021571]
- Tabbara S, Saleh AD, Andersen WA, Barber SR, Taylor PT, Crum CP The Bethesda classification for squamous intraepithelial lesions: Histologic, cytologic, and viral correlates. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;79:338–46. [PubMed: 1738511]
- Tabbara SO, Horbach N, Sidawy MK The adequacy of the one-slide cervical smear in the detection of squamous intraepithelial lesions. Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;101:647–50. [PubMed: 8178772]
- Tabbara SO, Sidawy MK Evaluation of the 10% rescreen of negative gynecologic smears as a quality assurance measure. Diagn Cytopathol. 1996;14:84–6. [PubMed: 8834084]
- Tabbara SO, Sidawy MK Evaluation of the 5-year review of negative cervical smears in patients with high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Diagn Cytopathol. 1996;15:7–10; discussion 10-1. [PubMed: 8807245]
- Tait IA, Alawattegama AB, Rees E Screening for cervical dysplasia in department of genitourinary medicine. Genitourin Med. 1988;64:255–8. [PMC free article: PMC1194228] [PubMed: 3169756]
- Takahashi M, Kimura M, Akagi A, Naitoh M AutoCyte SCREEN interactive automated primary cytology screening system. A preliminary evaluation. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:185–8. [PubMed: 9479338]
- Tawa K, Forsythe A, Cove JK, Saltz A, Peters HW, Watring WG A comparison of the Papanicolaou smear and the cervigram: Sensitivity, specificity, and cost analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 1988;71:229–35. [PubMed: 3336558]
- Tay SK, Jenkins D, Singer A Management of squamous atypia (borderline nuclear abnormalities): Repeat cytology or colposcopy? Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1987;27:140–1. [PubMed: 2823785]
- Taylor RR, Guerrieri JP, Nash JD, Henry MR, O'Connor DM Atypical cervical cytology: Colposcopic follow-up using the Bethesda System. J Reprod Med. 1993;38:443–7. [PubMed: 8331623]
- Tezuka F, Oikawa H, Shuki H, Higashiiwai H Diagnostic efficacy and validity of the ThinPrep method in cervical cytology. Acta Cytol. 1996;40:513–8. [PubMed: 8669188]
- Thorn JB, Russell EM, Macgregor JE, Swanson K Costs of detecting and treating cancer of the uterine cervix in North-East Scotland in 1971. Lancet. 1975;1:674–6. [PubMed: 47092]
- Toki T, Fujii S, Yajima A Clinical significance of endocervical curettage (ECC) in predicting neoplastic lesions of the cervix. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Jap. 1994;46:265–70. [PubMed: 8133138]
- Tremont-Lukats IW, Teixeira GM, Vasquez J, Hernandez D Validity of colposcopy to identify and grade squamous intraepithelial lesions among Venezuelan women. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1997;18:57–60. [PubMed: 9061326]
- Tritz DM, Weeks JA, Spires SE, Sattich M, Banks H, Cibull ML, Davey DD Etiologies for non-correlating cervical cytologies and biopsies. Am J Clin Pathol. 1995;103:594–7. [PubMed: 7741105]
- U. S. Preventive Services Task Force Guide to clinical preventive services, Second Edition. Chapter 9. Screening for cervical cancer. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996.
- U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment Allocating costs and benefits in disease prevention programs: An application to cervical cancer screening. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1981.
- U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment The costs and effectiveness of cervical cancer screening in elderly women. OTA-BP-H-65. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1990 Feb.
- U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Guide to clinical preventive services. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996.
- Upadhyay SN, Jha RS, Sinha TK, Mishra NK Accuracy of cytology in screening for cervical cancer. Indian J Med Res. 1984;80:457–62. [PubMed: 6532957]
- Usman F, Hammond R Cervical screening: Management of patients referred for colposcopy with smear abnormalities less severe than dyskaryosis. Cytopathology. 1998;9:100–6. [PubMed: 9577736]
- Valente PT, Schantz HD, Trabal JF The determination of Papanicolaou smear adequacy using a semiquantitative method to evaluate cellularity. Diagn Cytopathol. 1991;7:576–80. [PubMed: 1769285]
- Van Aspert-Van Erp AJM, Van't Hof-Grootenboer AB, Brugal G, Vooijs GP Endocervical columnar cell intraepithelial neoplasia: I. Discriminating cytomorphologic criteria. Acta Cytol. 1995;39:1199–215. [PubMed: 7483998]
- van Ballegooijen M, Habbema JD, van Oortmarssen GJ, Koopmanschap MA, Lubbe JT, van Agt HM Preventive Pap-smears: Balancing costs, risks and benefits. Br J Cancer. 1992;65:930–3. [PMC free article: PMC1977773] [PubMed: 1616867]
- van Ballegooijen M, van den Akker-van Marle ME, Warmerdam PG, Meijer CJ, Walboomers JM, Habbema JD Present evidence on the value of HPV testing for cervical cancer screening: A model-based exploration of the (cost)effectiveness. Br J Cancer. 1997;76:651–7. [PMC free article: PMC2228006] [PubMed: 9303366]
- van der Graaf Y, Vooijs GP, Gaillard HL, Go DM Screening errors in cervical cytologic screening. Acta Cytol. 1987;31:434–8. [PubMed: 3604538]
- Van der Graaf Y, Vooijs GP, Zielhuis GA Cervical screening revisited. Acta Cytol. 1996;34:366–72. [PubMed: 2111625]
- van der Graaf Y, Vooijs GP False negative rate in cervical cytology. J Clin Pathol. 1987;40:438–42. [PMC free article: PMC1140979] [PubMed: 3584488]
- Van Erp EJ, Blaschek-Lut CH, Arentz NP, Trimbos JB Performance of the Cytobrush in patients at risk for cervical pathology: Does it add anything to the wooden spatula? Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1988;9:456–60. [PubMed: 3234423]
- van Nagell JR Jr, Dudik LM, Frank AL, Allen DT, Leigh JP, Engelberg J Cervical cancer. South Med J. 1987;80:75–81. [PubMed: 3099398]
- van Niekerk WA, Dunton CJ, Richart RM, Hilgarth M, Kato H, Kaufman RH, Mango LJ, Nozawa S, Robinowitz M Colposcopy, cervicography, speculoscopy and endoscopy. IAC Task Force Summary. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:33–49. [PubMed: 9479322]
- van Oortmarssen G, Habbema J Epidemiological evidence for age-dependent regression of pre-invasive cervical cancer. Br J Cancer. 1991;64:559–65. [PMC free article: PMC1977665] [PubMed: 1911199]
- van Oortmarssen GJ, Habbema JDF Duration of preclinical cervical cancer and reduction in incidence of invasive cancer following negative pap smears. Int J Epidemiol. 1995;24:300–7. [PubMed: 7635589]
- van Oortmarssen GJ, Habbema JD, van Ballegooijen M Predicting mortality from cervical cancer after negative smear test results. BMJ. 1992;305:449–51. [PMC free article: PMC1882551] [PubMed: 1392957]
- Vardar MA, Altintas A, Doran F, Aridogan N, Demir C, Burgut R, Varinli S Human papillomavirus detection in cervical smears and cervical tissue excised by the Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP). Diagnostic value of cytology, colposcopy and histology. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1995;16:494–9. [PubMed: 8536765]
- Veljovich DS, Stoler MH, Anderson WA, Covell JL, Rice LW Atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance: A five-year retrospective histopathological study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179:382–90. [PubMed: 9731842]
- Waddell CA, Rollason TP, Amarilli JM, Cullimore J, McConkey CC The cervix: An ectocervical brush sampler. Cytopathology. 1990;1:171–81. [PubMed: 2102356]
- Wagner JL Cost-effectiveness of screening for common cancers. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1997;16:281–94. [PubMed: 9433640]
- Wain GV, Farnsworth A, Hacker NF The Papanicolaou smear histories of 237 patients with cervical cancer. Med J Aust. 1992;157:14–6. [PubMed: 1640883]
- Walker EM, Hare MJ, Cooper P A retrospective review of cervical cytology in women developing invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1983;90:1087–91. [PubMed: 6639901]
- Walker EM, Dodgson J, Duncan ID Does mild atypia on a cervical smear warrant further investigation? Lancet. 1986;2:672–3. [PubMed: 2876144]
- Wang SE, Ritchie MJ, Atkinson BF Cervical cytologic smear false negative fraction: Reduction in a small community hospital. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:1690–6. [PubMed: 9390125]
- Waugh N, Robertson A Costs and benefits of cervical screening. II. Is it worthwhile reducing the screening interval from 5 to 3 years? Cytopathology. 1996;7:241–8. [PubMed: 8853970]
- Waugh N, Smith I, Robertson A, Reid GS, Halkerston R, Grant A Costs and benefits of cervical screening. I. The costs of the cervical screening programme. Cytopathology. 1996a;7:231–40. [PubMed: 8853969]
- Waugh N, Smith I, Robertson A, Reid GS, Halkerston R, Grant A Costs and benefits of cervical screening. III. Cost/benefit analysis of a call of previously unscreened women. Cytopathology. 1996b;7:249–55. [PubMed: 8853971]
- Weintraub J, Morabia A Efficacy of the ThinPrep Pap test for the cytological detection of cervical cancer precursors in a low risk outpatient population: A large-scale investigator sponsored prospective study. Unpublished manuscript.
- Weissbrod D, Torres M, Rodriguez A, Urena I, Estrada J, Reyes ME, Carreto AJ Comparison of the cervical cytology test using the PAPNET method and conventional microscopy. Bull Pan Am Health Organ. 1996;30:339–47. [PubMed: 9041745]
- Wetrich DW An analysis of the factors involved in the colposcopic evaluation of 2194 patients with abnormal Papanicolaou smears. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1986;154:1339–49. [PubMed: 3717244]
- Wheeler CM, Parmenter CA, Hunt WC, Becker TM, Greer CE, Hildesheim A, Manos MM Determinants of genital human papillomavirus infection among cytologically normal women attending the University of New Mexico student health center. Sex Transm Dis. 1993;20:286–9. [PubMed: 8235927]
- Wheelock JB, Kaminski PF Value of repeat cytology at the time of colposcopy for the evaluation of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia on Papanicolaou smears. J Reprod Med. 1989;34:815–7. [PubMed: 2795564]
- Widra EA, Dookhan D, Jordan A, McCue P, Bibbo M, Dunton CJ Evaluation of the atypical cytologic smear. Validity of the 1991 Bethesda System. J Reprod Med. 1994;39:682–4. [PubMed: 7807479]
- Wilbur DC Endocervical glandular atypia: A "new" problem for the cytologist. Diagn Cytopathol. 1995;13:463–9. [PubMed: 8834321]
- Wilbur DC False negatives in focused rescreening of Papanicolaou smears: How frequently are "abnormal" cells detected in retrospective review of smears preceding cancer or high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia? Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1997;121:273–6. [PubMed: 9111117]
- Wilbur DC, Cibas ES, Merritt S, James LP, Berger BM, Bonfiglio TA ThinPrep Processor. Clinical trials demonstrate an increased detection rate of abnormal cervical cytologic specimens. Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;101:209–14. [PubMed: 8116577]
- Wilbur DC, Bonfiglio TA, Rutkowski MA, Atkison KM, Richart RM, Lee JS, Patten SF Jr Sensitivity of the AutoPap 300 QC System for cervical cytologic abnormalities. Biopsy data confirmation. Acta Cytol. 1996;40:127–32. [PubMed: 8604565]
- Wilbur DC, Dubeshter B, Angel C, Atkison KM Use of thin-layer preparations for gynecologic smears with emphasis on the cytomorphology of high-grade intraepithelial lesions and carcinomas. Diagn Cytopathol. 1996;14:201–11. [PubMed: 8732649]
- Wilbur DC, Facik MS, Rutkowski MA, Mulford DK, Atkison KM Clinical trials of the CytoRich specimen-preparation device for cervical cytology. Preliminary results. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:24–9. [PubMed: 9022722]
- Wilbur DC, Prey MU, Miller WM, Pawlick GF, Colgan TJ The AutoPap System for primary screening in cervical cytology. Comparing the results of a prospective, intended-use study with routine manual practice. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:214–20. [PubMed: 9479343]
- Williamson SL, Hair T, Wadehra V The effects of different sampling techniques on smear quality and the diagnosis of cytological abnormalities in cervical screening. Cytopathology. 1997;8:188–95. [PubMed: 9202894]
- Willcox F, De Somer ML, Van Roy J Classification of cervical smears with discordance between the cytologic and/or histologic ratings. Acta Cytol. 1987;31:883–6. [PubMed: 3425149]
- Wilson S, Woodman C Assessing the effectiveness of cervical screening. Clin Obset Gynecol. 1995;38:577–84. [PubMed: 8612367]
- Wilson SH, Johnson J An audit of cervical cancer deaths in Nottingham. Cytopathology. 1992;3(2):79–83. [PubMed: 1617163]
- Woolf SH An organized analytic framework for practice guideline development: Using the analytic logic as a guide for reviewing evidence, developing recommendations, and explaining the rationale. In: McCormick KA, Moore SR, Siegel RA, editors. Clinical practice guideline development: Methodology perspectives; Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research; 1994 Nov. AHCPR Pub. No. 95-0009.
- Womeodu RJ, Bailey JE Barriers to cancer screening. Med Clin North Am. 1996;80:115–33. [PubMed: 8569291]
- Wright TC, Richart RM Pathogenesis and diagnosis of preinvasive lesions of the lower genital tract. Hoskins WJ, Perez CA, Young RC, editors. In: Principles and practice of gynecologic oncology. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1992.
- Wright T, Chiasson M, Ellerbrock T Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in HIV-infected women: Prevalence, Pap smear validity, and the role of immunosuppression (Meeting abstract). 24th Annual Meeting of the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists Palm Desert, CA, 1993 Feb 7-10.
- Wright TC, Sun XW, Koulos J Comparison of management algorithms for the evaluation of women with low-grade cytologic abnormalities. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;85:202–10. [PubMed: 7824231]
- Wright TC, Kurman RJ, Ferenczy A Precancerous lesions of the cervix.Kurman RJ, editor. In: Blaustein@@@039@@@s pathology of the female genital tract, 4 th edition. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1994a. p. 229-78.
- Wright TC Jr, Ellerbrock TV, Chiasson MA, Van Devanter N, Sun XW Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus: Prevalence, risk factors, and validity of Papanicolaou smears. New York Cervical Disease Study. Obstet Gynecol. 1994b;84:591–7. [PubMed: 8090399]
- Wronkowski Z, Zielinski J, Rekosz M Screening for cervical cancer in Poland. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1993;14(Suppl):81–5. [PubMed: 8200380]
- Yobs AR, Swanson RA, Lamotte LC Jr Laboratory reliability of the Papanicolaou smear. Obstet Gynecol. 1985;65:235–44. [PubMed: 3969236]
- Young NA, Naryshkin S, Atkinson BF, Ehya H, Gupta PK, Kline TS, Luff RD Interobserver variability of cervical smears with squamous-cell abnormalities: A Philadelphia study. Diagn Cytopathol. 1994;11:352–7. [PubMed: 7895574]
- Young NA, Naryshkin S, Bowman RL Value of repeat cervical smears at the time of colposcopic biopsy. Diagnost Cytopath. 1993;9(6):646–9. [PubMed: 8143537]
- Bibliography - Evaluation of Cervical CytologyBibliography - Evaluation of Cervical Cytology
- Uncultured sulfate-reducing bacterium clone DSV_KK14 16S ribosomal RNA gene, par...Uncultured sulfate-reducing bacterium clone DSV_KK14 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequencegi|920753050|gb|KT424485.1|Nucleotide
- pterin-4-alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase [Phytophthora infestans T30-4]pterin-4-alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase [Phytophthora infestans T30-4]gi|262112386|gb|EEY70438.1||gnl|WGS |PITG_05853T0Protein
- sister chromatid cohesion protein DCC1, putative [Phytophthora infestans T30-4]sister chromatid cohesion protein DCC1, putative [Phytophthora infestans T30-4]gi|262112397|gb|EEY70449.1||gnl|WGS |PITG_05867T0Protein
Your browsing activity is empty.
Activity recording is turned off.
See more...