NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
Levine CB, Fahrbach KR, Siderowf AD, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2003 Jun. (Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 57.)
This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature.
Show details- Abbas N, Lucking C B, Ricard S. et al. A wide variety of mutations in the parkin gene are responsible for autosomal recessive parkinsonism in Europe. Hum Mol Genet. 1999;8:567–74. [PubMed: 10072423]
- Adams S G, Lang A E. Can the Lombard effect be used to improve low voice intensity in Parkinson's Disease? Eur J Disord Commun. 1992;27:121–7. [PubMed: 1446099]
- Adler C H, Sethi K D, Hauser R A. et al. Ropinirole for the treatment of early Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1997;49:393–9. [PubMed: 9270567]
- Agid Y, Ahlskog E, Albanese A. et al. Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease: A consensus meeting. Mov Disord. 1999;14:911–13. [PubMed: 10584663]
- Agid Y, Ruberg M, Javoy-Agid F. et al. Are dopaminergic neurons selectively vulnerable to Parkinson's Disease? Adv Neurol. 1993;60:148–64. [PubMed: 8420132]
- Ahlskog J E, Wright K F, Muenter M D. et al. Adjunctive cabergoline therapy of Parkinson's Disease: Comparison with placebo and assessment of dose responses and duration of effect. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1996;19:202–12. [PubMed: 8726539]
- Alarcon F. Does combined levodopa and bromocriptine therapy in Parkinson's Disease prevent late motor complications? Eur J Neurol. 1998;5:255–63. [PubMed: 10210840]
- Allain H, Destee A, Petit H. et al. Five-year follow-up of early lisuride and levodopa combination therapy versus levodopa monotherapy in de novo Parkinson's Disease. Eur Neurol. 2000;44:22–30. [PubMed: 10894991]
- Antonini A, Leenders K L, Meier D. et al. T2 relaxation time in patients with Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1993;43:697–700. [PubMed: 8469325]
- Ardouin C, Pillon B, Peiffer E. et al. Bilateral subthalamic or pallidal stimulation for Parkinson's Disease affects neither memory nor executive functions: A consecutive series of 62 patients. Ann Neurol. 1999;46:217–23. [PubMed: 10443887]
- Arle J E, Alterman R L. Surgical options in Parkinson's Disease. Med Clin North Am. 1999;83:483–98. [PubMed: 10093589]
- Arnold G, Bondy B, Bandmann O. et al. 3H-spiperone binding to lymphocytes fails in the differential diagnosis of de novo Parkinson syncromes. J Neral Transm. 1993;5:107–16. [PubMed: 7687443]
- Assal F, Spahr L, Hadengue A. et al. Tolcapone and fulminant hepatitis. Lancet. 1998;352:1478. [PubMed: 9752821]
- Baas H, Beiske A G, Ghika J. et al. Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition with tolcapone reduces the “wearing off” phenomenon and levodopa requirements in fluctuating parkinsonian patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;63:421–8. [PMC free article: PMC2169755] [PubMed: 9343116]
- Backlund E O, Granberg P O, Hamberger B. et al. Transplantation of adrenal medullary tissue to striatum in parkinsonism: First clinical trials. J Neurosurg. 1985;62:169–73. [PubMed: 2578558]
- Bakay R A, Watts R L, Freeman A. et al. Preliminary report on adrenal-brain transplantation for parkinsonism in man. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1990;54–55:312–23. [PubMed: 2080347]
- Bakheit A M, Henderson L M, Moore A P. et al. Long-term double masked trial of early treatment with L-dopa plus bromocriptine versus L-dopa alone in Parkinson's Disease. Interim results. Eur Neurol. 1990;30:108–11. [PubMed: 2340834]
- Baron M S, Vitek J L, Bakay R A E. et al. Treatment of advanced Parkinson's Disease by unilateral posterior GPi pallidotomy: 4-year results of a pilot study. Mov Disord. 2000;15:230–7. [PubMed: 10752571]
- Baron M S, Vitek J L, Bakay R A E. et al. Treatment of advanced Parkinson's Disease by posterior GPI pallidotomy: 1-year results of a pilot study. Ann Neurol. 1996;40:355–66. [PubMed: 8797525]
- Becker G, Seufert J, Bogdahn U. et al. Degeneration of substantia nigra in chronic Parkinson's Disease visualized by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography. Neurology. 1995;45:182–4. [PubMed: 7824114]
- Bejjani B P, Dormont D, Pidoux B. et al. Bilateral subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson's Disease by using three-dimensional stereotactic magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological guidance. J Neurosurg. 2000;92:615–25. [PubMed: 10761650]
- Bejjani B P, Gervais D, Arnulf I. et al. Axial parkinsonian symptoms can be improved: The role of levodopa and bilateral subthalamic stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;68:595–600. [PMC free article: PMC1736917] [PubMed: 10766889]
- Bellomo G, Santambrogio L, Fiacconi M. et al. Plasma profiles of adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin in patients with untreated Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol. 1991;238:19–22. [PubMed: 1851513]
- Ben-Shlomo Y, Churchyard A, Head J. et al. Investigation by Parkinson's Disease research group of United Kingdom into excess mortality seen with combined levodopa and selegiline treatment in patients with early, mild Parkinson's Disease: Further results of randomised trial and confidential inquiry. BMJ. 1998;316:1191–6. [PMC free article: PMC28519] [PubMed: 9583926]
- Berchou R C. Maximizing the benefit of pharmacotherapy in Parkinson's Disease. Pharmacotherapy. 2000;20:33S–42S. [PubMed: 10641990]
- Bergamasco B, Frattola L, Muratorio A. et al. Alpha-dihydroergocryptine in the treatment of de novo parkinsonian patients: Results of a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Acta Neurol. 2000;101:372–80. [PubMed: 10877152]
- Block G, Liss C, Reines S, Irr J, Nibbelink D. Comparison of immediate-release and controlled release carbidopa/levodopa in Parkinson's Disease. A multicenter 5-year study. Eur Neurol. 1997;37:23–7. [PubMed: 9018028]
- Bonucelli U, Picini P, Del Dotto P. et al. Apomorphine test for dopaminergic responsiveness: A dose assessment study. Mov Disord. 1993;8:158–64. [PubMed: 8474482]
- Booij J, Tissingh G, Boer G J. et al. [123I]FP-CIT SPECT shows a pronounced decline of striatal dopamine transporter labelling in early and advanced Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;62:133–40. [PMC free article: PMC486723] [PubMed: 9048712]
- Bromocriptine Multicentre Trial Group. Bromocriptine as initial therapy in elderly parkinsonian patients. Age Aging. 1990;19:62–7. [PubMed: 2180259]
- Bronstein J M, DeSalles A, DeLong M R. Stereotactic pallidotomy in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease: An expert opinion. Arch Neurol. 1999;56:1064–9. [PubMed: 10488806]
- Brooks D J, Ibanez V, Sawle G V. et al. Differing patterns of striatal 18F-dopa uptake in Parkinson's Disease, multiple system atrophy, and progressive supranuclear palsy. Ann Neurol. 1990;28:547–55. [PubMed: 2132742]
- Brooks D J. PET and SPECT studies in Parkinson's Disease. Baillieres Clin Neurol. 1997;6:69–87. [PubMed: 9426869]
- Burchiel K J, Anderson V C, Favre J. et al. Comparison of pallidal and subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for advanced Parkinson's Disease: Results of a randomized, blinded pilot study. Neurosurgery. 1999;45:1375–82. [PubMed: 10598706]
- Burn D J, Sawle G V, Brooks D J. Differential diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease, multiple system atrophy, and Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome: discriminant analysis of striatal 18F-dopa PET data. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57:278–84. [PMC free article: PMC1072814] [PubMed: 8158173]
- Buttner T, Kuhn W, Muller T. et al. Distorted color discrimination in de novo parkinsonian patients. Neurology. 1995;45:386–7. [PubMed: 7854545]
- Buttner T, Kuhn W, Patzold T. et al. L-dopa improves color vision in Parkinson's Disease. J Neural Transm. 1994;7:13–9. [PubMed: 8579766]
- Calne D B, Snow B J, Lee C. Criteria for diagnosing Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurol. 1992;32:S125–7. [PubMed: 1510370]
- Calne D B, Teychenne P F, Leigh P H N. et al. Treatment of parkinsonism with bromocriptine. Lancet. 1974;2:1355–6. [PubMed: 4143315]
- Canter G J, deLaTorre R, Mier M. A method for evaluating disability in patients with Parkinson's Disease. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1961;133:143–7. [PubMed: 13876261]
- Capildeo R. Implications of the 5-year CR FIRST trial. Neurology. 1998;50:S15–7. [PubMed: 9633681]
- Caronti B, Tanda G, Colosimo C. et al. Reduced dopamine in peripheral blood lymphocytes in Parkinson's Disease. NeuroReport. 1999;10:2907–10. [PubMed: 10549795]
- Clarke C E, Davies P. Systematic review of acute L-dopa and apomorphine challenge tests in the diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;69:590–4. [PMC free article: PMC1763425] [PubMed: 11032609]
- Clarke CE, Speller JM. Lisuride for levodopa-induced complications in Parkinson's Disease (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2000. Oxford: Update Software. [PMC free article: PMC7025784] [PubMed: 10796801]
- Clarke CE, Speller JM. Lisuride versus bromocriptine for levodopa-induced complications in Parkinson's Disease (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2000. Oxford: Update Software. [PMC free article: PMC7028005] [PubMed: 10796800]
- Clarke CE, Speller JM. Pergolide for levodopa-induced complications in Parkinson's Disease (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2000. Oxford: Update Software. [PubMed: 10796704]
- Clarke CE, Speller JM. Pergolide versus bromocriptine for levodopa-induced motor complications in Parkinson's Disease (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2000. Oxford: Update Software. [PubMed: 10796705]
- Clarke C E, Zobkiw R M. Quality of life and care in Parkinson's Disease. Brit J Clin Pract. 1995;49:288–93. [PubMed: 8554950]
- Comella C L, Stebbins G T, Brown-Toms N. et al. Physical therapy and Parkinson's Disease: A controlled clinical trial. Neurology. 1994;44:376–8. [PubMed: 8145901]
- Dalvi A, Winfield L, Yu Q. et al. Stereotactic posteroventral pallidotomy: Clinical methods and results at 1-year follow up. Mov Disord. 1999;14:256–61. [PubMed: 10091619]
- Dam M, Tonin P, Casson S. et al. Effects of conventional and sensory-enhanced physiotherapy on disability of Parkinson's Disease patients. Adv Neurol. 1996;69:551–5. [PubMed: 8615180]
- D'Costa D F, Abbot R J, Pye I F. et al. The apomorphine test in parkinsonian syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991;10:870–2. [PMC free article: PMC1014569] [PubMed: 1744640]
- de Bie R M A, de Haan R J, Nijssen P C G. et al. Unilateral pallidotomy in Parkinson's Disease: A randomised, single-blind, multicentre trial. Lancet. 1999;354:1665–9. [PubMed: 10568567]
- de Rijk M C, Breteler M M B, den Breeijen J H. et al. Dietary antioxidants and Parkinson Disease: The Rotterdam Study. Arch Neurol. 1997;54:762–5. [PubMed: 9193212]
- de Rijk M C, Tzourio C, Breteler M M B. et al. Prevalence of parkinsonism and Parkinson's Disease in Europe: The EUROPARKINSON collaborative study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;62:10–5. [PMC free article: PMC486688] [PubMed: 9010393]
- de Silva H A R, Khan N L, Wood N W. The genetics of Parkinson's Disease. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2000;10:292–8. [PubMed: 10826990]
- DeAngelis E C, Mourao L F, Ferraz H B. et al. Effect of voice rehabilitation on oral communication of Parkinson's Disease patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 1997;96:199–205. [PubMed: 9325469]
- Defer G L, Widner H, Marie R M. et al. Core Assessment Program for Surgical Interventional Therapies in Parkinson's Disease (CAPSIT-PD). Mov Disord. 1999;14:572–84. [PubMed: 10435493]
- Delalande I, Destee A, Hache J C. et al. Visual evoked potentials and spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity changes in idiopathic Parkinson's Disease and multiple system atrophy. Adv Neurol. 1996;69:319–25. [PubMed: 8615146]
- Desaloms J M, Krauss J K, Lai E C. et al. Posteroventral medial pallidotomy for treatment of Parkinson's Disease: Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging features and clinical outcome. J Neurosurg. 1998;89:194–9. [PubMed: 9688112]
- Dewey R B, Giller C A, Broline S K. et al. Clinical outcome of unilateral stereotactic pallidotomy without microelectrode recording for intractable Parkinson's Disease. Parkinsonism Relat. 2000;6:7–16. [PubMed: 18591146]
- Diederich N, Goetz C G, Stebbins G T. et al. Blinded evaluation confirms long-term asymmetric effect of unilateral thalamotomy or subthalamotomy on tremor in Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1992;42:1311–4. [PubMed: 1620340]
- Dodel R C, Singer M, Kohne-Volland R. et al. The economic impact of Parkinson's Disease. Pharmacoeconomics. 1998;14:299–312. [PubMed: 10186468]
- Dogali M, Fazzini E, Kolodny E. et al. Stereotactic ventral pallidotomy for Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1995;45:753–61. [PubMed: 7723966]
- Dogali M, Sterio D, Fazzini E. et al. Effects of posteroventral pallidotomy on Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1996;69:585–90. [PubMed: 8615183]
- Doty R L, Golbe L I, McKeown B A. et al. Olfactory testing differentiates between progressive supranuclear palsy and idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1993;43:962–5. [PubMed: 8492953]
- Doty R L, Stern M B, Pfeiffer C. et al. Bilateral olfactory dysfunction in early stage treated and untreated idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55:138–42. [PMC free article: PMC488979] [PubMed: 1538221]
- Duff J, Sime E. Surgical interventions in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Essential Tremor (ET): Medial pallidotomy in PD and chronic deep brain stimulation (DBS) in PD and ET. Axone. 1997;18:85–9. [PubMed: 9295483]
- Dupont E, Andersen A, Boas J. et al. Sustained-release Madopar HBS compared with standard Madopar in the long-term treatment of de novo parkinsonian patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 1996;93:14–20. [PubMed: 8825266]
- Eidelberg D, Moeller J R, Ishikawa T. et al. Regional metabolic correlates of surgical outcome following unilateral pallidotomy for Parkinsons Disease. Ann Neurol. 1996;39:450–9. [PubMed: 8619523]
- Eidelberg D, Moeller J R, Ishikawa T. et al. Early differential diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease with18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography. Neurology. 1995;45:1995–2004. [PubMed: 7501148]
- Eskandar E N, Shinobu L A, Penney J B. et al. Stereotactic pallidotomy performed without using microelectrode guidance in patients with Parkinson's Disease: Surgical technique and 2-year results. J Neurosurg. 2000;92:375–83. [PubMed: 10701522]
- Espino A, Calopa M, Ambrosio S. et al. CSF somatostatin increase in patients with early parkinsonian syndrome. J Neural Transm. 1995;9:189–96. [PubMed: 8527003]
- Factor S A, Brown D, Molho E S. et al. Clozapine: A two-year open trial in Parkinson's Disease patients with psychosis. Neurology. 1994;44:544–6. [PubMed: 8145929]
- Factor S A. Dopamine agonists. Med Clin North Am. 1999;83:415–43. [PMC free article: PMC277744] [PubMed: 10093586]
- Fahn S, Marsden CD, Calne DB, et al., eds. Recent Developments in Parkinson's Disease. vol 2. Florham Park, NJ. MacMillan Health Care Information 1987; pp 153–63, 293–304.
- Fahn S. Parkinson Disease, the effect of levodopa, and the ELLDOPA trial. Arch Neurol. 1999;56:529–35. [PubMed: 10328247]
- Fazzini E, Dogali M, Sterio D. et al. Stereotactic pallidotomy for Parkinson's Disease: A long term follow-up of unilateral pallidotomy. Neurology. 1997;48:1273–7. [PubMed: 9153456]
- Fehling C. Treatment of Parkinson's syndrome with L-dopa. A double blind study. Acta Neurol Scand. 1966;42:367–72. [PubMed: 5327616]
- Fields J A, Troster A I. Cognitive outcomes after deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's Disease: A review of initial studies and recommendations for future research. Brain Cogn. 2000;42:268–93. [PubMed: 10744924]
- Fine J, Duff J, Chen R. et al. Long-term follow-up of unilateral pallidotomy in advanced Parkinson's Disease. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1708–14. [PubMed: 10841873]
- Fink J S, Schumacher J M, Ellias S L. et al. Porcine xenografts in Parkinson's Disease and Huntington's Disease patients: Preliminary results. Cell Transplant. 2000;9:273–8. [PubMed: 10811399]
- Formisano R, Pratesi L, Modarelli F T. et al. Rehabilitation and Parkinson's Disease. Scand J Rehab Met. 1992;24:157–60. [PubMed: 1411361]
- Fox M W, Ahlskog J E, Kelly P J. Stereotactic ventrolateralis thalamotomy for medically refractory tremor in post-levodopa era Parkinson's Disease patients. J Neurosurg. 1991;75:723–30. [PubMed: 1919694]
- Freed C R, Greene P E, Breeze R E. et al. Transplantation of embryonic dopamine neurons for severe Parkinson's Disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:710–9. [PubMed: 11236774]
- Freese A. Restorative gene therapy approaches to Parkinson's Disease. Med Clin North Am. 1999;83:537–48. [PubMed: 10093593]
- Fung V S C, Burne J A, Morris J G L. Objective quantification of resting and activated parkinsonian rigidity: A comparison of angular impulse and work scores. Mov Disord. 2000;15:48–55. [PubMed: 10634241]
- Gasser T, Schwarz J, Arnold G. et al. Apomorphine test for dopaminergic responsiveness in patients with previously untreated Parkinson's Disease. Arch Neurol. 1992;49:1131–4. [PubMed: 1444878]
- Gasser T. Is Parkinson's Disease an inherited condition? Adv Neurol. 1999;80:143–52. [PubMed: 10410714]
- Gelb D J, Oliver E, Gilman S. Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson Disease. Arch Neurol. 1999;56:33–9. [PubMed: 9923759]
- Gibb W R G, Lees A J. The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51:745–52. [PMC free article: PMC1033142] [PubMed: 2841426]
- Giminez-Roldan S, Tolosa E, Burguera J A. et al. Early combination of bromocriptine and levodopa in Parkinson's Disease: A prospective randomized study of two parallel groups over a total follow-up period of 44 months including an initial 8-month double-blind stage. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1997;20:67–76. [PubMed: 9037575]
- Giobbe D, Castellano G C, Podio V. Dopamine D2 receptor imaging with SPECT using IBZM in 16 patients with Parkinson's Disease. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1993;14:165–9. [PubMed: 8509271]
- Goetz C G, Leurgans S, Raman R, Stebbins G T. Objective changes in motor function during placebo treatment in PD. Neurology. 2000;54:710–4. [PubMed: 10680808]
- Goetz C G, Stebbins G E, Klawans H L. et al. United Parkinson Foundation Neurotransplantation Registry on adrenal medullary transplants: presurgical, and 1- and 2-year follow-up. Neurology. 1991;41:1719–22. [PubMed: 1944898]
- Gotham A M, Brown R G, Marsden C D. Depression in Parkinson's Disease: A quantitative and qualitative analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1986;49:381–9. [PMC free article: PMC1028762] [PubMed: 3701347]
- Gross R E, Lombardi W J, Lang A E. et al. Relationship of lesion location to clinical outcome following microelectrode-guided pallidotomy for Parkinson's Disease. Brain. 1999;122:405–16. [PubMed: 10094250]
- Guttman M. Double-blind comparison of pramipexole and bromocriptine treatment with placebo in advanced Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1997;49:1060–5. [PubMed: 9339690]
- Hallett M, Litvan I. Evaluation of surgery for Parkinson's Disease: A report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 1999;53:1910–21. [PubMed: 10599758]
- Hattori N, Kitada T, Matsumine H. et al. Molecular genetic analysis of a novel parkin gene in Japanese families with autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism: Evidence for variable homozygous deletions in the parkin gene in affected individuals. Ann Neurol. 1998;44:935–41. [PubMed: 9851438]
- Hauser R A, Zesiewicz T A. Management of early Parkinson's Disease. Med Clin North Am. 1999;83:393–414. [PubMed: 10093585]
- Hawkes C H, Shephard B C, Daniel S E. Olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;62:436–46. [PMC free article: PMC486843] [PubMed: 9153598]
- Hawkes CH, Shephard BC. Olfactory evoked responses and identification tests in. [PubMed: 9929657]
- Hedges L, Olkin I. Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis. 1985. New York: Academic Press.
- Hedges LV. The Handbook of Research Synthesis. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; 1994. Chapter 19, Fixed Effects Models.
- Hellenbrand W, Boeing H, Robra B P. et al. Diet and Parkinson's Disease II: A possible role for past intake of specific nutrients. Results from a self administered food-frequency questionnaire in a case-control study. Neurology. 1996;47:644–50. [PubMed: 8797457]
- Hellenbrand W, Seidler A, Boeing H. et al. Diet and Parkinson's Disease I: A possible role for past intake of specific foods and food groups. Results from a self administered food-frequency questionnaire in a case-control study. Neurology. 1996;47:636–42. [PubMed: 8797456]
- Hellenbrand W, Seidler A, Robra B P. et al. Smoking and Parkinson's Disease: A case-control study in Germany. Int J Epidemiol. 1997;26:328–39. [PubMed: 9169168]
- Hely M A, Chey T, Wilson A. et al. Reliability of the Columbia scale for assessing signs of Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord. 1993;8:466–72. [PubMed: 8232356]
- Hely M A, Morris J G, Reid W G. et al. The Sydney multicentre study of Parkinson's Disease: A randomised, prospective five-year study comparing low dose bromocriptine with low dose levodopa-carbidopa. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57:903–10. [PMC free article: PMC1073071] [PubMed: 8057111]
- Hely M A, Morris J G, Reid W G. et al. Age at onset: The major determinant of outcome in Parkinson's Disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 1995;92:455–63. [PubMed: 8750110]
- Hely M A, Morris J G, Traficante R. et al. The Sydney multicentre study of Parkinson's Disease: Progression and mortality at 10 years. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;67:300–7. [PMC free article: PMC1736543] [PubMed: 10449550]
- Henderson B T, Clough C G, Hughes R C. et al. Implantation of human fetal ventral mesencephalon to the right caudate nucleus in advanced Parkinson's Disease. Arch Neurol. 1991;48:822–7. [PubMed: 1898256]
- Herrera E J, Viano J C, Caceres M. et al. Posteroventral pallidotomy in Parkinson's Disease. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2000;142:169–75. [PMC free article: PMC300905] [PubMed: 10795891]
- Hildick-Smith M. Pragmatic physical therapy in Parkinson's Disease: Any scientific basis? Parkinson's Disease: Advances in Neurology. 1999;80:561–4. [PubMed: 10410772]
- Hitchcock E R, Kenny B G, Clough C G. et al. Stereotactic implantation of foetal mesencephalon (STIM): The UK experience. Prog Brain Res. 1990;82:723–8. [PubMed: 2290976]
- Hoehn M M, Yahr M D. Parkinsonism: Onset, progression, and mortality. Neurology. 1967;17:427–442. [PubMed: 6067254]
- Holshouser B A, Komu M, Moller H E. et al. Localized proton NMR spectroscopy in the striatum of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's Disease: A multicenter pilot study. Magn Reson Med. 1995;33:589–94. [PubMed: 7596261]
- Hornykiewicz O. Parkinson's Disease and its chemotherapy. Biochem Pharmacol. 1975;24:1061–5. [PubMed: 239718]
- Horstink MW and Morrish PK. Preclinial diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease. Parkinson's Disease: Advances in Neurology. vol 80, 1999, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp. 327–33. [PubMed: 10410737]
- Houeto J L, Damier P, Bejjani P B. et al. Subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson Disease: A multidisciplinary approach. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:461–5. [PubMed: 10768618]
- Hu C J, Sung S M, Liu H S. et al. Polymorphisms of the parkin gene in sporadic Parkinson's Disease among Chinese in Taiwan. Eur Neurol. 2000;44:90–3. [PubMed: 10965160]
- Hughes A J, Ben-Shlomo Y, Daniel S E. et al. What features improve the accuracy of clinical diagnosis in Parkinson's Disease: A clinicopathologic study. Neurology. 1992;42:1142–6. [PubMed: 1603339]
- Hughes A J, Daniel S E, Blankson S. et al. A clinicopathologic study of 100 cases of Parkinson's Disease. Arch Neurol. 1993;50:140–8. [PubMed: 8431132]
- Hughes A J, Lees A J, Stern G M. Apomorphine test to predict dopaminergic responsiveness in parkinsonian syndromes. Lancet. 1990;336:32–4. [PubMed: 1973218]
- Hughes A J, Lees A J, Stern G M. Challenge tests to predict the dopaminergic response in untreated Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1991;41:1723–5. [PubMed: 1944899]
- Hughes AJ. Daniel SE, Kilford L, et al. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic. [PMC free article: PMC1014720] [PubMed: 1564476]
- Hutton J T, Koller W C, Ahlskog J E. et al. Multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of cabergoline taken once daily in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1996;46:1062–5. [PubMed: 8780092]
- Hutton J T, Morris J L, Elias J W. Visual contrast sensitivity in Parkinson's Disease is worsened with cabergoline treatment. Parkinsonism Relat. 1999;5:87–91. [PubMed: 18591125]
- Iacono R P, Shima F, Lonser R R. et al. The results, indications, and physiology of posteroventral pallidotomy for patients with Parkinson's Disease. Neurosurgery. 1995;36:1118–27. [PubMed: 7643990]
- Idanpaan-Heikkila J, Alhava E, Olkinuora M. et al. Agranulocytosis during treatment with chlozapine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1977;11:193–8. [PubMed: 856603]
- Imon Y, Matsuda H, Ogawa M. et al. SPECT image analysis using statistical parametric mapping in patients with Parkinson's Disease. J Nucl Med. 1999;40:1583–9. [PubMed: 10520695]
- Inzelberg R, Nisipeanu P, Rabey J M. et al. Double-blind comparison of cabergoline aned bromocriptine in Parkinson's Disease patients with motor fluctuations. Neurology. 1996;47:785–8. [PubMed: 8797480]
- Irwig L, Tosteson A N A, Gatsonis C. et al. Guidelines for meta-analyses evaluating diagnostic tests. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120:667–76. [PubMed: 8135452]
- Jadad A R, Moore A, Carroll D. et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary? Controlled Clinical Trials. 1996;17:1–12. [PubMed: 8721797]
- Jahanshahi M, Brown R G, Whitehouse C. et al. Contact with a nurse practitioner: A short-term evaluation study in Parkinson's Disease and dystonia. Behav Neurol. 1994;7:189–96. [PubMed: 24487336]
- Jankovic J, Cardoso F, Grossman R G. et al. Outcome after stereotactic thalamotomy for parkinsonian, essential, and other types of tremor. Neurosurgery. 1995;37:680–7. [PubMed: 8559296]
- Jankovic J, Hamilton W J, Grossman R G. Thalamic surgery for movement disorders. Adv Neurol. 1997;74:221–3. [PubMed: 9348417]
- Jankovic J, Rajput A H, McDermott M P. et al. The evolution of diagnosis in early Parkinson Disease. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:369–72. [PubMed: 10714663]
- Jankovic J. New and emerging therapies for Parkinson Disease. Arch Neurol. 1999;56:785–90. [PubMed: 10404979]
- Jiminez-Jiminez F J, Rubio J C, Molina J A. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid carnitine levels in patients with Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Sci. 1997;145:183–5. [PubMed: 9094047]
- Johansson F, Malm J, Nordh E. et al. Usefulness of pallidotomy in advanced Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;62:125–32. [PMC free article: PMC486722] [PubMed: 9048711]
- Johnson B T, Qun L, Castell J A. et al. Swallowing and esophageal function in Parkinson's Disease. Amer J Gastroenterol. 1995;90:1741–6. [PubMed: 7572887]
- Johnson J A, Pring T R. Speech therapy and Parkinson's Disease: A review and further data. Br J Disord Commun. 1990;25:183–94. [PubMed: 2206966]
- Jorga K, Fotteler B, Sedek G. et al. The effect of tolcapone on levodopa pharmacokinetics is independent of levodopa/carbidopa formulation. J Neurol. 1998;245:223–30. [PubMed: 9591224]
- Kaasinen V, Nagren K, Hietala J. et al. Extrastriatal dopamine D2 and D3 receptors in early and advanced Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 2000;54:1482–7. [PubMed: 10751262]
- Kahn N, Freeman A, Juncos J L. et al. Clozapine is beneficial for psychosis in Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1991;41:1699–700. [PubMed: 1922830]
- Katsikitis M, Pilowsky I. A controlled study of facial mobility treatment in Parkinson's Disease. J Psychosom Res. 1996;40:387–96. [PubMed: 8736419]
- Katzen H L, Levin B E, Llabre M L. Age of disease onset influences cognition in Parkinson's Disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1998;4:285–90. [PubMed: 9623003]
- Kishore A, Turnbull I M, Snow B J. et al. Efficacy, stability and predictors of outcome of pallidotomy for Parkinson's Disease. Six-month follow-up with additional 1-year observations. Brain. 1997;120:729–37. [PubMed: 9183246]
- Kleedorfer B, Poewe W. Comparative efficacy of two oral sustained-release preparations of L-dopa in fluctuating Parkinson's Disease. Preliminary findings in 20 patients. J Neural Transm [P-D Sect] 1992;4:173–8. [PubMed: 1571080]
- Koller W C, Pahwa R, Busenbark K. et al. High-frequency unilateral thalamic stimulation in the treatment of essential and parkinsonian tremor. Ann Neurol. 1997;42:292–9. [PubMed: 9307249]
- Koller W C, Hutton J T, Tolosa E. et al. Immediate-release and controlled-release carbidopa/levodopa in PD: A 5-year randomized multicenter study. Neurology. 1999;53:1012–9. [PubMed: 10496260]
- Koller W C, Pahwa R, Lyons K E. et al. Surgical treatment of Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Sci. 1999;167:1–10. [PubMed: 10500254]
- Kondziolka D, Bonaroti E, Baser S. et al. Outcomes after stereotactically guided pallidotomy for advanced Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosurg. 1999;90:197–202. [PubMed: 9950488]
- Kopyov O V, Jacques D, Lieberman A. et al. Clinical study of fetal mesencephalic intracerebral transplants for the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Cell Transplant. 1996;5:327–37. [PubMed: 8689043]
- Kopyov O V, Jacques D S, Lieberman A. et al. Outcome following intrastriatal fetal mesencephalic grafts for Parkinson's patients is directly related to the volume of grafted tissue. Exp Neurol. 1997;146:536–45. [PubMed: 9270065]
- Korczyn A D, Brooks D J, Brunt E R. et al. Ropinirole versus bromocriptine in the treatment of early Parkinson's Disease: A 6-month interim report of a 3-year study. Mov Disord. 1998;13:46–51. [PubMed: 9452325]
- Korczyn A D, Brunt E R, Larsen J P. et al. A 3-year randomized trial of ropinirole and bromocriptine in early Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1999;53:364–70. [PubMed: 10430427]
- Krack P, Pollak P, Limousin P. et al. Subthalamic nucleus or internal pallidal stimulation in young onset Parkinson's Disease. Brain. 1998;121:451–7. [PubMed: 9549521]
- Kraft E, Schwarz J, Trenkwalder C. et al. The combination of hypointense and hyperintense signal changes on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging sequences: A specific marker of multiple system atrophy? Arch Neurol. 1999;56:225–8. [PubMed: 10025428]
- Krauss J K, Desaloms J M, Lai E C. et al. Microelectrode-guided posteroventral pallidotomy for treatment of Parkinson's Disease: Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging analysis. J Neurosurg. 1997;87:358–67. [PubMed: 9285599]
- Kulisevsky J, Garcia-Sanches C, Berthier M L. et al. Chronic effects of dopaminergic replacement on cognitive function in Parkinson's Disease. A two-year follow-up study of previously untreated patients. Mov Disord. 2000;15:613–26. [PubMed: 10928571]
- Kulisevsky J, Lopez-Villegas D, Garcia-Sanchez C. et al. A six-month study of pergolide and levodopa in de novo Parkinson's Disease patients. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1998;21:358–62. [PubMed: 9844794]
- Kumar K, Kelly M, Toth C. Deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus for control of tremors in Parkinson's Disease and essential tremor. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1999;72:47–61. [PubMed: 10640920]
- Kumar R, Lozano A M, Montgomery E. et al. Pallidotomy and deep brain stimulation of the pallidum and subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord. 1998;13:73–82. [PubMed: 9613722]
- Kunig G, Pogarell O, Moller J C. et al. Pramipexole, a nonergot dopamine agonist, is effective against rest tremor in intermediate to advanced Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1999;22:301–5. [PubMed: 10516884]
- Lang A E, Lozano A M, Montgomery E. et al. Posteroventral medial pallidotomy in advanced Parkinson's Disease. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1036–42. [PubMed: 9321531]
- Lang A E, Lozano A M. Parkinon's Disease: Second of two parts. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1130–43. [PubMed: 9770561]
- Langston J W, Widner H, Goetz C G. et al. Core Assessment Program for Intracerebral Transplantations. Mov Disord. 1992;7:2–13. [PubMed: 1557062]
- Larsen J P, Boas J, Erdal J E. et al. Does selegiline modify the progression of early Parkinson's Disease? Results from a five-year study. Eur J Neurol. 1999;6:539–47. [PubMed: 10457386]
- Larsen J P, Boas J. The effects of early selegiline therapy on long-term levodopa treatment and parkinsonian disability: An interim analysis of a Norwegian-Danish 5-year study. Mov Disord. 1997;12:175–82. [PubMed: 9087975]
- Latchman D S. Herpes simplex virus vectors for gene therapy in Parkinson's Disease and other diseases of the nervous system. J R Soc Med. 1999;92:566–70. [PMC free article: PMC1297431] [PubMed: 10703493]
- Lees A J. Parkinson's Disease Research Group in the United Kingdom. Comparison of therapeutic effects and mortality data of levodopa and levodopa combined with selegiline in patients with early, mild Parkinson's Disease. BMJ. 1995;311:1602–7. [PMC free article: PMC2551499] [PubMed: 8555803]
- Lehrner J P, Brucke T, Dal-Bianco P. et al. Olfactory functions in Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease. Chem Senses. 1997;22:105–10. [PubMed: 9056090]
- Leroy E, Anastasopoulos D, Konitsiotis S. et al. Deletions in the parkin gene and genetic heterogenity in a Greek family with early onset Parkinson's Disease. Hum Genet. 1998;103:424–7. [PubMed: 9856485]
- Liberini P, Parola S, Spano P F. et al. Olfaction in Parkinson's Disease: Methods of assessment and clinical relevance. J Neurol. 2000;247:88–96. [PubMed: 10751109]
- Lieberman A, Olanow C W, Sethi K. et al. A multicenter trial of ropinirole as adjunct treatment for Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1998;51:1057–62. [PubMed: 9781529]
- Lieberman A, Ranhosky A, Korts D. Clinical evaluation of pramipexole in advanced Parkinson's Disease: Results of a double-bline, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Neurology. 1997;49:162–8. [PubMed: 9222185]
- Lieberman J A, Johns C A, Kane J M. et al. Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis: Non-cross-reactivity with other psychotropic drugs. J Clin Psychiatry. 1988;49:271–7. [PubMed: 3391979]
- Limousin P, Krack P, Pollak P. et al. Electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson's Disease. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1105–11. [PubMed: 9770557]
- Limousin P, Speelman J D, Gielen F. et al. Multicentre European study of thalamic stimulation in parkinsonian and essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;66:289–96. [PMC free article: PMC1736277] [PubMed: 10084526]
- Liss C, Bush D, Last B. et al. An interim report of a 5-year clinical study in patients with Parkinson's Disease with no prior levodopa therapy. Clin Drug Invest. 1997;13:15–22.
- Little RJA, Rubin DB. Statistical analysis with missing data. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1987.
- Litvan I, MacIntyre A, Goetz C G. et al. Accuracy of the clinical diagnoses of Lewy Body Disease, Parkinson Disease, and dementia with Lewy bodies: A clinicopathologic study. Arch Neurol. 1998;55:969–78. [PubMed: 9678315]
- Logroscino G, Marder K, Cote T. et al. Dietary lipids and antioxidants in Parkinson's Disease: a population-based, case-control study. Ann Neurol. 1996;39:89–94. [PubMed: 8572672]
- Lopez-Lozano J J, Abascal J, Bravo G. A year follow-up of autoimplants of perfused adrenal medulla into parkinsonian patients. Prog Brain Res. 1990;82:657–63. [PubMed: 2290967]
- Lopez-Lozano J J, Bravo G, Abascal J. et al. Grafting of perfused adrenal medullary tissue into the caudate nucleus of patients with Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosurg. 1991;75:234–43. [PubMed: 2072160]
- Lopez-Lozano J J, Bravo G, Abascal J. A long-term study of Parkinson's patients subjected to autoimplants of perfused adrenal medulla into the caudate nucleus. Transplant Proc. 1990;22:2243–6. [PubMed: 2219358]
- Lopez-Lozano J J, Bravo G, Brera B. et al. Long-term follow-up in 10 Parkinson's Disease patients subjected to fetal brain grafting into a cavity in the caudate nucleus: The Clinica Puerta de Hierro experience. Transplant Proc. 1995;27:1395–400. [PubMed: 7878925]
- Lopez-Lozano J J, Bravo G, Brera B. et al. Long-term improvement in patients with severe Parkinson's Disease after implantation of fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue in a cavity of the caudate nucleus: 5-year follow up in 10 patients. J Neurosurg. 1997;86:931–42. [PubMed: 9171171]
- Louis E D, Marder K, Cote L. et al. Mortality from Parkinson Disease. Arch Neurol. 1997;54:260–4. [PubMed: 9074394]
- Louis E K, Klatka L A, Liu Y. et al. Comparison of extrapyramidal features in 31 pathologically confirmed cases of diffuse Lewy body disease and 34 pathologically confirmed cases of Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1997;48:376–80. [PubMed: 9040725]
- Lozano A M, Lang A E, Galvez-Jiminez N. et al. Effect of GPi pallidotomy on motor function in Parkinson's Disease. Lancet. 1995;346:1383–7. [PubMed: 7475819]
- Lucking C B, Durr A, Bonifati V. et al. Association between early-onset Parkinson's Disease and mutations in the parkin gene. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1560–7. [PubMed: 10824074]
- MacMahon D G, Overstall P W, Marshall T. Simplification of the initiation of bromocriptine in elderly patients with advanced Parkinson's Disease. Age Ageing. 1991;20:146–51. [PubMed: 2053506]
- Magyar K, Haverle D. Neuroprotective and neuronal rescue effects of selegiline. Neurobiology. 1999;7:175–90. [PubMed: 10591051]
- Mally J, Stone T W. Improvement in parkinsonian symptoms after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurol Sci. 1999;162:179–84. [PubMed: 10202984]
- Marsh L. Neuropsychiatric aspects of Parkinson's Disease. Psychosomatics. 2000;41:15–23. [PubMed: 10665264]
- Martignoni E, Pachetti C, Sibilla L. et al. Dihydroergocryptine in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease: A six months' double-blind clinical trial. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1991;14:78–83. [PubMed: 1903079]
- Martin W E, Loewenson R B, Resch J A. et al. A controlled study comparing trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride plus levodopa with placebo plus levodopa in patients with Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1974;24:912–9. [PubMed: 4606107]
- Martinez-Martin P, Fontan C, Payo B F. et al. Parkinson's Disease: Quantification of disability based on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Neurologia. 2000;15:382–7. [PubMed: 11195144]
- Martinez-Martin P, Gil-Nagel A, Gracia L M. et al. Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale characteristics and structure. Mov Disord. 1994;9:76–83. [PubMed: 8139608]
- Masterman D, DeSalles A, Baloh R W. et al. Motor, cognitive, and behavioral performance following unilateral ventroposterior pallidotomy for Parkinson Disease. Arch Neurol. 1998;55:1201–8. [PubMed: 9740114]
- Mayeux R, Marder K, Cote L J. et al. The frequency of idiopathic Parkinson's Disease by age, ethnic group, and sex in northern Manhattan, 1988-1993. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142:820–7. [PubMed: 7572958]
- McManus D Q, Arvanitis L A, Kowalcyk B B. Seroquel Trial 48 Study Group. Seroquel (quetiapine), a novel antipsychotic: Experience in elderly patients with psychotic disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60:292–8. [PubMed: 10362435]
- Meara J, Bhowmick B K, Hobson P. Accuracy of diagnosis in patients with presumed Parkinson's Disease. Age Ageing. 1999;28:99–102. [PubMed: 10350403]
- Meco G, Alessandri A, Giustini P. et al. Risperidone in levodopa-induced psychosis in advanced Parkinson's Disease: An open-label, long-term study. Mov Disord. 1997;12:610–2. [PubMed: 9251085]
- Melnick M E, Dowling G A, Aminoff M J. et al. Effect of pallidotomy on postural control and motor function in Parkinson Disease. Arch Neurol. 1999;56:1361–5. [PubMed: 10555656]
- Mendis T, Suchowersky O, Lang A. et al. Management of Parkinson's Disease: A review of current and new therapies. Can J Neurol Sci. 1999;26:89–103. [PubMed: 10352867]
- Mercer B S. A randomized study of the efficacy of the PROPATH program for patients with Parkinson's Disease. Arch Neurol. 1996;53:881–4. [PubMed: 8815853]
- Mesholam R I, Moberg P J, Mahr R N. et al. Olfaction in neurodegenerative disease: a meta-analysis of olfactory functioning in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Arch Neurol. 1998;55:84–90. [PubMed: 9443714]
- Miller E, Berrios G E, Politynska B. The adverse effect of benzhexol on memory in Parkinson's Disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 1987;76:278–82. [PubMed: 3687379]
- Mindham R H S. The place of dementia in Parkinson's Disease: A methodologic saga. Parkinson's Disease: Advances in Neurology. 1999;80:403–8. [PubMed: 10410748]
- Molinuevo J L, Valldeoriola F, Tolosa E. et al. Levodopa withdrawal after bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation in advanced Parkinson Disease. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:983–8. [PubMed: 10891980]
- Montastruc J L, Rascol O, Senard J M. et al. A randomised controlled study comparing bromocriptine to which levodopa was later added, with levodopa alone in previously untreated patients with Parkinson's Disease: A five year follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57:1034–8. [PMC free article: PMC1073123] [PubMed: 8089666]
- Montastruc J L, Rascol O, Senard J M. Treatment of Parkinson's Disease should begin with a dopamine agonist. Mov Disord. 1999;14:725–30. [PubMed: 10495032]
- Montgomery E B, Baker K B, Lyons K. et al. Abnormal performance on the PD test battery by asymptomatic first-degree relatives. Neurology. 1999;52:757–62. [PubMed: 10078723]
- Montgomery E B, Koller W C, LaMantia T J K. et al. Early detection of probable idiopathic Parkinson's Disease: I. Development of a diagnostic test battery. Mov Disord. 2000;15:467–73. [PubMed: 10830410]
- Montgomery E B, Lieberman A, Singh G. et al. Patient education and health promotion can be effective in Parkinson's Disease: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Med. 1994;97:429–35. [PubMed: 7977431]
- Montgomery E B, Lyons K, Koller W D. Early detection of probable idiopathic Parkinson's Disease: II. A prospective application of a diagnostic test battery. Mov Disord. 2000;15:474–8. [PubMed: 10830411]
- Morens D M, Grandinetti A, Davis J W. et al. Evidence against the operation of selective mortality in explaining association between cigarette smoking and reduced occurrence of idiopathic Parkinson Disease. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;144:400–4. [PubMed: 8712197]
- Morrish P K, Sawle G V, Brooks D J. Clinical and [18F] dopa PET findings in early Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;59:597–600. [PMC free article: PMC1073753] [PubMed: 7500096]
- Mulrow C, Cook D J, Davidoff F. Systematic reviews: critical links in the great chain of evidence. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:389–91. [PubMed: 9054284]
- Murofushi T, Mizuno M, Osanai R. et al. Olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. J Otorhinol Relat Spec. 1991;53:143–6. [PubMed: 1852411]
- Myllyla V V, Heinonen E H, Vuorinen J A. et al. Early selegiline therapy reduces levodopa dose requirement in Parkinson's Disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 1995;91:177–82. [PubMed: 7793231]
- Myllyla V V, Sotaniemi K A, Hakulinen P. et al. Selegiline as the primary treatment of Parkinson's Disease: A long-term double-blind study. Acta Neurol Scand. 1997;95:211–8. [PubMed: 9150811]
- Myllyla V V, Sotaniemi K A, Vuorinen J A. et al. Selegiline as initial treatment in de novo parkinsonian patients. Neurology. 1992;42:339–43. [PubMed: 1736162]
- Myllyla V V, Sotaniemi K A, Vuorinen J A. et al. Selegiline as a primary treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 1991;84:70–2. [PubMed: 1801540]
- Myllyla V V, Sotaniemi K A, Vuorinen J A. et al. Selegiline in de novo parkinsonian patients: The Finnish study. Mov Disord. 1993;8:S41–4. [PubMed: 8302307]
- Nagaya M, Kachi T, Yamada T. Effect of swallowing training on swallowing disorders in Parkinson's Disease. Scand J Rehab Med. 2000;32:11–5. [PubMed: 10782935]
- Nakanishi T, Iwata M, Goto I. et al. Nation-wide collaborative study on the long-term effects of bromocriptine in the treatment of parkinsonian patients. Final report. Eur Neurol. 1992;32:9–22. [PubMed: 1425821]
- Nakanishi T, Kanazawa I, Goto I. et al. Third interim report of the nationwide collaborative study on the long-term effects of bromocriptine in the treatment of parkinsonian patients. Eur Neurol. 1990;30:3–8. [PubMed: 2178938]
- Nakanishi T, Kanazawa I, Iwata M. et al. Nation-wide collaborative study on the long-term effects of bromocriptine in the treatment of parkinsonian patients: Analysis on the maintenance and the change of the original mode of treatment. Eur Neurol. 1992;32:23–9. [PubMed: 1425818]
- Nakanishi T, Mizuno Y, Goto I. et al. A nationwide collaborative study on the long-term effects of bromocriptine in patients with Parkinson's Disease. The fourth interim report. Eur Neurol. 1991;31:3–16. [PubMed: 1906808]
- Nappi G, Martignoni E, Horowski R. et al. Lisuride plus selegiline in the treatment of early Parkinson's Disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 1991;83:407–10. [PubMed: 1909485]
- Olanow C W, Fahn S, Muenter M. et al. A multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled trial of pergolide as an adjunct to Sinemet in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord. 1994;9:40–7. [PubMed: 8139604]
- Olanow C W, Hauser R A, Gauger L. et al. The effect of deprenyl and levodopa on the progression of Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurol. 1995;38:771–7. [PubMed: 7486869]
- Olanow C W, Koller W, Goetz C G. et al. Autologous transplantation of adrenal medulla in Parkinson's Disease. 18-month results. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:1286–9. [PubMed: 2252446]
- Olanow C W. Tolcapone and hepatotoxic effects. Tasmar Advisory Panel. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:263–7. [PubMed: 10681087]
- Olsson J E. Bromocriptine and levodopa in early combination in Parkinson's Disease: First results of the collaborative European multicentric trial. Adv Neurol. 1990;53:421–3. [PubMed: 2239483]
- Otsuka M, Ichiya Y, Hosokawa S. et al. Striatal blood flow, glucose metabolism and 18F-Dopa uptake: Difference in Parkinson's Disease and atypical parkinsonism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991;54:898–904. [PMC free article: PMC1014575] [PubMed: 1744644]
- Pacchetti C, Aglieri R, Mancini F. et al. Active music therapy and Parkinson's Disease: Methods. Funct Neurol. 1998;13:57–67. [PubMed: 9584875]
- Pacchetti C, Mancini F, Agliere R. et al. Active music therapy in Parkinson's Disease: An integrative method for motor and emotional rehabilitation. Psychosom Med. 2000;62:386–93. [PubMed: 10845352]
- Palhagen S, Heinonen E H, Hagglund J. et al. Selegiline delays the onset of disability in de novo parkinsonian patients. Neurology. 1998;51:520–5. [PubMed: 9710028]
- Parkinson Study Group. A randomized controlled trial comparing pramipexole with levodopa in early Parkinson's Disease: Design and methods of the CALM-PD study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2000;23:34–44. [PubMed: 10682229]
- Parkinson Study Group. An interim report of the effect of selegiline (L-deprenyl) on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's Disease. Eur Neurol. 1992;32:46–53. [PubMed: 1425820]
- Parkinson Study Group. Effect of selegiline (Deprenyl) on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's Disease. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1993;87:36–42. [PubMed: 8333252]
- Parkinson Study Group. Factors predictive of the need for levodopa therapy in early, untreated Parkinson's Disease. Arch Neurol. 1995;52:565–70. [PubMed: 7763203]
- Parkinson Study Group. Impact of deprenyl and tocopherol treatment on Parkinson's Disease in DATATOP patients not requiring levodopa. Ann Neurol. 1996;39:29–36. [PubMed: 8572663]
- Parkinson Study Group. Impact of deprenyl and tocopherol treatment on Parkinson's Disease in DATATOP patients requiring levodopa. Ann Neurol. 1996;39:37–45. [PubMed: 8572664]
- Parkinson Study Group. Mortality in DATATOP: A multicenter trial in early Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurol. 1998;43:318–25. [PubMed: 9506548]
- Parkinson Study Group. The effect of deprenyl and tocopherol on cognitive performance in early untreated Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1994;44:1756–9. [PubMed: 7936311]
- Parkinson Study Group. The need for levodopa as an end point of Parkinson's Disease progression in a clinical trial of selegiline and alpha-tocopherol. Mov Disord. 1997;12:183–9. [PubMed: 9087976]
- Parkinson Study Group. Effect of lazabemide on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurol. 1996;40:99–107. [PubMed: 8687199]
- Parkinson Study Group. Effects of tocopherol and deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's Disease. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:176–83. [PubMed: 8417384]
- Parkinson Study Group. Entcapone improves motor fluctuations in levodopa-treated Parkinson's Disease patients. Ann Neurol. 1997;42:747–55. [PubMed: 9392574]
- Parkinson Study Group. Pramipexole vs. levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson's Disease: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2000;284:1931–8. [PubMed: 11035889]
- Parkinson's Disease Research Group in the United Kingdom. Comparisons of therapeutic effects of levodopa, levodopa and selegiline, and bromocriptine in patients with early, mild Parkinson's Disease: Three year interim report. BMJ. 1993;307:469–72. [PMC free article: PMC1678739] [PubMed: 8400928]
- Parkinson's disease: a clinicopathological study of 100 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 55:1142–6.
- Patti F, Reggio A, Nicoleti F. et al. Effects of rehabilitation therapy on parkinsonians' disability and functional independence. J Neuro Rehab. 1996;10:223–31.
- Perrine K, Dogali M, Fazzini E. et al. Cognitive functioning after pallidotomy for refractory Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65:150–4. [PMC free article: PMC2170208] [PubMed: 9703163]
- Piccini P, Burn D J, Ceravolo R. et al. The role of inheritance in sporadic Parkinson's Disease: Evidence from a longitudinal study of dopaminergic function in twins. Ann Neurol. 1999;45:577–82. [PubMed: 10319879]
- Pincus J H, Barry K. Influence of dietary protein on motor fluctuations in Parkinson's Disease. Arch Neurol. 1987;44:270–2. [PubMed: 3827678]
- Pizzolato G, Cagnin A, Rossato A. et al. Striatal dopamine D2 receptor alterations and response to L-dopa in Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1996;69:467–73. [PubMed: 8615167]
- Platz T, Brown R G, Marsden C D. Training improves the speed of aimed movements in Parkinson's Disease. Brain. 1998;121:505–14. [PubMed: 9549526]
- Polymeropoulos M H, Higgins J J, Golbe L I. et al. Mapping of a gene for Parkinson's Disease to chromosome 4q21–q23. Science. 1996;274:1197–8. [PubMed: 8895469]
- Potagas C, Dellatolas G, Ziegler M. et al. Clinical assessment of olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord. 1998;13:394–9. [PubMed: 9613727]
- Prasad K N, Cole W C, Kumar B. Multiple antioxidants in the prevention and treatment of Parkinson's Disease. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18:413–23. [PubMed: 10511322]
- Przuntek H, Conrad B, Dichgans J. et al. SELEDO: A 5-year long-term trial on the effect of selegiline in early parkinsonian patients treated with levodopa. Eur J Neurol. 1999;6:141–50. [PubMed: 10053226]
- Przuntek H, Welzel D, Blumner E. et al. Bromocriptine lessens the incidence of mortality in L-dopa-treated parkinsonian patients: PRADO-study discontinued. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1992;43:357–63. [PubMed: 1451713]
- Przuntek H, Welzel D, Gerlach M. et al. Early institution of bromocriptine in Parkinson's Disease inhibits the emergence of levodopa-associated motor side effects. Long-term results of the PRADO study. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect. 1996;103:699–715. [PubMed: 8836932]
- Przuntek H, Welzel D, Schwarzmann D. et al. Primary combination therapy of early Parkinson's Disease. A long-term comparison between the combined regimen bromocriptine/levodopa and levodopa monotherapy--first interim report. Eur Neurol. 1992;32:36–45. [PubMed: 1425819]
- Rabey J M, Streifler M, Treves T. et al. The beneficial effect of chronic lisuride administration compared with levodopa in Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1990;53:451–5. [PubMed: 2122652]
- Rabey J M, Treves T A, Neufeld M Y. Low-dose clozapine in the treatment of levodopa-induced mental disturbances in Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1995;45:432–4. [PubMed: 7898690]
- Racette B A, McGee-Minnich L, Moerlein S M. et al. Welding-related parkinsonism. Clinical features, treatment, and pathophysiology. Neurology. 2001;56:8–13. [PubMed: 11148228]
- Rajput A H, Martin W, Saint-Hilaire M H. et al. Tolcapone improves motor function in parkinsonian patients with the “wearing-off” phenomenon: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Neurology. 1997;49:1066–71. [PubMed: 9339691]
- Rajput A H, Rodzilsky B, Rajput A. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of Parkinsonism - a prospective study. Can J Neurol Sci. 1991;18:275–8. [PubMed: 1913360]
- Rajput A H, Rozdilsky B, Ang L. Occurrence of resting tremor in Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1991;41:1298–9. [PubMed: 1866022]
- Rajput A H, Rozdilsky B, Rajput A. et al. Levodopa efficacy and pathological basis of Parkinson syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1990;13:553–8. [PubMed: 2276120]
- Ramaker C, Johan W T, van de Beek M S. The efficacy and safety of adjunct bromocriptine therapy for levodopa-induced motor complications: A systematic review. Mov Disord. 2000;15:56–64. [PubMed: 10634242]
- Ramig L O, Countryman S, O'Brien C. et al. Intensive speech treatment for patients with Parkinson's Disease: Short- and long-term comparison of two techniques. Neurology. 1996;47:1496–504. [PubMed: 8960734]
- Ramig L O, Countryman S, Thompson L L. et al. Comparison of two forms of intensive speech treatment for Parkinson's Disease. J Speech Hear Res. 1995;38:1232–51. [PubMed: 8747817]
- Ramig L O, Sapir S, Fox C. et al. Changes in vocal loudness following intensive voice treatment in individuals with Parkinson's Disease: A comparison with untreated patients and normal age-matched controls. Mov Disord. 2001;16:79–83. [PubMed: 11215597]
- Rascol O, Brooks D J, Brunt E R. et al. Ropinirole in the treatment of early Parkinson's Disease: A 6-month interim report of a 5-year levodopa-controlled study. Mov Disord. 1998;13:39–45. [PubMed: 9452324]
- Rascol O, Brooks D J, Korczyn A D. et al. A five-year study of the incidence of dyskinesia in patients with early Parkinson's Disease who were treated with ropinirole or levodopa. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1484–91. [PubMed: 10816186]
- Raudenbush SW. The Handbook of Research Synthesis. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; 1994. Chapter 20, Random Effects Models.
- Razmy A, Shapiro C M. Interactions of sleep and Parkinson's Disease. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2000;5:20–32. [PubMed: 10704535]
- Reid W G J, Hely M A, Morris J G L. et al. A longitudinal study of Parkinson's Disease: Clinical and neuropsychological correlates of dementia. J Clin Neurosci. 1996;3:327–33. [PubMed: 18638897]
- Relja M A, Petravic D, Kolaj M. Quantifying rigidity with a new computerized elbow device. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1996;19:148–56. [PubMed: 8777768]
- Reynolds H, Wilson-Barnett J, Richardson G. Evaluation of the role of the Parkinson's Disease nurse specialist. Int J Nurs Stud. 2000;37:337–49. [PubMed: 10760541]
- Riess O, Jakes R, Kruger R. Genetic dissection of familial Parkinson's Disease. Mol Med Today. 1998;4:438–44. [PubMed: 9793932]
- Rinne J O, Laihinen A, Ruottinen H. et al. Increased density of dopamine D2 receptors in the putamen, but not in the caudate nucleus in early Parkinson's Disease: A PET study with [11C] raclopride. J Neurol Sci. 1995;132:156–61. [PubMed: 8543941]
- Rinne J O, Portin R, Ruottinen H. et al. Cognitive impairment and the brain dopaminergic system in Parkinson's Disease: [18F]fluorodopa positron emission tomographic study. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:470–5. [PubMed: 10768619]
- Rinne U K, Bracco F, Chouza C. et al. Cabergoline in the treatment of early Parkinson's Disease: Results of the first year of treatment in a double-blind comparison of cabergoline and levodopa. Neurology. 1997;48:363–8. [PubMed: 9040722]
- Rinne U K, Bracco F, Chouza C. et al. Early treatment of Parkinson's Disease with cabergoline delays the onset of motor complications. Results of a double-blind levodopa controlled trial. Drugs. 1998;55:23–30. [PubMed: 9483167]
- Rinne U K, Larsen J P, Siden A. et al. Entcapone enhances the response to levodopa in parkinsonian patients with motor fluctuations. Neurology. 1998;51:1309–14. [PubMed: 9818851]
- Roberts-Warrior D, Overby A, Jankovic J. et al. Postural control in Parkinsn's Disease after unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy. Brain. 2000;123:2141–9. [PubMed: 11004130]
- Ross G W, Abbott R D, Petrovitch H. et al. Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk of Parkinson's Disease. JAMA. 2000;283:2674–9. [PubMed: 10819950]
- Ruggieri S, DePandis M F, Bonamartini A. et al. Low dose of clozapine in the treatment of dopaminergic psychosis in Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1997;20:204–9. [PubMed: 9197942]
- Ryvlin P, Broussole E, Piollet H. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of decreased putamenal iron content in idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. Arch Neurol. 1995;52:583–8. [PubMed: 7763206]
- Sacks H S, Berrier J, Reitman D. et al. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:450–5. [PubMed: 3807986]
- Sakuma K, Nakashima K, Takahashi K. Olfactory evoked potentials in Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's disease, and anosmic patients. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1996;50:35–40. [PubMed: 9201769]
- Samii A, Turnbull I M, Kishore A. et al. Reassessment of unilateral pallidotomy in Parkinson's Disease. A 2-year follow-up study. Brain. 1999;122:417–25. [PubMed: 10094251]
- Samuel M, Caputo E, Brooks D J. et al. A study of medial pallidotomy for Parkinson's Disease: Clinical outcome, MRI location and complications. Brain. 1998;121:59–75. [PubMed: 9549488]
- Sano M, Stern Y, Marder K. et al. A controlled trial of piracetam in intellectually impaired patients with Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord. 1990;5:230–4. [PubMed: 2388639]
- Sawle G V, Playford E D, Burn D J. et al. Separating Parkinson's Disease from normality. Discriminant functin analysis of flurodopa F 18 positron emission tomography data. Arch Neurol. 1994;51:237–43. [PubMed: 8129633]
- Scheife R T, Schumock G T, Burstein A. et al. Impact of Parkinson's Disease and its pharmacologic treatment on quality of life and economic outcomes. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2000;57:953–62. [PubMed: 10832495]
- Schelosky L, Hierholzer J, Wissel J. et al. Correlation of clinical response in apomorphine test with D2 receptor status as demonstrated by 123I IBZM-SPECT. Mov Disord. 1993;8:453–8. [PubMed: 8232354]
- Schenckman M, Cutson T M, Kuchibhatla M. et al. Exercise to improve spinal flexibility and function for people with Parkinson's Disease: A randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998;46:1207–16. [PubMed: 9777901]
- Schmand B, de Bie R M, Koning-Haanstra M, de Smet J S, Speelman J D, van Zomeren A H. Unilateral pallidotomy in PD: A controlled study of cognitive and behavioral effects. Neurology. 2000;54:1058–64. [PubMed: 10720274]
- Schrag A, Quinn N. Dyskinesias and motor fluctuations in Parkinson's Disease. Brain. 2000;123:2297–305. [PubMed: 11050029]
- Schulz G M, Grant M K. Effects of speech therapy and pharmacologic and surgical treatments on voice and speech in Parkinson's Disease: A review of the literature. J Commun Disord. 2000;33:59–88. [PubMed: 10665513]
- Schuurman P R, Bosch D A, Bossuyt P M. et al. A comparison of continuous thalamic stimulation and thalamotomy for suppression of severe tremor. N Eng J Med. 2000;342:461–8. [PubMed: 10675426]
- Schwab RS, England AC. Projection technique for evaluating surgery in Parkinson's Disease. In Gillingham FJ, Donaldson IML, eds. Third Symposium of Parkinson's Disease. Edinburgh, Scotland: E&S Livingstone; 1969. p 152–7.
- Schwarz J, Antonini A, Tatsch K. et al. Comparison of 123I-IBZM SPECT and 11C-raclopride PET findings in patients with parkinsonism. Nucl Med Commun. 1994;15:806–13. [PubMed: 7838444]
- Schwarz J, Kraft E, Vogl T. et al. Relative quantification of signal on T2-weighted images in the basal ganglia: Limited value in differential diagnosis of patients with parkinsonism. Neuroradiology. 1999;41:124–7. [PubMed: 10090605]
- Schwarz J, Linke R, Kerner M. et al. Striatal dopamine transporter binding assessed by [I-123_IPT and single photon emission computed tomography in patients with early Parkinson' Disease: Implications for a preclinical diagnosis. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:205–8. [PubMed: 10681078]
- Schwarz J, Tatsch K, Arnold G. et al. 123I-iodobenzamide-SPECT in 83 patients with de novo parkinsonism. Neurology. 1993;43:S17–20. [PubMed: 8264906]
- Schwarz J, Tatsch K, Arnold G. et al. 123 I-iodobenzamide-SPECT predicts dopaminergic responsiveness in patients with ‘de novo’ parkinsonism. Neurology. 1992;42:556–61. [PubMed: 1549216]
- Schwarz J, Tatsch K, Gasser T. et al. [123]IBZM binding predicts dopaminergic responsiveness in patients with parkinsonism and previous dopaminomimetic therapy. Mov Disord. 1997;12:898–902. [PubMed: 9399212]
- Schwarz J, Tatsch K, Gasser T. et al. 123I-IBZM binding compared with long-term clinical follow up in patients with de novo parkinsonism. Mov Disord. 1998;13:16–9. [PubMed: 9452320]
- Seibyl J P, Marek K L, Quinlan D. et al. Decreased single-photon emission computed tomographic [123I]□-CIT striatal uptake correlates with symptom severity in Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurol. 1995;38:589–98. [PubMed: 7574455]
- Selby G. Stereotactic surgery for the relief of Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Sci. 1967;5:343–75. [PubMed: 4862131]
- Semchuk K K, Love E J, Lee R G. Parkinson's Disease and exposure to agricultural work and pesticide chemicals. Neurology. 1992;42:1328–35. [PubMed: 1620342]
- Sethi K D, O'Brien C F, Hammerstad J P. et al. Ropinirole for the treatment of early Parkinson Disease: A 12-month experience. Arch Neurol. 1998;55:1211–6. [PubMed: 9740115]
- Shannon K M, Bennett J P J, Friedman J H. Efficacy of pramipexole, a novel dopamine agonist, as monotherapy in mild to moderate Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1997;49:724–8. [PubMed: 9305331]
- Shannon K M, Penn R D, Kroin J S. et al. Stereotactic pallidotomy for the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Efficacy and adverse effects at 6 months in 26 patients. Neurology. 1998;50:434–8. [PubMed: 9484368]
- Shoulson I. Parkinson Study Group. Deprenyl and tocopherol antioxidative therapy of parkinsonism (DATATOP). Acta Neurol Scand. 1989;126:171–5. [PubMed: 2515723]
- Shults C W, Haas R H, Beal M F. A possible role of coenzyme Q10 in the etiology and treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Biofactors. 1999;9:267–72. [PubMed: 10416040]
- Simon D K, Standaert D G. Parkinson's Disease and parkinsonian syndromes: Neuroprotective therapies. Med Clin North Am. 1999;83:509–23. [PubMed: 10093591]
- Sitzia J, Haddrell V, Rice-Oxley M. Evaluation of a nurse-led multidisciplinary neurological rehabilitation programme using the Nottingham Health Profile. Clin Rehabil. 1998;12:389–94. [PubMed: 9796929]
- Smith M E, Ramig L O, Dromey C. et al. Intensive voice treatment in Parkinson's Disease: Laryngostroboscopic findings. J Voice. 1995;9:453–9. [PubMed: 8574314]
- Snow B J, Macdonald L, Mcauley D. et al. The effect of amantadine of levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's Disease: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2000;23:82–5. [PubMed: 10803797]
- Stacy M, Jankovic J. Differential diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease and the Parkinsonism plus syndromes. Neurol Clin. 1992;10:341–59. [PubMed: 1584178]
- Stacy M. Managing late complications of Parkinson's Disease. Med Clin North Am. 1999;83:469–81. [PubMed: 10093588]
- Steering Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Care and Treatment of Breast Cancer. CMAJ 1998: 158. [PubMed: 9484271]
- Steiger M J, El-Debas T, Anderson T. et al. Double-blind study of the activity and tolerability of cabergoline versus placebo in parkinsonians with motor fluctuations. J Neurol. 1996;243:68–72. [PubMed: 8869390]
- Stocchi F, Bramante L, Monge A. et al. Apomorphine and lisuride infusion. A comparative chronic study. Adv Neurol. 1993;60:653–5. [PubMed: 8420205]
- Stoof J C, Winogrodzka A, van Muiswinkel F L. et al. Leads for the development of neuroprotective treatment in Parkinson's Disease and brain imaging methods for estimating treatment efficacy. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999;375:75–86. [PubMed: 10443566]
- Stroudley J, Walsh M. Radiological assessment of dysphagia in Parkinson's Disease. Br J Radiol. 1991;64:890–3. [PubMed: 1954529]
- Sveinbjornsdottir S, Hicks A A, Jonsson T. et al. Familial aggregation of Parkinson's Disease in Iceland. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1767–70. [PubMed: 11114315]
- Taha J M, Favre J, Baumann T K. et al. Tremor control after pallidotomy in patients with Parkinson's Disease: Correlation with microrecording findings. J Neurosurg. 1997;86:642–7. [PubMed: 9120628]
- Tanner C M, Golman S M. Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease. Neurol Clin. 1996;14:317–35. [PMC free article: PMC7173037] [PubMed: 8827174]
- Tanner C M, Ottman R, Golman S M. et al. Parkinson Disease in twins: an etiologic study. JAMA. 1999;281:341–6. [PubMed: 9929087]
- Targum S D, Abbott J L. Efficacy of quetiapine in parkinson's patients with psychosis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;20:54–60. [PubMed: 10653209]
- Tatsch K, Schwarz J, Oertel W H. et al. SPECT imaging of dopamine D2 receptors with 123I-IBZM: Initial experience in controls and patients with Parkinson's syndrome and Wilson's disease. Nucl Med Commun. 1991;12:699–707. [PubMed: 1838142]
- Tatton W G, Wadia J S, Ju W Y. et al. Deprenyl reduces neuronal apoptosis and facilitates neuronal outgrowth by altering protein synthesis without inhibiting monoamine oxidase. J Neural Transm. 1996;48:45–59. [PubMed: 8988461]
- Thaut M H, McIntosh G C, Rice R R. et al. Rhythmic auditory stimulation in gait training for Parkinson's Disease patients. Mov Disord. 1996;11:193–200. [PubMed: 8684391]
- Trepanier L L, Saint-Cyr J A, Lozano A M, Lang A E. Neuropsychological consequences of posteroventral pallidotomy for the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1998;51:207–15. [PubMed: 9674804]
- Trosch R M, Friedman J H, Lannon M C. et al. Clozapine use in Parkinson's Disease: A retrospective analysis of a large multicentered clinical experience. Mov Disord. 1998;13:377–82. [PubMed: 9613725]
- Tzourio C, Rocca W A, Breteler M M B. et al. Smoking and Parkinson's Disease: An age-dependent risk effect? Neurology. 1997;49:1267–72. [PubMed: 9371906]
- Uitti R J. Surgical treatments for Parkinson's Disease. Can Fam Phys. 2000;46:368–73. [PMC free article: PMC1987687] [PubMed: 10690493]
- van Hilten JJ, Ramaker C, van de Beek WJT, et al. Bromocriptine for levodopa-induced motor complications in Parkinson's Disease (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2000. Oxford: Update Software. [PMC free article: PMC7032627] [PubMed: 10796755]
- Velasco F, Velasco M, Rodriguez Cuevas H. et al. Autologous adrenal medullary transplants in advanced Parkinson's Disease with particular attention to the selective improvement in symptoms. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1991;57:195–212. [PubMed: 1842977]
- Veldman B A, Wijn A M, Knoers N. et al. Genetic and environmental risk factors in Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1998;100:15–26. [PubMed: 9637199]
- Vitek J L, Bakay R A, DeLong M R. Microelectrode-guided pallidotomy for medically intractable Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1997;74:183–98. [PubMed: 9348414]
- Wagner M L, Defilippi J L, Menza M A. et al. Clozapine for the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson's Disease: Chart review of 49 patients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1996;8:276–80. [PubMed: 8854298]
- Ward C D, Gibb W R. Research diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1990;53:245–9. [PubMed: 2239463]
- Waters C H, Kurth M, Bailey P. et al. Tolcapone in stable Parkinson's Disease: Efficacy and safety of long-term treatment. Neurology. 1997;49:665–71. [PubMed: 9305320]
- Weiner W J, Factor S A, Sanchez-Ramos J R. et al. Early combination therapy (bromocriptine and levodopa) does not prevent motor fluctuations in Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1993;43:21–7. [PubMed: 8423888]
- Wenning G K, Ebersbach G, Verny M. et al. Progression of falls in postmortem-confirmed parkinsonian disorders. Mov Disord. 1999;14:947–50. [PubMed: 10584668]
- Wermuth L, Sorensen P S, Timm B. et al. Depression in idiopathic Parkinson's Disease treated with citalopram. Nord J Psychiatry. 1998;52:163–9.
- Williams A C, Smith M L, Waring R H. et al. Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease: A genetic and environmental model. Adv Neurol. 1999;80:215–8. [PubMed: 10410724]
- Wolters E C, Horstink M W, Roos R A. et al. Clinical efficacy of Sinemet CR 50/200 versus Sinemet 25/100 in patients with fluctuating Parkinson's Disease. An open, and a double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter treatment evaluation. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1992;94:205–11. [PubMed: 1327609]
- Wolters E C, Horstink M W, Roos R A. et al. Superior clinical efficacy of Sinement CR 50/200 versus Sinemet 25/100 in patients with fluctuating Parkinson's Disease. An open and a double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter treatment evaluation. Adv Neurol. 1993;60:648–52. [PubMed: 8420204]
- Wolters E C, Tesselaar H J. International (NL-UK) double-blind study of Sinemet CR and standard Sinemet (25/100) in 170 patients with fluctuating Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol. 1996;243:235–40. [PubMed: 8936353]
- Wszolek Z K, Markopoulou K. Olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neurosci. 1998;5:94–101. [PubMed: 10785834]
- Young R F, Shumway-Cook A, Vermeulen S S. et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery as a lesioning technique in movement disorder surgery. J Neurosurg. 1998;89:183–93. [PubMed: 9688111]
- Zhang Z X, Roman G C. Worldwide occurrence of Parkinson's Disease: An updated review. Neuroepidemiology. 1993;12:195–208. [PubMed: 8272179]
- Bibliography - Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson's DiseaseBibliography - Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson's Disease
- Conclusions - Milk Thistle: Effects on Liver Disease and Cirrhosis and Clinical ...Conclusions - Milk Thistle: Effects on Liver Disease and Cirrhosis and Clinical Adverse Effects
- Preface - An Evaluation of Beta-Blockers, Calcium Antagonists, Nitrates, and Alt...Preface - An Evaluation of Beta-Blockers, Calcium Antagonists, Nitrates, and Alternative Therapies for Stable Angina
- Appendix J. Extraction Form for Randomized Clinical Trials - Criteria for Weanin...Appendix J. Extraction Form for Randomized Clinical Trials - Criteria for Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation
- Results - Rehabilitation for Traumatic Brain InjuryResults - Rehabilitation for Traumatic Brain Injury
Your browsing activity is empty.
Activity recording is turned off.
See more...