Appendix I. Rejected Studies Log

Cindy B Levine; Kyle R Fahrbach; Andrew D Siderowf; Rhonda P Estok; Veronica M Ludensky; Susan D Ross

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Levine CB, Fahrbach KR, Siderowf AD, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2003 Jun. (Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 57.)

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

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Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

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Appendix I. Rejected Studies Log

Citation Rejection Reason: Abstract, letter comment, review, case report, or meta-analysis

1.: Bejjani B P, Damier P, Arnulf I, Papadopoulos S, Bonnet A M, Vidailhet M. et al. Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's Disease: Opposite effects of stimulation in the pallidum. Mov Disord. 1998;13:969–70. [PubMed: 9827624]
2.: Bergus G. Treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Fam Pract. 1996;42:457–8. [PubMed: 8642360]
3.: Caraceni T. A case for early levodopa treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1995;18:S38–42.
4.: Chana P, de Marinis A, Barrientos N. Gabapentin and motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 1997;12:608. [PubMed: 9251083]
5.: Damiano AM, Snyder C, Strausser B, Willian MK, anne, Health s, et al. a review of health-related quality-of-life concepts and measures for parkinson's disease. Qual 1999; 8:235–43. [PubMed: 10472154]
6.: Damier P, Jaillon C, Clavier I, Arnulf I, Bonnet A M, Bejjani B P. et al. Dyskinesias assessment in Phase II studies. Mov Disord. 1999;14:54–9. [PubMed: 10493404]
7.: Defer G L, Widner H, Marie R M, Remy P, Levivier M. Core assessment program for surgical interventional therapies in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord. 1999;14:572–84. [PubMed: 10435493]
8.: Di Rocco A, Molinari S P, Kollmeier B, Yahr M D. Parkinson's Disease: Progression and mortality in the L-dopa era. Adv Neurol. 1996;69:3–11. [PubMed: 8615142]
9.: Driver P S. Depression treatment in Parkinson's Disease. DICP. 1991; 25:137–8. [PubMed: 2058186]
10.: Factor S A, Molho E S. Transient benefit of amantadine in Parkinson's Disease: The facts about the myth. Mov Disord. 1999;14:515–7. [PubMed: 10348482]
11.: Friedman A. Old-onset Parkinson's Disease compared with young-onset disease: Clinical differences and similarities. Acta Neurol Scand. 1994;89:258–61. [PubMed: 8042442]
12.: Gottwald M D. Maximizing the benefit: Risk ratio of levodopa therapy in Parkinson's Disease. Pharmacotherapy. 1999;19:S162–8. [PubMed: 10555944]
13.: Guay D R P. Tolcapone, a selective catechol-o-methyltransferase inhibitor for treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Pharmacotherapy. 1999;19:6–20. [PubMed: 9917075]
14.: Hely M A, Fung V S C, Morris J G L. Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Neurosci. 2000;7:484–94. [PubMed: 11029227]
15.: Hitchon P, Follet K, Schneider P, Rodnitzky R, Ajax T, Dobson J. et al. Surgical treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Iowa Med. 1997;87:323–5. [PubMed: 9383922]
16.: Hughes A J. Drug treatment of Parkinson's Disease in the 1990s - achievements and future possibilities. Drugs. 1997;53:195–205. [PubMed: 9028741]
17.: Kanazawa I. Short review on monoamine oxidase and its inhibitors. Eur Neurol. 1994;34:36–9. [PubMed: 7821334]
18.: Laitinen L V. Ventroposterolateral pallidotomy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1994;62:41–52. [PubMed: 7631088]
19.: Lange K W, Rausch W D, Gsell W, Naumann M, Oestreicher E, Reiderer P. Neuroprotection by dopamine agonists. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1994;43:183–201. [PubMed: 7884400]
20.: LeWitt P A. Deprenyl's effect at slowing progression of parkinsonian disability: The DATATOP study. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1991;136:79–86. [PubMed: 1801542]
21.: Lieberman A. Dopamine agonists used as monotherapy in de novo PD patients: Comparison with selegiline. Neurology. 1992;42:37–48. [PubMed: 1350073]
22.: Lieberman A N, Gopinathan G, Pasternack P, Goldstein M. Mesulergine: A dopamine agonist with novel properties in Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1990;53:533–7. [PubMed: 1978521]
23.: Louis E D, Fahn S. Pathologically diagnosed diffuse Lewy body disease and Parkinson's Disease. Do the parkinsonian features differ. Adv Neurol. 1996;69:311–4. [PubMed: 8615144]
24.: Lozano A M, Hutchison W D, Tasker R R, Lang A E, Junn F, Dostrovsky J O. Microelectrode recordings define the ventral posteromedial pallidotomy target. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1998;71:153–63. [PubMed: 10461101]
25.: Luer M S. Interventions to achieve tonic exposure to levodopa: Delaying or preventing the onset of motor complications. Pharmacotherapy. 1999;19:169S–79S. [PubMed: 10555945]
26.: MacMahon D G. Use of apomorphine in clinical practice. Adv Neurol. 1999;80:529–33. [PubMed: 10410767]
27.: Makela E H. Unforeseen beneficial effects of controlled-release levodopa-carbidopa (Sinemet CR). J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1992;4:234–5. [PubMed: 1627988]
28.: Marsden C D. Clinical experience with cabergoline in patients with advanced Parkinson's Disease treated with levodopa. Drugs. 1998;55:17–22. [PubMed: 9483166]
29.: Micek S T, Ernst M E. Tolcapone: A novel approach to Parkinson's Disease. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1999;56:2195–204. [PubMed: 10565698]
30.: Mizuno Y, Kondo T. Mortality associated with selegiline in Parkinson's Disease. What do the available data mean. Drug Saf. 1997;16:289–94. [PubMed: 9187529]
31.: Molina H, Quinones-Molina R, Munoz J, Alvarez L, Alaminos A, Ortega I. et al. Neurotransplantation in Parkinson's Disease: From open microsurgery to bilateral stereotactic approach: First clinical trial using microelectrode recording technique. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1994;62:204–8. [PubMed: 7631069]
32.: Montastruc J L, Rascol O, Senard J M. Treatment of Parkinson's Disease should begin with a dopamine agonist. Mov Disord. 1999;14:725–30. [PubMed: 10495032]
33.: Olanow C W, Myllyla V V, Sotaniemi K A, Larsen J P, Palhagen S, Przuntek et al. Effect of selegiline on mortality in patients with Parkinson's Disease - a meta-analysis. Neurology. 1998;51:825–30. [PubMed: 9748034]
34.: Parkinson Study Group. A multicenter assesment of dopamine transporter imaging with DOPASCAN/SPECT in parkinsonism. Neurology. 2000;55:1540–7. [PubMed: 11094111]
35.: Playfer J. Targeting Parkinson's Disease - the case for early referral. Curr Med Res Opin. 2000;16:43–5. [PubMed: 16422034]
36.: Poewe W. Should treatment of Parkinson's Disease be started with a dopamine agonist. Neurology. 1998;51:S21–4. [PubMed: 9711976]
37.: Poewe W, Luginger E. Depression in Parkinson's Disease - impediments to recognition and treatment options. Neurology. 1999;52:S2–6. [PubMed: 10227602]
38.: Ramaker C, van de Beek W J T, Finken M J J, van Hilten B J J. The efficacy and safety of adjunct bromocriptine therapy for levodopa-induced motor complications: A systematic review. Mov Disord. 2000;15:56–64. [PubMed: 10634242]
39.: Robin D W. Selegiline in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Am J Med Sci. 1991;302:392–5. [PubMed: 1772127]
40.: Saintcyr J A, Taylor A E, Lang A E. Neuropsychological and psychiatric side effects in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1993;43:47–52. [PubMed: 8264912]
41.: Sawle G V. The detection of preclinical Parkinson's Disease: What is the role of positron emission tomography. Mov Disord. 1993;8:271–7. [PubMed: 8341290]
42.: Shoulson I. DATATOP: A decade of neuroprotective inquiry. Ann Neurol. 1998;44:S160–6. [PubMed: 9749589]
43.: Shoulson I. Where do we stand on neuroprotection? Where do we go from here. Mov Disord. 1998;13:46–8. [PubMed: 9613718]
44.: Shoulson I. Antioxidative therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's Disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992;648:37–41. [PubMed: 1637072]
45.: Simons J A. Fluoxetine in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 1996;11:581–2. [PubMed: 8866503]
46.: Stacy M. Managing late complications of Parkinson's Disease. Med Clin North Am. 1999;83:469. [PubMed: 10093588]
47.: Stern M B. Contemporary approaches to the pharmacotherapeutic management of Parkinson's Disease - an overview. Neurology. 1997;49:S2–9. [PubMed: 9222270]
48.: Thorogood M, Armstrong B, Nichols T, Hollowell J. Mortality in people taking selegiline: Observational study. BMJ. 1998;317:252–4. [PMC free article: PMC28616] [PubMed: 9677215]
49.: Ward C D. Does selegiline delay progression of Parkinson's Disease? A critical re-evaluation of the DATATOP study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57:217–20. [PMC free article: PMC1072455] [PubMed: 8126510]
50.: Weiner W J. The initial treatment of Parkinson's Disease should begin with levodopa. Mov Disord. 1999;14:716–24. [PubMed: 10495031]
51.: Wolters E C. Dopaminomimetic psychosis in Parkinson's Disease patients - diagnosis and treatment. Neurology. 1999;52:S10–3. [PubMed: 10227604]
52.: Wszolek Z K, Markopoulou K. Olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neurosci. 1998;5:94–101. [PubMed: 10785834]

Rejection Reason: Cross-over studies

1.: Bowes S G, Clark P K, Charlett A, O'Neill C J, Leeman A L, Weller C. et al. Objective outcome criteria in trials of anti-parkinsonian therapy in the elderly: Sensitivity, specificity and reliability of measures of brady- and hypo-kinesia. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;31:295–304. [PMC free article: PMC1368356] [PubMed: 2054270]
2.: Cedarbaum J M, Silvestri M, Clark M, Toy L, Harts A, Green-Parsons A. et al. Results of long-term treatment with controlled-release levodopa/carbidopa (Sinemet CR). J Neural Transm [P-D Sect] 1990;2:205–13. [PubMed: 2257060]
3.: Friedman J H, Koller W C, Lannon M C, Busenbark K, Swanson-Hyland E, Smith D. Benztropine versus clozapine for the treatment of tremor in Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1997;48:1077–81. [PubMed: 9109903]
4.: Laihinen A, Rinne U K, Suchy I. Comparison of lisuride and bromocriptine in the treatment of advanced Parkinson's Disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 1992;86:593–5. [PubMed: 1481646]
5.: Pfeiffer R F, Wilken K E, Glaeske C S, Hofman R. Sinemet CR in Parkinson's Disease. Nebr Med J. 1991;76:8–10. [PubMed: 1997878]
6.: Uitti R J, Vingerhoets F J G, Hayward M, Cooper S, Snow B J. Positron emission tomography (PET) measurements of striatal D2 receptors in untreated Parkinson's Disease patients with follow-up after 6 and 12 months' treatment with Sinemet or Sinemet CR. Parkinsonism Relat. 1997;3:43–6. [PubMed: 18591053]

Rejection Reason: Duplicate Study

1.: Baas H, Beiske A G, Ghika J, Jackson M, Oertel W H, Poewe W. et al. Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition with tolcapone reduces the “wearing off” phenomenon and levodopa requirements in fluctuating parkinsonian patients. Neurology. 1998;50:S46–53. [PubMed: 9591522]
2.: Rajput A H, Martin W, Saint-Hilaire M H, Dorflinger E, Pedder S. Tolcapone improves motor function in parkinsonian patients with the “wearing-off” phenomenon: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Neurology. 1998;50:S54–9. [PubMed: 9591523]

Rejection Reason: In vitro studies

1.: Chiba S, Matsumoto H, Saitoh M, Kasahara M, Matsuya M, Kashiwagi M. A correlation study between serum adenosine deaminase activities and peripheral lymphocyte subsets in Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Sci. 1995;132:170–3. [PubMed: 8543943]
2.: Coenen H H, Dutschka K, Muller S P, Geworski L, Farahati J, Reiners C. N.c.a. radiosynthesis of [123,124 I] beta-CIT, plasma analysis and pharmacokinetic studies with SPECT and PET. Nucl Med Biol. 1995;22:977–84. [PubMed: 8998475]

Rejection Reason: Languages other than English

1.: Mizuno Y, Mannen T, Iwata M, Ogawa N, Kanazawa I, Goto I. et al. Effects of modified release bromocriptine on Parkinson's Disease and parkinsonism, a double-blind study. Clin Eval. 1990;18:315–39.
2.: Nakanishi T, Kowa H, Mizuno Y, Yanagisawa N. The clinical evaluation of b-ht 920 (talipexole hydrochloride) in Parkinson's Disease. A multi-centered double-blind comparative study vs. bromocriptine mesilate. Clin Eval. 1993;21:59–110.

Rejection Reason: Mixed populations where results for PD patients can not be separately extracted

1.: Alesch F, Pinter M M, Helscher R J, Fertl L, Benabid A L, Koos W T. et al. Stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus in tremor dominated Parkinson's Disease and essential tremor. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1995;136:75–81. [PMC free article: PMC300905] [PubMed: 8748831]
2.: Chacko R C, Hurley R A, Harper R G, Jankovic J, Cardoso F. Clozapine for acute and maintenance treatment of psychosis in Parkinson's Disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1995;7:471–5. [PubMed: 8555750]
3.: Hariz M I, Bergenheim A T. Clinical evaluation of computed tomography-guided versus ventriculography-guided thalamotomy for movement disorders. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1993;58:53–5. [PubMed: 8109302]
4.: Konagaya M, Konagaya Y, Iida M. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study of extrapyramidal symptoms in multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57:1528–31. [PMC free article: PMC1073237] [PubMed: 7798985]
5.: Tasker R R, DeCarvalho G C, Li C S, Kestle J R. Does thalamotomy alter the course of Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1996;69:563–83. [PubMed: 8615182]
6.: Whitehouse C. A new source of support. The nurse practitioner role in Parkinson's Disease and dystonia. Prof Nurse . 1994; 9:448, 450–48, 451. [PubMed: 8177898]

Rejection Reason: No outcome of interest

1.: Abbruzzese G, Marchese R, Trompetto C. Sensory and motor evoked potentials in multiple system atrophy: A comparative study with Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord. 1997;12:315–21. [PubMed: 9159725]
2.: Gori S, Massetani R, Murri L. Evaluation of olfactory function by topographic EEG analysis in patients with Parkinson's Disease. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1995;16:595–601. [PubMed: 8838785]
3.: Gross R E, Lombardi W J, Hutchison W D, Narula S, Saint-Cyr J A, Dostrovsky J O. et al. Variability in lesion location after microelectrode-guided pallidotomy for Parkinson's Disease: Anatomical, physiological, and technical factors that determine lesion distribution. J Neurosurg. 1999;90:468–77. [PubMed: 10067915]
4.: Kirollos C, Charlett A, Bowes S G, Purkiss A G, O'Neill C J, Weller C. et al. Time course of physical and psychological responses to selegiline monotherapy in newly diagnosed, idiopathic parkinsonism. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;50:7–18. [PubMed: 8739805]
5.: Kirschman D L, Milligan B, Wilkinson S, Overman J, Wetzel L, Batnitzky et al. Pallidotomy microelectrode targeting: Neurophysiology-based target refinement. Neurosurgery. 2000;46:613–22. [PubMed: 10719858]
6.: Kubu C S, Grace G M, Parrent A G. Cognitive outcome following pallidotomy: The influence of side of surgery and age of patient at disease onset. J Neurosurg. 2000;92:384–9. [PubMed: 10701523]
7.: Kurlan R, Tanner C M, Goetz C, Sutton J, Lichter D, Carvey P. et al. Levodopa drug holiday versus drug dosage reduction in Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1994;17:117–27.
8.: Macias R, Teijeiro J, Torres A, Alvarez L. Electrophysiological targeting in stereotaxic surgery for Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1997;74:175–82. [PubMed: 9348413]
9.: Porena M, Parziani S, Costantini E, Vespasiani G, Micali F. Autologous adrenal medullary transplant in Parkinson's Disease: Critical review of our results in 13 patients. Neurourol Urodyn. 1996;15:195–201. [PubMed: 8732986]
10.: Rodriguez M, Lera G, Vaamonde J, Luquin M R, Obeso J A. Motor response to apomorphine and levodopa in asymmetric Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57:562–6. [PMC free article: PMC1072915] [PubMed: 8201324]
11.: Sato Y, Manabe S, Kuno H, Oizumi K. Amelioration of osteopenia and hypovitaminosis D by 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in elderly patients with Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;66:64–8. [PMC free article: PMC1736147] [PubMed: 9886454]
12.: Soliveri P, Brown R G, Jahanshahi M, Marsden C D. Effect of practice on preformance of a skilled motor task in patients with Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55:454–60. [PMC free article: PMC1014900] [PubMed: 1619411]
13.: Turkka J, Suominen K, Tolonen U, Sotaniemi K, Myllyla V V. Selegiline diminishes cardiovascular autonomic responses in Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1997;48:662–7. [PubMed: 9065544]

Rejection Reason: Outcomes not extractable

1.: Bayles K A, Tomoeda C K, Wood J A, Montgomery E B, Cruz R F, McGeagh A. Change in cognitive function in idiopathic Parkinson Disease. Arch Neurol. 1996;53:1040–6. [PubMed: 8912487]
2.: Berding G, Gratz K F, Kolbe H, Meyer G J, Dengler R, Knoop B O. et al. 123I-IBZM SPECT: Reconstruction methodology and results in parkinsonism and dystonia. Nuklearmedizin. 1994;33:194–9. [PubMed: 7997377]
3.: Edwards R, Beuter A. Using time domain characteristics to discriminate physiologic and parkinsonian tremors. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2000;17:87–100. [PubMed: 10709814]
4.: Guttman M, Burkholder J, Kish S J, Hussey D, Wilson A, DaSilva J. et al. [11C]RTI-32 PET studies of the dopamine transporter in early dopa-naive Parkinson's Disease: Implications for the symptomatic threshold. Neurology. 1997;48:1578–83. [PubMed: 9191769]
5.: Jankovic J, McDermott M, Carter J, Gauthier S, Goetz C, Golbe L. et al. Variable expression of Parkinson's Disease: A base-line analysis of the DATATOP cohort. Neurology. 1990;40:1529–34. [PubMed: 2215943]
6.: Jimenez F, Velasco F, Velasco M, Velasco A L. Long-term effects of medical and surgical treatments on Parkinson's Disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1994;62:85–9. [PubMed: 7631093]
7.: Jonsson B, Sernbo I, Johnell O. Rehabilitation of hip fracture patients with Parkinson's Disease. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1995;27:227–30. [PubMed: 8650507]
8.: Kumar R, Lozano A M, Sime E, Halket E, Lang A E. Comparative effects of unilateral and bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. Neurology. 1999;53:561–6. [PubMed: 10449121]
9.: Laitinen L V. Ventroposterolateral pallidotomy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1994;62:41–52. [PubMed: 7631088]
10.: Laulumaa V, Kuikka J T, Soininen H, Bergstrom K, Lansimies E, Reikkinen P. Imaging of D2 dopamine receptors of patients with Parkinson's Disease using single photon emission computed tomography and iodobenzamide I 123. Arch Neurol. 1993;50:509–12. [PubMed: 8489408]
11.: Owen A M. Visuospatial memory deficits at different stages of Parkinson's Disease. Neuropsychologia. 1993;31:627–44. [PubMed: 8371837]
12.: Pollak P, Benabid A L, Gervason C L, Hoffmann D, Siegneuret E, Perret J. Long-term effects of chronic stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus in different types of tremor. Adv Neurol. 1993;60:408–13. [PubMed: 8420163]
13.: Pondal M, Del Ser T, Bermejo F. Anticholinergic therapy and dementia in patients with Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol. 1996;243:543–6. [PubMed: 8836945]
14.: Reid W G. The evolution of dementia in idiopathic Parkinson's Disease: Neuropsychological and clinical evidence in support of subtypes. Int Psychogeriatr. 1992;4:147–60. [PubMed: 1288660]
15.: Reid W G J, Hely M A, Morris J G L, Broe G A, Adena M, Sullivan D J O. et al. A longitudinal study of Parkinson's Disease - clinical and neuropsychological correlates of dementia. J Clin Neurosci. 1996;3:327–33. [PubMed: 18638897]
16.: Sharpe M H. Patients with early Parkinson's Disease are not impaired on spatial orientating of attention. Cortex. 1990;26:515–24. [PubMed: 2081389]
17.: van Hilten J J, van Eerd A A, Wagemans E A, Middelkoop H A, Roos R A. Bradykinesia and hypokinesia in Parkinson's Disease: What's in a name. J Neural Transm. 1998;105:229–37. [PubMed: 9660100]

Rejection Reason: Pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic study

1.: Brocks D R. Anticholinergic drugs used in Parkinson's Disease: An overlooked class of drugs from a pharmacokinetic perspective. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 1999;2:39–46. [PubMed: 10952768]
2.: Pahwa R, Lyons K, McGuire D, Silverstein P, Zwiebel F, Robischon M. et al. Comparison of standard carbidopa-levodopa and sustained-release carbidopa-levodopa in Parkinson's Disease: Pharmacokinetic and quality-of-life measures. Mov Disord. 1997;12:677–81. [PubMed: 9380047]

Rejection Reason: Studies not including an objective clinical outcome measure of PD activity

1.: Berke G S, Gerratt B, Kreiman J, Jackson K. Treatment of Parkinson hypophonia with percutaneous collagen augmentation. Laryngoscope. 1999;109:1295–9. [PubMed: 10443836]
2.: Bridgewater K J, Sharpe M H. Aerobic exercise and early Parkinson's Disease. J Neuro Rehab. 1996;10:233–41.
3.: Cahill L M, Murdoch B E, Theodoros D G, Triggs E J, Charles B G, Yao A A. Effect of oral levodopa treatment on articulatory function in Parkinson's Disease: Preliminary results. Motor Control. 1998;2:161–72. [PubMed: 9644287]
4.: Caparros-Lefebvre D, Blond S, Vermersch P, Pecheux N, Guieu J D, Petit H. Chronic thalamic stimulation improves tremor and levodopa induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56:268–73. [PMC free article: PMC1014859] [PubMed: 8459243]
5.: Hariz M I. Correlation between clinical outcome and size and site of the lesion in computed tomography guided thalamotomy and pallidotomy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1990;54–55:172–85. [PubMed: 2080334]
6.: Hurwitz B, Bajekal M, Jarman B. Evaluating community-based Parkinson's Disease nurse specialists: Rationale, methodology, and representativeness of patient sample in a large randomized controlled trial. Adv Neurol. 1999;80:431–8. [PubMed: 10410752]
7.: Laitinen L V. Pallidotomy for Parkinson's Disease. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1995;6:105–12. [PubMed: 7696867]
8.: Laitinen L V, Bergenheim A T, Hariz M I. Leksell's posteroventral pallidotomy in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosurg. 1992;76:53–61. [PubMed: 1727169]
9.: Laitinen L V, Bergenheim A T, Hariz M I. Ventroposterolateral pallidotomy can abolish all parkinsonian symptoms. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1992;58:14–21. [PubMed: 1439331]
10.: Wells M R, Giantinoto S, D'Agate D, Areman R D, Fazzini E A, Dowling D. et al. Standard osteopathic manipulative treatment acutely improves gait performance in patients with Parkinson's Disease. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1999;99:92–8. [PubMed: 10079641]

Rejection Reason: Studies not including tests to establish or support diagnosis of PD

1.: Ahlskog J E, Uitti R J, O'Connor M K, Maraganore D M, Matsumoto J Y, Stark K F. et al. The effect of dopamine agonist therapy on dopamine transporter imaging in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord. 1999;14:940–6. [PubMed: 10584667]
2.: Artieda J, Pastor M A, Lacruz F, Obeso J A. Temporal discrimination is abnormal in Parkinson's Disease. Brain. 1992;115:199–210. [PubMed: 1559154]
3.: Beckley D J, Panzer V P, Remler M P, Ilog L B, Bloem B R. Clinical correlates of motor performance during paced postural tasks in Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Sci. 1995;132:133–8. [PubMed: 8543938]
4.: Berardelli A, Rona S, Inghilleri M, Manfredi M. Cortical inhibition in Parkinson's Disease. A study with paired magnetic stimulation. Brain. 1996;119:71–7. [PubMed: 8624695]
5.: Beric A, Sterio D, Dogali M, Fazzini E, Eidelberg D, Kolodny E. Characteristics of pallidal neuronal discharges in Parkinson's Disease patients. Adv Neurol. 1996;69:123–8. [PubMed: 8615119]
6.: Bodis-Wollner I, Borod J C, Cicero B, Haywood C S, Raskin S, Mylin L. et al. Modality dependent changes in event-related potentials correlate with specific cognitive functions in nondemented patients with Parkinson's Disease. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect. 1995;9:197–209. [PubMed: 8527004]
7.: Brooks D J, Ibanez V, Sawle G V, Playford E D, Quinn N, Mathia C J. et al. Striatal D2 receptor status in patients withParkinson's Disease, striatonigral degeneration, and progressive supranuclear palsy, measured with 11C-raclopride and positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol. 1992;31:184–92. [PubMed: 1575457]
8.: Buttner T, Muller T, Kuhn W. Effects of apomorphine on visual functions in Parkinson's Disease. J Neural Transm. 2000;107:87–94. [PubMed: 10809406]
9.: Chang R, Guan L, Burne J A. An automated form of video image analysis applied to classification of movement disorders. Disabil Rehabil. 2000;22:97–108. [PubMed: 10661762]
10.: Chia L G, Cheng F C, Kuo J S. Monoamines and their metabolites in plasma and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of Chinese patients with Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Sci. 1993;116:125–34. [PubMed: 8336158]
11.: Comella C L, Goetz C G. Akathisia in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord. 1994;9:545–9. [PubMed: 7990849]
12.: Contin M, Riva R, Martinelli P, Procaccianti G, Cortelli P, Avoni P. et al. Response to a standard oral levodopa test in parkinsonian patients with and without motor fluctuations. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1990;13:19–28. [PubMed: 2306746]
13.: Dexter D T, Carayon A, Javoy-Agid F, Agid Y, Wells F R, Daniel S E. et al. Alterations in the levels of iron, ferritin, and other trace metals in Parkinson's Disease and other neurodegenerative diseases affecting the basal ganglia. Brain. 1991;114:1953–75. [PubMed: 1832073]
14.: Dexter D T, Carayon A, Vidailhet M, Ruberg M, Agid F, Agid Y. et al. Decreased ferritin levels in brain in Parkinson's Disease. J Neurochem. 1990;55:16–20. [PubMed: 2355217]
15.: Duncombe M E, Bradshaw J L, Iansek R, Phillips J G. Parkinsonian patients without dementia or depression do not suffer from bradyphrenia as indexed by performance in mental rotation tasks with and without advance information. Neuropsychologia. 1994;32:1383–96. [PubMed: 7877746]
16.: Durif F, Pollak P, Hommel M, Ardouin C, Le Bas J F, Crouzet G. et al. Relationship between levodopa-independent symptoms and central atrophy evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging in Parkinson's Disease. Eur Neurol. 1992;32:32–6. [PubMed: 1563452]
17.: Eidelberg D, Moeller J R, Ishikawa T, Dhawan V, Spetsieris P, Chaly T. et al. Assessment of disease severity in parkinsonism with flourine-18-flourodeoxyglucose and PET. J Nucl Med. 1995;36:378–83. [PubMed: 7884498]
18.: Eidelberg D, Takikawa S, Moeller J R, Dhawan V, Redington K, Chely T. et al. Striatal hypometabolism distinguishes striatonigral degeneration from Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurol. 1993;33:518–27. [PubMed: 8498828]
19.: Gnanalingham K K, Byrne E J, Thornton A, Sambrook M A, Bannister P. Motor and cognitive function in Lewy body dementia: Comparison with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;62:243–52. [PMC free article: PMC1064153] [PubMed: 9069479]
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21.: Hutton J T, Morris J L, Elias J W, Varma R, Poston J N. Spatial contrast sensitivity is reduced in bilateral Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1991;41:1200–2. [PubMed: 1866005]
22.: Kakinuma S, Nogaki H, Pramanik B, Morimatsu M. Muscle weakness in Parkinson's Disease: Isokinetic study of the lower limbs. Eur Neurol. 1998;39:218–22. [PubMed: 9635472]
23.: Karayanidis F, Andrews S, Ward P B, Michie P T. ERP indices of auditory selective attention in aging and Parkinson's Disease. Psychophysiology. 1995;32:335–50. [PubMed: 7652110]
24.: Kempster P A, Frankel J P, Stern G M, Lees A J. Comparison of motor response to apomorphine and levodopa in Parkinson'sDisease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990;53:1004–7. [PMC free article: PMC488286] [PubMed: 2283512]
25.: Klatka L A, Louis E D, Schiffer R B. Psychiatric features in diffuse Lewy body disease: A clinicopathologic study usingAlzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease comparison groups. Neurology. 1996;47:1148–52. [PubMed: 8909420]
26.: Leentjens A F, Verhey F R, Lousberg R, Spitsbergen H, Wilmink F W. The validity of the Hamilton and Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scales as screening and diagnostic tools for depression in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000;15:644–9. [PubMed: 10918346]
27.: Linazasoro G. The apomorphine test in gait disorders associated with parkinsonism. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1996;19:171–6. [PubMed: 8777771]
28.: Manfredi L, Garavaglia P, Beretta S, Pellegrini G. Increased cortical inhibition induced by apomorphine in patients with Parkinson's Disease. Neurophysiol Clin. 1998;28:31–8. [PubMed: 9562997]
29.: Manson A J, Brown P, O'Sullivan J D, Asselman P, Buckwell D, Lees A J. An ambulatory dyskinesia monitor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;68:196–201. [PMC free article: PMC1736766] [PubMed: 10644787]
30.: Netten P M, de Vos K, Horstink M W, Hoefnagels W H. Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease, tested with a computerized method using a finapres device. Clin Auton Res. 1995;5:85–9. [PubMed: 7620298]
31.: Peppe A, Stanzione P, Pierantozzi M, Semprini R, Bassi A, Santilli A M. et al. Does pattern electroretinogram spatial tuning alteration in Parkinson's Disease depend on motor disturbances or retinal dopaminergic loss. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1998;106:374–82. [PubMed: 9741766]
32.: Peppe A, Stanzione P, Pierelli F, De Angelis D, Pierantozzi M, Bernardi G. Visual alterations in de novo Parkinson's Disease: Pattern electroretinogram latencies are more delayed and more reversible by levodopa than are visual evoked potentials. Neurology. 1995;45:1144–8. [PubMed: 7783879]
33.: Pizzolato G, Chierichetti F, Rossato A, Briani C, Dam M, Borsato N. et al. Dopamine receptor SPECT imaging in Parkinson's Disease: A [123 I]-IBZM and [99mTc]-HM-PAO study. Eur Neurol. 1993;33:143–8. [PubMed: 8467821]
34.: Rabey J M, Bass H, Bonuccelli U, Brooks D, Klotz P, Korczyn A D. et al. Evaluation of the short Parkinson's Evaluation Scale: A new friendly scale for the evaluation of Parkinson's Disease in clinical drug trials. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1997;20:322–37. [PubMed: 9260730]
35.: Ransmayr G, Kunig G, Neubauer M, Wagner M, Falk M. Effect of age and disease duration on parkinsonian motor scores under levodopa therapy. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect. 1995;9:177–88. [PubMed: 8527002]
36.: Ring H A, Bench C J, Trimble M R, Brooks D J, Frackowiak R S, Dolan R J. Depression in Parkinson's Disease. A positron emission study. Br J Psychiatry. 1994;165:333–9. [PubMed: 7994502]
37.: Rossini P M, Bassetti M A, Pasqualetti P. Median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials. Apomorphine-induced transient potentiation of frontal components in Parkinson's Disease and in parkinsonism. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1995;96:236–47. [PubMed: 7750449]
38.: Rossini P M, Traversa R, Boccasena P, Martino G, Passardelli F, Pacifici L. et al. Parkinson's Disease and somatosensory evoked potentials: Apomorphine-induced transient potentiation of frontal components. Neurology. 1993;43:2495–500. [PubMed: 8255446]
39.: Rumbach L, Tranchant C, Viel J F, Warter J M. Event-related potentials in Parkinson's Disease: A 12-month follow-up study. J Neurol Sci. 1993;116:148–51. [PubMed: 8336161]
40.: Stanzione P, Traversa R, Pierantozzi M, Semprini R, Loberti M, Peppe et al. SEPs N30 amplitude in Parkinson's Disease and in pharmacologically induced rigidity: Relationship with the clinical status. Eur J Neurol. 1997;4:24–38. [PubMed: 24283819]
41.: Swainson R, Rogers R D, Sahakian B J, Summers B A, Polkey C E, Robbins T W. Probabilistic learning and reversal deficits in patients with Parkinson's Disease or frontal or temporal lobe lesions: Possible adverse effects of dopaminergic medication. Neuropsychologia. 2000;38:596–612. [PubMed: 10689037]
42.: Tohgi H, Abe T, Takahashi J, Nozaki Y, Ueno M, Kikuchi T. Monoamine metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid in Parkinson's Disease: Relationship to clinical symptoms and subsequent therapeutic outcomes. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect. 1993;5:17–26. [PubMed: 8094960]
43.: Tsuchiya H, Yamaguchi S, Kobayashi S. Impaired novelty detection and frontal lobe dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Neuropsychologia. 2000;38:645–54. [PubMed: 10689041]
44.: van Hilten J J, Wagemans E A, Ghafoerkhan S F, van Laar T. Movement characteristics in Parkinson's Disease: Determination of dopaminergic responsiveness and threshold. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1997;20:402–8. [PubMed: 9331516]
45.: Vieregge P, Stolze H, Klein C, Heberlein I. Gait quantitation in Parkinson's Disease--locomotor disability and correlation to clinical rating scales. J Neural Transm. 1997;104:237–48. [PubMed: 9203085]
46.: Vieregge P, Verleger R, Wascher E, Stuven F, Kompf D. Auditory selective attention is impaired in Parkinson's Disease - event-related evidence from EEG potentials. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 1994;2:117–29. [PubMed: 7833691]
47.: Vingerhoets F J, Schulzer M, Calne D B, Snow B J. Which clinical sign of Parkinson's Disease best reflects the nigrostriatal lesion. Ann Neurol. 1997;41:58–64. [PubMed: 9005866]
48.: Yoshita M, Hayashi M, Hirai S. Decreased myocardial accumulation of I-123-meta-iodobenzyl guanidine in Parkinson's Disease. Nucl Med Commun. 1998;19:137–42. [PubMed: 9548197]
49.: Zappia M, Montesanti R, Colao R, Quattrone A. Usefulness of movement time in the assessment of Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol. 1994;241:543–50. [PubMed: 7799003]

Rejection Reason: Studies not including treatment or diagnosis

1.: Benshlomo Y, Marmot M G. Survival and cause of death in a cohort of patients with parkinsonism - possible clues to aetiology. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;58:293–9. [PMC free article: PMC1073364] [PubMed: 7897409]
2.: Comella C L, Nardine T M, Diederich N J, Stebbins G T. Sleep-related violence, injury, and REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1998;51:526–9. [PubMed: 9710029]
3.: Cooper J A, Sagar H J, Jordan N, Harvey N S, Sullivan E V. Cognitive impairment in early, untreated Parkinson's Disease and its relationship to motor disability. Brain. 1991;114:2095–122. [PubMed: 1933236]
4.: Factor S A, Sanchez-Ramos J R, Weiner W J. Vitamin E therapy in Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1990;53:457–61. [PubMed: 2239484]
5.: Fukunaga H, Kasai T, Yoshidome H. Clinical findings, status of care, comprehensive quality of life, daily life therapy and treatment at home in patients with Parkinson's Disease. Eur Neurol. 1997;38:64–9. [PubMed: 9387806]
6.: Goetz C G, Stebbins G T. Mortality and hallucinations in nursing home patients with advanced Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1995;45:669–71. [PubMed: 7723953]
7.: Goetz C G, Stebbins G T. Risk factors for nursing home placement in advanced Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1993;43:2227–9. [PubMed: 8232934]
8.: Haaland K Y, Harrington D L, O'Brien S, Hermanowicz N. Cognitive-motor learning in Parkinson's Disease. Neuropsychology. 1997;11:180–6. [PubMed: 9110325]
9.: Ho A K, Iansek R, Bradshaw J L. Regulation of parkinsonian speech volume: The effect of interlocuter distance. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;67:199–202. [PMC free article: PMC1736491] [PubMed: 10406989]
10.: Horstink M W, Berger H J, van Spaendonck K P, van den Bercken J H, Cools A R. Bimanual simultaneous motor performance and impaired ability to shift attention in Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990;53:685–90. [PMC free article: PMC488173] [PubMed: 2213046]
11.: Klein C, Kompf D, Pulkowski U, Moser A, Vieregge P. A study of visual hallucinations in patients with Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol. 1997;244:371–7. [PubMed: 9249622]
12.: Llau M E, Durrieu G, Tran M A, Senard J M, Rascol O, Montastruc J L. A study of dopaminergic sensitivity in Parkinson's Disease: Comparison in “de novo” and levodopa-treated patients. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1996;19:420–7. [PubMed: 8889285]
13.: Mahieux F, Fenelon G, Flahault A, Manifacier M J, Michelet D, Boller F. Neuropsychological prediction of dementia in Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;64:178–83. [PMC free article: PMC2169963] [PubMed: 9489527]
14.: Marder K, Tang M X, Cote L, Stern Y, Mayeux R. The frequency and associated risk factors for dementia in patients with Parkinson's Disease. Arch Neurol. 1995;52:695–701. [PubMed: 7619026]
15.: Menza M A, Golbe L I, Cody R A, Forman N E. Dopamine-related personality traits in Parkinson's Diease. Neurology. 1993;43:505–8. [PubMed: 8450991]
16.: Mindham R H, Biggins C A, Boyd J L, Harrop F M, Madeley P, Randall J I. et al. A controlled study of dementia in Parkinson'sDisease over 54 months. Adv Neurol. 1993;60:470–4. [PubMed: 8420172]
17.: Otake K, Oiso Y, Mitsuma T, Hirooka Y, Adachi K. Hypothalamic dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease patients. Acta Med Hung. 1994;50:3–13. [PubMed: 7638039]
18.: Pappert E J, Goetz C G, Niederman F G, Raman R, Leurgans S. Hallucinations, sleep fragmentation, and altered dream phenomena in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord. 1999;14:117–21. [PubMed: 9918353]
19.: Pinter M M, Alesch F, Murg M, Helscher R J, Binder H. Apomorphine test: A predictor for motor responsiveness to deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. J Neurol. 1999;246:907–13. [PubMed: 10552237]
20.: Schrag A, Ben-Shlomo Y, Brown R, Marsden C D, Quinn N. Young-onset Parkinson's Disease revisited - clinical features, natural history, and mortality. Mov Disord. 1998;13:885–94. [PubMed: 9827611]
21.: Stern Y, Richards M, Sano M, Mayeux R. Comparison of cognitive changes in patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Arch Neurol. 1993;50:1040–5. [PubMed: 8215961]
22.: Stern Y, Tang M X, Jacobs D M, Sano M, Marder K, Bell K. et al. Prospective comparative study of the evolution of probable Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1998;4:279–84. [PubMed: 9623002]
23.: Stroudley J, Walsh M. Radiological assessment of dysphagia in Parkinson's Disease. Br J Radiol. 1991;64:890–3. [PubMed: 1954529]
24.: West R, Ergis A M, Winocur G, Saint-Cyr J. The contribution of impaired working memory monitoring to performance of the self-ordered pointing task in normal aging and Parkinson's Disease. Neuropsychology. 1998;12:546–54. [PubMed: 9805324]

Rejection Reason: Studies published prior to 1990

1.: Ahlskog J E, Muenter M D. Treatment of Parkinson's Disease with pergolide: A double-blind study. Mayo Clin Proc. 1988;63:969–78. [PubMed: 3050300]
2.: Allain H, Denmat J, Bentue-Ferrer D, Milon D, Pignol P, Reymann J M. et al. Randomized, double-blind trial of exifone versus cognitive problems in Parkinson's Disease. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 1988;2:1–12. [PubMed: 3286439]
3.: Andersen K, Balldin J, Gottfries C G, Granerus A K, Modigh K, Svennerholm L. et al. A double-blind evaluation of electroconvulsive therapy in Parkinson's Disease with “on-off” phenomena. Acta Neurol Scand. 1987;76:191–9. [PubMed: 2446463]
4.: Baas H, Schneider E, Fischer P A, Japp G. Mesulergine and bromocriptine in long-term treatment of advanced parkinsonism. J Neural Transm. 1985;64:45–54. [PubMed: 4067602]
5.: Bermejo F, Calandre L, Molina J A, Martinez P, De Yebenes J G. Long-lasting drug holiday in Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1987;45:503–6. [PubMed: 3103392]
6.: Biary N, Pimental P A, Langenberg P W. A double-blind trial of clonazepam in the treatment of parkinsonian dysarthria. Neurology. 1988;38:255–8. [PubMed: 3277083]
7.: Birkmayer W, Birkmayer G J. Nicotinamidadenindinucleotide (NADH): The new approach in the therapy of Parkinson's Disease. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1989;19:38–43. [PubMed: 2644889]
8.: Birkmayer W, Knoll J, Reiderer P, Youdim M B, Hars V, Marton J. Increased life expectancy resulting from addition of L-deprenyl to Madopar treatment in Parkinson's Disease: A longterm study. J Neural Transm. 1985;64:113–27. [PubMed: 3935752]
9.: Blin J, Bonnet A M, Agid Y. Does levodopa aggravate Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1988;38:1410–6. [PubMed: 3412589]
10.: Bruno G, Ruggieri S, Chase T N, Bakker K, Tamminga C A. Caerulein treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1985;8:266–70. [PubMed: 3899353]
11.: Bush D F, Liss C L, Morton A. An open multicenter long-term treatment evaluation of Sinemet CR. Neurology. 1989;39:101–4. [PubMed: 2685646]
12.: Cantello R, Aguggia M, Gilli M, Delsedime M, Chiardo C I, Riccio A. et al. Major depression in Parkinson's Disease and the mood response to intravenous methylphenidate: Possible role of the “hedonic” dopamine synapse. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52:724–31. [PMC free article: PMC1032022] [PubMed: 2664088]
13.: Cedarbaum J M, Breck L, Kutt H, McDowell F H. Controlled-release levodopa/carbidopa. II. Sinemet CR4 treatment of response fluctuations in Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1987;37:1607–12. [PubMed: 3658164]
14.: Cedarbaum J M, Kutt H, McDowell F H. Clinical significance of the relationship between O-methyldopa levels and levodopa intake. Neurology. 1988;38:533–6. [PubMed: 3352906]
15.: Chouza C, Caamano J L, de Medina O, Aljanati R, Scaramelli A, Romero S. A combined regimen of subcutaneous lisuride and oral Madopar HBS in Parkinson's Disease. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1988;27:61–70. [PubMed: 3042913]
16.: Csanda E, Tarczy M. Selegiline in the early and late phases of Parkinson's Disease. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1987;25:105–13. [PubMed: 3123597]
17.: Deleu D, Jacques M, Michotte Y, Ebinger G. Controlled-release carbidopa/levodopa in parkinsonian patients with response fluctuations on standard levodopa treatment: Clinical and pharmacokinetic observations. Neurology. 1989;39:88–92. [PubMed: 2685654]
18.: Diamond S G, Markham C H, Hoehn M M, McDowell F H, Muenter M D. Multi-center study of Parkinson mortality with early versus later dopa treatment. Ann Neurol. 1987;22:8–12. [PubMed: 3631925]
19.: Diamond S G, Markham C H, Treciokas L J. Double-blind trial of pergolide for Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1985;35:291–5. [PubMed: 3883232]
20.: Dupont E, Mikkelsen B, Jakobsen J. Mesulergine in early Parkinson's Disease: A double blind controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1986;49:390–5. [PMC free article: PMC1028763] [PubMed: 3517235]
21.: Elizan T S, Yahr M D, Moros D A, Mendoza M R, Pang S, Bodian C A. Selegiline use to prevent progression of Parkinson's Disease. Experience in 22 de novo patients. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:1275–9. [PubMed: 2511824]
22.: Elizan T S, Yahr M D, Moros D A, Mendoza M R, Pang S, Bodian C A. Selegiline as an adjunct to conventional levodopa therapy in Parkinson's Disease. Experience with this type b monoamine oxidase inhibitor in 200 patients. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:1280–3. [PubMed: 2511825]
23.: Factor S A, Sanchez-Ramos J R, Weiner W J. Parkinson's Disease: An open label trial of pergolide in patients failing bromocriptine therapy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51:529–33. [PMC free article: PMC1032966] [PubMed: 3288717]
24.: Fischer P A, Baas H. Therapeutic efficacy of R-(-)-deprenyl as adjuvant therapy in advanced parkinsonism. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1987;25:137–47. [PubMed: 3123600]
25.: Gauthier L, Dalziel S, Gauthier S. The benefits of group occupational therapy for patients with Parkinson's Disease. Am J Occup Ther. 1987;41:360–5. [PubMed: 3688150]
26.: Gawel M, Riopelle R, Libman I, Bouchard S. Bromocriptine in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease: A double-blind study against L-dopa/carbidopa. Adv Neurol. 1987;45:535–8. [PubMed: 3548263]
27.: Giovannini P, Scigliano G, Piccolo I, Soliveri P, Suchy I, Caraceni T. Lisuride in de novo parkinsonian patients: A four-year follow-up. Acta Neurol Scand. 1988;77:322–7. [PubMed: 3291546]
28.: Goetz C G, Olanow C W, Koller W C, Penn R D, Cahill D, Morantz R. et al. Multicenter study of autologous adrenal medullary transplantation to the corpus striatum in patients with advanced Parkinson's Disease. N Eng J Med. 1989;320:337–41. [PubMed: 2643770]
29.: Goetz C G, Tanner C M, Shannon K M, Carroll V S, Klawans H L, Carvey P M. et al. Controlled-release carbidopa/levodopa (CR4-Sinemet) in Parkinson's Disease patients with and without motor fluctuations. Neurology. 1988;38:1143–6. [PubMed: 3290706]
30.: Golbe L I. Long-term efficacy and safety of Deprenyl (selegiline) in advanced Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1989;39:1109–11. [PubMed: 2503769]
31.: Grimes J D, Delgado M R. Bromocriptine: Problems with low-dose de novo therapy in Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1985;8:73–7. [PubMed: 3978651]
32.: Grundmann M, Schimrigk K. Levodopa and monoamine oxidase inhibitor combination therapy. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1987;25:115–9. [PubMed: 3323420]
33.: Hely M A, Morris J G, Rail D, O'Sullivan D J, Williamson P M, Genge S. et al. The Sydney multicentre study of Parkinson's Disease. The first 18 months. Med J Aust. 1987;146:195–8. [PubMed: 3553878]
34.: Hely M A, Morris J G, Rail D, Reid W G, O'Sullivan D J, Williamson P M. et al. The Sydney multicentre study of Parkinson's Disease: A report on the first 3 years. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52:324–8. [PMC free article: PMC1032404] [PubMed: 2647907]
35.: Herskovits E, Yorio A, Leston J. Long term bromocriptine treatment in de novo parkinsonian patients. Medicina (B Aires). 1988;48:345–50. [PMC free article: PMC198880] [PubMed: 3076200]
36.: Hoehn M M. Result in chronic levodopa therapy and its modification by bromocriptine in Parkinson's Disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 1985;71:97–106. [PubMed: 3984685]
37.: Hoehn M M, Elton R L. Low dosages of bromocriptine added to levodopa in Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1985;35:199–206. [PubMed: 3969207]
38.: Hutton J T, Morris J L, Bush D F, Smith M E, Liss C L, Reines S. Multicenter controlled study of Sinemet CR vs Sinemet (25/100) in advanced Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1989;39:67–72. [PubMed: 2685652]
39.: Jankovic J, Orman J. Parallel double-blind study of pergolide in Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1987;45:551–4. [PubMed: 3548265]
40.: Jankovic J, Orman J, Jansson B. Placebo-controlled study of mesulergine in Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1985;35:161–5. [PubMed: 3881692]
41.: Jankovic J, Schwartz K, Vander L C. Comparison of Sinemet CR4 and standard Sinemet: Double blind and long-term open trial in parkinsonian patients with fluctuations. Mov Disord. 1989;4:303–9. [PubMed: 2682215]
42.: Jansen E N, Meerwaldt J D, Heersema T, van Manen J, Speelman J D. Open multicenter trial with Madopar HBS in parkinsonian patients. Preliminary assessment after short-term treatment. Eur Neurol. 1987;27:88–92. [PubMed: 3322841]
43.: Jensen N O, Dupont E, Hansen E, Mikkelsen B, Mikkelsen B O. A controlled release form of Madopar in parkinsonian patients with advanced disease and marked fluctuations in motor performance. Acta Neurol Scand. 1988;77:422–5. [PubMed: 3046226]
44.: Kurlan R, Miller C, Knapp R, Murphy G, Shoulson I. Double-blind assessment of potential pergolide-induced cardiotoxicity. Neurology. 1986;36:993–5. [PubMed: 3520383]
45.: Leeman A L, O'Neill C J, Nicholson P W, Deshmukh A A, Denham M J, Royston J P. et al. Parkinson's Disease in the elderly: Response to and optimal spacing of night time dosing with levodopa. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1987;24:637–43. [PMC free article: PMC1386336] [PubMed: 3325092]
46.: Leenders K L, Palmer A J, Quinn N, Clark J C, Firnau G, Garnett E S. et al. Brain dopamine metabolism in patients with Parkinson's Disease measured with positron emission tomography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1986;49:853–60. [PMC free article: PMC1028944] [PubMed: 3091770]
47.: Libman I, Gawel M J, Riopelle R J, Bouchard S. A comparison of bromocriptine (Parlodel) and levodopa-carbidopa (Sinemet) for treatment of “de novo” Parkinson's Disease patients. Can J Neurol Sci. 1987;14:576–80. [PubMed: 3319120]
48.: Lieberman A, Gopinathan G, Neophytides A, Pasternack P, Goldstein M. Advanced Parkinson's Disease: Use of partial dopamine agonist, ciladopa. Neurology. 1987;37:863–5. [PubMed: 3574692]
49.: Lieberman A N, Gopinathan G, Neophytides A, Foo S H. Deprenyl versus placebo in Parkinson Disease: A double-blind study. N Y State J Med. 1987;87:646–9. [PubMed: 3124027]
50.: Lindvall B, Olsson J E. Treatment of early morning akinesia with low-dose bromocriptine. Adv Neurol. 1987;45:543–5. [PubMed: 3548264]
51.: Ludin H P. Open clinical study of Madopar HBS. Eur Neurol. 1987;27:73–5. [PubMed: 3322838]
52.: Ludwig C L, Weinberger D R, Bruno G, Gillespie M, Bakker K, LeWitt P A. et al. Buspirone, Parkinson's Disease, and the locus ceruleus. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1986;9:373–8. [PubMed: 2873889]
53.: Mark M H, Sage J I. Controlled-release carbidopa-levodopa (Sinemet) in combination with standard Sinemet in advanced Parkinson's Disease. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1989;19:101–6. [PubMed: 2665626]
54.: Mark M H, Sage J I. Long-term efficacy of controlled-release carbidopa/levodopa in patients with advanced Parkinson's Disease. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1989;19:415–21. [PubMed: 2690730]
55.: Markham C H, Diamond S G. Long-term follow-up of early dopa treatment in Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurol. 1986;19:365–72. [PubMed: 3707088]
56.: Markham C H, Diamond S G. Modification of Parkinson's Disease by long-term levodopa treatment. Arch Neurol. 1986;43:405–7. [PubMed: 3082316]
57.: Marti M J, Obeso J A, Carrera N, Martinez-Lage J M. Aggravation of Parkinson's Disease by Cinnarizine. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1987;50:804–5. [PMC free article: PMC1032094] [PubMed: 3302112]
58.: Melamed E. Initiation of levodopa therapy in parkinsonian patients should be delayed until the advanced stages of the disease. Arch Neurol. 1986;43:402–5. [PubMed: 3082315]
59.: Meneghetti G, Bracco F, Giometto B, Ferla S, Schergna E. Therapeutic effect of lisuride in advanced Parkinson's Disease. Eur Neurol. 1986;25:74–80. [PubMed: 3510126]
60.: Montastruc J L, Rascol O, Rascol A. A randomised controlled study of bromocriptine versus levodopa in previously untreated parkinsonian patients: A 3 year follow-up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52:773–5. [PMC free article: PMC1032031] [PubMed: 2664089]
61.: Myllyla V V, Sotaniemi K A, Tuominen J, Heinonen E H. Selegiline as primary treatment in early phase Parkinson's Disease: An interim report. Acta Neurol Scand. 1989;126:177–82. [PubMed: 2515724]
62.: Nakanishi T, Mizuno Y, Goto I, Iwata M, Kanazawa I, Kowa H. et al. A nation-wide collaborative study on the long-term effects of bromocriptine in patients with Parkinson's Disease. First interim report in Japan. Eur Neurol. 1988;28:3–8. [PubMed: 3378560]
63.: Nordera G P, Lorizio A, Lion P, Durisotti C, D'Andrea G, Ferro-Milone F. Treatment of parkinsonian conditions with a controlled-release form of levodopa: Preliminary study. Eur Neurol. 1987;27:76–80. [PubMed: 3322839]
64.: Olanow C W, Alberts M J. Double-blind controlled study of pergolide mesylate in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1987;10:178–85. [PubMed: 3332611]
65.: Olanow C W, Alberts M J. Double-blind controlled study of pergolide mesylate as an adjunct to Sinemet in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1987;45:555–60. [PubMed: 3548266]
66.: Parkinson Study Group. Effect of deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's Disease. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:1364–71. [PubMed: 2509910]
67.: Parkinson Study Group. DATATOP: A multicenter controlled clinical trial in early Parkinson's Disease. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:1052–60. [PubMed: 2508608]
68.: Pezzoli G, Tesei S, Ferrante C, Cossutta E, Zecchinelli A, Scarlato G. Madopar HBS in fluctuating parkinsonian patients: Two-year treatment. Mov Disord. 1988;3:37–45. [PubMed: 3050471]
69.: Pfeiffer R F, Wilken K, Glaeske C, Lorenzo A S. Low-dose bromocriptine therapy in Parkinson's Disease. Arch Neurol. 1985;42:586–8. [PubMed: 4004603]
70.: Poewe W H, Lees A J, Stern G M. Low-dose L-dopa therapy in Parkinson's Disease: A 6-year follow-up study. Neurology. 1986;36:1528–30. [PubMed: 3762973]
71.: Pollak P, Mallaret M, Gaio J M, Hommel M, Perret J. Blood pressure effects of apomorphine and domperidone in parkinsonism. Adv Neurol. 1987;45:263–6. [PubMed: 3548261]
72.: Przuntek H, Kuhn W. The effect of R-(-)-deprenyl in de novo Parkinson patients on combination therapy with levodopa and decarboxylase inhibitor. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1987;25:97–104. [PubMed: 3123607]
73.: Rinne U K. Lisuride, a dopamine agonist in the treatment of early Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1989;39:336–9. [PubMed: 2927639]
74.: Rinne U K. Early combination of bromocriptine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease: A 5-year follow-up. Neurology. 1987;37:826–8. [PubMed: 3574685]
75.: Rinne U K. Combined bromocriptine-levodopa therapy early in Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1985;35:1196–8. [PubMed: 4022354]
76.: Riopelle R J. Bromocriptine and the clinical spectrum of Parkinson's Disease. Can J Neurol Sci. 1987;14:455–9. [PubMed: 3676920]
77.: Riopelle R J, Gawel M J, Libman I, King D B, McLean D R, Paulseth R. et al. A double-blind study of bromocriptine and L-dopa in de novo Parkinson's Disease. Short-term results. Eur Neurol. 1988;28:11–4. [PubMed: 3288477]
78.: Robertson H A, Robertson G S. Combined L-dopa and bromocriptine therapy for Parkinson's Disease: A proposed mechanism of action. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1987;10:384–7. [PubMed: 3503682]
79.: Sage J I, Duvoisin R C. Pergolide therapy in Parkinson's Disease: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1985;8:260–5. [PubMed: 3899352]
80.: Selby G. The addition of bromocriptine to long-term dopa therapy in Parkinson's Disease. Clin Exp Neurol. 1989;26:129–39. [PubMed: 2701877]
81.: Shoulson I. Deprenyl and tocopherol antioxidative therapy of parkinsonism (DATATOP). Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1989;126:171–5. [PubMed: 2515723]
82.: Sivertsen B, Dupont E, Mikkelsen B, Mogensen P, Rasmussen C, Boesen F. et al. Selegiline and levodopa in early or moderately advanced Parkinson's disease: A double-blind controlled short- and long-term study. Acta Neurol Scand. 1989;126:147–52. [PubMed: 2515720]
83.: Staal-Schreinemachers A L, Wesseling H, Kamphuis D J, Burg W, Lakke J P. Low-dose bromocriptine therapy in Parkinson's Disease: Double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 1986;36:291–3. [PubMed: 3511405]
84.: Suchy I, Rinne U K, Wachtel H. Evaluation of terguride in patients with Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1987;45:577–81. [PubMed: 3548267]
85.: Tetrud J W, Langston J W. The effect of deprenyl (selegiline) on the natural history of Parkinson's Disease. Science. 1989;245:519–22. [PubMed: 2502843]
86.: Tetrud J W, Langston J W. R-(-)-deprenyl as a possible protective agent in Parkinson's Disease. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1987;25:69–79. [PubMed: 3123606]
87.: Teychenne P F, Bergsrud D, Elton R L, Racy A. Bromocriptine: Long-term low-dose therapy in Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1986;9:138–45. [PubMed: 3708599]
88.: Tolosa E, Blesa R, Bayes A, Forcadell F. Low-dose bromocriptine in the early phases of Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1987;10:168–74. [PubMed: 3332610]
89.: Toyokura Y, Mizuno Y, Kase M, Sobue I, Kuroiwa Y, Narabayashi H. et al. Effects of bromocriptine on parkinsonism. A nation-wide collaborative double-blind study. Acta Neurol Scand. 1985;72:157–70. [PubMed: 3901650]
90.: UK Bromocriptine Research Group. Bromocriptine in Parkinson's Disease: A double-blind study comparing “low-slow” and “high-fast” introductory dosage regimens in de novo patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52:77–82. [PMC free article: PMC1032661] [PubMed: 2651567]
91.: Ulm G, Fornadi F. R-(-)-deprenyl in the treatment of end-of-dose akinesia. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1987;25:163–72. [PubMed: 3123603]
92.: Wallis W E. A progress report on the New Zealand multicentre Parkinson's Disease trial. A comparison of low-dose treatment with bromocriptine or L-dopa. Eur Neurol. 1988;28:9–10. [PubMed: 3288479]
93.: Weiner W J, Berger J R. Effect of ciladopa on Parkinson's Disease: A preliminary report. Adv Neurol. 1987;45:583–6. [PubMed: 3548268]
94.: Weiner W J, Factor S A, Sanchez-Ramos J, Berger J. A double-blind evaluation of ciladopa in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord. 1987;2:211–7. [PubMed: 3332914]
95.: Yahr M D, Elizan T S, Moros D. Selegiline in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease: Long term experience. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1989;126:157–61. [PubMed: 2515721]
96.: Ziegler M, Fournier V, Bathien N, Morselli P L, Rondot P. Therapeutic response to progabide in neuroleptic and L-dopa-induced dyskinesias. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1987;10:238–46. [PubMed: 2900682]

Rejection Reason: Studies that are not RCTs

1.: Anderson T J, Ewer T C, Gilchrist N L, Donaldson I M. Trial of Sinemet CR4 in patients with Parkinson's Disease. N Z Med J. 1992;105:81–2. [PubMed: 1545941]
2.: Bedard M A, Pillon B, Dubois B, Duchesne N, Masson H, Agid Y. Acute and long-term administration of anticholinergics in Parkinson's Disease: Specific effects on the subcortico-frontal syndrome. Brain Cogn. 1999;40:289–313. [PubMed: 10413563]
3.: Bennett J P, Landow E R, Dietrich S, Schuh L A. Suppression of dyskinesias in advanced Parkinson's Disease: Moderate daily clozapine doses provide long-term dyskinesia reduction. Mov Disord. 1994;9:409–14. [PubMed: 7969207]
4.: Bergamasco B, Benna P, Scarzella L. Long-term bromocriptine treatment of de novo patients with Parkinson's Disease: A seven-year follow-up. Acta Neurol Scand. 1990;81:383–7. [PubMed: 2375237]
5.: Bergamasco B, Benna P, Scarzella L. Long-term bromocriptine treatment of de novo patients with Parkinson's Disease. A seven-year follow-up. Acta Neurol Scand. 1990;81:383–7. [PubMed: 2375237]
6.: Brannan T, Yahr M D. Comparative study of selegiline plus L-dopa-carbidopa versus L-dopa-carbidopa alone in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurol. 1995;37:95–8. [PubMed: 7818264]
7.: Brooks D J, Abbott R J, Lees A J, Martignoni E, Philcox D V, Rascol O. et al. A placebo-controlled evaluation of ropinirole, a novel D2 agonist, as sole dopaminergic therapy in Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1998;21:101–7. [PubMed: 9579296]
8.: Bulling M T, Wing L M, Burns R J. Controlled release levodopa/carbidopa (Sinemet CR4) in Parkinson's Disease: An open evaluation of efficacy and safety. Aust N Z J Med. 1991;21:397–400. [PubMed: 1953526]
9.: Calzetti S, Negrotti A, Cassio A. L-deprenyl as an adjunct to low-dose bromocriptine in early Parkinson's Disease: A short-term, double-blind, and prospective follow-up study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1995;18:250–7. [PubMed: 8635183]
10.: Caraceni T, Scigliano G, Musicco M. The occurence of motor fluctuations in parkinsonian patients treated long term with levodopa: Role of early treatment and disease progression. Neurology. 1991;41:380–4. [PubMed: 2006005]
11.: Cedarbaum J M, Gandy S E, McDowell F H. “Early” initiation of levodopa treatment does not promote the development of motor response fluctuations, dyskinesias, or dementia in Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1991;41:622–9. [PubMed: 2027475]
12.: Churchyard A, Mathias C J, Boonkongchuen P, Lees A J. Autonomic effects of selegiline: Possible cardiovascular toxicity in Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;63:228–34. [PMC free article: PMC2169684] [PubMed: 9285463]
13.: Contin M, Riva R, Martinelli P, Albani F, Baruzzi A. Relationship between levodopa concentration, dyskinesias, and motor effect in parkinsonian patients: A 3-year follow-up study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1997;20:409–18. [PubMed: 9331517]
14.: Contin M, Riva R, Martinelli P, Cortelli P, Albani F, Baruzzi A. A levodopa kinetic-dynamic study of the rate of progression in Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1998;51:1075–80. [PubMed: 9781532]
15.: Dewey R B J, Maraganore D M, Ahlskog J E, Matsumoto J Y. Intranasal apomorphine rescue therapy for parkinsonian “off” periods. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1996;19:193–201. [PubMed: 8726538]
16.: Djaldetti R, Melamed E. Levodopa ethylester: A novel rescue therapy for response fluctuations in Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurol. 1996;39:400–4. [PubMed: 8602763]
17.: Elizan T S, Yahr M D, Moros D A, Mendoza M R, Pang S, Bodian C A. L-deprenyl, a MAO-B inhibitor, as an adjunct to conventional L-dopa therapy in Parkinson's Disease: Experience in 200 patients. Adv Neurol. 1990;53:431–5. [PubMed: 2122649]
18.: Emre M, Rinne U K, Rascol A, Lees A, Agid Y, Lataste X. Effects of a selective partial D1 agonist, CY 208–243, in de novo patients with Parkinson Disease. Mov Disord. 1992;7:239–43. [PubMed: 1535688]
19.: Evidente V G, Adler C H, Caviness J N, Gwinn-Hardy K. A pilot study on the motor effects of rimantadine in Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1999;22:30–2. [PubMed: 10047931]
20.: Fahn S. A pilot trial of high-dose alpha-tocopherol and ascorbate in early Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurol. 1992;32:S128–32. [PubMed: 1510371]
21.: Fahn S. An open trial of high-dosage antioxidants in early Parkinson's Disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53:S380–2. [PubMed: 1985415]
22.: Fahn S, Chouinard S. Experience with tranylcypromine in early Parkinson's Disease. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1998;52:49–61. [PubMed: 9564607]
23.: Fischer P A, Baas H, Hefner R. Treatment of parkinsonian tremor with clozapine. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect. 1990;2:233–8. [PubMed: 2257063]
24.: Fukuyama H, Kawamura J, Akiguchi I, Kimura J, Imai T. Bromocriptine therapy in early-stage Parkinson's Disease. Eur Neurol. 1996;36:164–70. [PubMed: 8738948]
25.: Funfgeld E W. Computerised brain electrical activity findings of Parkinson patients suffering from hyperkinetic side effects (hypersensitive dopamine syndrome) and a review of possible sources. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1995;46:351–65. [PubMed: 8821071]
26.: Furukawa Y, Mizuno Y, Narabayashi H. Early-onset parkinsonism with dystonia. Clinical and biochemical differences from hereditary progressive dystonia or dopa-responsive dystonia. Adv Neurol. 1996;69:327–37. [PubMed: 8615147]
27.: Ghika J, Gachoud J P, Gasser U. Clinical efficacy and tolerability of a new levodopa/benserazide dual-release formulation in parkinsonian patients. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1997;20:130–9. [PubMed: 9099465]
28.: Giladi N, Honigman S, Hocherman S. The effect of deprenyl treatment on directional and velocity control of arm movement in patients with early stages of Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1999;22:54–9. [PubMed: 10047935]
29.: Grandas F, Martinez-Martin P, Linazasoro G. Quality of life in patients with Parkinson's Disease who transfer from standard levodopa to Sinemet CR: The STAR study. J Neurol. 1998;245:S31–3. [PubMed: 9617721]
30.: Hauser R A, Gauger L, Anderson W M, Zesiewicz T A. Pramipexole-induced somnolence and episodes of daytime sleep. Mov Disord. 2000;15:658–63. [PubMed: 10928575]
31.: Hubble J P, Koller W C, Cutler N R, Sramek J J, Friedman J, Goetz C. et al. Pramipexole in patients with early Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1995;18:338–47. [PubMed: 8665547]
32.: Hutton J T, Morris J L. Long-term evaluation of Sinemet CR in parkinsonian patients with motor fluctuations. Can J Neurol Sci. 1991;18:467–71. [PubMed: 1782612]
33.: Jansen E N. Clozapine in the treatment of tremor in Parkinson's Disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 1994;89:262–5. [PubMed: 8042443]
34.: Jansen E N, Meerwaldtt J D. Madopar HBS in nocturnal symptoms of Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1990;53:527–31. [PubMed: 2239493]
35.: Jansen S E, Ballering L A. Combined and selective monoamine oxidase inhibition in the treatment of depression in Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1999;80:505–8. [PubMed: 10410764]
36.: Jori M C, Franceschi M, Giusti M C, Canal N, Piolti R, Frattola L. et al. Clinical experience with cabergoline, a new ergoline derivative, in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1990;53:539–43. [PubMed: 2239494]
37.: Koller W C, Block G A, Ahlskog J E, Ahrens S, Cedarbaum J M, Cyhan G. et al. Effect of mk-458 (hpmc) in Parkinson's Disease previously untreated with dopaminergic drugs. A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1991;14:322–9. [PubMed: 1913699]
38.: Kowa H, Kanazawa I, Goto I, Kuno S, Mizuno Y, Ogawa N. et al. Nine-year follow-up study of bromocriptine monotherapy for Parkinson's Disease. Eur Neurol. 1997;38:23–8. [PubMed: 9276197]
39.: Kuno S. Progress note on Japanese multicenter bromocriptine monotherapy. Eur Neurol. 1993;33:3–5. [PubMed: 8375429]
40.: Lees A J. Madopar HBS (hydrodynamically balanced system) in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1990;53:475–82. [PubMed: 2239487]
41.: Lieberman A. Long-term experience with selegiline and levodopa in Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1992;42:32–6. [PubMed: 1584430]
42.: Lieberman A, Fazzini E. Experience with selegiline and levodopa in advanced Parkinson's Disease. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1991;136:66–9. [PubMed: 1801539]
43.: Linazasoro G, Grandas F, Martinez M P, Bravo J L. Controlled release levodopa in Parkinson's Disease: Influence of selection criteria and conversion recommendations in the clinical outcome of 450 patients. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1999;22:74–9. [PubMed: 10202601]
44.: Manyam B V, Hare T A, Robbs R, Cubberley V B. Evaluation of equivalent efficacy of sinemet and Sinemet CR in patients with Parkinson's Disease applying levodopa dosage conversion formula. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1999;22:33–9. [PubMed: 10047932]
45.: Marder K, Tang M X, Alfaro B, Mejia H, Cote L, Jacobs D. et al. Postmenopausal estrogen use and Parkinson's Disease with and without dementia. Neurology. 1998;50:1141–3. [PubMed: 9566410]
46.: Mestre D R, Blin O, van den Brand C L, Azulay J P, Serratrice G. Effects of L-dopa on spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity in Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1996;69:503–11. [PubMed: 8615172]
47.: Monge A, Barbato L, Nordera G, Stocchi F. An acute and long-term study with a dispersible formulation of levodopa/benserazide (Madopar) in Parkinson's Disease. Eur J Neurol. 1997;4:485–90.
48.: Myllyla V V, Sotaniemi K A, Aasly J, Sjaastad O, Rinne U, McIntyre T. et al. An open multicenter study of the efficacy of MDL 72,974A, a monoamine oxidase type b (MAO-B) inhibitor, in Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1993;60:676–80. [PubMed: 8420209]
49.: Nutt J G, Carter J H, Van Houten L, Woodward W R. Short- and long-duration responses to levodopa during the first year of levodopa therapy. Ann Neurol. 1997;42:349–55. [PubMed: 9307256]
50.: Ogawa N, Kanazawa I, Kowa H, Kuno S, Mizuno Y, Tashiro K. et al. Nationwide multicenter prospective study on the long-term effects of bromocriptine for Parkinson's Disease. Final report of a ten-year follow-up. Eur Neurol. 1997;38:37–49. [PubMed: 9387802]
51.: Pacchetti C, Martignoni E, Sibilla L, Bruggi P, Turla M, Nappi G. Effectiveness of Madopar HBS plus Madopar standard in patients with fluctuating Parkinson's Disease: Two years of follow-up. Eur Neurol. 1990;30:319–23. [PubMed: 2289507]
52.: Pahwa R, Koller W C. Treatment of Parkinson's Disease with controlled-release carbidopa/L-dopa. Adv Neurol. 1996;69:487–91. [PubMed: 8615169]
53.: Pietz K, Hagell P, Odin P. Subcutaneous apomorphine in late stage Parkinson's Disease: A long term follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65:709–16. [PMC free article: PMC2170363] [PubMed: 9810943]
54.: Poungvarin N, Viriyavejakul A. L-deprenyl therapy in Thai patients with Parkinson's Disease: Before and after, clinical trial of 50 patients. J Med Assoc Thai. 1990;73:381–6. [PubMed: 2123233]
55.: Rabey J M, Nissipeanu P, Inzelberg R, Korczyn A D. Beneficial effect of cabergoline, new long-lasting D2 agonist in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1994;17:286–93. [PubMed: 9316674]
56.: Reardon K A, Shiff M, Kempster P A. Evolution of motor fluctuations in Parkinson's Disease: A longitudinal study over 6 years. Mov Disord. 1999;14:605–11. [PubMed: 10435497]
57.: Riekkinen M, Riekkinen P J. Alpha 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine for improving spatial working memory in Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;19:444–9. [PubMed: 10505586]
58.: Ruggieri S, Fabbrini G, Bramante L, DePandis F, Stocchi F, Barbanti P. et al. An open study with reversible MAO-A inhibitors in complicated Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1996;69:595–8. [PubMed: 8615185]
59.: Sampaio C, Coelho T, Castro-Caldas A, Bastos-Lima A, Levy A. The response of “de novo” Parkinson's Disease patients to bromocriptine in a “low and slow” regimen is predictive for prognosis. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1995;45:197–202. [PubMed: 8748626]
60.: Schneider J S. GM1 ganglioside in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998;845:363–73. [PubMed: 9668369]
61.: Schrag A, Schelosky L, Schloz U, Poewe W. Reduction of parkinsonian signs in patients with Parkinson's Disease by dopaminergic versus anticholinergic single-dose challenges. Mov Disord. 1999;14:252–5. [PubMed: 10091618]
62.: Schrag A E, Brooks D J, Brunt E, Fuell D, Korczyn A, Poewe W. et al. The safety of ropinirole, a selective nonergoline dopamine agonist, in patients with Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1998;21:169–75. [PubMed: 9617508]
63.: Shan D E, Yeh S I. Experience of pergolide in the treatment of Chinese parkinsonian patients with dose-related fluctuations. Chin Med J (Taipei). 1995;56:312–8. [PubMed: 8605645]
64.: Sharma J C, Ross I N. Long term role of pergolide as an adjunct therapy in Parkinson's Disease: Influence on disability, blood pressure, weight and levodopa syndrome. Parkinsonism Relat. 1999;5:111–4. [PubMed: 18591129]
65.: Soykan I, Sarosiek I, Shifflett J, Wooten G F, McCallum R W. Effect of chronic oral domperidone therapy on gastrointestinal symptoms and gastric emptying in patients with Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord. 1997;12:952–7. [PubMed: 9399220]
66.: Spieker S, Loschmann P, Jentgens C, Boose A, Klockgether T, Dichgans J. Tremorlytic activity of budipine: A quantitative study with long-term tremor recordings. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1995;18:266–72. [PubMed: 8635185]
67.: Stocchi F, Barbato L, Bramante L, Nordera G, Vacca L, Ruggieri S. Fluctuating parkinsonism: A pilot study of single afternoon dose of levodopa methyl ester. J Neurol. 1996;243:377–80. [PubMed: 8741076]
68.: Tan E K, Ondo W. Clinical characteristics of pramipexole-induced peripheral edema. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:729–32. [PubMed: 10815140]
69.: Tashiro K, Goto I, Kanazawa I, Kowa H, Kuno S, Mizuno Y. et al. Eight-year follow-up study of bromocriptine monotherapy for Parkinson's Disease. Eur Neurol. 1996;36:32–7. [PubMed: 8791019]
70.: Trewin V F, Lawrence C J, Abdulla A J, Pearce V R, Veitch G B, Roach M. Differences in drug prescribing patterns in elderly parkinsonian patients identified at hospital admission. Pharm World Sci. 1997;19:275–8. [PubMed: 9443169]
71.: Waters C H. Fluoxetine and selegiline--lack of significant interaction. Can J Neurol Sci. 1994;21:259–61. [PubMed: 8000982]
72.: Zoldan J, Friedberg G, Weizman A, Melamed E. Ondansetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist for visual hallucinations and paranoid delusional disorder associated with chronic L-dopa therapy in advanced Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1996;69:541–4. [PubMed: 8615178]

Rejection Reason: Studies with less than 10 patients

1.: Alexander G M, Schwartzman R J, Nukes T A, Grothusen J R, Hooker M D. Beta 2-adrenergic agonist as adjunct therapy to levodopa in Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1994;44:1511–3. [PubMed: 8058159]
2.: Bravi D, Davis T L, Mouradian M M, Chase T N. Treatment of Parkinson's Disease with the partial dopamine agonist EMD 49980. Mov Disord. 1993;8:195–7. [PubMed: 8097280]
3.: Chang M H, Chang T W, Lai P H, Sy C G. Resting tremor only: A variant of Parkinson's Disease or of essential tremor. J Neurol Sci. 1995;130:215–9. [PubMed: 8586989]
4.: Chen J J, Sun T Y, Lin T H, Lin T S. Spatio-temporal representation of multichannel EMG firing patterns and its clinical applications. Med Eng Phys. 1997;19:420–30. [PubMed: 9338882]
5.: Contin M, Riva R, Martinelli P, Procaccianti G, Albani F, Baruzzi A. Combined levodopa-anticholinergic therapy in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Effect on levodopa bioavailability. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1991;14:148–55. [PubMed: 2015611]
6.: Dietz M A, Goetz C G, Stebbins G T. Evaluation of a modified inverted walking stick as a treatment for parkinsonian freezing episodes. Mov Disord. 1990;5:243–7. [PubMed: 2388642]
7.: Eatough V M, Kempster P A, Frankel J P, Curry S H, Rogers D, Lees A J. et al. Effects of L-deprenyl on parkinsonian bradyphrenia. Adv Neurol. 1990;53:441–3. [PubMed: 2122651]
8.: Factor S A, Brown D. Clozapine prevents recurrence of psychosis in PD. Mov Disord. 1992;7:125–30. [PubMed: 1350059]
9.: Fischman A J, Bonab A A, Babich J W, Palmer E P, Alpert N M, Elmaleh D R. et al. Rapid detection of Parkinson's Disease by SPECT with altropane: A selective ligand for dopamine transporters. Synapse. 1998;29:128–41. [PubMed: 9593103]
10.: Frey K A, Koeppe R A, Kilbourn M R, Vander Borght T M, Albin R L. et al. Presynaptic monoaminergic vesicles in Parkinson's Disease and normal aging. Ann Neurol. 1996;40:873–84. [PubMed: 9007092]
11.: Frost J J, Rosier A J, Reich S G, Smith J S, Ehlers M D, Snyder S H. Positron emission tomographic imaging of the dopamine transporter with 11C-WIN 35,428 reveals marked declines in mild Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurol. 1993;34:423–31. [PubMed: 8363363]
12.: Gentil M, Tournier C L, Pollak P, Benabid A L. Effect of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation and dopatherapy on oral control in Parkinson's Disease. Eur Neurol. 1999;42:136–40. [PubMed: 10529538]
13.: Greene P, Cote L, Fahn S. Treatment of drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's Disease with clozapine. Adv Neurol. 1993;60:703–6. [PubMed: 8420214]
14.: Hariz G M, Bergenheim A T, Hariz M I, Lindberg M. Assessment of ability/disability in patients treated with chronic thalamic stimulation for tremor. Mov Disord. 1998;13:78–83. [PubMed: 9452330]
15.: Innis R B, Seibyl J P, Scanley B E, Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, Wallace E. et al. Single proton emission computed tomographic imaging demonstrates loss of striatal dopamine transporters in Parkinson Disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90:11965–9. [PMC free article: PMC48106] [PubMed: 8265656]
16.: Klockgether T, Dichgans J. Visual control of arm movement in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord. 1994;9:48–56. [PubMed: 8139605]
17.: Leenders K L, Salmon E P, Tyrrell P, Perani D, Brooks D J, Sager H. et al. The nigrostriatal dopaminergic system assessed in vivo by positron emission tomography in healthy volunteer subjects and patients with Parkinson's Disease. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:1290–8. [PubMed: 2123623]
18.: LeWitt P A, Bharucha A, Chitrit I, Takis C, Patil S, Schork M A. et al. Perceived exertion and muscle efficiency in Parkinson's Disease: L-dopa effects. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1994;17:454–9. [PubMed: 9316695]
19.: Limousin P, Pollak P, Hoffmann D, Benazzouz A, Perret J E, Benabid A L. Abnormal involuntary movements induced by subthalamic stimulation in parkinsonian patients. Mov Disord. 1998;11:231–5. [PubMed: 8723137]
20.: Lindvall O, Brundin P, Widner H, Rehncrona S, Gustavii B, Frackowiak R. et al. Grafts of fetal dopamine neurons survive and improve motor function in Parkinson's Disease. Science. 1990;247:574–7. [PubMed: 2105529]
21.: Manson A J, Iakovidou E, Lees A J. Idazoxan is ineffective for levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord. 2000;15:336–7. [PubMed: 10752589]
22.: Morrish P K, Sawle G V, Brooks D J. The rate of progression of Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1996;69:427–31. [PubMed: 8615162]
23.: Pollak P, Benabid A L, Limousin P, Benazzouz A. Chronic intracerebral stimulation in Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1997;74:213–20. [PubMed: 9348416]
24.: Pollak P, Benabid A L, Limousin P, Benazzouz A, Hoffmann D, Le Bas J F. et al. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation alleviates akinesia and rigidity in parkinsonian patients. Adv Neurol. 1996;69:591–4. [PubMed: 8615184]
25.: Sandor P, Lang A E, Singal S, Angus C. Remoxipride in the treatment of levodopa-induced psychosis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;16:395–9. [PubMed: 8889913]
26.: Spieker S, Loschmann P A, Klockgether T. The NMDA antagonist budipine can alleviate levodopa-induced motor fluctuations. Mov Disord. 1999;14:517–9. [PubMed: 10348483]
27.: Tergau F, Wassermann E M, Paulus W, Ziemann U. Lack of clinical improvement in patients with Parkinson's Disease after low and high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl. 1999;51:281–8. [PubMed: 10590961]
28.: Wolters E C, Hurwitz T A, Mak E, Teal P, Peppard F R, Remick R. et al. Clozapine in the treatment of parkinsonian patients with dopaminomimetic psychosis. Neurology. 1990;40:832–4. [PubMed: 1970427]
29.: Zucco G M, Zaglis D, Wambsganss C S. Olfactory deficits in elderly subjects and Parkinson patients. Percept Mot Skills. 1991;73:895–8. [PubMed: 1792139]

Rejection Reason: Studies with less than 24 weeks of follow-up

1.: Alegret M, Vendrell P, Junque C, Valldeoriola F, Nobbe F A, Rumia J. et al. Effects of unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy on ‘on-off’ cognitive fluctuations in Parkinson's Disease. Neuropsychologia. 2000;38:628–33. [PubMed: 10689039]
2.: Allain H, Cougnard J, Neukirch H C. Selegiline in de novo parkinsonian patients: The French Selegiline Multicenter Trial (FSMT). Acta Neurol Scand. 1991;136:73–8. [PubMed: 1801541]
3.: Allain H, Pollak P, Neukirch H C. Symptomatic effect of selegiline in de novo parkinsonian patients. Mov Disord. 1993;8:S36–40. [PubMed: 8302306]
4.: Barone P, Bravi D, Bermejo-Pareja F, Marconi R, Kulisevsky J, Malagu S. et al. Pergolide monotherapy in the treatment of early PD: A randomized, controlled study. Neurology. 1999;53:573–9. [PubMed: 10449123]
5.: Battistin L, Bardin P G, Ferro-Milone F, Ravenna C, Toso V, Reboldi G. Alpha-dihydroergocryptine in Parkinson's Disease: A multicentre randomized double blind parallel group study. Acta Neurol Scand. 1999;99:36–42. [PubMed: 9925236]
6.: Battistin L, Bardin P G, Ferro-Milone F, Ravenna C, Toso V, Reboldi G. Alpha-dihydroergocryptine in Parkinson's Disease: A multicentre randomized double blind parallel group study. Acta Neurol Scand. 1999;99:36–42. [PubMed: 9925236]
7.: Bonuccelli U, Ceravolo R, Salvetti S, D'Avino C, Del Dotto P, Rossi G. et al. Clozapine in Parkinson's Disease tremor. Effects of acute and chronic administration. Neurology. 1997;49:1587–90. [PubMed: 9409351]
8.: Burns J M, Wilkinson S, Kieltyka J, Overman J, Lundsgaarde T, Tollefson T. et al. Analysis of pallidotomy lesion positions using three-dimensional reconstruction of pallidal lesions, the basal ganglia, and the optic tract. Neurosurgery. 1997;41:1303–16. [PubMed: 9402582]
9.: Churchyard A, Mathias C J, Lees A J. Selegiline-induced postural hypotension in Parkinson's Disease: A longitudinal study on the effects of drug withdrawal. Mov Disord. 1999;14:246–51. [PubMed: 10091617]
10.: Cole S A, Woodard J L, Juncos J L, Kogos J L, Youngstrom E A, Watts R L. Depression and disability in Parkinson's Disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1996;8:20–5. [PubMed: 8845697]
11.: Cook R J, Fracchia G, Hoban P, Joffe R, O'Sullivan D. Evolution of a surgical technique for posteroventral pallidotomy using CT/MR fusion and intraoperative macrostimulation. J Clin Neurosci. 1998;5:20–7. [PubMed: 18644282]
12.: Cooper J A, Sagar H J, Doherty S M, Jordan N, Tidswell P, Sullivan E V. Different effects of dopaminergic and anticholinergic therapies on cognitive and motor function in Parkinson's Disease. A follow-up study of untreated patients. Brain. 1992;115:1701–25. [PubMed: 1486457]
13.: D'Antonio L L, Zimmerman G J, Iacono R P. Changes in health related quality of life in patients with Parkinson's Disease with and without posteroventral pallidotomy. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2000;142:759–67. [PMC free article: PMC300905] [PubMed: 10955670]
14.: Diederich N J, Goetz C G, Raman R, Pappert E J, Leurgans S, Piery V. Poor visual discrimination and visual hallucinations in Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1998;21:289–95. [PubMed: 9789709]
15.: diPierro C G, Francel P C, Jackson T R, Kamiryo T, Laws E R. Optimizing accuracy in magnetic resonance imaging-guided stereotaxis: A technique with validation based on the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line. J Neurosurg. 1999;90:94–100. [PubMed: 10413161]
16.: Fernandez H H, Friedman J H, Jacques C, Rosenfeld M. Quetiapine for the treatment of drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord. 1999;14:484–7. [PubMed: 10348474]
17.: Fetoni V, Soliveri P, Monza D, Testa D, Girotti F. Affective symptoms in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's Disease: Response to levodopa therapy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;66:541–4. [PMC free article: PMC1736312] [PubMed: 10201434]
18.: Finali G, Piccirilli M, Rizzuto S. Neuropsychological characteristics of parkinsonian patients with lateralized motor impairment. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect. 1995;9:165–76. [PubMed: 8527001]
19.: Friedberg G, Zoldan J, Weizman A, Melamed E. Parkinson psychosis rating scale: A practical instrument for grading psychosis in Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1998;21:280–4. [PubMed: 9789707]
20.: Friedman J, Lannon M, Comella C, Factor S, Kurlan R, Richard I. et al. Low-dose clozapine for the treatment of drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's Disease. N Eng J Med. 1999;340:757–63. [PubMed: 10072410]
21.: Friedman J H, Goldstein S, Jacques C. Substituting clozapine for olanzapine in psychiatrically stable Parkinson's Disease patients: Results of an open label pilot study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1998;21:285–8. [PubMed: 9789708]
22.: Fukuda M, Kameyama S, Yoshino M, Tanaka R, Narabayashi H. Neuropsychological outcome following pallidotomy and thalamotomy for Parkinson's Disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2000;74:11–20. [PubMed: 11124660]
23.: Goetz C G, Blasucci L M, Leurgans S, Pappert E J. Olanzapine and clozapine: Comparative effects on motor function in hallucinating PD patients. Neurology. 2000;55:789–94. [PubMed: 10993997]
24.: Goodman S H, Wilkinson S, Overman J, Koller W C, Troster A, Pahwa R. et al. Lesion volume and clinical outcome in stereotactic pallidotomy and thalamotomy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1998;71:164–72. [PubMed: 10461102]
25.: Hauser R A, Molho E, Shale H, Pedder S, Dorflinger E E. A pilot evaluation of the tolerability, safety, and efficacy of tolcapone alone and in combination with oral selegiline in untreated Parkinson's Disease patients. Mov Disord. 1998;13:643–7. [PubMed: 9686768]
26.: Hocherman S, Levin G, Giladi N, Youdim M B. Deprenyl monotherapy improves visuo-motor control in early parkinsonism. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1998;52:63–9. [PubMed: 9564608]
27.: Horak F B, Frank J, Nutt J. Effects of dopamine on postural control in parkinsonian subjects: Scaling, set, and tone. J Neurophysiol. 1996;75:2380–96. [PubMed: 8793751]
28.: Hubble J P, Busenbark K L, Wilkinson S, Pahwa R, Paulson G W, Lyons K. et al. Effects of thalamic deep brain stimulation based on tremor type and diagnosis. Mov Disord. 1997;12:337–41. [PubMed: 9159728]
29.: Iacono R P, Lonser R R, Mandybur G, Yamada S. Stimulation of the globus pallidus in Parkinson's Disease. Br J Neurosurg. 1995;9:505–10. [PubMed: 7576277]
30.: Italian Parkinson Study Group. A multicenter Italian randomised study on early treatment of Parkinson Disease: Comparison of L-dopa, L-deprenyl and dopaminoagonists. Study design and short term results. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1992;13:735–9. [PubMed: 1362394]
31.: Jansen E N, Staal-Schreinemachers A, van der Sande J J, Haas J A, Lakke J P. Parlodel SRO in Parkinson's Disease: A double-blind randomized comparison of Parlodel standard and Parlodel SRO. Eur Neurol. 1992;32:318–20. [PubMed: 1490497]
32.: Kazumata K, Antonini A, Dhawan V, Moeller J R, Alterman R L, Kelly P. et al. Preoperative indicators of clinical outcome following stereotaxic pallidotomy. Neurology. 1997;49:1083–90. [PubMed: 9339694]
33.: Kopyov O, Jacques D, Duma C, Buckwalter G, Kopyov A, Lieberman A. et al. Microelectrode-guided posteroventral medial radiofrequency pallidotomy for Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosurg. 1997;87:52–9. [PubMed: 9202265]
34.: Kuhn W, Heye N, Muller T, Kraus P, Klotz P, Friedrich B. et al. The motor performance test series in Parkinson's Disease is influenced by depression. J Neural Transm. 1996;103:349–54. [PubMed: 8739846]
35.: Kuhn W, Muller T, Gerlach M, Sofic E, Fuchs G, Heye N. et al. Depression in Parkinson's Disease: Biogenic amines in CSF of “de novo” patients. J Neural Transm. 1996;103:1441–5. [PubMed: 9029411]
36.: Lacritz L H, Cullum C M, Frol A B, Dewey R B, Giller C A. Neuropsychological outcome following unilateral stereotactic pallidotomy in intractable Parkinson's Disease. Brain Cogn. 2000;42:364–78. [PubMed: 10753485]
37.: Limousin P, Greene J, Pollak P, Rothwell J, Benabid A L, Frackowiak R. Changes in cerebral activity pattern due to subthalamic nucleus or internal pallidum stimulation in Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurol. 1997;42:283–91. [PubMed: 9307248]
38.: Lozano A M, Lang A E, Hutchison W D, Dostrovsky J O. Microelectrode recording-guided posteroventral pallidotomy in patients with Parkinson's Disease. Adv Neurol. 1997;74:167–74. [PubMed: 9348412]
39.: MacMahon D G, Sachdev D, Boddie H G, Ellis C J, Kendal B R, Blackburn N A. A comparison of the effects of controlled-release levodopa (Madopar CR) with conventional levodopa in late Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990;53:220–3. [PMC free article: PMC1014131] [PubMed: 2182781]
40.: Mannen T, Mizuno Y, Iwata M, Goto I, Kanazawa I, Kowa H. et al. A multi-center, double-blind study on slow-release bromocriptine in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1991;41:1598–602. [PubMed: 1922801]
41.: Martinez-Martin P, Grandas F, Linazasoro G, Bravo J L. Conversion to controlled-release levodopa/carbidopa treatment and quality of life as measured by the Nottingham Health Profile. Neurologia. 1999;14:338–43. [PubMed: 10570620]
42.: Martinez-Martin P, Valldeoriola F, Molinuevo J L, Nobbe F A, Rumia J, Tolosa E. et al. Pallidotomy and quality of life in patients with Parkinson's Disease: An early study. Mov Disord. 2000;15:65–70. [PubMed: 10634243]
43.: McManus D Q, Arvantis L A, Kowalcyk B B. Quetiapine, a novel antipsychotic: Experience with elderly patients with psychotic disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60:292–8. [PubMed: 10362435]
44.: Meara J, Michelmore E, Hobson P. Use of the GDS-15 geriatric depression scale as a screening instrument for depressive symptomatology in patients with Parkinson's Disease and their carers in the community. Age Ageing. 1999;28:35–8. [PubMed: 10203202]
45.: Merello M, Nouzeilles M I, Kuzis G, Cammarota A, Sabe L, Betti O. et al. Unilateral radiofrequency lesion versus electrostimulation of posteroventral pallidum: A prospective randomized comparison. Mov Disord. 1999;14:50–6. [PubMed: 9918344]
46.: Mizuno Y, Kondo T, Narabayashi H. Pergolide in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1995;45:S13–21. [PubMed: 7715792]
47.: Myllyla V V, Jackson M, Larsen J P, Baas H. Efficacy and safety of tolcapone in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease patients with wearing-off phenomenon: A multicentre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Neurol. 1997;4:333–41.
48.: Naimark D, Jackson E, Rockwell E, Jeste D V. Psychotic symptoms in Parkinson's Disease patients with dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44:296–9. [PubMed: 8600200]
49.: Nasser J A, Confort C I, Ferraz A, Bouza A A. Preliminary results in surgery of Parkinson's Disease. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1998;56:533–9. [PubMed: 9850746]
50.: Neufeld M Y, Rabey J M, Orlov E, Korczyn A D. Electroencephalographic findings with low-dose clozapine treatment in psychotic parkinsonian patients. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1996;19:81–6. [PubMed: 8867521]
51.: Nishiyama K, Sugishita M, Kurisaki H, Sakuta M. Reversible memory disturbance and intelligence impairment induced by long-term anticholinergic therapy. Internal Medicine. 1998;37:514–8. [PubMed: 9678684]
52.: Ondo W G, Jankovic J, Lai E C, Sankhla C, Khan M, Ben-Arie L. et al. Assessment of motor function after stereotactic pallidotomy. Neurology. 1998;50:266–70. [PubMed: 9443490]
53.: Parkinson Study Group. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of remacemide hydrochloride as monotherapy for PD. Neurology. 2000;54:1583–8. [PubMed: 10762497]
54.: Parkinson Study Group. Safety and efficacy of pramipexole in early Parkinson's Disease. A randomized dose-ranging study. JAMA. 1997;278:125–30. [PubMed: 9214527]
55.: Parkinson Study Group. Cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid in the DATATOP study on Parkinson's Disease. Arch Neurol. 1995;52:237–45. [PubMed: 7872875]
56.: Parkinson Study Group. A controlled trial of lazabemide (ro 19-6327) in levodopa-treated Parkinson's Disease. Arch Neurol. 1994;51:342–7. [PubMed: 8155011]
57.: Parkinson Study Group. A controlled trial of lazabemide (ro19-6327) in untreated Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurol. 1993;33:350–6. [PubMed: 8489205]
58.: Persico A M. Parkinsonian patients report blunted subjective effects of methylphenidate. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998;6:54–63. [PubMed: 9526146]
59.: Pfeiffer R F, Hofman R. CQA 206–291 in Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1991;14:170–8. [PubMed: 1673089]
60.: Pierelli F, Adipietro A, Soldati G, Fattapposta F, Pozzessere G, Scoppetta C. Low dosage clozapine effects on L-dopa induced dyskinesias in parkinsonian patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 1998;97:295–9. [PubMed: 9613557]
61.: Pillon B, Ertle S, Deweer B, Sarazin M, Agid Y, Dubois B. Memory for spatial location is affected in Parkinson's Disease. Neuropsychologia. 1996;34:77–85. [PubMed: 8852695]
62.: Piolti R, Appollonio I, Cocco E, Ferrarese C, Frattola L, Rovati L. et al. Treatment of Parkinson's Disease with proglumide, a CCK antagonist. Neurology. 1991;41:749–50. [PubMed: 2027496]
63.: Rascol O, Lees A J, Senard J M, Pirtosek Z, Brefel C, Montastruc J L. et al. A placebo-controlled study of ropinirole, a new D2 agonist, in the treatment of motor fluctuations of L-dopa-treated parkinsonian patients. Adv Neurol. 1996;69:531–4. [PubMed: 8615176]
64.: Reber P J, Squire L R. Intact learning of artificial grammars and intact category learning by patients with Parkinson's Disease. Behav Neurosci. 1999;113:235–42. [PubMed: 10357448]
65.: Schelosky L, Benke T, Poewe W H. Effects of treatment with trihexyphenidyl on cognitive function in early Parkinson's Disease. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1991;33:125–32. [PubMed: 1753241]
66.: Schneider J S, Roeltgen D P, Mancall E L, Chapas-Crilly J, Rothblat D S, Tatarian G T. Parkinson's Disease: Improved function with GM1 ganglioside treatment in a randomized placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 1998;50:1630–6. [PubMed: 9633704]
67.: Schneider J S, Roeltgen D P, Rothblat D S, Chapas-Crilly J, Seraydarian L, Rao J. GM1 ganglioside treatment of Parkinson's Disease: An open pilot study of safety and efficacy. Neurology. 1995;45:1149–54. [PubMed: 7783880]
68.: Spieker S, Breit S, Klockgether T, Dichgans J. Tremorlytic activity of budipine in Parkinson's Disease. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1999;56:165–72. [PubMed: 10370910]
69.: Spieker S, Eisebitt R, Breit S, Przuntek H, Muller D, Klockgether T. et al. Tremorlytic activity of budipine in Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1999;22:115–9. [PubMed: 10202609]
70.: Stebbins G T, Gabrieli J D, Masciari F, Monti L, Goetz C G. Delayed recognition memory in Parkinson's Disease: A role for working memory. Neuropsychologia. 1999;37:503–10. [PubMed: 10215097]
71.: Strafella A, Ashby P, Lozano A, Lang A E. Pallidotomy increases cortical inhibition in Parkinson's Disease. Can J Neurol Sci. 1997;24:133–6. [PubMed: 9164690]
72.: Temlett J A, Ming A, Saling M, Fritz V U, Blumenfeld A, Bilchik T R. et al. Adjunctive therapy with bromocriptine in Parkinson's Disease. S Afr Med J. 1990;78:680–5. [PubMed: 2251616]
73.: Teresi J A, Albert S M, Holmes D, Mayeux R. Use of latent class analyses for the estimation of prevalence of cognitive impairment, and signs of stroke and Parkinson's Disease among African-American elderly of central Harlem: Results of the Harlem Aging Project. Neuroepidemiology. 1999;18:309–21. [PubMed: 10545783]
74.: The Tolcapone Study Group. Efficacy and tolerability of tolcapone compared with bromocriptine in levodopa-treated parkinsonian patients. Mov Disord. 1999;14:38–44. [PubMed: 9918342]
75.: Thomas V, Reymann J M, Lieury A, Allain H. Assessment of procedural memory in Parkinson's Disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1996;20:641–50. [PubMed: 8843488]
76.: Uitti R J, Wharen R E, Turk M F, Lucas J A, Finton M J, Graff-Radford N R. et al. Unilateral pallidotomy for Parkinson's Disease: Comparison of outcome in younger versus older patients. Neurology. 1997;49:1072–7. [PubMed: 9339692]
77.: Uitti R J, Wharen R E J, Turk M F. Efficacy of levodopa therapy on motor function after posteroventral pallidotomy for Parkinson's Disease. Neurology. 1998;51:1755–7. [PubMed: 9855542]
78.: Venneri A, Nichelli P, Modonesi G, Molinari M A, Russo R, Sardini C. Impairment in dating and retrieving remote events in patients with early Parkinson's Disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;62:410–3. [PMC free article: PMC1074107] [PubMed: 9120464]
79.: Vingerhoets G, Lannoo E, van der Linden C, Caemaert J, Vandewalle V, van den Abbeele D. et al. Changes in quality of life following unilateral pallidal stimulation in Parkinson's Disease. J Psychosom Res. 1999;46:247–55. [PubMed: 10193915]
80.: Welsh M D, Dorflinger E, Chernik D, Waters C. Illness impact and adjustment to Parkinson's Disease: Before and after treatment with Tolcapone. Mov Disord. 2000;15:497–502. [PubMed: 10830415]
81.: Zipp F, Burklin F, Stecker K, Baas H, Fischer P A. Lamotrigine in Parkinson's Disease: A double blind study. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect. 1995;10:199–206. [PubMed: 9620063]

Rejection Reason: Study populations not including Parkinson Disease

1.: Connor D J, Salmon D P, Sandy T J, Galasko D, Hansen L A, Thal L J. Cognitive profiles of autopsy-confirmed Lewy body variant vs pure Alzheimer Disease. Arch Neurol. 1998;55:994–1000. [PubMed: 9678318]
2.: Trenkwalder P R. STEPHY II (Starnberg Study on Epidemiology of Parkinsonism and Hypertension). Clin Cardiol. 1998;21:129–30. [PMC free article: PMC6656109] [PubMed: 9491955]

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Levine CB, Fahrbach KR, Siderowf AD, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2003 Jun. (Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 57.) Appendix I. Rejected Studies Log.

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Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Appendix I. Rejected Studies Log

Citation Rejection Reason: Abstract, letter comment, review, case report, or meta-analysis

Rejection Reason: Cross-over studies

Rejection Reason: Duplicate Study

Rejection Reason: In vitro studies

Rejection Reason: Languages other than English

Rejection Reason: Mixed populations where results for PD patients can not be separately extracted

Rejection Reason: No outcome of interest

Rejection Reason: Outcomes not extractable

Rejection Reason: Pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic study

Rejection Reason: Studies not including an objective clinical outcome measure of PD activity

Rejection Reason: Studies not including tests to establish or support diagnosis of PD

Rejection Reason: Studies not including treatment or diagnosis

Rejection Reason: Studies published prior to 1990

Rejection Reason: Studies that are not RCTs

Rejection Reason: Studies with less than 10 patients

Rejection Reason: Studies with less than 24 weeks of follow-up

Rejection Reason: Study populations not including Parkinson Disease

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