U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

Ip S, Glicken S, Kulig J, et al. Management of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2003 Jan. (Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 65.)

  • This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

Cover of Management of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

Management of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia.

Show details

References and Bibliography

  1. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Kernicterus in full-term infants--United States, 1994-1998. JAMA 2001 Jul 18;286(3):299–300. [PubMed: 11474907]
  2. Kernicterus threatens healthy newborns. Sentinel Event Alert 2001 Apr;(18):1–4. [PubMed: 11902237]
  3. Practice parameter: management of hyperbilirubinemia in the healthy term newborn. American Academy of Pediatrics. Provisional Committee for Quality Improvement and Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatrics 1994 Oct;94(4 Pt 1):558–65. [PubMed: 7755691]
  4. Births and birth rates, by age and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, final 1999 and preliminary 2000. National Vital Statistics Report 1 A.D.;49(5):7–8.
  5. Abrol P, Sankarasubramanian R. Effect of phototherapy on behaviour of jaundiced neonates. Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 Jul;65(4):603–7. [PubMed: 10773912]
  6. Agarwal K, Narayan S, Kumari S. et al. Correlation of coagulation abnormalities with clinical outcome in neonates of mothers with pregnancy induced hypertension. Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 1998 Jun;96(6):171–3. [PubMed: 9834564]
  7. Agrawal V K, Shukla R, Misra P K. et al. Brainstem auditory evoked response in newborns with hyperbilirubinemia. Indian Pediatr. 1998 Jun;35(6):513–8. [PubMed: 10216645]
  8. Alpay F, Sarici S U, Tosuncuk H D. et al. The value of first-day bilirubin measurement in predicting the development of significant hyperbilirubinemia in healthy term newborns. Pediatrics. 2000 Aug;106(2):E16. [PubMed: 10920172]
  9. Amin S B, Ahlfors C, Orlando M S. et al. Bilirubin and serial auditory brainstem responses in premature infants. Pediatrics. 2001 Apr;107(4):664–70. [PubMed: 11335741]
  10. Awasthi S, Rehman H. Early prediction of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 Jan;65(1):131–9. [PubMed: 10771956]
  11. Bengtsson B, Verneholt J. A follow-up study of hyperbilirubinaemia in healthy, full-term infants without iso-immunization. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. 1974 Jan;63(1):70–80. [PubMed: 4830414]
  12. Bertini G, Dani C, Tronchin M. et al. Is breastfeeding really favoring early neonatal jaundice? Pediatrics. 2001 Mar;107(3):E41. [PubMed: 11230622]
  13. Bhandari V, Narang A, Mann S B. et al. Brain stem electric response audiometry in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia. Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 1993 May;60(3):409–13. [PubMed: 8253490]
  14. Bhat V, Srinivasan S, Usha T S. et al. Correlation of transcutaneous bilirubinometry with serum bilirubin in south Indian neonates. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1987 Jul;86:49–52. [PubMed: 3692559]
  15. Bhutani V K, Gourley G R, Adler S. et al. Noninvasive measurement of total serum bilirubin in a multiracial predischarge newborn population to assess the risk of severe hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatrics. 2000 Aug;106(2):E17. [PubMed: 10920173]
  16. Bhutani V K, Johnson L, Sivieri E M. Predictive ability of a predischarge hour-specific serum bilirubin for subsequent significant hyperbilirubinemia in healthy term and near-term newborns. [see comments.] Pediatrics. 1999 Jan;103(1):6–14. [PubMed: 9917432]
  17. Bhutta Z A, Yusuf K. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry in Pakistani newborns: a preliminary report. JPMA - Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 1991 Jul;41(7):155–6. [PubMed: 1920759]
  18. Bilgen H, Ince Z, Ozek E. et al. Transcutaneous measurement of hyperbilirubinaemia: comparison of the Minolta jaundice meter and the Ingram icterometer. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1998 Dec;18(4):325–8. [PubMed: 9924590]
  19. Bland J M, Altman D G. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986 Feb 8;1(8476):307–10. [PubMed: 2868172]
  20. Boggs T R Jr, Hardy J B, Frazier T M. Correlation of neonatal serum total bilirubin concentrations and developmental status at age eight months. A preliminary report from the collaborative project. Journal of Pediatrics. 1967 Oct;71(4):553–60. [PubMed: 6046621]
  21. Boo N Y, Oakes M, Lye M S. et al. Risk factors associated with hearing loss in term neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1994 Aug;40(4):194–7. [PubMed: 7932930]
  22. Boo N Y, Bakar A A. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry in Malay, Chinese and Indian term neonates. Medical Journal of Malaysia. 1984 Mar;39(1):35–7. [PubMed: 6513837]
  23. Boon W H. Kernicterus not associated with haemolystic disease. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1957;32:85–90. [PMC free article: PMC2012064] [PubMed: 13425653]
  24. Bourchier D, Cull A B, Oettli P E. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry: 22 months experience at Waikato Women's Hospital. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1987 Sep 23;100(832):599–600. [PubMed: 3452102]
  25. Brown A K, Kim M H, Wu P Y. et al. Efficacy of phototherapy in prevention and management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatrics. 1985 Feb;75(2 Pt 2):393–400. [PMC free article: PMC375534] [PubMed: 3881731]
  26. Brown W R, Boon W H. Hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient infants in Singapore. Pediatrics. 1968 Jun;41(6):1055–62. [PubMed: 5652917]
  27. Bryla D A. Randomized, controlled trial of phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Development, design, and sample composition. Pediatrics. 1985 Feb;75(2 Pt 2):387–92. [PMC free article: PMC375534] [PubMed: 3881730]
  28. Carbonell X, Botet F, Figueras J. et al. Prediction of hyperbilirubinaemia in the healthy term newborn. Acta Paediatrica. 2001 Feb;90(2):166–70. [PubMed: 11236046]
  29. Cashore W J, Oh W. Unbound bilirubin and kernicterus in low-birth-weight infants. Pediatrics. 1982 Apr;69(4):481–5. [PubMed: 7200229]
  30. Chaibva N T, Fenner A, Wolfsdorf J. Reliability of an icterometer in Black neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia. S Afr Med J. 1974 Jul 27;48(36):1533–4. [PubMed: 4417507]
  31. Chen J Y, Ling U P, Chen J H. Early meconium evacuation: effect on neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. American Journal of Perinatology. 1995 Jul;12(4):232–4. [PubMed: 7575822]
  32. Chen Y J, Kang W M. Effects of bilirubin on visual evoked potentials in term infants. Eur J Pediatr. 1995 Aug;154(8):662–6. [PubMed: 7588970]
  33. Christo G G, Kamath S, Aroor A R. et al. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry in newborns. Indian Pediatrics. 1988 Nov;25(11):1073–7. [PubMed: 3074055]
  34. Culley P E, Powell J E, Waterhouse J A. et al. Sequelae of neonatal jaundice. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1970 Oct;45(243):712. [PMC free article: PMC1647498] [PubMed: 5529333]
  35. Dai J, Krahn J, Parry D M. Clinical impact of transcutaneous bilirubinometry as an adjunctive screen for hyperbilirubinemia. Clinical Biochemistry. 1996 Dec;29(6):581–6. [PubMed: 8939407]
  36. Deorari A K, Singh M, Ahuja G K. et al. One year outcome of babies with severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and reversible abnormality in brainstem auditory evoked responses. Indian Pediatrics. 1994 Aug;31(8):915–21. [PubMed: 7883343]
  37. Ebbesen F. Recurrence of kernicterus in term and near-term infants in Denmark. Acta Paediatrica. 2000 Oct;89(10):1213–7. [PubMed: 11083378]
  38. Esbjorner E, Larsson P, Leissner P. et al. The serum reserve albumin concentration for monoacetyldiaminodiphenyl sulphone and auditory evoked responses during neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. 1991 Apr;80(4):406–12. [PubMed: 2058389]
  39. Escher-Graub D C, ricker H S. Jaundice and behavioral organization in the full-term neonate. Helvetica Paediatrica Acta. 1986 Dec;41(5):425–35. [PubMed: 3818329]
  40. Fok T F, Lau S P, Hui C W. et al. Transcutaneous bilirubinometer: its use in Chinese term infants and the effect of haematocrit and phototherapy on the TcB index. Australian Paediatric Journal. 1986 May;22(2):107–9. [PubMed: 3729821]
  41. Funato M, Teraoka S, Tamai H. et al. Follow-up study of auditory brainstem responses in hyperbilirubinemic newborns treated with exchange transfusion. Acta Paediatrica Japonica. 1996 Feb;38(1):17–21. [PubMed: 8992853]
  42. Gartner L M, Snyder R N, Chabon R S. et al. Kernicterus: high incidence in premature infants with low serum bilirubin concentrations. Pediatrics. 1970 Jun;45(6):906–17. [PubMed: 5422114]
  43. Gibbs W N, Gray R, Lowry M. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and neonatal jaundice in Jamaica. Br J Haematol. 1979 Oct;43(2):263–74. [PubMed: 508636]
  44. Goldman S L, Penalver A, Penaranda R. Jaundice meter: evaluation of new guidelines. Journal of Pediatrics. 1982 Aug;101(2):253–6. [PubMed: 7097424]
  45. Gourley G R. Measurement of serum bilirubin in newborn infants: Common clinical laboratory methods versus high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pediatrics. 1999;45(4):293A.
  46. Granati B, Largajolli G, Rubaltelli F F. et al. Efficacy and safety of the “integral” phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Results of a follow-up at 6 years of age. Clinical Pediatrics. 1984 Sep;23(9):483–6. [PubMed: 6467780]
  47. Grimmer I, Berger-Jones K, Buhrer C. et al. Late neurological sequelae of non-hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia of healthy term neonates. Acta Paediatrica. 1999 Jun;88(6):661–3. [PubMed: 10419253]
  48. Grunebaum E, Amir J, Merlob P. et al. Breast mild jaundice: natural history, familial incidence and late neurodevelopmental outcome of the infant. European Journal of Pediatrics. 1991 Feb;150(4):267–70. [PubMed: 2029918]
  49. Gupta A K, Mann S B. Is auditory brainstem response a bilirubin neurotoxicity marker? American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1998 Jul;19(4):232–6. [PubMed: 9692630]
  50. Gupta A K, Raj H, Anand N K. Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia. Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 1990 Sep;57(5):705–11. [PubMed: 2094672]
  51. Gupta P C, Kumari S, Mullick D N. et al. Icterometer: a useful screening tool for neonatal jaundice. Indian Pediatr. 1991 May;28(5):473–6. [PubMed: 1752673]
  52. Hanko E, Lindemann R, Hansen T W. Spectrum of outcome in infants with extreme neonatal jaundice. Acta Paediatr. 2001 Jul;90(7):782–5. [PubMed: 11519982]
  53. Hannemann R E, Schreiner R L, DeWitt D P. et al. Evaluation of the Minolta bilirubin meter as a screening device in white and black infants. Pediatrics. 1982 Jan;69(1):107–9. [PubMed: 7054743]
  54. Hansen T W. Acute management of extreme neonatal jaundice--the potential benefits of intensified phototherapy and interruption of enterohepatic bilirubin circulation. Acta Paediatr. 1997 Aug;86(8):843–6. [PubMed: 9307164]
  55. Hardy J B, Peeples M O. Serum bilirubin levels in newborn infants. Distributions and associations with neurological abnormalities during the first year of life. Johns Hopkins Medical Journal. 1971 May;128(5):265–72. [PubMed: 5556539]
  56. Harish R, Sharma D B. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry in neonates: evaluation of Minolta Air shields jaundicemeter. [see comments.] Indian Pediatrics. 1998 Mar;35(3):264–7. [PubMed: 9707882]
  57. Harris M C, Bernbaum J C, Polin J R. et al. Developmental follow-up of breastfed term and near-term infants with marked hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatrics. 2001 May;107(5):1075–80. [PubMed: 11331689]
  58. Haslem RHA, Kenna M. Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP). In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, and Jenson HB, editors. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. W.B. Saunders Company; 2000.
  59. Hegyi T, Hiatt I M, Indyk L. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry. I. Correlations in term infants. Journal of Pediatrics. 1981 Mar;98(3):454–7. [PubMed: 7205460]
  60. Holmes G E, Miller J B, Smith E E. Neonatal bilirubinemia in production of long-term neurological deficits. American Journal of Diseases of Children. 1968 Jul;116(1):37–43. [PubMed: 5690519]
  61. Hung K L. Auditory brainstem responses in patients with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and bilirubin encephalopathy. Brain & Development. 1989;11(5):297–301. [PubMed: 2817294]
  62. Hung K L, Wu C M. Auditory brainstem response in patients with a history of kernicterus. Chung-Hua Min Kuo Hsiao Erh Ko i Hsueh Hui Tsa Chih. 1988 Jul;29(4):229–34. [PubMed: 3272525]
  63. Hyman C B, Keaster J, Hanson V. et al. CNS abnormalities after neonatal hemolytic disease or hyperbilirubinemia. A prospective study of 405 patients. American Journal of Diseases of Children. 1969 Apr;117(4):395–405. [PubMed: 4975237]
  64. Irwig L, Macaskill P, Glasziou P. et al. Meta-analytic methods for diagnostic test accuracy. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995 Jan;48(1):119–30. [PubMed: 7853038]
  65. Jegier W, Blankenship W, Lind J. Venous pressure in the first hour of life and its relationship to placental transfusion. Acta Paediatrica. 1963 Sep;52:485–96. [PubMed: 14063669]
  66. John E. Phototherapy in neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. Aust Paediatr J. 1975 Mar;11(1):49–52. [PubMed: 1137530]
  67. Johnson L. Hyperbilirubinemia in the term infant: when to worry, when to treat. N Y State J Med. 1991 Nov;91(11):483–9. [PubMed: 1771043]
  68. Johnson L H, Bhutani V K, Brown A K. System-based approach to management of neonatal jaundice and prevention of kernicterus. J Pediatr. 2002 Apr;140(4):396–403. [PubMed: 12006952]
  69. Johnston W H, Angara V, Baumal R. et al. Erythroblastosis fetalis and hyperbilirubinemia. A five-year follow-up with neurological, psychological, and audiological evaluation. Pediatrics. 1967 Jan;39(1):88–92. [PubMed: 6066698]
  70. Ju S H, Lin C H. The effect of moderate non-hemolytic jaundice and phototherapy on newborn behavior. Chung-Hua Min Kuo Hsiao Erh Ko i Hsueh Hui Tsa Chih. 1991 Jan;32(1):31–41. [PubMed: 2063675]
  71. Karrar Z, al Habib S, al Basit O B. et al. Transcutaneous bilirubin measurements in Saudi infants: the use of the jaundice meter to identify significant jaundice. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1989 Mar;9(1):59–61. [PubMed: 2471447]
  72. Kenny M, Metzger G, Landicho D. et al. Transcutaneous bilirubin monitoring of newborns. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1984;428:251–62. [PubMed: 6588908]
  73. Khanna V K, Mehta D K, Matthews M. et al. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Ophthalmological evaluation of term infants treated with phototherapy. Indian Pediatrics. 1984 Sep;21(9):713–7. [PubMed: 6519804]
  74. Killander A, Michaelsson M, Muller-Eberhard U. et al. Hyperbilirubinemia in full-term newborn infants. Acta Paediatrica. 1963 Sep;52:481–4. [PubMed: 14063668]
  75. Kivlahan C, James E J. The natural history of neonatal jaundice. Pediatrics. 1984 Sep;74(3):364–70. [PubMed: 6472969]
  76. Knudsen A. Predicting the need for phototherapy in healthy mature neonates using transcutaneous bilirubinometry on the first postnatal day. Biology of the Neonate. 1995;68(6):398–403. [PubMed: 8721883]
  77. Knudsen A, Kruse C, Ebbesen F. Detection of hyperbilirubinemia by skin color measurements in icteric newborn infants at 5 to 14 days of age. Acta Paediatrica. 1993 Jun;82(67):510–3. [PubMed: 8338980]
  78. Knudsen A. Prediction of later hyperbilirubinaemia by measurement of skin colour on the first postnatal day and from cord blood bilirubin. Danish Medical Bulletin. 1992 Apr;39(2):193–6. [PubMed: 1611927]
  79. Knudsen A. The cephalocaudal progression of jaundice in newborns in relation to the transfer of bilirubin from plasma to skin. Early Human Development. 1990 Apr;22(1):23–8. [PubMed: 2335140]
  80. Knudsen A. Prediction of the development of neonatal jaundice by increased umbilical cord blood bilirubin. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. 1989 Mar;78(2):217–21. [PubMed: 2929344]
  81. Kumar A. Micro-invasive management of neonatal bilirubinemia. Indian Pediatrics. 1992 Sep;29(9):1101–6. [PubMed: 1452305]
  82. Kuriyama M, Tomiwa K, Konishi Y. et al. Improvement in auditory brainstem response of hyperbilirubinemic infants after exchange transfusions. Pediatric Neurology. 1986 May;2(3):127–32. [PubMed: 3508686]
  83. Laeeq A, Yasin M, Chaudhry A R. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry: clinical application. JPMA - Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 1993 Feb;43(2):28–30. [PubMed: 8497099]
  84. Lau J, Ioannidis J P, Schmid C H. Quantitative synthesis in systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med. 1997 Nov 1;127(9):820–6. [PubMed: 9382404]
  85. Lin C C, Wu T C, Wei C F. et al. Dilatation of the biliary tract in pediatric patients. Chung Hua i Hsueh Tsa Chih - Chinese Medical Journal. 1993 Jul;52(1):26–31. [PubMed: 8364778]
  86. Lin Y J, Ju S H, Lin C H. The clinical application of transcutaneous bilirubinometry in full-term Chinese infants. Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1993 Mar;34(2):69–76. [PubMed: 8372674]
  87. Linder N, Regev A, Gazit G. et al. Noninvasive determination of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: standardization for variation in skin color. American Journal of Perinatology. 1994 May;11(3):223–5. [PubMed: 8048990]
  88. Lodha R, Deorari A K, Jatana V. et al. Non-invasive estimation of total serum bilirubin by multi-wavelength spectral reflectance in neonates. Indian Pediatr. 2000 Jul;37(7):771–5. [PubMed: 10906811]
  89. MacDonald M G. Hidden risks: early discharge and bilirubin toxicity due to glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Pediatrics. 1995 Oct;96(4 Pt 1):734–8. [PMC free article: PMC434508] [PubMed: 7567340]
  90. Maisels MJ. Jaundice. In: Avery GB, Fletcher MA, and MacDonald MG, editors. Neonatology. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 1999. p. 791.
  91. Maisels M J, Kring E. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry decreases the need for serum bilirubin measurements and saves money. Pediatrics. 1997 Apr;99(4):599–601. [PubMed: 9093305]
  92. Maisels M J, Newman T B. Kernicterus in otherwise healthy, breast-fed term newborns. Pediatrics. 1995 Oct;96(4 Pt 1):730–3. [PMC free article: PMC434508] [PubMed: 7567339]
  93. Maisels M J, Conrad S. Transcutaneous bilirubin measurements in full-term infants. Pediatrics. 1982 Sep;70(3):464–7. [PubMed: 7110821]
  94. Malaka-Zafiriu K, Tsiures J, Cassimos C. D-Glucaric acid excretion in newborns with severe jaundice of unknown etiology and due to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Greece. Helvetica Paediatrica Acta. 1975 Jul;30(2):201–7. [PubMed: 807541]
  95. Martinez J C, Maisels M J, Otheguy L. et al. Hyperbilirubinemia in the breast-fed newborn: a controlled trial of four interventions. Pediatrics. 1993 Feb;91(2):470–3. [PubMed: 8424029]
  96. Maruo Y, Nishizawa K, Sato H. et al. Prolonged unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia associated with breast milk and mutations of the bilirubin uridine diphosphate- glucuronosyltransferase gene. Pediatrics. 2000 Nov;106(5):E59. [PubMed: 11061796]
  97. Maurer H M, Kirkpatrick B V, McWilliams N B. et al. Phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia of hemolytic disease of the newborn. Pediatrics. 1985 Feb;75(2 Pt 2):407–12. [PMC free article: PMC375534] [PubMed: 4038554]
  98. Misra P K, Srivastava K L, Bajpai P C. et al. Follow-up of neonates treated with phototherapy. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1980 Jan;71:68–76. [PubMed: 7380513]
  99. Moses L E, Shapiro D, Littenberg B. Combining independent studies of a diagnostic test into a summary ROC curve: data-analytic approaches and some additional considerations. Stat Med. 1993 Jul 30;12(14):1293–316. [PubMed: 8210827]
  100. Naeye R L. Amniotic fluid infections, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and psychomotor impairment. Pediatrics. 1978 Oct;62(4):497–503. [PubMed: 714581]
  101. Newman T B, Escobar G J. Frequency of neonatal bilirubin testing and hyperbilirubinemia in a large health maintenance organization. Ambul Pediatr. 2001 Mar;1(2):126. [PubMed: 11888386]
  102. Newman T B, Xiong B, Gonzales V M. et al. Prediction and prevention of extreme neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in a mature health maintenance organization. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2000 Nov;154(11):1140–7. [PubMed: 11074857]
  103. Newman T B, Escobar G J, Gonzales V M. et al. Frequency of neonatal bilirubin testing and hyperbilirubinemia in a large health maintenance organization. Pediatrics. 1999 Nov;104(5 Pt 2):1198–203. [PubMed: 10545573]
  104. Newman T B, Klebanoff M A. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and long-term outcome: another look at the Collaborative Perinatal Project. [see comments.] Pediatrics. 1993 Nov;92(5):651–7. [PubMed: 8414851]
  105. Newman T B, Maisels M J. Does hyperbilirubinemia damage the brain of healthy full-term infants? Clin Perinatol. 1990 Jun;17(2):331–58. [PubMed: 2196133]
  106. Nwaesei C G, Van Aerde J, Boyden M. et al. Changes in auditory brainstem responses in hyperbilirubinemic infants before and after exchange transfusion. Pediatrics. 1984 Nov;74(5):800–3. [PubMed: 6541781]
  107. Odell G B, Storey G N, Rosenberg L A. Studies in kernicterus. 3. The saturation of serum proteins with bilirubin during neonatal life and its relationship to brain damage at five years. Journal of Pediatrics. 1970 Jan;76(1):12–21. [PubMed: 5410148]
  108. Okuyama H, Yonetani M, Uetani Y. et al. End-tidal carbon monoxide is predictive for neonatal non-hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatr Int. 2001 Aug;43(4):329–33. [PubMed: 11472573]
  109. Ozcelik T, Onerci M, Ozcelik U. et al. Audiological findings in kernicteric patients. Acta Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica Belgica. 1997;51(1):31–4. [PubMed: 9105480]
  110. Ozmert E, Erdem G, Topcu M. et al. Long-term follow-up of indirect hyperbilirubinemia in full-term Turkish infants. Acta Paediatrica. 1996 Dec;85(12):1440–4. [PubMed: 9001655]
  111. Paludetto R, Mansi G, Rinaldi P. et al. Moderate hyperbilirubinemia does not influence the behavior of jaundiced infants. Biology of the Neonate. 1986;50(1):43–7. [PubMed: 3741906]
  112. Paludetto R, Mansi G, Rinaldi P. et al. The behavior of jaundiced infants treated with phototherapy. Early Hum Dev. 1983 Oct;8(34):259–67. [PubMed: 6641571]
  113. Pearlman M A, Gartner L M, Lee K. et al. The association of kernicterus with bacterial infection in the newborn. Pediatrics. 1980 Jan;65(1):26–9. [PubMed: 7355031]
  114. Penn A A, Enzmann D R, Hahn J S. et al. Kernicterus in a full term infant. Pediatrics. 1994 Jun;93(6 Pt 1):1003–6. [PubMed: 7794295]
  115. Perlman M, Fainmesser P, Sohmer H. et al. Auditory nerve-brainstem evoked responses in hyperbilirubinemic neonates. Pediatrics. 1983 Nov;72(5):658–64. [PubMed: 6634269]
  116. Pledger D R, Scott J M, Belfield A. Kernicterus at low levels of serum bilirubin: the impact of bilirubin albumin-binding capacity. A 10-year retrospective survey. Biology of the Neonate. 1982;41(12):38–44. [PubMed: 7199940]
  117. Rapisardi G, Vohr B, Cashore W. et al. Assessment of infant cry variability in high-risk infants. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1989 Feb;17(1):19–29. [PubMed: 2707975]
  118. Risemberg H M, Mazzi E, MacDonald M G. et al. Correlation of cord bilirubin levels with hyperbilirubinaemia in ABO incompatibility. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1977 Mar;52(3):219–22. [PMC free article: PMC1546281] [PubMed: 557960]
  119. Robertson A, Kazmierczak S, Vos P. Improved transcutaneous bilirubinometry: comparison of SpectR(X) BiliCheck and Minolta Jaundice Meter JM-102 for estimating total serum bilirubin in a normal newborn population. J Perinatol. 2002 Jan;22(1):12–4. [PubMed: 11840236]
  120. Rosta J, Bekefi D. A new chart for indicating exchange transfusion in neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. Acta Paediatrica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 1971;12(3):311–6. [PubMed: 5148793]
  121. Rosta J, Makoi Z, Bekefi D. et al. Neonatal pathologic jaundice: seven to nine years follow-up. Acta Paediatr Acad Sci Hung. 1971;12(3):317–21. [PubMed: 5169922]
  122. Rubaltelli F F, Gourley G R, Loskamp N. et al. Transcutaneous bilirubin measurement: a multicenter evaluation of a new device. Pediatrics. 2001 Jun;107(6):1264–71. [PubMed: 11389241]
  123. Rubin R A, Balow B, Fisch R O. Neonatal serum bilirubin levels related to cognitive development at ages 4 through 7 years. Journal of Pediatrics. 1979 Apr;94(4):601–4. [PubMed: 430298]
  124. Sabatino G, Verrotti A, Ramenghi L A. et al. Newborns with hyperbilirubinemia: usefulness of brain stem auditory response evaluation. Neurophysiologie Clinique. 1996;26(6):363–8. [PubMed: 9018698]
  125. Scheidt P C, Bryla D A, Nelson K B. et al. Phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: six-year follow-up of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development clinical trial. [see comments.] Pediatrics. 1990 Apr;85(4):455–63. [PubMed: 2179848]
  126. Scheidt P C, Mellits E D, Hardy J B. et al. Toxicity to bilirubin in neonates: infant development during first year in relation to maximum neonatal serum bilirubin concentration. Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 Aug;91(2):292–7. [PubMed: 874689]
  127. Schneider A P. Breast milk jaundice in the newborn. A real entity. [erratum appears in JAMA 1986 Dec 19;256(23):3218.] JAMA. 1986 Jun 20;255(23):3270–4. [PubMed: 3712679]
  128. Schreiner R L, Glick M R. Interlaboratory bilirubin variability. Pediatrics. 1982 Mar;69(3):277–81. [PubMed: 7063285]
  129. Schumacher R E, Thornbery J M, Gutcher G R. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry: a comparison of old and new methods. Pediatrics. 1985 Jul;76(1):10–4. [PubMed: 4011341]
  130. Seidman D S, Ergaz Z, Paz I. et al. Predicting the risk of jaundice in full-term healthy newborns: a prospective population-based study. Journal of Perinatology. 1999 Dec;19(8 Pt 1):564–7. [PubMed: 10645520]
  131. Seidman D S, Stevenson D K. In Letters to the Editor. The Issues of Hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatrics. 1995;96(3):1995. [PubMed: 7651796]
  132. Seidman D S, Paz I, Stevenson D K. et al. Effect of phototherapy for neonatal jaundice on cognitive performance. Journal of Perinatology. 1994 Jan;14(1):23–8. [PubMed: 8169674]
  133. Seidman D S, Paz I, Stevenson D K. et al. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and physical and cognitive performance at 17 years of age. Pediatrics. 1991 Oct;88(4):828–33. [PubMed: 1896294]
  134. Serrao P A, Modanlou H D. Significance of anti-A and anti-B isohemagglutinins in cord blood of ABO incompatible newborn infants: correlation with hyperbilirubinemia. [see comments.] Journal of Perinatology. 1989 Jun;9(2):154–8. [PubMed: 2738726]
  135. Sharma J N, Singh R N, Lodha A. et al. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry in newborns. Indian Pediatrics. 1988 Aug;25(8):757–60. [PubMed: 3220564]
  136. Sheridan-Pereira M, Gorman W. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry: an evaluation. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1982 Sep;57(9):708–10. [PMC free article: PMC1627765] [PubMed: 7125691]
  137. Smith D W, Inguillo D, Martin D. et al. Use of noninvasive tests to predict significant jaundice in full-term infants: preliminary studies. Pediatrics. 1985 Feb;75(2):278–80. [PubMed: 3969329]
  138. Soorani-Lunsing I, Woltil H A, Hadders-Algra M. Are moderate degrees of hyperbilirubinemia in healthy term neonates really safe for the brain? Pediatr Res. 2001 Dec;50(6):701–5. [PubMed: 11726727]
  139. Steinborn M, Seelos K C, Heuck A. et al. MR findings in a patient with Kernicterus. Eur Radiol. 1999;9(9):1913–5. [PubMed: 10602975]
  140. Stevenson D K, Fanaroff A A, Maisels M J. et al. Prediction of hyperbilirubinemia in near-term and term infants. Pediatrics. 2001 Jul;108(1):31–9. [PubMed: 11433051]
  141. Suckling R J, Laing I A, Kirk J M. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry as a screening tool for neonatal jaundice. Scottish Medical Journal. 1995 Feb;40(1):14–5. [PubMed: 7604235]
  142. Sugama S, Soeda A, Eto Y. Magnetic resonance imaging in three children with kernicterus. Pediatr Neurol. 2001 Oct;25(4):328–31. [PubMed: 11704404]
  143. Suresh G, Lucey J F. Lack of deafness in Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 1: a patient survey. Pediatrics. 1997 Nov;100(5):E9. [PubMed: 9347003]
  144. Taha S A, Karrar Z A, Dost S M. Transcutaneous bilirubin measurement in evaluating neonatal jaundice among Saudi newborns. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1984 Dec;4(4):229–31. [PubMed: 6210040]
  145. Tan K L, Chia H P, Koh B C. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry in Chinese, Malay and Indian infants. Acta Paediatrica. 1996 Aug;85(8):986–90. [PubMed: 8863884]
  146. Tan K L, Skurr B A, Yip Y Y. Phototherapy and the brain-stem auditory evoked response in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Journal of Pediatrics. 1992 Feb;120(2 Pt 1):306–8. [PubMed: 1735834]
  147. Tan K L. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry in Chinese and Malay neonates. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 1985 Oct;14(4):591–4. [PubMed: 4083794]
  148. Tan K L. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry in fullterm Chinese and Malay infants. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. 1982 Jul;71(4):593–6. [PubMed: 7136674]
  149. Tay J S, Low P S, Wong H B. et al. Value and limitations of bilirubin binding capacity in predicting the development of kernicterus. Australian Paediatric Journal. 1984 Mar;20(1):63–6. [PubMed: 6466218]
  150. Tayaba R, Gribetz D, Gribetz I. et al. Noninvasive estimation of serum bilirubin. Pediatrics. 1998 Sep;102(3):E28. [PubMed: 9724676]
  151. Telzrow R W, Snyder D M, Tronick E. et al. The behavior of jaundiced infants undergoing phototherapy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 1980 Jun;22(3):317–26. [PubMed: 7390029]
  152. Tsai L T, Lu C C. Clinical evaluation of transcutaneous jaundice meter in full-term newborns. Chung-Hua Min Kuo Hsiao Erh Ko i Hsueh Hui Tsa Chih. 1988 Nov;29(6):376–82. [PubMed: 3272538]
  153. Upadhyay Y. A longitudinal study of full-term neonates with hyperbilirubinemia to four years of age. Johns Hopkins Medical Journal. 1971 May;128(5):273–7. [PubMed: 5556540]
  154. Valaes T, Kipouros K, Petmezaki S. et al. Effectiveness and safety of prenatal phenobarbital for the prevention of neonatal jaundice. Pediatric Research. 1980 Aug;14(8):947–52. [PubMed: 7422399]
  155. Valkeakari T, Anttolainen I, Aurekoski H. et al. Follow-up study of phototreated fullterm newborns. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. 1981 Jan;70(1):21–5. [PubMed: 7211376]
  156. Vohr B R, Karp D, O'Dea C. et al. Behavioral changes correlated with brain-stem auditory evoked responses in term infants with moderate hyperbilirubinemia. J Pediatr. 1990 Aug;117(2 Pt 1):288–91. [PubMed: 2380830]
  157. Vohr B R, Lester B, Rapisardi G. et al. Abnormal brain-stem function (brain-stem auditory evoked response) correlates with acoustic cry features in term infants with hyperbilirubinemia. Journal of Pediatrics. 1989 Aug;115(2):303–8. [PubMed: 2754560]
  158. Vreman H J, Verter J, Oh W. et al. Interlaboratory variability of bilirubin measurements. Clin Chem. 1996 Jun;42(6 Pt 1):869–73. [PubMed: 8665677]
  159. Walker W, Ellis M I, Ellis E. et al. A follow-up study of survivors of Rh-haemolytic disease. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 1974 Oct;16(5):592–611. [PubMed: 4421870]
  160. Washington E C, Ector W, Abboud M. et al. Hemolytic jaundice due to G6PD deficiency causing kernicterus in a female newborn. South Med J. 1995 Jul;88(7):776–9. [PubMed: 7597488]
  161. Watchko J F, Oski F A. Kernicterus in preterm newborns: past, present, and future. Pediatrics. 1992 Nov;90(5):707–15. [PubMed: 1408544]
  162. Waters WJ, Richert DA, Rawson HH. Bilirubin encephalopathy. Pediatrics 0 AD;13:319-25. [PubMed: 13155080]
  163. Wolf M J, Wolf B, Beunen G. et al. Neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 year in Zimbabwean neonates with extreme hyperbilirubinaemia. Eur J Pediatr. 1999 Feb;158(2):111–4. [PubMed: 10048606]
  164. Wolf M J, Beunen G, Casaer P. et al. Extreme hyperbilirubinaemia in Zimbabwean neonates: neurodevelopmental outcome at 4 months. European Journal of Pediatrics. 1997 Oct;156(10):803–7. [PubMed: 9365074]
  165. Wong H B. Singapore kernicterus. Singapore Medical Journal. 1980 Jun;21(3):556–67. [PubMed: 7444473]
  166. Yamauchi Y, Yamanouchi I. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry: effect of postnatal age. Acta Paediatrica Japonica. 1991 Oct;33(5):663–7. [PubMed: 1799123]
  167. Yamauchi Y, Yamanouchi I. Factors affecting transcutaneous bilirubin measurement: effect of daylight. Acta Paediatrica Japonica. 1991 Oct;33(5):658–62. [PubMed: 1799122]
  168. Yamauchi Y, Yamanouchi I. Clinical application of transcutaneous bilirubin measurement. Early prediction of hyperbilirubinemia. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. 1990 Apr;79(4):385–90. [PubMed: 2349874]
  169. Yamauchi Y, Yamanouchi I. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry in normal Japanese infants. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1989 Feb;31(1):65–72. [PubMed: 2504029]
  170. Yamauchi Y, Yamanouchi I. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry. Evaluation of accuracy and reliability in a large population. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. 1988 Nov;77(6):791–5. [PubMed: 3207014]
  171. Yilmaz Y, Karadeniz L, Yildiz F. et al. Neurological prognosis in term newborns with neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia. Indian Pediatrics. 2001 Feb;38(2):165–8. [PubMed: 11224582]
  172. Yilmaz Y, Alper G, Kilicoglu G. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with severe neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia. J Child Neurol. 2001 Jun;16(6):452–5. [PubMed: 11417616]
  173. Yokochi K. Magnetic resonance imaging in children with kernicterus. Acta Paediatrica. 1995 Aug;84(8):937–9. [PubMed: 7488821]
  174. Zamet P, Nakamura H, Perez-Robles S. et al. The use of critical levels of birth weight and “free bilirubin” as an approach for prevention of kernicterus. Biology of the Neonate. 1975;26(34):274–82. [PubMed: 1169077]
  175. Zuelzer W W. Kernicterus: Etiologic study based on an analysis of 55 cases. Pediatrics. 1950;26(34):274–82. [PubMed: 14780798]
Copyright Notice
Bookshelf ID: NBK36716
Contents

Views

  • PubReader
  • Print View
  • Cite this Page

Other titles in these collections

Recent Activity

ClearTurn OffTurn On

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

See more...