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Balk E, Chung M, Lichtenstein A, et al. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Intermediate Markers of Cardiovascular Disease. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2004 Mar. (Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 93.)

  • This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

Cover of Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Intermediate Markers of Cardiovascular Disease

Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Intermediate Markers of Cardiovascular Disease.

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Listing of Excluded Studies

    References

      Excluded studies were categorized by the following sets of reasons for exclusion. Only the primary reason for exclusion is listed here, along with the number of articles in each category.

      • Studies not analyzed because of non-randomized design or small size (N=221)
      • Articles rejected because in English (N=1)
      • Articles rejected because not Human study (N=4)
      • Articles rejected because not primary study (N=7)
      • Articles rejected because not omega-3 fatty acid (n-3) intake study, insufficient data regararding omega-3 fatty acid trial, or no data on omega-3 fatty acid intake amount (N=95)
      • Articles rejected because inappropriate human population (N=15)
      • Articles rejected because pediatric population (N=5)
      • Articles rejected because no outcome of interest or insufficient data to extract outcomes (N=110)
      • Articles rejected because sample size too small (N=45)
      • Articles rejected because omega-3 fatty acid dose > 6 g (N=46)
      • Articles rejected because duration < 4 weeks (N=80)
      • Articles rejected because cross-over study with < 4 week washout (N=32)
      • Articles rejected because duplicate publications (N=14)
      • Articles rejected for other listed reasons (N=9)

    References

    1. Adler A I, Boyko E J, Schraer C D, Murphy N J. Lower prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes associated with daily seal oil or salmon consumption among Alaska Natives. Diabetes Care. 1994;17(12):1498–1501. [PubMed: 7882827]
    2. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    3. Adler A J, Holub B J. Effect of garlic and fish-oil supplementation on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in hypercholesterolemic men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997;65(2):445–450. [PubMed: 9022529]
    4. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    5. Agren J J, Hanninen O, Hanninen A, Seppanen K. Dose responses in platelet fatty acid composition, aggregation and prostanoid metabolism during moderate freshwater fish diet. Thrombosis Research. 1990;57(4):565–575. [PubMed: 2326774]
    6. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    7. Ahmed A A, Holub B J. Alteration and recovery of bleeding times, platelet aggregation and fatty acid composition of individual phospholipids in platelets of human subjects receiving a supplement of cod-liver oil. Lipids. 1984;19(8):617–624. [PubMed: 6090856]
    8. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    9. Akoh C C, Hearnsberger J O. Effect of catfish and salmon diet on platelet phospholipid and blood clotting in healthy men. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 1991;2(6):329–333.
    10. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    11. Allard J P, Kurian R, Aghdassi E, Muggli R, Royall D. Lipid peroxidation during n-3 fatty acid and vitamin E supplementation in humans. Lipids. 1997;32(5):535–541. [PubMed: 9168460]
    12. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    13. Allard J P, Royall D, Kurian R, Muggli R, Jeejeebhoy K N. Effect of omega 3 fatty acids and vitamin E supplements on lipid peroxidation measured by breath ethane and pentane output: a randomized controlled trial. World Review of Nutrition & Dietetics. 1994;75:162–165. [PubMed: 7871820]
    14. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    15. Allman M A, Pena M M, Pang D. Supplementation with flaxseed oil versus sunflowerseed oil in healthy young men consuming a low fat diet: effects on platelet composition and function. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995;49(3):169–178. [PubMed: 7774533]
    16. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    17. Almario R U, Vonghavaravat V, Wong R, Kasim-Karakas S E. Effects of walnut consumption on plasma fatty acids and lipoproteins in combined hyperlipidemia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001;74(1):72–79. [PubMed: 11451720]
    18. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    19. Almdahl S M, Nilsen D W, Osterud B. Thromboplastin activities and monocytes in the coronary circulation of reperfused human myocardium. No effect of preoperative treatment with n-3 fatty acids. Scandinavian Journal of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery. 1993;27(2):81–86. [PubMed: 8211009]
    20. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    21. Almendingen K, Jordal O, Kierulf P, Sandstad B, Pedersen J I. Effects of partially hydrogenated fish oil, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, and butter on serum lipoproteins and Lp[a] in men. Journal of Lipid Research. 1995;36(6):1370–1384. [PubMed: 7666013]
    22. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    23. Almendingen K, Seljeflot I, Sandstad B, Pedersen J I. Effects of partially hydrogenated fish oil, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, and butter on hemostatic variables in men. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 1996;16(3):375–380. [PubMed: 8630662]
    24. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    25. Anderssen S A, Hjermann I, Urdal P, Torjesen P A, Holme I. Improved carbohydrate metabolism after physical training and dietary intervention in individuals with the "atherothrombogenic syndrome'. Oslo Diet and Exercise Study (ODES). A randomized trial. J Intern Med. 1996;240(4):203–209. [PubMed: 8918511]
    26. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    27. Ando M, Sanaka T, Nihei H. Eicosapentanoic acid reduces plasma levels of remnant lipoproteins and prevents in vivo peroxidation of LDL in dialysis patients. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 1999;10(10):2177–2184. [PubMed: 10505695]
    28. (Inappropriate Human population)
    29. Anttolainen M, Valsta L M, Alfthan G, Kleemola P, Salminen I, Tamminen M. Effect of extreme fish consumption on dietary and plasma antioxidant levels and fatty acid composition. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996;50(11):741–746. [PubMed: 8933121]
    30. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    31. Archer S L, Green D, Chamberlain M, Dyer A R, Liu K. Association of dietary fish and n-3 fatty acid intake with hemostatic factors in the coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA)study. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 1998;18(7):1119–1123. [PubMed: 9672072]
    32. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    33. Arjmandi B H, Khan D A, Juma S, Drum M L, Venkatesh S, Sohn E. et al. Whole flaxseed consumption lowers serum LDL-cholesterol and lipoprotein(a) concentrations in postmenopausal women. Nutrition Research. 1998;18(7):1203–1214.
    34. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    35. Armstrong R A, Chardigny J M, Beaufrere B, Bretillon L, Vermunt S H, Mensink R P. et al. No effect of dietary trans isomers of alpha-linolenic acid on platelet aggregation and haemostatic factors in european healthy men. The TRANSLinE study. Thrombosis Research. 2000;100(3):133–141. [PubMed: 11108899]
    36. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    37. Atkinson P M, Wheeler M C, Mendelsohn D, Pienaar N, Chetty N. Effects of a 4-week freshwater fish (trout) diet on platelet aggregation, platelet fatty acids, serum lipids, and coagulation factors. American Journal of Hematology. 1987;24(2):143–149. [PubMed: 3028131]
    38. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    39. Avellone G, Garbo Vd, Cordova R, Scaffidi L, Bompiani G D, di G V. Effects of Mediterranean diet on lipid, coagulative and fibrinolytic parameters in two randomly selected population samples in Western Sicily. Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 1998;8(5):287–296.
    40. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    41. Axelrod L, Camuso J, Williams E, Kleinman K, Briones E, Schoenfeld D. Effects of a small quantity of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular risk factors in NIDDM. A randomized, prospective, double-blind, controlled study. Diabetes Care. 1994;17(1):37–44. [PubMed: 8112187]
    42. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    43. Bach R, Schmidt U, Jung F, Kiesewetter H, Hennen B, Wenzel E. et al. Effects of fish oil capsules in two dosages on blood pressure, platelet functions, haemorheological and clinical chemistry parameters in apparently healthy subjects. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 1989;33(6):359–367. [PubMed: 2694923]
    44. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    45. Bagdade J D, Buchanan W E, Levy R A, Subbaiah P V, Ritter M C. Effects of omega-3 fish oils on plasma lipids, lipoprotein composition, and postheparin lipoprotein lipase in women with IDDM. Diabetes. 1990;39(4):426–431. [PubMed: 2318345]
    46. (Sample size too small)
    47. Bagdade J D, Ritter M, Subbaiah P V. Marine lipids normalize cholesteryl ester transfer in IDDM. Diabetologia. 1996;39(4):487–491. [PubMed: 8778000]
    48. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    49. Baggio B, Budakovic A, Nassuato M A, Vezzoli G, Manzato E, Luisetto G. et al. Plasma phospholipid arachidonic acid content and calcium metabolism in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis. Kidney International. 2000;58(3):1278–1284. [PubMed: 10972691]
    50. (Inappropriate Human population)
    51. Baggio B, Gambaro G, Zambon S, Marchini F, Bassi A, Bordin L. et al. Anomalous phospholipid n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 1996;7(4):613–620. [PubMed: 8724896]
    52. (Inappropriate Human population)
    53. Bao D Q, Mori T A, Burke V, Puddey I B, Beilin L J. Effects of dietary fish and weight reduction on ambulatory blood pressure in overweight hypertensives. Hypertension. 1998;32(4):710–717. [PubMed: 9774368]
    54. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    55. Barcelli U, Glas-Greenwalt P, Pollak V E. Enhancing effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on plasma fibrinolysis in normal subjects. Thrombosis Research. 1985;39(3):307–312. [PubMed: 2996169]
    56. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    57. Barstad R M, Roald H E, Petersen L B, Stokke K T, Kierulf P, Sakariassen K S. Dietary supplement of omega-3 fatty acids has no effect on acute collagen-induced thrombus formation in flowing native blood. Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis. 1995;6(5):374–381. [PubMed: 8589202]
    58. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    59. Basu A, De J K, Datta S. Studies on the lipid profile and atherogenic factors in adult males. Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2001;38(12):441–454.
    60. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    61. Bates C, van Dam C, Horrobin D F. Plasma essential fatty acids in pure and mixed race American Indians on and off a diet exceptionally rich in salmon. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Medicine. 1985;17(1):77–84. [PubMed: 3856283]
    62. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    63. Baumann K H, Hessel F, Larass I, Muller T, Angerer P, Kiefl R. et al. Dietary omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 unsaturated fatty acids and growth factor and cytokine gene expression in unstimulated and stimulated monocytes. A randomized volunteer study. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 1999;19(1):59–66. [PubMed: 9888867]
    64. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    65. Baumstark M W, Frey I, Berg A, Keul J. Influence of n-3 fatty acids from fish oils on concentration of high- and low-density lipoprotein subfractions and their lipid and apolipoprotein composition. Clinical Biochemistry. 1992;25(5):338–340. [PubMed: 1490295]
    66. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    67. Beil F U, Terres W, Orgass M, Greten H. Dietary fish oil lowers lipoprotein(a) in primary hypertriglyceridemia. Atherosclerosis. 1991;90(1):95–97. [PubMed: 1839209]
    68. (Letter)
    69. Beilin L J, Mori T A, Vandongen R, Morris J, Burke V, Ritchie J. The effects of omega-3 fatty acids on blood pressure and serum lipids in men at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Journal of Hypertension - Supplement. 1993;11(Suppl 5):S318–9. [PubMed: 8158404]
    70. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    71. Beitz J, Schimke E, Liebaug U, Block H U, Beitz A, Honigmann G. et al. Influence of a cod liver oil diet in healthy and insulin-dependent diabetic volunteers on fatty acid pattern, inhibition of prostacyclin formation by low density lipoprotein (LDL) and platelet thromboxane. Klinische Wochenschrift. 1986;64(17):793–799. [PubMed: 3531705]
    72. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    73. Bemelmans W J, Broer J, de Vries J H, Hulshof K F, May J F, Meyboom-de Jong B. Impact of Mediterranean diet education versus posted leaflet on dietary habits and serum cholesterol in a high risk population for cardiovascular disease. Public Health Nutrition. 2000;3(3):273–283. [PubMed: 10979147]
    74. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    75. Bemelmans W J, Broer J, Feskens E J, Smit A J, Muskiet F A, Lefrandt J D. et al. Effect of an increased intake of alpha-linolenic acid and group nutritional education on cardiovascular risk factors: the Mediterranean Alpha-linolenic Enriched Groningen Dietary Intervention (MARGARIN) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(2):221–227. [PubMed: 11815311]
    76. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    77. Bemelmans W J, Muskiet F A, Feskens E J, de Vries J H, Broer J, May J F. et al. Associations of alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid with risk factors for coronary heart disease. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000;54(12):865–871. [PubMed: 11114683]
    78. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    79. Berg K J, Skaga E, Skjaeggestad O, Stormorken H. Effect of linseed oil on platelet adhesiveness and bleeding-time in patients with coronary heart-disease. Lancet. 1965;2(7420):980–982. [PubMed: 4159214]
    80. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    81. Berg S E, Ernst E, Varming K, Pedersen J O, Dyerberg J. The effect of n-3 fatty acids on lipids and haemostasis in patients with type IIa and type IV hyperlipidaemia. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1989;62(2):797–801. [PubMed: 2814927]
    82. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    83. Berg S E, Klausen I C, Kristensen S D, Lervang H-H, Faergeman O, Dyerberg J. The effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on Lp(a). Clinica Chimica Acta. 1991;198(3):271–277. [PubMed: 1832343]
    84. (Duplicate publication)
    85. Berg S E, Kristensen S D, Dyerberg J. The effect of fish oil on lipids, coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with angina pectoris. Artery. 1988;15(6):316–329. [PubMed: 3178506]
    86. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    87. Berg S E, Varming K, Ernst E, Madsen P, Dyerberg J. Dose-response studies on the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on lipids and haemostasis. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1990;63(1):1–5. [PubMed: 2339345]
    88. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    89. Bergeron N, Havel R J. Influence of diets rich in saturated and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the postprandial responses of apolipoproteins B48, B-100, E, and lipids in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1995;15(12):2111–2121. [PubMed: 7489231]
    90. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    91. Berry E M, Eisenberg S, Haratz D, Friedlander Y, Norman Y, Kaufmann N A. et al. Effects of diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins--the Jerusalem Nutrition Study: high MUFAs vs high PUFAs. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53(4):899–907. [PubMed: 2008870]
    92. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    93. Berry E M, Hirsch J. Does dietary linolenic acid influence blood pressure? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1986;44(3):336–340. [PubMed: 2875645]
    94. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    95. Bhathena S J, Berlin E, Judd J T, Kim Y C, Law J S, Bhagavan H N. et al. Effects of omega 3 fatty acids and vitamin E on hormones involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991;54(4):684–688. [PubMed: 1832814]
    96. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    97. Bierenbaum M L, Reichstein R, Watkins T R. Reducing atherogenic risk in hyperlipemic humans with flax seed supplementation: a preliminary report. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1993;12(5):501–504. [PubMed: 7903324]
    98. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    99. Bierenbaum M L, Reichstein R P, Watkins T R, Maginnis W P, Geller M. Effects of canola oil on serum lipids in humans. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1991;10(3):228–233. [PubMed: 1894880]
    100. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    101. Bjerregaard P, Pedersen H S, Mulvad G. The associations of a marine diet with plasma lipids, blood glucose, blood pressure and obesity among the inuit in Greenland. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000;54(9):732–737. [PubMed: 11002386]
    102. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    103. Blok W L, Deslypere J P, Demacker P N, van d V, Hectors M P, van der Meer J W. et al. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in healthy volunteers fed various doses of fish oil for 1 year. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1997;27(12):1003–1008. [PubMed: 9466128]
    104. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    105. Blonk M C, Bilo H J, Nauta J J, Popp-Snijders C, Mulder C, Donker A J. Dose-response effects of fish-oil supplementation in healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;52(1):120–127. [PubMed: 2141757]
    106. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    107. Boberg M, Pollare T, Siegbahn A, Vessby B. Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids reduces triglycerides but increases PAI-1 in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1992;22(10):645–650. [PubMed: 1459169]
    108. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    109. Boberg M, Vessby B, Selinus I. Effects of dietary supplementation with n-6 and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on serum lipoproteins and platelet function in hypertriglyceridaemic patients. Acta Medica Scandinavica. 1986;220(2):153–160. [PubMed: 3535392]
    110. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    111. Bonaa K H, Bjerve K S, Straume B, Gram I T, Thelle D. Effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on blood pressure in hypertension. A population-based intervention trial from the Tromso study. New England Journal of Medicine. 1990;322(12):795–801. [PubMed: 2137901]
    112. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    113. Bonanome A, Biasia F, De Luca M, Munaretto G, Biffanti S, Pradella M. et al. n-3 fatty acids do not enhance LDL susceptibility to oxidation in hypertriacylglycerolemic hemodialyzed subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63(2):261–266. [PubMed: 8561069]
    114. (Inappropriate Human population)
    115. Bonefeld-Jorgensen E C, Moller S M, Hansen J C. Modulation of atherosclerotic risk factors by seal oil: a preliminary assessment. International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 2001;60(1):25–33. [PubMed: 11428220]
    116. (Sample size too small)
    117. Bordin P, Bodamer O A, Venkatesan S, Gray R M, Bannister P A, Halliday D. Effects of fish oil supplementation on apolipoprotein B100 production and lipoprotein metabolism in normolipidaemic males. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998;52(2):104–109. [PubMed: 9505154]
    118. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    119. Bowles M H, Klonis D, Plavac T G, Gonzales B, Francisco D A, Roberts R W. et al. EPA in the prevention of restenosis post PTCA. Angiology. 1991;42(3):187–194. [PubMed: 2018239]
    120. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    121. Boyce J, Fordyce F. A study to examine any difference in absorption of cod-liver oil when taken fasting compared to during a meal by examining changes in blood lipid levels. Human Nutrition - Applied Nutrition. 1987;41(5):364–366. [PubMed: 3692904]
    122. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    123. Bradlow B A, Chetty N, van der W J, Mendelsohn D, Gibson J E. The effects of a mixed fish diet on platelet function, fatty acids and serum lipids. Thrombosis Research. 1983;29(6):561–568. [PubMed: 6304931]
    124. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    125. Brister S J, Buchanan M R. Effects of linoleic acid and/or marine fish oil supplements on vessel wall thromboresistance in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology. 1997;433:275–278. [PubMed: 9561151]
    126. (Do not report cohort sizes)
    127. Brouwer D A, van der Dijs F P, Leerink C B, Steward H N, Kroon T A, Suverkropp G H. et al. The dietary fatty acids of patients with coronary artery disease and controls in Curacao. Implications for primary and secondary prevention. West Indian Medical Journal. 1997;46(2):53–56. [PubMed: 9260535]
    128. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    129. Brouwer D A J, Hettema Y, Van Doormaal J J, Muskiet F A J. gamma-Linoleic acid does not augment long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid omega-3 status. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Klinische Chemie. 1998;23(4):173–178. [PubMed: 9888208]
    130. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    131. Brouwer I A, Zock P L, van Amelsvoort L G, Katan M B, Schouten E G. Association between n-3 fatty acid status in blood and electrocardiographic predictors of arrhythmia risk in healthy volunteers. American Journal of Cardiology. 2002;89(5):629–631. [PubMed: 11867059]
    132. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    133. Brown A J, Roberts D C. Moderate fish oil intake improves lipemic response to a standard fat meal: A study in 25 healthy men. Arteriosclerosis & Thrombosis. 1991;11(3):457–466. [PubMed: 2029489]
    134. (Sample size too small)
    135. Brown J E, Wahle K W. Effect of fish-oil and vitamin E supplementation on lipid peroxidation and whole-blood aggregation in man. Clinica Chimica Acta. 1990;193(3):147–156. [PubMed: 2282693]
    136. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    137. Brown J E, Wahle K W J. Fish-oil supplements, lipid peroxidation and platelet aggregation in man. Biochemical Society Transactions. 1989;17(3):493.
    138. (Abstract)
    139. Brox J, Bjornstad E, Olaussen K, Osterud B, Almdahl S, Lochen M L. Blood lipids, fatty acids, diet and lifestyle parameters in adolescents from a region in northern Norway with a high mortality from coronary heart disease. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;56(7):694–700. [PubMed: 12080412]
    140. (Pediatric population)
    141. Brox J H, Killie J E, Gunnes S, Nordoy A. The effect of cod liver oil and corn oil on platelets and vessel wall in man. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1981;46(3):604–611. [PubMed: 7031981]
    142. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    143. Brox J H, Killie J E, Osterud B, Holme S, Nordoy A. Effects of cod liver oil on platelets and coagulation in familial hypercholesterolemia (type IIa). Acta Medica Scandinavica. 1983;213(2):137–144. [PubMed: 6340424]
    144. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    145. Bruckner G, Webb P, Greenwell L, Chow C, Richardson D. Fish oil increases peripheral capillary blood cell velocity in humans. Atherosclerosis. 1987;66(3):237–245. [PubMed: 3632762]
    146. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    147. Brude I R, Drevon C A, Hjermann I, Seljeflot I, Lund-Katz S, Saarem K. et al. Peroxidation of LDL from combined-hyperlipidemic male smokers supplied with omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 1997;17(11):2576–2588. [PubMed: 9409230]
    148. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    149. Brude I R, Finstad H S, Seljeflot I, Drevon C A, Solvoll K, Sandstad B. et al. Plasma homocysteine concentration related to diet, endothelial function and mononuclear cell gene expression among male hyperlipidaemic smokers. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1999;29(2):100–108. [PubMed: 10092996]
    150. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    151. Brussaard J H, Katan M B, Groot P H E, Havekes L M, Hautvast J G A J. Serum lipoproteins of healthy persons fed a low-fat diet or a polyunsaturated fat diet for three months. A comparison of two cholesterol-lowering diets. Atherosclerosis. 1982;42(23):205–219. [PubMed: 7073802]
    152. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    153. Bulliyya G, Reddy K K, Reddy G P, Reddy P C, Reddanna P, Kumari K S. Lipid profiles among fish-consuming coastal and non-fish-consuming inland populations. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990;44(6):481–485. [PubMed: 2387283]
    154. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    155. Bulliyya G, Reddy P C, Reddanna P. Serum lipids with reference to the atherogenic risk in fish consuming and non-fish consuming people. South Asian Anthropologist. 1997;18(2):123–131.
    156. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    157. Bulliyya G, Reddy P C, Reddy K N, Reddanna P. Fatty acid profile and the atherogenic risk in fish consuming and non fish consuming people. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1994;48(11):256–260. [PubMed: 7868162]
    158. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    159. Bulliyya G. Fish intake and blood lipids in fish eating vs non-fish eating communities of coastal south India. Clinical Nutrition. 2000;19(3):165–170. [PubMed: 10895106]
    160. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    161. Bulliyya G. Influence of fish consumption on the distribution of serum cholesterol in lipoprotein fractions: comparative study among fish-consuming and non-fish-consuming populations. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2002;11(2):104–111. [PubMed: 12074175]
    162. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    163. Burr M L, Ashfield-Watt P A L, Dunstan F D J, Fehily A M, Breay P, Ashton T. et al. Lack of benefit of dietary advice to men with angina: Results of a controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57(2):193–200. [PubMed: 12571649]
    164. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    165. Burri B J, Dougherty R M, Kelley D S, Iacono J M. Platelet aggregation in humans is affected by replacement of dietary linoleic acid with oleic acid. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54(2):359–362. [PubMed: 1858699]
    166. (Sample size too small)
    167. Butcher L A, O'Dea K, Sinclair A J, Parkin J D, Smith I L, Blombery P. The effects of very low fat diets enriched with fish or kangaroo meat on cold-induced vasoconstriction and platelet function. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids. 1990;39(3):221–226. [PubMed: 2110678]
    168. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    169. Byberg L, Smedman A, Vessby B, Lithell H. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and relations to fatty acid composition in the diet and in serum cholesterol esters. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 2001;21(12):2086–2092. [PubMed: 11742889]
    170. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    171. Caicoya M. Fish consumption and stroke: a community case-control study in Asturias, Spain. Neuroepidemiology. 2002;21(3):107–114. [PubMed: 12006773]
    172. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    173. Calabresi L, Donati D, Pazzucconi F, Sirtori C R, Franceschini G. Omacor in familial combined hyperlipidemia: effects on lipids and low density lipoprotein subclasses. Atherosclerosis. 2000;148(2):387–396. [PubMed: 10657575]
    174. (Sample size too small)
    175. Calzada C, Chapuy P, Lagarde M, Vericel E. Intake of small amounts of n-3 fatty acids decreases platelet lipid peroxidation in elderly people. Lipids 1999; 34:Suppl. [PubMed: 10419188]
    176. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    177. Caughey G E, Mantzioris E, Gibson R A, Cleland L G, James M J. The effect on human tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta production of diets enriched in n-3 fatty acids from vegetable oil or fish oil. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996;63(1):116–122. [PubMed: 8604658]
    178. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    179. Cerbone A M, Cirillo F, Coppola A, Rise P, Stragliotto E, Galli C. et al. Persistent impairment of platelet aggregation following cessation of a short-course dietary supplementation of moderate amounts of N-3 fatty acid ethyl esters. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1999;82(1):128–133. [PubMed: 10456466]
    180. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    181. Chaintreuil J, Monnier L, Colette C, Crastes dP, Orsetti A, Spielmann D. et al. Effects of dietary gamma-linolenate supplementation on serum lipids and platelet function in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Human Nutrition - Clinical Nutrition. 1984;38(2):121–130. [PubMed: 6323358]
    182. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    183. Chan D C, Watts G F, Barrett P H, Beilin L J, Redgrave T G, Mori T A. Regulatory effects of HMG CoA reductase inhibitor and fish oils on apolipoprotein B-100 kinetics in insulin-resistant obese male subjects with dyslipidemia. Diabetes. 2002;51(8):2377–2386. [PubMed: 12145148]
    184. (Duplicate publication)
    185. Chan D C, Watts G F, Mori T A, Barrett P H, Beilin L J, Redgrave T G. Factorial study of the effects of atorvastatin and fish oil on dyslipidaemia in visceral obesity. Eur J Clin Invest. 2002;32(6):429–436. [PubMed: 12059988]
    186. (Duplicate publication)
    187. Chin J P, Dart A M. HBPRCA Astra Award. Therapeutic restoration of endothelial function in hypercholesterolaemic subjects: effect of fish oils. Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1994;21(10):749–755. [PubMed: 7867225]
    188. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    189. Chin J P, Gust A P, Nestel P J, Dart A M. Marine oils dose-dependently inhibit vasoconstriction of forearm resistance vessels in humans. Hypertension. 1993;21(1):22–28. [PubMed: 8418020]
    190. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    191. Chisholm A, Mann J, Skeaff M, Frampton C, Sutherland W, Duncan A. et al. A diet rich in walnuts favourably influences plasma fatty acid profile in moderately hyperlipidaemic subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998;52(1):12–16. [PubMed: 9481526]
    192. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    193. Christensen J H, Christensen M S, Toft E, Dyerberg J, Schmidt E B. Alpha-linolenic acid and heart rate variability. Nutrition Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases. 2000;10(2):57–61. [PubMed: 10919169]
    194. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    195. Christensen JH, Dyerberg J, Schmidt EB. n-3 fatty acids and the risk of sudden cardiac death assessed by 24-hour heart rate variability. Lipids 1999; 34:Suppl. [PubMed: 10419147]
    196. (Not primary study)
    197. Christensen J H, Gustenhoff P, Ejlersen E, Jessen T, Korup E, Rasmussen K. et al. n-3 fatty acids and ventricular extrasystoles in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Nutrition Research. 1995;15(1):1–8.
    198. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    199. Christensen J H, Skou H A, Fog L, Hansen V, Vesterlund T, Dyerberg J. et al. Marine n-3 fatty acids, wine intake, and heart rate variability in patients referred for coronary angiography. Circulation. 2001;103(5):651–657. [PubMed: 11156875]
    200. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    201. Christensen J H, Skou H A, Madsen T, Torring I, Schmidt E B. Heart rate variability and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with diabetes mellitus. Journal of Internal Medicine. 2001;249(6):545–552. [PubMed: 11422661]
    202. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    203. Christensen M S, Therkelsen K, Moller J M, Dyerberg J, Schmidt E B. n-3 fatty acids do not decrease plasma endothelin levels in healthy individuals. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation. 1997;57(6):495–499. [PubMed: 9350068]
    204. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    205. Chu F L, Kies C, Clemens E T. Studies of human diets with pork, beef, fish, soybean, and poultry: Nitrogen and fat utilization, and blood serum chemistry. Journal of Applied Nutrition. 1995;47(3):51–66.
    206. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    207. Clandinin M T, Foxwell A, Goh Y K, Layne K, Jumpsen J A. Omega-3 fatty acid intake results in a relationship between the fatty acid composition of LDL cholesterol ester and LDL cholesterol content in humans. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1997;1346(3):247–252. [PubMed: 9219909]
    208. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    209. Cobiac L, Nestel P J, Wing L M, Howe P R. Effects of dietary sodium restriction and fish oil supplements on blood pressure in the elderly. Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1991;18(5):265–268. [PubMed: 2065468]
    210. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    211. Cobiac L, Nestel P J, Wing L M H, Howe P R C. A low-sodium diet supplemented with fish oil lowers blood pressure in the elderly. J Hypertens. 1992;10(1):87–92. [PubMed: 1312556]
    212. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    213. Conquer J A, Holub B J. Effect of supplementation with different doses of DHA on the levels of circulating DHA as non-esterified fatty acid in subjects of Asian Indian background. Journal of Lipid Research. 1998;39(2):286–292. [PubMed: 9507989]
    214. (Sample size too small)
    215. Conquer J A, Holub B J. Supplementation with an algae source of docosahexaenoic acid increases (n-3) fatty acid status and alters selected risk factors for heart disease in vegetarian subjects. Journal of Nutrition. 1996;126(12):3032–3039. [PubMed: 9001371]
    216. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    217. Contacos C, Barter P J, Sullivan D R. Effect of pravastatin and omega-3 fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with combined hyperlipidemia. Arteriosclerosis & Thrombosis. 1993;13(12):1755–1762. [PubMed: 8241095]
    218. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    219. Crombie I K, McLoone P, Smith W C, Thomson M, Pedoe H T. International differences in coronary heart disease mortality and consumption of fish and other foodstuffs. European Heart Journal. 1987;8(6):560–563. [PubMed: 3622538]
    220. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    221. Croset M, Vericel E, Rigaud M, Hanss M, Courpron P, Dechavanne M. et al. Functions and tocopherol content of blood platelets from elderly people after low intake of purified eicosapentaenoic acid. Thrombosis Research. 1990;57(1):1–12. [PubMed: 2105538]
    222. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    223. Cuevas A M, Guasch V, Castillo O, Irribarra V, Mizon C, San Martin A. et al. A high-fat diet induces and red wine counteracts endothelial dysfunction in human volunteers. Lipids. 2000;35(2):143–148. [PubMed: 10757544]
    224. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    225. Cunnane S C, Hamadeh M J, Liede A C, Thompson L U, Wolever T M, Jenkins D J. Nutritional attributes of traditional flaxseed in healthy young adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;61(1):62–68. [PubMed: 7825540]
    226. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    227. Dallongeville J, Boulet L, Davignon J, Lussier-Cacan S. Fish oil supplementation reduces beta-very low density lipoprotein in type III dysbetalipoproteinemia. Arteriosclerosis & Thrombosis. 1991;11(4):864–871. [PubMed: 2065040]
    228. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    229. Dart A M, Riemersma R A, Oliver M F. Effects of Maxepa on serum lipids in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Atherosclerosis. 1989;80(2):119–124. [PubMed: 2692571]
    230. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    231. Das U N. Essential fatty acid metabolism in patients with essential hypertension, diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids. 1995;52(6):387–391. [PubMed: 7644560]
    232. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    233. Davi G, Belvedere M, Catalano I, Mogavero A, Perez T, Notarbartolo A. et al. Platelet function during ticlopidine and eicosapentaenoic acid administration in patients with coronary heart disease. Platelets. 1990;1(2):81–84. [PubMed: 21043936]
    234. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    235. Davidson M, Bulkow L R, Gellin B G. Cardiac mortality in Alaska's indigenous and non-Native residents. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1993;22(1):62–71. [PubMed: 8449649]
    236. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    237. Davidson M H, Bagdade J D, Liebson P R, Subbaiah P, Messer J V, Schoenberger J A. Comparative effects of marine and olive oil dietary supplementation on coronary risk factors. Journal of Applied Cardiology. 1989;4(3):145–151.
    238. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    239. Davidson M H, Maki K C, Kalkowski J, Schaefer E J, Torri S A, Drennan K B. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid on serum lipoproteins in patients with combined hyperlipidemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1997;16(3):236–243. [PubMed: 9176830]
    240. (Sample size too small)
    241. Daviglus M L, Stamler J, Orencia A J, Dyer A R, Liu K, Greenland P. et al. Fish consumption and the 30-year risk of fatal myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine. 1997;336(15):1046–1053. [PubMed: 9091800]
    242. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    243. Dayton S, Pearce M L. Diet high in unsaturated fat. A controlled clinical trial. Minnesota Medicine. 1969;52(8):1237–1242. [PubMed: 4896402]
    244. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    245. de Bruin T W, Brouwer C B, Linde-Sibenius T M, Jansen H, Erkelens D W. Different postprandial metabolism of olive oil and soybean oil: a possible mechanism of the high-density lipoprotein conserving effect of olive oil. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;58(4):477–483. [PubMed: 8379502]
    246. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    247. de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin J L, Mamelle N, Monjaud I, Touboul P. et al. Effect of a mediterranean type of diet on the rate of cardiovascular complications in patients with coronary artery disease. Insights into the cardioprotective effect of certain nutriments. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1996;28(5):1103–1108. [PubMed: 8890801]
    248. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    249. de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin J L, Monjaud I, Boucher P, Mamelle N. Mediterranean dietary pattern in a randomized trial: prolonged survival and possible reduced cancer rate. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1998;158(11):1181–1187. [PubMed: 9625397]
    250. (Inappropriate Human population)
    251. De Maat M P M, Princen H M G, Dagneli P C, Kamerling S W A, Kluft C. Effect of fish oil and vitamin E on the cardiovascular risk indicators fibrinogen, C-reactive protein and PAI activity in healthy young volunteers. Fibrinolysis. 1994;8(Suppl. 2):50–52.
    252. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    253. DeCaterina R, Giannessi D, Mazzone A, Bernini W, Lazzerini G, Maffei S. et al. Vascular prostacyclin is increased in patients ingesting omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids before coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circulation. 1990;82(2):428–438. [PubMed: 2142635]
    254. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    255. Demke D M, Peters G R, Linet O I, Metzler C M, Klott K A. Effects of a fish oil concentrate in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis. 1988;70(12):73–80. [PubMed: 3355619]
    256. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    257. Deutch B, Jorgensen E B, Hansen J C. N-3 PUFA from fish- or seal oil reduce atherogenic risk indicators in Danish women. Nutrition Research. 2000;20(8):1065–1077.
    258. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    259. Dewailly E, Blanchet C, Gingras S, Lemieux S, Holub B J. Cardiovascular disease risk factors and n-3 fatty acid status in the adult population of James Bay Cree. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;76(1):85–92. [PubMed: 12081820]
    260. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    261. Diboune M, Ferard G, Ingenbleek Y, Bourguignat A, Spielmann D, Scheppler-Roupert C. et al. Soybean oil, blackcurrant seed oil, medium-chain triglycerides, and plasma phospholipid fatty acids of stressed patients. Nutrition. 1993;9(4):344–349. [PubMed: 8400591]
    262. (Inappropriate Human population)
    263. Dolecek T A. Epidemiological evidence of relationships between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and mortality in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology & Medicine. 1992;200(2):177–182. [PubMed: 1579579]
    264. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    265. Dreon D M, Fernstrom H A, Miller B, Krauss R M. Apolipoprotein E isoform phenotype and LDL subclass response to a reduced-fat diet. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 1995;15(1):105–111. [PubMed: 7749804]
    266. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    267. Driss F, Vericel E, Lagarde M, Dechavanne M, Darcet P. Inhibition of platelet aggregation and thromboxane synthesis after intake of small amount of icosapentaenoic acid. Thrombosis Research. 1984;36(5):389–396. [PubMed: 6098051]
    268. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    269. Du Plooy W J, Venter C P, Muntingh G M, Venter H L, Glatthaar I I, Smith K A. The cumulative dose response effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid on blood pressure, plasma lipid profile and diet pattern in mild to moderate essential hypertensive black patients. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids. 1992;46(4):315–321. [PubMed: 1409770]
    270. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    271. Dullaart R P F, Beusekamp B J, Meijer S, Hoogenberg K, Van Doormaal J J, Sluiter W J. Long-term effects of linoleic-acid-enriched diet on albuminuria and lipid levels in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with elevated urinary albumin excretion. Diabetologia. 1992;35(2):165–172. [PubMed: 1547922]
    272. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    273. Duo L, Sinclair A, Wilson A, Nakkote S, Kelly F, Abedin L. et al. Effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid on thrombotic risk factors in vegetarian men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(5):872–882. [PubMed: 10232625]
    274. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    275. Dyerberg J, Bang H O. A hypothesis on the development of acute myocardial infarction in Greenlanders. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation - Supplement. 1982;161:7–13. [PubMed: 6293041]
    276. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    277. Elwood P C, Beswick A D, O'Brien J R, Yarnell J W, Layzell J C, Limb E S. Inter-relationships between haemostatic tests and the effects of some dietary determinants in the Caerphilly cohort of older men. Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis. 1993;4(4):529–536. [PubMed: 8218849]
    278. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    279. Emeis J J, van Houwelingen A C, van den Hoogen C M, Hornstra G. A moderate fish intake increases plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in human volunteers. Blood. 1989;74(1):233–237. [PubMed: 2473797]
    280. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    281. Endres S, Meydani S N, Dinarello C A. Effects of omega 3 fatty acid supplements on ex vivo synthesis of cytokines in human volunteers. Comparison with oral aspirin and ibuprofen. World Review of Nutrition & Dietetics. 1991;66:401–406. [PubMed: 2053356]
    282. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    283. Engstrom K, Luostarinen R, Saldeen T. Whole blood production of thromboxane, prostacyclin and leukotriene B4 after dietary fish oil supplementation in man: effect of vitamin E. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids. 1996;54(6):419–425. [PubMed: 8888353]
    284. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    285. Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I, Abdelnoor M, Gronseth K, Berg K. et al. Influence of serum lipoprotein(a) and homocyst(e)ine levels on graft patency after coronary artery bypass grafting. American Journal of Cardiology. 1994;74(11):1099–1102. [PubMed: 7977066]
    286. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    287. Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Smith P, Seljeflot I, Dahl K. Effects of highly concentrated omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and acetylsalicylic acid, alone and combined, on bleeding time and serum lipid profile. Journal of the Oslo City Hospitals. 1989;39(89):97–101. [PubMed: 2809856]
    288. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    289. Eritsland J, Seljeflot I, Abdelnoor M, Arnesen H, Torjesen P A. Long-term effects of n-3 fatty acids on serum lipids and glycaemic control. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation. 1994;54(4):273–280. [PubMed: 7939369]
    290. (Duplicate publication)
    291. Eritsland J, Seljeflot I, Abdelnoor M, Arnesen H. Long-term influence of omega-3 fatty acids on fibrinolysis, fibrinogen, and serum lipids. Fibrinolysis. 1994;8(2):120–125.
    292. (Duplicate publication)
    293. Eritsland J, Seljeflot I, Arnesen H, Westvik A-B, Kierulf P. Effect of long-term, moderate-dose supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on monocyte procoagulant activity and release of interleukin-6 in patients with coronary artery disease. Thromb Res. 1995;77(4):337–346. [PubMed: 7740525]
    294. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    295. Erkkila A T, Sarkkinen E S, Lehto S, Pyorala K, Uusitupa M I. Dietary associates of serum total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides in patients with coronary heart disease. Preventive Medicine. 1999;28(6):558–565. [PubMed: 10404553]
    296. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    297. Ernst E, Matrai A. The effect of omega-3-fatty acids on blood rheology in hyperlipoproteinemias - A pilot study. Medical Science Research. 1988;16(2):69–70.
    298. (Sample size too small)
    299. Ernst E, Saradeth T, Achhammer G. n-3 fatty acids and acute-phase proteins. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1991;21(1):77–82. [PubMed: 1713847]
    300. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    301. Esposito K, Pontillo A, Di Palo C, Giugliano G, Masella M, Marfella R. et al. Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;289(14):1799–1804. [PubMed: 12684358]
    302. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    303. Ezaki O, Takahashi M, Shigematsu T, Shimamura K, Kimura J, Ezaki H. et al. Long-term effects of dietary alpha-linolenic acid from perilla oil on serum fatty acids composition and on the risk factors of coronary heart disease in Japanese elderly subjects. Journal of Nutritional Science & Vitaminology. 1999;45(6):759–772. [PubMed: 10737229]
    304. (Sample size too small)
    305. Failor R A, Childs M T, Bierman E L. The effects of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acid-enriched diets on plasma lipoproteins and apoproteins in familial combined hyperlipidemia. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental. 1988;37(11):1021–1028. [PubMed: 3185285]
    306. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    307. Fang J L, Vaca C E, Valsta L M, Mutanen M. Determination of DNA adducts of malonaldehyde in humans: effects of dietary fatty acid composition. Carcinogenesis. 1996;17(5):1035–1040. [PubMed: 8640909]
    308. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    309. Fasching P, Ratheiser K, Waldhausl W, Rohac M, Osterrode W, Nowotny P. et al. Metabolic effects of fish-oil supplementation in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes. 1991;40(5):583–589. [PubMed: 2022303]
    310. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    311. Fasching P, Rohac M, Liener K, Schneider B, Nowotny P, Waldhausl W. Fish oil supplementation versus gemfibrozil treatment in hyperlipidemic NIDDM. A randomized crossover study. Hormone & Metabolic Research. 1996;28(5):230–236. [PubMed: 8738112]
    312. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    313. Fehily A M, Milbank J E, Yarnell J W, Hayes T M, Kubiki A J, Eastham R D. Dietary determinants of lipoproteins, total cholesterol, viscosity, fibrinogen, and blood pressure. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1982;36(5):890–896. [PubMed: 6291373]
    314. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    315. Fehily A M, Pickering J E, Yarnell J W G, Elwood P C. Dietary indices of atherogenicity and thrombogenicity and ischaemic heart disease risk: The Caerphilly Prospective Study. Br J Nutr. 1994;71(2):249–257. [PubMed: 8142336]
    316. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    317. Fernandez-Jarne E, Alegre G F, Alonso G A, de la Fuente A C, Martinez-Gonzalez M A. Dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids and the risk of acute myocardial infarction: A case-control study. Medicina Clinica. 2002;118(4):121–125. [PubMed: 11841768]
    318. (Not in English)
    319. Ferrante A, Goh D, Harvey D P, Robinson B S, Hii C S, Bates E J. et al. Neutrophil migration inhibitory properties of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The role of fatty acid structure, metabolism, and possible second messenger systems. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1994;93(3):1063–1070. [PMC free article: PMC294038] [PubMed: 8132744]
    320. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    321. Ferrara L A, Raimondi A S, d'Episcopo L, Guida L, Dello R A, Marotta T. Olive oil and reduced need for antihypertensive medications. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000;160(6):837–842. [PubMed: 10737284]
    322. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    323. Ferretti A, Flanagan V P. Antithromboxane activity of dietary alpha-linolenic acid: a pilot study. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids. 1996;54(6):451–455. [PubMed: 8888358]
    324. (Sample size too small)
    325. Ferretti A, Judd J T, Taylor P R, Nair P P, Flanagan V P. Ingestion of marine oil reduces excretion of 11-dehydrothromboxane B2, an index of intravascular production of thromboxane A2. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids. 1993;48(4):305–308. [PubMed: 8497491]
    326. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    327. Feskens E J, Bowles C H, Kromhout D. Inverse association between fish intake and risk of glucose intolerance in normoglycemic elderly men and women. Diabetes Care. 1991;14(11):935–941. [PubMed: 1797505]
    328. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    329. Fisher W R, Zech L A, Stacpoole P W. Apolipoprotein B metabolism in hypertriglyceridemic diabetic patients administered either a fish oil- or vegetable oil-enriched diet. Journal of Lipid Research. 1998;39(2):388–401. [PubMed: 9507999]
    330. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    331. Flaten H, Hostmark A T, Kierulf P, Lystad E, Trygg K, Bjerkedal T. et al. Fish-oil concentrate: effects on variables related to cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;52(2):300–306. [PubMed: 2375296]
    332. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    333. Force T, Milani R, Hibberd P, Lorenz R, Uedelhoven W, Leaf A. et al. Aspirin-induced decline in prostacyclin production in patients with coronary artery disease is due to decreased endoperoxide shift. Analysis of the effects of a combination of aspirin and n-3 fatty acids on the eicosanoid profile. Circulation. 1991;84(6):2286–2293. [PubMed: 1959184]
    334. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    335. Foulon T, Richard M J, Payen N, Bourrain J L, Beani J C, Laporte F. et al. Effects of fish oil fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins and oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in healthy subjects. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation. 1999;59(4):239–248. [PubMed: 10463462]
    336. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    337. Franceschini G, Calabresi L, Maderna P, Galli C, Gianfranceschi G, Sirtori C R. Omega-3 fatty acids selectively raise high-density lipoprotein 2 levels in healthy volunteers. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental. 1991;40(12):1283–1286. [PubMed: 1961121]
    338. (Sample size too small)
    339. Frankel E N, Parks E J, Xu R, Schneeman B O, Davis P A, German J B. Effect of n-3 fatty acid-rich fish oil supplementation on the oxidation of low density lipoproteins. Lipids. 1994;29(4):233–236. [PubMed: 8177016]
    340. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    341. Frenais R, Ouguerram K, Maugeais C, Mahot P, Charbonnel B, Magot T. et al. Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on high-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein AI kinetics in type II diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis. 2001;157(1):131–135. [PubMed: 11427212]
    342. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    343. Friday K E, Childs M T, Tsunehara C H, Fujimoto W Y, Bierman E L, Ensinck J W. Elevated plasma glucose and lowered triglyceride levels from omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in type II diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1989;12(4):276–281. [PubMed: 2707115]
    344. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    345. Friday K E, Failor R A, Childs M T, Bierman E L. Effects of n-3 and n-6 fatty acid-enriched diets on plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Arteriosclerosis & Thrombosis. 1991;11(1):47–54. [PubMed: 1988003]
    346. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    347. Friedberg C E, Janssen M J F M, Heine R J, Grobbee D E. Fish oil and glycemic control in diabetes: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(4):494–500. [PubMed: 9571330]
    348. (Not primary study)
    349. Fuchs J, Beigel Y, Green P, Zlotikamien B, Davidson E, Rotenberg Z. et al. Big platelets in hyperlipidemic patients. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992;32(7):639–642. [PubMed: 1640003]
    350. (Sample size too small)
    351. Fumeron F, Brigant L, Ollivier V, de Prost D, Driss F, Darcet P. et al. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids raise low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoprotein 2, and plasminogen-activator inhibitor in healthy young men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54(1):118–122. [PubMed: 2058572]
    352. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    353. Fumeron F, Brigant L, Parra H J, Bard J M, Fruchart J C, Apfelbaum M. Lowering of HDL2-cholesterol and lipoprotein A-I particle levels by increasing the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53(3):655–659. [PubMed: 1900383]
    354. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    355. Galloway J H, Cartwright I J, Woodcock B E, Greaves M, Russell R G, Preston F E. Effects of dietary fish oil supplementation on the fatty acid composition of the human platelet membrane: demonstration of selectivity in the incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid into membrane phospholipid pools. Clinical Science. 1985;68(4):449–454. [PubMed: 2982533]
    356. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    357. Garaulet M, Perez-Llamas F, Perez-Ayala M, Martinez P, de Medina F S, Tebar F J. et al. Site-specific differences in the fatty acid composition of abdominal adipose tissue in an obese population from a Mediterranean area: relation with dietary fatty acids, plasma lipid profile, serum insulin, and central obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001;74(5):585–591. [PubMed: 11684525]
    358. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    359. Gazso A, Horrobin D, Sinzinger H. Influence of omega-3 fatty acids on the prostaglandin-metabolism in healthy volunteers and patients suffering from PVD. Agents & Actions - Supplements. 1992;37:151–156. [PubMed: 1632290]
    360. (Do not report cohort sizes)
    361. Geelen A, Brouwer I A, Zock P L, Kors J A, Swenne C A, Katan M B. et al. (N-3) fatty acids do not affect electrocardiographic characteristics of healthy men and women. Journal of Nutrition. 2002;132(10):3051–3054. [PubMed: 12368394]
    362. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    363. Gensini G F, Prisco D, Rogasi P G. Changes in fatty acid composition of the single platelet phospholipids induced by pantethine treatment. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research. 1985;5(5):309–318. [PubMed: 4066081]
    364. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    365. Gerhard G T, Patton B D, Lindquist S A, Wander R C. Comparison of three species of dietary fish: Effects on serum concentrations of low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein in normotriglyceridemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54(2):334–339. [PubMed: 1907090]
    366. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    367. Gerrard J, Popeski D, Ebbeling L, Brown P, Hornstra G. Dietary omega 3 fatty acids and gestational hypertension in the Inuit. Arctic Medical Research 1991; Suppl:763–767. [PubMed: 1365294]
    368. (Inappropriate Human population)
    369. Ghafoorunissa, Vani A, Laxmi R, Sesikeran B. Effects of dietary alpha-linolenic acid from blended oils on biochemical indices of coronary heart disease in Indians. Lipids. 2002;37(11):1077–1086. [PubMed: 12558058]
    370. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    371. Ghafoorunissa, Vani A, Laxmi R, Sesikeran B. Effects of dietary alpha-linolenic acid from blended oils on biochemical indices of coronary heart disease in Indians. Lipids. 2002;37(11):1077–1086. [PubMed: 12558058]
    372. (Duplicate publication)
    373. Gibney M J, Bolton-Smith C. The effect of a dietary supplement of n-3 polyunsaturated fat on platelet lipid composition, platelet function and platelet plasma membrane fluidity in healthy volunteers. British Journal of Nutrition. 1988;60(1):5–12. [PubMed: 3408705]
    374. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    375. Glauber H, Wallace P, Griver K, Brechtel G. Adverse metabolic effect of omega-3 fatty acids in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 1988;108(5):663–668. [PubMed: 3282462]
    376. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    377. Goh Y K, Jumpsen J A, Ryan E A, Clandinin M T. Effect of omega 3 fatty acid on plasma lipids, cholesterol and lipoprotein fatty acid content in NIDDM patients. Diabetologia. 1997;40(1):45–52. [PubMed: 9028717]
    378. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    379. Goode G K, Garcia S, Heagerty A M. Dietary supplementation with marine fish oil improves in vitro small artery endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic patients: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Circulation. 1997 Nov 4;96(9):2802–7. [PubMed: 9386141]
    380. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    381. Goodfellow J, Bellamy M F, Ramsey M W, Jones C J, Lewis M J. Dietary supplementation with marine omega-3 fatty acids improve systemic large artery endothelial function in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2000;35(2):265–270. [PubMed: 10676668]
    382. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    383. Goodnight S H Jr, Harris W S, Connor W E. The effects of dietary omega 3 fatty acids on platelet composition and function in man: a prospective, controlled study. Blood. 1981;58(5):880–885. [PubMed: 7295999]
    384. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    385. Gray D R, Gozzip C G, Eastham J H, Kashyap M L. Fish oil as an adjuvant in the treatment of hypertension. Pharmacotherapy. 1996;16(2):295–300. [PubMed: 8820475]
    386. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    387. Greaves M, Woodcock B E, Galloway J H, Preston F E. Studies on the incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) into platelet membrane phospholipids and the effects of EPA supplementation on platelet function, skin bleeding time and blood viscosity in man. British Journal of Clinical Practice Supplement. 1984;31:45–48. [PubMed: 6091721]
    388. (Duplicate publication)
    389. Green D, Barreres L, Borensztajn J, Kaplan P, Reddy M N, Rovner R. et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil concentrate (MaxEpa) in stroke patients. Stroke. 1985;16(4):706–709. [PubMed: 3895595]
    390. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    391. Gries A, Malle E, Wurm H, Kostner G M. Influence of dietary fish oils on plasma Lp(a) levels. Thrombosis Research. 1990;58(6):667–668. [PubMed: 2143604]
    392. (Letter)
    393. Grimsgaard S, Bonaa K H, Hansen J B, Myhre E S. Effects of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on hemodynamics in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(1):52–59. [PubMed: 9665096]
    394. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    395. Grossman E, Peleg E, Shiff E, Rosenthal T. Hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of fish oil in hypertensive patients. American Journal of Hypertension. 1993;6(12):1040–1045. [PubMed: 7907885]
    396. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    397. Guallar E, Hennekens C H, Sacks F M, Willett W C, Stampfer M J. A prospective study of plasma fish oil levels and incidence of myocardial infarction in U.S. male physicians. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1995;25(2):387–394. [PubMed: 7829792]
    398. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    399. Guallar E, Hennekens C H, Sacks F M, Willett W C, Stampfer M J. A prospective study of plasma fish oil levels and incidence of myocardial infarction in U.S. male physicians. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1995;25(2):387–394. [PubMed: 7829792]
    400. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    401. Guallar E, Sanz-Gallardo M I, Van'T V P, Bode P, Aro A, Gomez-Aracena J. et al. Mercury, fish oils, and the risk of myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine. 2002;347(22):1747–1754. [PubMed: 12456850]
    402. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    403. Guezennec C Y, Nadaud J F, Satabin P, Leger F, Lafargue P. Influence of polyunsaturated fatty acid diet on the hemorrheological response to physical exercise in hypoxia. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1989;10(4):286–291. [PubMed: 2606594]
    404. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    405. Gustafsson I B, Ohrvall M, Ekstrand B, Vessby B. Moderate amounts of n-3 fatty acid enriched seafood products are effective in lowering serum triglycerides and blood pressure in healthy subjects. Journal of Human Nutrition & Dietetics. 1996;9(2):135–145.
    406. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    407. Gylling H, Radhakrishnan R, Miettinen T A. Reduction of serum cholesterol in postmenopausal women with previous myocardial infarction and cholesterol malabsorption induced by dietary sitostanol ester margarine: women and dietary sitostanol. Circulation. 1997;96(12):4226–4231. [PubMed: 9416886]
    408. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    409. Haban P, Simoncic R, Zidekova E, Klvanova J. Effect of application of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood serum concentration of von Willebrand factor in type II diabetes mellitus. Medical Science Monitor. 1999;5(4):661–665.
    410. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    411. Haban P, Zidekova E, Klvanova J. Supplementation with long-chain n-3 fatty acids in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients leads to the lowering of oleic acid content in serum phospholipids. European Journal of Nutrition. 2000;39(5):201–206. [PubMed: 11131366]
    412. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    413. Haglund O, Hamfelt A, Hambraeus L, Saldeen T. Effects of fish oil supplemented with pyridoxine and folic acid on homocysteine, atherogenic index, fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in man. Nutrition Research. 1993;13(12):1351–1365.
    414. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    415. Haglund O, Luostarinen R, Wallin R, Saldeen T. Effects of fish oil on triglycerides, cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), atherogenic index and fibrinogen. Influence of degree of purification of the oil. Nutrition Research. 1992;12(45):455–468.
    416. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    417. Haglund O, Mehta J L, Saldeen T. Effects of fish oil on some parameters of fibrinolysis and lipoprotein(a) in healthy subjects. American Journal of Cardiology. 1994;74(2):189–192. [PubMed: 8023790]
    418. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    419. Haglund O, Wallin R, Luostarinen R, Saldeen T. Effects of a new fluid fish oil concentrate, ESKIMO-3, on triglycerides, cholesterol, fibrinogen and blood pressure. Journal of Internal Medicine. 1990;227(5):347–353. [PubMed: 2341828]
    420. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    421. Haglund O, Wallin R, Wretling S, Hultberg B, Saldeen T. Effects of fish oil alone and combined with long chain (n-6) fatty acids on some coronary risk factors in male subjects. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 1998;9(11):629–635.
    422. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    423. Hallgren C G, Hallmans G, Jansson J H, Marklund S L, Huhtasaari F, Schutz A. et al. Markers of high fish intake are associated with decreased risk of a first myocardial infarction. Br J Nutr. 2001;86(3):397–404. [PubMed: 11570992]
    424. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    425. Hamazaki T, Takazakura E, Osawa K, Urakaze M, Yano S. Reduction in microalbuminuria in diabetics by eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester. Lipids. 1990;25(9):541–545. [PubMed: 2250591]
    426. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    427. Hamazaki T, Urakaze M, Sawazaki S, Yamazaki K, Taki H, Yano S. Comparison of pulse wave velocity of the aorta between inhabitants of fishing and farming villages in Japan. Atherosclerosis. 1988;73(23):157–160. [PubMed: 3190817]
    428. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    429. Han S N, Leka L S, Lichtenstein A H, Ausman L M, Schaefer E J, Meydani S N. Effect of hydrogenated and saturated, relative to polyunsaturated, fat on immune and inflammatory responses of adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Lipid Research. 2002;43(3):445–452. [PubMed: 11893781]
    430. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    431. Hanninen O, Agren J J. Effects of moderate freshwater fish diet on lipid metabolism of Finnish students. Journal of Internal Medicine Supplement. 1989;225(731):77–81. [PubMed: 2706044]
    432. (Duplicate publication)
    433. Hansen J, Grimsgaard S, Nordoy A, Bonaa K H. Dietary supplementation with highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid does not influence PAI-1 activity. Thrombosis Research. 2000;98(2):123–132. [PubMed: 10713313]
    434. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    435. Hansen J B, Berge R K, Nordoy A, Bonaa K H. Lipid peroxidation of isolated chylomicrons and oxidative status in plasma after intake of highly purified eicosapentaenoic or docosahexaenoic acids. Lipids. 1998;33(11):1123–1129. [PubMed: 9870908]
    436. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    437. Hansen J B, Lyngmo V, Svensson B, Nordoy A. Inhibition of exercise-induced shortening of bleeding time by fish oil in familial hypercholesterolemia (type IIa). Arteriosclerosis & Thrombosis. 1993;13(1):98–104. [PubMed: 8422345]
    438. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    439. Hansen J B, Svensson B, Wilsgard L, Osterud B. Serum enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibits procoagulant activity in endothelial cells. Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis. 1991;2(4):515–519. [PubMed: 1768764]
    440. (Sample size too small)
    441. Harats D, Dabach Y, Hollander G, Ben Naim M, Schwartz R, Berry E M. et al. Fish oil ingestion in smokers and nonsmokers enhances peroxidation of plasma lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis. 1991;90(23):127–139. [PubMed: 1759984]
    442. (Sample size too small)
    443. Hardarson T, Kristinsson A, Skuladottir G, Asvaldsdottir H, Snorrason S P. Cod liver oil does not reduce ventricular extrasystoles after myocardial infarction. Journal of Internal Medicine. 1989;226(1):33–37. [PubMed: 2474049]
    444. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    445. Harris W S, Connor W E, Alam N, Illingworth D R. Reduction of postprandial triglyceridemia in humans by dietary n-3 fatty acids. Journal of Lipid Research. 1988;29(11):1451–1460. [PubMed: 3241121]
    446. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    447. Harris W S, Connor W E, Illingworth D R, Rothrock D W, Foster D M. Effects of fish oil on VLDL triglyceride kinetics in humans. Journal of Lipid Research. 1990;31(9):1549–1558. [PubMed: 2246608]
    448. (Sample size too small)
    449. Harris W S, Connor W E, McMurry M P. The comparative reductions of the plasma lipids and lipoproteins by dietary polyunsaturated fats: salmon oil versus vegetable oils. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental. 1983;32(2):179–184. [PubMed: 6827988]
    450. (Sample size too small)
    451. Harris W S, Dujovne C A, Zucker M, Johnson B. Effects of a low saturated fat, low cholesterol fish oil supplement in hypertriglyceridemic patients. A placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1988;109(6):465–470. [PubMed: 3166357]
    452. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    453. Harris W S, Muzio F. Fish oil reduces postprandial triglyceride concentrations without accelerating lipid-emulsion removal rates. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;58(1):68–74. [PubMed: 8317392]
    454. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    455. Harris W S, Rambjor G S, Windsor S L, Diederich D. n-3 fatty acids and urinary excretion of nitric oxide metabolites in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65(2):459–464. [PubMed: 9022531]
    456. (Sample size too small)
    457. Harris W S, Rothrock D W, Fanning A, Inkeles S B, Goodnight S H Jr, Illingworth D R. et al. Fish oils in hypertriglyceridemia: a dose-response study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990;51(3):399–406. [PubMed: 2309646]
    458. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    459. Harris W S, Silveira S, Dujovne C A. The combined effects of N-3 fatty acids and aspirin on hemostatic parameters in man. Thrombosis Research. 1990;57(4):517–526. [PubMed: 2109371]
    460. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    461. Harris W S, Windsor S L. N-3 fatty acid supplements reduce chylomicron levels in healthy volunteers. Journal of Applied Nutrition. 1991;43(1):5–15.
    462. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    463. Harris W S, Zucker M L, Dujovne C A. Omega-3 fatty acids in hypertriglyceridemic patients: triglycerides vs methyl esters. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48(4):992–997. [PubMed: 3421209]
    464. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    465. Hartman I S. Alpha-linolenic acid: A preventive in secondary coronary events? Nutr Rev. 1995;53(7):194–197. [PubMed: 7494621]
    466. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    467. Hau M F, Smelt A H, Bindels A J, Sijbrands E J, Van der L A, Onkenhout W. et al. Effects of fish oil on oxidation resistance of VLDL in hypertriglyceridemic patients. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 1996;16(9):1197–1202. [PubMed: 8792775]
    468. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    469. Hawkes J S, Bryan D L, Makrides M, Neumann M A, Gibson R A. A randomized trial of supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid-rich tuna oil and its effects on the human milk cytokines interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(4):754–760. [PubMed: 11916764]
    470. (Pediatric population)
    471. Hay C R, Durber A P, Saynor R. Effect of fish oil on platelet kinetics in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Lancet. 1982;1(8284):1269–1270. [PubMed: 6123019]
    472. (Sample size too small)
    473. Hayashi K, Ohtani H, Kurushima H, Nomura S-I, Koide K, Kunita T. et al. Decreases in plasma lipid content and thrombotic activity by ethyl icosapentate purified from fish oils. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical & Experimental. 1995;56(1):24–31.
    474. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    475. Heine R J, Mulder C, Popp-Snijders C, van der M J, van der Veen E A. Linoleic-acid-enriched diet: long-term effects on serum lipoprotein and apolipoprotein concentrations and insulin sensitivity in noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;49(3):448–456. [PubMed: 2923077]
    476. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    477. Heller AR, Fischer S, Rossel T, Geiger S, Siegert G, Ragaller M et al. Impact of n-3 fatty acid supplemented parenteral nutrition on haemostasis patterns after major abdominal surgery. Br J Nutr 2002; 87:Suppl-101. [PubMed: 11895160]
    478. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    479. Hellsten G, Boman K, Saarem K, Hallmans G, Nilsson T K. Effects on fibrinolytic activity of corn oil and a fish oil preparation enriched with omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids in a long-term study. Current Medical Research & Opinion. 1993;13(3):133–139. [PubMed: 8222740]
    480. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    481. Herrmann W, Biermann J, Kostner G M. Comparison of effects of N-3 to N-6 fatty acids on serum level of lipoprotein(a) in patients with coronary artery disease. American Journal of Cardiology. 1995;76(7):459–462. [PubMed: 7653444]
    482. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    483. Higdon J V, Du S H, Lee Y S, Wu T, Wander R C. Supplementation of postmenopausal women with fish oil does not increase overall oxidation of LDL ex vivo compared to dietary oils rich in oleate and linoleate. Journal of Lipid Research. 2001;42(3):407–418. [PubMed: 11254753]
    484. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    485. Higdon J V, Liu J, Du S-H, Morrow J D, Ames B N, Wander R C. Supplementation of postmenopausal women with fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid is not associated with greater in vivo lipid peroxidation compared with oils rich in oleate and linoleate as assessed by plasma malondialdehyde and F2-isoprostanes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(3):714–722. [PubMed: 10966889]
    486. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    487. Higgins S, Carroll Y L, McCarthy S N, Corridan B M, Roche H M, Wallace J M. et al. Susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in healthy volunteers supplemented with low doses of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Br J Nutr. 2001;85(1):23–31. [PubMed: 11227030]
    488. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    489. Higgins S, McCarthy S N, Corridan B M, Roche H M, Wallace J M W, O'Brien N M. et al. Measurement of free cholesterol, cholesteryl esters and cholesteryl linoleate hydroperoxide in copper-oxidised low density lipoprotein in healthy volunteers supplemented with a low dose of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nutrition Research. 2000;20(8):1091–1102.
    490. (Sample size too small)
    491. Hirai A, Terano T, Hamazaki T, Sajiki J, Kondo S, Ozawa A. et al. The effects of the oral administration of fish oil concentrate on the release and the metabolism of [14C]arachidonic acid and [14C]eicosapentaenoic acid by human platelets. Thrombosis Research. 1982;28(3):285–298. [PubMed: 6294902]
    492. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    493. Hirai A, Terano T, Makuta H, Ozawa A, Fujita T, Tamura Y. et al. Effect of oral administration of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on platelet function and serum lipids in hyperlipidemic patients. Advances in Prostaglandin, Thromboxane, & Leukotriene Research. 1989;19:627–630. [PubMed: 2546401]
    494. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    495. Hirai A, Terano T, Takenaga M, Kobayashi S, Makuta H, Ozawa A. et al. Effect of supplementation of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on hemostatic function in healthy subjects. Advances in Prostaglandin, Thromboxane, & Leukotriene Research. 1987;17B:838–845. [PubMed: 2823571]
    496. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    497. Hirai A, Terano T, Tamura Y, Yoshida S. Eicosapentaenoic acid and adult diseases in Japan: epidemiological and clinical aspects. Journal of Internal Medicine Supplement. 1989;225(731):69–75. [PubMed: 2539836]
    498. (Cannot parse out 3 separate studies)
    499. Hjermann I, Enger S C, Helgeland A, Holme I, Leren P, Trygg K. The effect of dietary changes on high density lipoprotein cholesterol. The Oslo Study. American Journal of Medicine. 1979;66(1):105–109. [PubMed: 217267]
    500. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    501. Hjermann I, Velve B K, Holme I, Leren P. Effect of diet and smoking intervention on the incidence of coronary heart disease. Report from the Oslo Study Group of a randomised trial in healthy men. Lancet. 1981;2(8259):1303–1310. [PubMed: 6118715]
    502. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    503. Hodgson J M, Wahlqvist M L, Boxall J A, Balazs N D. Can linoleic acid contribute to coronary artery disease? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993;58(2):228–234. [PubMed: 8192728]
    504. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    505. Hojo N, Fukushima T, Isobe A, Gao T, Shiwaku K, Ishida K. et al. Effect of serum fatty acid composition on coronary atherosclerosis in Japan. International Journal of Cardiology. 1998;66(1):31–38. [PubMed: 9781785]
    506. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    507. Holler C, Auinger M, Ulberth F, Irsigler K. Eicosanoid precursors: potential factors for atherogenesis in diabetic CAPD patients? Peritoneal Dialysis International 1996; 16:Suppl-3. [PubMed: 8728202]
    508. (Inappropriate Human population)
    509. Holub B J, Bakker D J, Skeaff C M. Alterations in molecular species of cholesterol esters formed via plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase in human subjects consuming fish oil. Atherosclerosis. 1987;66(12):11–18. [PubMed: 3632742]
    510. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    511. Honstra G, van Houwelingen A C, Kivits G A, Fischer S, Uedelhoven W. Influence of dietary fish on eicosanoid metabolism in man. Prostaglandins. 1990;40(3):311–329. [PubMed: 2123355]
    512. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    513. Howe P R, Lungershausen Y K, Cobiac L, Dandy G, Nestel P J. Effect of sodium restriction and fish oil supplementation on BP and thrombotic risk factors in patients treated with ACE inhibitors. Journal of Human Hypertension. 1994;8(1):43–49. [PubMed: 8151606]
    514. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    515. Hsu H-C, Lee Y-T, Chen M-F. Effect of n-3 fatty acids on the composition and binding properties of lipoproteins in hypertriglyceridemic patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(1):28–35. [PubMed: 10617943]
    516. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    517. Hu F B, Bronner L, Willett W C, Stampfer M J, Rexrode K M, Albert C M. et al. Fish and omega-3 fatty acid intake and risk of coronary heart disease in women. JAMA. 2002;287(14):1815–1821. [PubMed: 11939867]
    518. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    519. Hu F B, Stampfer M J, Manson J E, Rimm E B, Wolk A, Colditz G A. et al. Dietary intake of alpha-linolenic acid and risk of fatal ischemic heart disease among women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(5):890–897. [PubMed: 10232627]
    520. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    521. Hughes G S Jr, Ringer T V, Francom S F, Caswell K C, DeLoof M J, Spillers C R. Effects of fish oil and endorphins on the cold pressor test in hypertension. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1991;50(5:Pt 1):t-46. [PubMed: 1934867]
    522. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    523. Hughes G S, Ringer T V, Watts K C, DeLoof M J, Francom S F, Spillers C R. Fish oil produces an atherogenic lipid profile in hypertensive men. Atherosclerosis. 1990;84(23):229–237. [PubMed: 2282101]
    524. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    525. Hunter K A, Crosbie L C, Weir A, Miller G J, Dutta-Roy A K. A residential study comparing the effects of diets rich in stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid on fasting blood lipids, hemostatic variables and platelets in young healthy men. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2000;11(78):408–416. [PubMed: 11044636]
    526. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    527. Hwang D H, Chanmugam P S, Ryan D H, Boudreau M D, Windhauser M M, Tulley R T. et al. Does vegetable oil attenuate the beneficial effects of fish oil in reducing risk factors for cardiovascular disease? Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66(1):89–96. [PubMed: 9209174]
    528. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    529. Hyson D A, Schneeman B O, Davis P A. Almonds and almond oil have similar effects on plasma lipids and LDL oxidation in healthy men and women. Journal of Nutrition. 2002;132(4):703–707. [PubMed: 11925464]
    530. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    531. Iacono J M, Judd J T, Marshall M W, Canary J J, Dougherty R M, Mackin J F. et al. The role of dietary essential fatty acids and prostaglandins in reducing blood pressure. Progress in Lipid Research. 1981;20:349–364. [PubMed: 7043478]
    532. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    533. Iacoviello L, Amore C, De Curtis A, Tacconi M T, de Gaetano G, Cerletti C. et al. Modulation of fibrinolytic response to venous occlusion in humans by a combination of low-dose aspirin and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Arteriosclerosis & Thrombosis. 1992;12(10):1191–1197. [PubMed: 1390591]
    534. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    535. Illingworth D R, Harris W S, Connor W E. Inhibition of low density lipoprotein synthesis by dietary omega-3 fatty acids in humans. Arteriosclerosis. 1984;4(3):270–275. [PubMed: 6712540]
    536. (Sample size too small)
    537. Indu M, Ghafoorunissa n-3 Fatty acids in Indian diets - Comparison of the effects of precursor (alpha-linolenic acid) vs product (long chain n-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids). Nutrition Research. 1992;12(45):569–582.
    538. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    539. Insull J W, Silvers A, Hicks L, Probstfield J I. Plasma lipid effects of three common vegetable oils in reduced-fat diets of free-living adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;60(2):195–202. [PubMed: 8030596]
    540. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    541. Iso H, Folsom A R, Sato S, Wu K K, Shimamoto T, Koike K. et al. Plasma fibrinogen and its correlates in Japanese and US population samples. Arteriosclerosis & Thrombosis. 1993;13(6):783–790. [PubMed: 8499398]
    542. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    543. Ito Y, Shimizu H, Yoshimura T, Ross R K, Kabuto M, Takatsuka N. et al. Serum concentrations of carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol, fatty acids, and lipid peroxides among Japanese in Japan, and Japanese and Caucasians in the US. International Journal for Vitamin & Nutrition Research. 1999;69(6):385–395. [PubMed: 10642896]
    544. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    545. Jenkins D J, Kendall C W, Marchie A, Parker T L, Connelly P W, Qian W. et al. Dose response of almonds on coronary heart disease risk factors: blood lipids, oxidized low-density lipoproteins, lipoprotein(a), homocysteine, and pulmonary nitric oxide: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial. Circulation. 2002;106(11):1327–1332. [PubMed: 12221048]
    546. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    547. Jenkinson A, Franklin M F, Wahle K, Duthie G G. Dietary intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids and indices of oxidative stress in human volunteers. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999;53(7):523–528. [PubMed: 10452406]
    548. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    549. Jethmalani S M, Viswanathan G, Noronha J M. Effect of cod liver oil supplementation on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, lipase activity and platelet aggregation in normotensive and hypertensive volunteers. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 1989;27(12):1103–1105. [PubMed: 2633973]
    550. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    551. Jiang Z, Sim J S. Consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched eggs and changes in plasma lipids of human subjects. Nutrition. 1993;9(6):513–518. [PubMed: 7906572]
    552. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    553. Johansson A K, Korte H, Yang B, Stanley J C, Kallio H P. Sea buckthorn berry oil inhibits platelet aggregation. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2000;11(10):491–495. [PubMed: 11120446]
    554. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    555. Jones D B, Carter R D, Haitas B, Mann J I. Low phospholipid arachidonic acid values in diabetic platelets. British Medical Journal Clinical Research Ed. 1983;286(6360):173–175. [PMC free article: PMC1546357] [PubMed: 6401517]
    556. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    557. Jones D B, Carter R D, Mann J I. Indirect evidence of impairment of platelet desaturase enzymes in diabetes mellitus. Hormone & Metabolic Research. 1986;18(5):341–344. [PubMed: 3013745]
    558. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    559. Jorgensen K A, Hoj N A, Dyerberg J. Hemostatic factors and renin in Greenland Eskimos on a high eicosapentaenoic acid intake. Results of the Fifth UmanaK Expedition. Acta Medica Scandinavica. 1986;219(5):473–479. [PubMed: 3017055]
    560. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    561. Kagawa Y, Nishizawa M, Suzuki M, Miyatake T, Hamamoto T, Goto K. et al. Eicosapolyenoic acids of serum lipids of Japanese islanders with low incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Journal of Nutritional Science & Vitaminology. 1982;28(4):441–453. [PubMed: 7175583]
    562. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    563. Kahl P E, Schimke E, Hildebrandt R, Beitz J, Schimke I, Beitz H. et al. The influence of cod-liver oil diet on various lipid metabolism parameters, the thromboxane formation capacity, platelet function and the serum MDA level in patients suffering from myocardial infarction. Cor et Vasa. 1987;29(3):199–208. [PubMed: 3621950]
    564. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    565. Kamada T, Yamashita T, Baba Y, Kai M, Setoyama S, Chuman Y. et al. Dietary sardine oil increases erythrocyte membrane fluidity in diabetic patients. Diabetes. 1986;35(5):604–611. [PubMed: 3956887]
    566. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    567. Kamido H, Matsuzawa Y, Tarui S. Lipid composition of platelets from patients with atherosclerosis: effect of purified eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester administration. Lipids. 1988;23(10):917–923. [PubMed: 2849012]
    568. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    569. Kaminski W E, Jendraschak E, Kiefl R, von Schacky C. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids lower levels of platelet-derived growth factor mRNA in human mononuclear cells. Blood. 1993;81(7):1871–1879. [PubMed: 8461472]
    570. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    571. Karvonen H M, Aro A, Tapola N S, Salminen I, Uusitupa M I J, Sarkkinen E S. Effect of a-linolenic acid-rich Camelina sativa oil on serum fatty acid composition and serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental. 2002;51(10):1253–1260. [PubMed: 12370843]
    572. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    573. Kasim S E, Stern B, Khilnani S, McLin P, Baciorowski S, Jen K L. Effects of omega-3 fish oils on lipid metabolism, glycemic control, and blood pressure in type II diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;67(1):1–5. [PubMed: 3379125]
    574. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    575. Kasim-Karakas S E, Herrmann R, Almario R. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on intravascular lipolysis of very-low-density lipoproteins in humans. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental. 1995;44(9):1223–1230. [PubMed: 7666799]
    576. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    577. Keli S O, Feskens E J, Kromhout D. Fish consumption and risk of stroke. The Zutphen Study. Stroke. 1994;25(2):328–332. [PubMed: 8303739]
    578. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    579. Kelley D S, Nelson G J, Love J E, Branch L B, Taylor P C, Schmidt P C. et al. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid alters tissue fatty acid composition, but not blood lipids, lipoproteins or coagulation status in humans. Lipids. 1993;28(6):533–537. [PubMed: 8102770]
    580. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    581. Kenny D, Warltier D C, Pleuss J A, Hoffmann R G, Goodfriend T L, Egan B M. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on the vascular response to angiotensin in normotensive men. American Journal of Cardiology. 1992;70(15):1347–1352. [PubMed: 1442589]
    582. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    583. Kernoff P B, Willis A L, Stone K J, Davies J A, McNicol G P. Antithrombotic potential of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid in man. British Medical Journal. 1977;2(6100):1441–1444. [PMC free article: PMC1632618] [PubMed: 338112]
    584. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    585. Kesavulu M M, Kameswararao B, Apparao C, Kumar E G, Harinarayan C V. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme status in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes & Metabolism. 2002;28(1):20–26. [PubMed: 11938024]
    586. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    587. Kestin M, Clifton P, Belling G B, Nestel P J. n-3 fatty acids of marine origin lower systolic blood pressure and triglycerides but raise LDL cholesterol compared with n-3 and n-6 fatty acids from plants. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;51(6):1028–1034. [PubMed: 1971991]
    588. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    589. Khan S, Minihane A-M, Talmud P J, Wright J W, Murphy M C, Williams C M. et al. Dietary long-chain n-3 PUFAs increase LPL gene expression in adipose tissue of subjects with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. Journal of Lipid Research. 2002;43(6):979–985. [PubMed: 12032174]
    590. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    591. Kishino Y, Suzuki K, Moriguchi S, Sakai K. Preventive effect of fish-rich diet on hypertensive diseases--nutrition survey in Tokushima. Tokushima Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1988;35(34):107–113. [PubMed: 3255190]
    592. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    593. Knapp H R, Fitzgerald G A. The antihypertensive effects of fish oil. A controlled study of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements in essential hypertension. New England Journal of Medicine. 1989;320(16):1037–1043. [PubMed: 2648152]
    594. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    595. Knapp H R, Reilly I A, Alessandrini P, Fitzgerald G A. In vivo indexes of platelet and vascular function during fish-oil administration in patients with atherosclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine. 1986;314(15):937–942. [PubMed: 3007982]
    596. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    597. Kondo T, Ogawa K, Satake T, Kitazawa M, Taki K, Sugiyama S. et al. Plasma-free eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio: a possible new coronary risk factor. Clinical Cardiology. 1986;9(9):413–416. [PubMed: 3019597]
    598. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    599. Korpela R, Seppo L, Laakso J, Lilja J, Karjala K, Lahteenmaki T. et al. Dietary habits affect the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999;53(10):802–807. [PubMed: 10556987]
    600. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    601. Kothny W, Angerer P, Stork S, von Schacky C. Short term effects of omega-3 fatty acids on the radial artery of patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 1998;140(1):181–186. [PubMed: 9733230]
    602. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    603. Kratz M, von Eckardstein A, Fobker M, Buyken A, Posny N, Schulte H. et al. The impact of dietary fat composition on serum leptin concentrations in healthy nonobese men and women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2002;87(11):5008–5014. [PubMed: 12414865]
    604. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    605. Kriketos A D, Robertson R M, Sharp T A, Drougas H, Reed G W, Storlien L H. et al. Role of weight loss and polyunsaturated fatty acids in improving metabolic fitness in moderately obese, moderately hypertensive subjects. Journal of Hypertension. 2001;19(10):1745–1754. [PubMed: 11593093]
    606. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    607. Kristensen S D, Schmidt E B, Andersen H R, Dyerberg J. Fish oil in angina pectoris. Atherosclerosis. 1987;64(1):13–19. [PubMed: 3109445]
    608. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    609. Kromhout D, Katan M B, Havekes L, Groener A, Hornstra G, Lezenne-Coulander Cd. et al. The effect of 26 years of habitual fish consumption on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels (The Zutphen Study). Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 1996;6(2):65–71.
    610. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    611. Kurowska E M, Jordan J, Spence J D, Wetmore S, Piche L A, Radzikowski M. et al. Effects of substituting dietary soybean protein and oil for milk protein and fat in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Clinical & Investigative Medicine - Medecine Clinique et Experimentale. 1997;20(3):162–170. [PubMed: 9189647]
    612. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    613. Lahoz C, Alonso R, Ordovas J M, Lopez-Farre A, de Oya M, Mata P. Effects of dietary fat saturation on eicosanoid production, platelet aggregation and blood pressure. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1997;27(9):780–787. [PubMed: 9352251]
    614. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    615. Lahteenmaki T A, Seppo L, Laakso J, Korpela R, Vanhanen H, Tikkanen M J. et al. Oxidized LDL from subjects with different dietary habits modifies atherogenic processes in endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Life Sciences. 2000;66(5):455–465. [PubMed: 10670834]
    616. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    617. Laidlaw M, Holub B J. Effects of supplementation with fish oil-derived n-3 fatty acids and gamma-linolenic acid on circulating plasma lipids and fatty acid profiles in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(1):37–42. [PubMed: 12499320]
    618. (Sample size too small)
    619. Landgraf-Leurs M M, Drummer C, Froschl H, Steinhuber R, von Schacky C, Landgraf R. Pilot study on omega-3 fatty acids in type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 1990;39(3):369–375. [PubMed: 2137803]
    620. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    621. Landmark K, Abdelnoor M, Urdal P, Kilhovd B, Dorum H P, Borge N. et al. Use of fish oils appears to reduce infarct size as estimated from peak creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. Cardiology. 1998;89(2):94–102. [PubMed: 9524009]
    622. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    623. Landmark K, Thaulow E, Hysing J, Mundal H H, Eritsland J, Hjermann I. Effects of fish oil, nifedipine and their combination on blood pressure and lipids in primary hypertension. Journal of Human Hypertension. 1993;7(1):25–32. [PubMed: 8450517]
    624. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    625. Lands W E, Culp B R, Hirai A, Gorman R. Relationship of thromboxane generation to the aggregation of platelets from humans: effects of eicosapentaenoic acid. Prostaglandins. 1985;30(5):819–825. [PubMed: 3001834]
    626. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    627. Larsen L F, Bladbjerg E M, Jespersen J, Marckmann P. Effects of dietary fat quality and quantity on postprandial activation of blood coagulation factor VII. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 1997;17(11):2904–2909. [PubMed: 9409274]
    628. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    629. Larsen L F, Jespersen J, Marckmann P. Are olive oil diets antithrombotic? Diets enriched with olive, rapeseed, or sunflower oil affect postprandial factor VII differently. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(6):976–982. [PubMed: 10584041]
    630. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    631. Lasserre M, Kerautret M, Navarro N, Martin C, Jacotot B. Effects of several alimentary fats on serum lipids during long-term stabilized diets. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 1984;28(6):334–341. [PubMed: 6517526]
    632. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    633. Laurenzi M, Stamler R, Trevisan M, Dyer A, Stamler J. Is Italy losing the “Mediterranean advantage?” Report on the Gubbio population study: cardiovascular risk factors at baseline. Gubbio Collaborative Study Group. Preventive Medicine. 1989;18(1):35–44. [PubMed: 2710761]
    634. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    635. Lavedrine F, Zmirou D, Ravel A, Balducci F, Alary J. Blood cholesterol and walnut consumption: a cross-sectional survey in France. Preventive Medicine. 1999;28(4):333–339. [PubMed: 10090861]
    636. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    637. Layne K S, Goh Y K, Jumpsen J A, Ryan E A, Chow P, Clandinin M T. Normal subjects consuming physiological levels of 18:3(n-3) and 20:5(n-3) from flaxseed or fish oils have characteristic differences in plasma lipid and lipoprotein fatty acid levels. Journal of Nutrition. 1996;126(9):2130–2140. [PubMed: 8814201]
    638. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    639. Lea E J, Jones S P, Hamilton D V. The fatty acids of erythrocytes of myocardial infarction patients. Atherosclerosis. 1982;41(23):363–369. [PubMed: 6279124]
    640. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    641. Leaf A, Jorgensen M B, Jacobs A K, Cote G, Schoenfeld D A, Scheer J. et al. Do fish oils prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty? Circulation. 1994;90(5):2248–2257. [PubMed: 7955181]
    642. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    643. Leeson C P, Mann A, Kattenhorn M, Deanfield J E, Lucas A, Muller D P. Relationship between circulating n-3 fatty acid concentrations and endothelial function in early adulthood. European Heart Journal. 2002;23(3):216–222. [PubMed: 11792136]
    644. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    645. Leighton F, Cuevas A, Guasch V, Perez D D, Strobel P, San Martin A. et al. Plasma polyphenols and antioxidants, oxidative DNA damage and endothelial function in a diet and wine intervention study in humans. Drugs Under Experimental & Clinical Research. 1999;25(23):133–141. [PubMed: 10370876]
    646. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    647. Lemaitre R N, King I B, Raghunathan T E, Pearce R M, Weinmann S, Knopp R H. et al. Cell membrane trans-fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2002;105(6):697–701. [PubMed: 11839624]
    648. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    649. Lervang H H, Schmidt E B, Moller J, Svaneborg N, Varming K, Madsen P H. et al. The effect of low-dose supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on some risk markers of coronary heart disease. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation. 1993;53(4):417–423. [PubMed: 8378746]
    650. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    651. Levine P H, Fisher M, Schneider P B, Whitten R H, Weiner B H, Ockene I S. et al. Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids prolongs platelet survival in hyperlipidemic patients with atherosclerosis. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1989;149(5):1113–1116. [PubMed: 2541665]
    652. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    653. Levinson P D, Iosiphidis A H, Saritelli A L, Herbert P N, Steiner M. Effects of n-3 fatty acids in essential hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension. 1990;3(10):754–760. [PubMed: 2222942]
    654. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    655. Li D, Ball M, Bartlett M, Sinclair A. Lipoprotein(a), essential fatty acid status and lipoprotein lipids in female Australian vegetarians. Clinical Science. 1999;97(2):175–181. [PubMed: 10409472]
    656. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    657. Li D, Sinclair A, Wilson A, Nakkote S, Kelly F, Abedin L. et al. Effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid on thrombotic risk factors in vegetarian men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(5):872–882. [PubMed: 10232625]
    658. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    659. Li X L, Steiner M. Dose response of dietary fish oil supplementations on platelet adhesion. Arteriosclerosis & Thrombosis. 1991;11(1):39–46. [PubMed: 1988002]
    660. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    661. Li X L, Steiner M. Fish oil: a potent inhibitor of platelet adhesiveness. Blood. 1990;76(5):938–945. [PubMed: 2118400]
    662. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    663. Lindeberg S, Nilsson-Ehle P, Vessby B. Lipoprotein composition and serum cholesterol ester fatty acids in nonwesternized melanesians. Lipids. 1996;31(2):153–158. [PubMed: 8835402]
    664. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    665. Lindgren F T, Adamson G L, Shore V G, Nelson G J, Schmidt P C. Effect of a salmon diet on the distribution of plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in normolipidemic adult men. Lipids. 1991;26(2):97–101. [PubMed: 2051900]
    666. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    667. Liu M, Wallin R, Saldeen T. Effect of bread containing stable fish oil on plasma phospholipid fatty acids, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and malondialdehyde in subjects with hyperlipidemia. Nutrition Research. 2001;21(11):1403–1410.
    668. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    669. Lofgren R P, Wilt T J, Nichol K L, Crespin L, Pluhar R, Eckfeldt J. The effect of fish oil supplements on blood pressure. American Journal of Public Health. 1993;83(2):267–269. [PMC free article: PMC1694568] [PubMed: 8427339]
    670. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    671. Lorenz R, Spengler U, Fischer S. Platelet function, thromboxane formation and blood pressure control during supplementation of the western diet with cod liver oil. Circulation. 1983;67(3):504–511. [PubMed: 6821892]
    672. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    673. Lovegrove J A, Jackson K G, Murphy M C, Brooks C N, Zampelas A, Knapper J M. et al. Markers of intestinally-derived lipoproteins: application to studies of altered diet and meal fatty acid compositions. Nutrition Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases. 1999;9(1):9–18. [PubMed: 10726104]
    674. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    675. Lovejoy J C, Most M M, Lefevre M, Greenway F L, Rood J C. Effect of diets enriched in almonds on insulin action and serum lipids in adults with normal glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(5):1000–1006. [PubMed: 12399271]
    676. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    677. Lox C D. Effects of marine fish oil (omega-3 fatty acids) on lipid profiles in women. General Pharmacology. 1990;21(3):295–298. [PubMed: 2341015]
    678. (Sample size too small)
    679. Lox C D. The effects of dietary marine fish oils (omega-3 fatty acids) on coagulation profiles in men. General Pharmacology. 1990;21(2):241–246. [PubMed: 2332143]
    680. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    681. Lund E K, Harvey L J, Ladha S, Clark D C, Johnson I T. Effects of dietary fish oil supplementation on the phospholipid composition and fluidity of cell membranes from human volunteers. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 1999;43(5):290–300. [PubMed: 10749029]
    682. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    683. Luoma P V, Nayha S, Sikkila K, Hassi J. High serum alpha-tocopherol, albumin, selenium and cholesterol, and low mortality from coronary heart disease in northern Finland. Journal of Internal Medicine. 1995;237(1):49–54. [PubMed: 7830030]
    684. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    685. Luostarinen R, Saldeen T. Dietary fish oil decreases superoxide generation by human neutrophils: relation to cyclooxygenase pathway and lysosomal enzyme release. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids. 1996;55(3):167–172. [PubMed: 8931114]
    686. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    687. Luostarinen R, Siegbahn A, Saldeen T. Effect of dietary fish oil supplemented with different doses of vitamin E on neutrophil chemotaxis in healthy volunteers. Nutrition Research. 1992;12(12):1419–1430.
    688. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    689. Lussier-Cacan S, Dubreuil-Quidoz S, Roederer G, Leboeuf N, Boulet L, de Langavant G C. et al. Influence of probucol on enhanced LDL oxidation after fish oil treatment of hypertriglyceridemic patients. Arteriosclerosis & Thrombosis. 1993;13(12):1790–1797. [PubMed: 8241099]
    690. (Sample size too small)
    691. Mabile L, Piolot A, Boulet L, Fortin L J, Doyle N, Rodriguez C. et al. Moderate intake of n-3 fatty acids is associated with stable erythrocyte resistance to oxidative stress in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74(4):449–456. [PubMed: 11566642]
    692. (Sample size too small)
    693. Makrides M, Hawkes J S, Neumann M A, Gibson R A. Nutritional effect of including egg yolk in the weaning diet of breast-fed and formula-fed infants: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(6):1084–1092. [PubMed: 12036817]
    694. (Pediatric population)
    695. Malle E, Sattler W, Prenner E, Leis H J, Hermetter A, Gries A. et al. Effects of dietary fish oil supplementation on platelet aggregability and platelet membrane fluidity in normolipemic subjects with and without high plasma Lp(a) concentrations. Atherosclerosis. 1991;88(23):193–201. [PubMed: 1832537]
    696. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    697. Marchioli R, Barzi F, Bomba E, Chieffo C, Di Gregorio D, Di Mascio R. et al. Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione. Circulation. 2002;105(16):1897–1903. [PubMed: 11997274]
    698. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    699. Marchioli R, Schweiger C, Tavazzi L, Valagussa F. Efficacy of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: results of GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico. Lipids 2001; 36:Suppl-26. [PubMed: 11837985]
    700. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    701. Marckmann P, Jespersen J, Leth T, Sandstrom B. Effect of fish diet versus meat diet on blood lipids, coagulation and fibrinolysis in healthy young men. J Intern Med. 1991;229(4):317–323. [PubMed: 1902869]
    702. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    703. Marcovina S M, Kennedy H, Bittolo B G, Cazzolato G, Galli C, Casiglia E. et al. Fish intake, independent of apo(a) size, accounts for lower plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in Bantu fishermen of Tanzania: The Lugalawa Study. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 1999;19(5):1250–1256. [PubMed: 10323776]
    704. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    705. Margolin G, Huster G, Glueck C J, Speirs J, Vandegrift J, Illig E. et al. Blood pressure lowering in elderly subjects: a double-blind crossover study of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53(2):562–572. [PubMed: 1989427]
    706. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    707. Masana L, Camprubi M, Sarda P, Sola R, Joven J, Turner P R. The mediterranean-type diet: Is there a need for further modification? Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53(4):886–889. [PubMed: 2008868]
    708. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    709. Masson L, Chamorro H, Generini G, Donoso V, Perez-Olea J, Hurtado C. et al. Fish oil intake in coronary artery disease patients, serum lipid profiles and progression of coronary heart disease. Medical Science Research. 1990;18(22):905–907.
    710. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    711. Mata P, Garrido J A, Ordovas J M, Blazquez E, Alvarez-Sala L A, Rubio M J. et al. Effect of dietary monounsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1992;56(1):77–83. [PubMed: 1609766]
    712. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    713. Mata P, Varela O, Alonso R, Lahoz C, de Oya M, Badimon L. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated n-6 fatty acid-enriched diets modify LDL oxidation and decrease human coronary smooth muscle cell DNA synthesis. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 1997;17(10):2088–2095. [PubMed: 9351376]
    714. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    715. Mayol V, Duran M J, Gerbi A, Dignat-George F, Levy S, Sampol J. et al. Cholesterol and omega-3 fatty acids inhibit Na, K-ATPase activity in human endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 1999;142(2):327–333. [PubMed: 10030384]
    716. (Not Human study)
    717. McDonald B E, Gerrard J M, Bruce V M, Corner E J. Comparison of the effect of canola oil and sunflower oil on plasma lipids and lipoproteins and on in vivo thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin production in healthy young men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;50(6):1382–1388. [PubMed: 2596428]
    718. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    719. McManus R M, Jumpson J, Finegood D T, Clandinin M T, Ryan E A. A comparison of the effects of n-3 fatty acids from linseed oil and fish oil in well-controlled type II diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1996;19(5):463–467. [PubMed: 8732710]
    720. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    721. McVeigh G E, Brennan G M, Cohn J N, Finkelstein S M, Hayes R J, Johnston G D. Fish oil improves arterial compliance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arteriosclerosis & Thrombosis. 1994;14(9):1425–1429. [PubMed: 8068603]
    722. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    723. Mehta J, Lawson D, Saldeen T J. Reduction in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake. American Heart Journal. 1988;116(5:Pt 1):t-6. [PubMed: 3142242]
    724. (Sample size too small)
    725. Mehta J L, Lopez L M, Lawson D, Wargovich T J, Williams L L. Dietary supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with stable coronary heart disease. Effects on indices of platelet and neutrophil function and exercise performance. Am J Med. 1988;84(1):45–52. [PubMed: 3276185]
    726. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    727. Mehta V Y, Jorgensen M B, Raizner A E, Wolde-Tsadik G, Mahrer P R, Mansukhani P. Spontaneous regression of restenosis: an angiographic study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1995;26(3):696–702. [PubMed: 7642861]
    728. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    729. Meier B. Prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty: A pharmacological approach. European Heart Journal. 1989;10(Suppl. G):64–68. [PubMed: 2697565]
    730. (Not primary study)
    731. Meland E, Fugelli P, Laerum E, Ronneberg R, Sandvik L. Effect of fish oil on blood pressure and blood lipids in men with mild to moderate hypertension. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care - Supplement. 1989;7(3):131–135. [PubMed: 2685958]
    732. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    733. Mendis S, Samarajeewa U, Thattil R O. Coconut fat and serum lipoproteins: effects of partial replacement with unsaturated fats. Br J Nutr. 2001;85(5):583–589. [PubMed: 11348573]
    734. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    735. Mennen L, de Maat M, Meijer G, Zock P, Grobbee D, Kok F. et al. Factor VIIa response to a fat-rich meal does not depend on fatty acid composition: a randomized controlled trial. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 1998;18(4):599–603. [PubMed: 9555866]
    736. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    737. Mensink R P, Zock P L, Katan M B, Hornstra G. Effect of dietary cis and trans fatty acids on serum lipoprotein[a] levels in humans. Journal of Lipid Research. 1992;33(10):1493–1501. [PubMed: 1431574]
    738. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    739. Mero N, Syvanne M, Rosseneu M, Labeur C, Hilden H, Taskinen M-R. Comparison of three fatty meals in healthy normolipidaemic men: High post-prandial retinyl ester response to soybean oil. Eur J Clin Invest. 1998;28(5):407–415. [PubMed: 9650015]
    740. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    741. Meydani M, Natiello F, Goldin B, Free N, Woods M, Schaefer E. et al. Effect of long-term fish oil supplementation on vitamin E status and lipid peroxidation in women. Journal of Nutrition. 1991;121(4):484–491. [PubMed: 1826131]
    742. (Sample size too small)
    743. Meydani S N, Endres S, Woods M M, Goldin B R, Soo C, Morrill-Labrode A. et al. Oral (n-3) fatty acid supplementation suppresses cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation: comparison between young and older women. Journal of Nutrition. 1991;121(4):547–555. [PubMed: 2007907]
    744. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    745. Meydani S N, Lichtenstein A H, Cornwall S, Meydani M, Goldin B R, Rasmussen H. et al. Immunologic effects of national cholesterol education panel step-2 diets with and without fish-derived N-3 fatty acid enrichment. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1993;92(1):105–113. [PMC free article: PMC293543] [PubMed: 8325975]
    746. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    747. Meyer K A, Kushi L H, Jacobs D R Jr, Folsom A R. Dietary fat and incidence of type 2 diabetes in older Iowa women. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(9):1528–1535. [PubMed: 11522694]
    748. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    749. Mezzano D, Kosiel K, Martinez C, Cuevas A, Panes O, Aranda E. et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in vegetarians. Normalization of hyperhomocysteinemia with vitamin B(12) and reduction of platelet aggregation with n-3 fatty acids. Thrombosis Research. 2000;100(3):153–160. [PubMed: 11108902]
    750. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    751. Miles E A, Thies F, Wallace F A, Powell J R, Hurst T L, Newsholme E A. et al. Influence of age and dietary fish oil on plasma soluble adhesion molecule concentrations. Clinical Science. 2001;100(1):91–100. [PubMed: 11115423]
    752. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    753. Miller M E, Anagnostou A A, Ley B. Effect of fish oil concentrates on hemorheological and hemostatic aspects of diabetes mellitus: A preliminary study. Thromb Res. 1987;47(2):201–214. [PubMed: 3499006]
    754. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    755. Mills D E, Mah M, Ward R P, Morris B L, Floras J S. Alteration of baroreflex control of forearm vascular resistance by dietary fatty acids. American Journal of Physiology. 1990;259(6:Pt 2):t-71. [PubMed: 2260727]
    756. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    757. Mills D E, Prkachin K M, Harvey K A, Ward R P. Dietary fatty acid supplementation alters stress reactivity and performance in man. Journal of Human Hypertension. 1989;3(2):111–116. [PubMed: 2760908]
    758. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    759. Mills D E, Prkachin K M. Psychological stress reverses antiaggregatory effects of dietary fish oil. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 1993;16(4):403–412. [PubMed: 8411145]
    760. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    761. Minihane A M, Khan S, Leigh-Firbank E C, Talmud P, Wright J W, Murphy M C. et al. ApoE polymorphism and fish oil supplementation in subjects with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 2000;20(8):1990–1997. [PubMed: 10938022]
    762. (Duplicate publication)
    763. Minnema M C, Wittekoek M E, Schoonenboom N, Kastelein J J, Hack C E, ten Cate H. Activation of the contact system of coagulation does not contribute to the hemostatic imbalance in hypertriglyceridemia. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 1999;19(10):2548–2553. [PubMed: 10521386]
    764. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    765. Miyajima T, Tsujino T, Saito K, Yokoyama M. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on blood pressure, cell membrane fatty acids, and intracellular sodium concentration in essential hypertension. Hypertension Research - Clinical & Experimental. 2001;24(5):537–542. [PubMed: 11675948]
    766. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    767. Miyazaki Y, Koyama H, Nojiri M, Suzuki S. Relationship of dietary intake of fish and non-fish selenium to serum lipids in Japanese rural coastal community. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine & Biology. 2002;16(2):83–90. [PubMed: 12195730]
    768. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    769. Mizushima S, Moriguchi E H, Ishikawa P, Hekman P, Nara Y, Mimura G. et al. Fish intake and cardiovascular risk among middle-aged Japanese in Japan and Brazil. Journal of Cardiovascular Risk. 1997;4(3):191–199. [PubMed: 9475674]
    770. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    771. Molgaard J, Schenck Hv, Lassvik C, Kuusi T, Olsson A G. Effect of fish oil treatment on plasma lipoproteins in type III hyperlipoproteinaemia. Atherosclerosis. 1990;81(1):1–9. [PubMed: 2137696]
    772. (Sample size too small)
    773. Moller J M, Nielsen G L, Ekelund S, Schmidt E B, Dyerberg J. Homocysteine in Greenland Inuits. Thrombosis Research. 1997;86(4):333–335. [PubMed: 9187021]
    774. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    775. Molvig J, Pociot F, Worsaae H, Wogensen L D, Baek L, Christensen P. et al. Dietary supplementation with omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids decreases mononuclear cell proliferation and interleukin-1 beta content but not monokine secretion in healthy and insulin-dependent diabetic individuals. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 1991;34(4):399–410. [PubMed: 1656517]
    776. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    777. Montoya M T, Porres A, Serrano S, Fruchart J C, Mata P, Gerique J A. et al. Fatty acid saturation of the diet and plasma lipid concentrations, lipoprotein particle concentrations, and cholesterol efflux capacity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(3):484–491. [PubMed: 11864853]
    778. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    779. Morcos N C. Modulation of lipid profile by fish oil and garlic combination. Journal of the National Medical Association. 1997;89(10):673–678. [PMC free article: PMC2608252] [PubMed: 9347681]
    780. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    781. Morgan J M, Horton K, Reese D, Carey C, Walker K, Capuzzi D M. Effects of walnut consumption as part of a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet on serum cardiovascular risk factors. International Journal for Vitamin & Nutrition Research. 2002;72(5):341–347. [PubMed: 12463111]
    782. (Sample size too small)
    783. Morgan W A, Clayshulte B J. Pecans lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in people with normal lipid levels. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000;100(3):312–318. [PubMed: 10719404]
    784. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    785. Morgan W A, Raskin P, Rosenstock J. A comparison of fish oil or corn oil supplements in hyperlipidemic subjects with NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1995;18(1):83–86. [PubMed: 7698053]
    786. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    787. Mori T A, Bao D Q, Burke V, Puddey I B, Watts G F, Beilin L J. Dietary fish as a major component of a weight-loss diet: effect on serum lipids, glucose, and insulin metabolism in overweight hypertensive subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(5):817–825. [PubMed: 10539741]
    788. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    789. Mori T A, Beilin L J, Burke V, Morris J, Ritchie J. Interactions between dietary fat, fish, and fish oils and their effects on platelet function in men at risk of cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 1997;17(2):279–286. [PubMed: 9081682]
    790. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    791. Mori T A, Dunstan D W, Burke V, Croft K D, Rivera J H, Beilin L J. et al. Effect of dietary fish and exercise training on urinary F2-isoprostane excretion in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental. 1999;48(11):1402–1408. [PubMed: 10582548]
    792. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    793. Mori T A, Vandongen R, Mahanian F, Douglas A. Plasma lipid levels and platelet and neutrophil function in patients with vascular disease following fish oil and olive oil supplementation. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental. 1992;41(10):1059–1067. [PubMed: 1328817]
    794. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    795. Mori T A, Vandongen R, Mahanian F, Douglas A. The effect of fish oil on plasma lipids, platelet and neutrophil function in patients with vascular disease. Advances in Prostaglandin, Thromboxane, & Leukotriene Research. 1991;21A:229–232. [PubMed: 1825545]
    796. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    797. Mori T A, Vandongen R, Masarei J R, Dunbar D, Stanton K G. Serum lipids in insulin-dependent diabetics are markedly altered by dietary fish oils. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1988;15(4):333–337. [PubMed: 2856058]
    798. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    799. Mori T A, Vandongen R, Masarei J R, Stanton K G, Dunbar D. Dietary fish oils increase serum lipids in insulin-dependent diabetics compared with healthy controls. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental. 1989;38(5):404–409. [PubMed: 2542722]
    800. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    801. Mori T A, Vandongen R, Masarei J R. Fish oil-induced changes in apolipoproteins in IDDM subjects. Diabetes Care. 1990;13(7):725–732. [PubMed: 2201495]
    802. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    803. Mori T A, Vandongen R, Masarei J R L, Rouse I L, Dunbar D. Comparison of diets supplemented with fish oil or olive oil on plasma lipoproteins in insulin-dependent diabetics. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental. 1991;40(3):241–246. [PubMed: 2000036]
    804. (Sample size too small)
    805. Mori T A, Watts G F, Burke V, Hilme E, Puddey I B, Beilin L J. Differential effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on vascular reactivity of the forearm microcirculation in hyperlipidemic, overweight men. Circulation. 2000;102(11):1264–1269. [PubMed: 10982541]
    806. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    807. Morris M C, Taylor J O, Stampfer M J, Rosner B, Sacks F M. The effect of fish oil on blood pressure in mild hypertensive subjects: a randomized crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;57(1):59–64. [PubMed: 8416666]
    808. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    809. Mortensen J Z, Schmidt E B, Nielsen A H, Dyerberg J. The effect of N-6 and N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on hemostasis, blood lipids and blood pressure. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1983;50(2):543–546. [PubMed: 6636033]
    810. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    811. Mueller B A, Talbert R L, Tegeler C H, Prihoda T J. The bleeding time effects of a single dose of aspirin in subjects receiving omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplementation. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991;31(2):185–190. [PubMed: 2010565]
    812. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    813. Muller H, Jordal O, Seljeflot I, Kierulf P, Kirkhus B, Ledsaak O. et al. Effect on plasma lipids and lipoproteins of replacing partially hydrogenated fish oil with vegetable fat in margarine. Br J Nutr. 1998;80(3):243–251. [PubMed: 9875064]
    814. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    815. Mundal H H, Gjesdal K, Landmark K. The effect of N-3 fatty acids and nifedipine on platelet function in hypertensive males. Thrombosis Research. 1993;72(3):257–262. [PubMed: 8303664]
    816. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    817. Mundal H H, Meltzer H M, Aursnes I. Bleeding times related to serum triglyceride levels in healthy young adults. Thromb Res. 1994;75(3):285–291. [PubMed: 7992239]
    818. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    819. Munehira J, Matsumoto M, Iwai K, Kawanishi K, Yamada K, Hoshino T. et al. Effects of eicosapentanoic acid on the physical properties of the common carotid artery in elderly patients with atherosclerosis. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical & Experimental. 1999;60(2):112–118.
    820. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    821. Mustad V, Derr J, Reddy C C, Pearson T A, Kris-Etherton P M. Seasonal variation in parameters related to coronary heart disease risk in young men. Atherosclerosis. 1996;126(1):117–129. [PubMed: 8879440]
    822. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    823. Mutalib M S A, Wahle K W J, Duthie G G, Whiting P, Peace H, Jenkinson A. The effect of dietary palm oil, hydrogenated rape and soya oil on indices of coronary heart disease risk in healthy Scottish volunteers. Nutrition Research. 1999;19(3):335–348.
    824. (Sample size too small)
    825. Myrup B, Rossing P, Jensen T, Parving H H, Holmer G, Gram J. et al. Lack of effect of fish oil supplementation on coagulation and transcapillary escape rate of albumin in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation. 2001;61(5):349–356. [PubMed: 11569481]
    826. (Inappropriate Human population)
    827. Nagakawa Y, Orimo H, Harasawa M, Morita I, Yashiro K, Murota S. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on the platelet aggregation and composition of fatty acid in man. A double blind study. Atherosclerosis. 1983;47(1):71–75. [PubMed: 6307322]
    828. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    829. Nagata C, Takatsuka N, Shimizu H. Soy and fish oil intake and mortality in a Japanese community. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156(9):824–831. [PubMed: 12397000]
    830. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    831. Nakamura N, Hamazaki T, Kobayashi M, Ohta M, Okuda K. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acids on remnant-like particles, cholesterol concentrations and plasma fatty acid composition in patients with diabetes mellitus. In Vivo. 1998;12(3):311–314. [PubMed: 9706476]
    832. (Sample size too small)
    833. Nakamura N, Hamazaki T, Ohta M, Okuda K, Urakaze M, Sawazaki S. et al. Joint effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and eicosapentaenoic acids on serum lipid profile and plasma fatty acid concentrations in patients with hyperlipidemia. International Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Research. 1999;29(1):22–25. [PubMed: 10356659]
    834. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    835. Nakamura T, Azuma A, Kuribayashi T, Sugihara H, Okuda S, Nakagawa M. Serum fatty acid levels, dietary style and coronary heart disease in three neighbouring areas in Japan: the Kumihama study. Br J Nutr. 2003;89(2):267–272. [PubMed: 12575911]
    836. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    837. Nau K L, Katch V L, Tsai A C. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation alters selective plasma lipid values in adults with heart disease. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 1991;11(6):386–391.
    838. (Sample size too small)
    839. Nelson G J, Schmidt P C, Bartolini G L, Kelley D S, Kyle D. The effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid on plasma lipoproteins and tissue fatty acid composition in humans. Lipids. 1997;32(11):1137–1146. [PubMed: 9397398]
    840. (Sample size too small)
    841. Nelson G J, Schmidt P C, Corash L. The effect of a salmon diet on blood clotting, platelet aggregation and fatty acids in normal adult men. Lipids. 1991;26(2):87–96. [PubMed: 1904973]
    842. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    843. Nelson G J, Schmidt P S, Bartolini G L, Kelley D S, Kyle D. The effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid on platelet function, platelet fatty acid composition, and blood coagulation in humans. Lipids. 1997;32(11):1129–1136. [PubMed: 9397397]
    844. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    845. Nenseter M S, Rustan A C, Lund-Katz S, Soyland E, Maelandsmo G, Phillips M C. et al. Effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on physical properties and metabolism of low density lipoprotein in humans. Arteriosclerosis & Thrombosis. 1992;12(3):369–379. [PubMed: 1532127]
    846. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    847. Ness A R, Whitley E, Burr M L, Elwood P C, Smith G D, Ebrahim S. The long-term effect of advice to eat more fish on blood pressure in men with coronary disease: results from the diet and reinfarction trial. Journal of Human Hypertension. 1999;13(11):729–733. [PubMed: 10578215]
    848. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    849. Nestel P, Shige H, Pomeroy S, Cehun M, Abbey M, Raederstorff D. The n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid increase systemic arterial compliance in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(2):326–330. [PubMed: 12145002]
    850. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    851. Nestel P J, Pomeroy S E, Sasahara T, Yamashita T, Yu L L, Dart A M. et al. Arterial compliance in obese subjects is improved with dietary plant n- 3 fatty acid from flaxseed oil despite increased LDL oxidizability. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 1997;17(6):1163–1170. [PubMed: 9194769]
    852. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    853. Nevala R, Seppo L, Tikkanen M J, Laakso J, Vanhanen H, Vapaatalo H. et al. Dietary fatty acid composition influences the degree of human LDL oxidation, but has only minor effects on vascular tone in a bioassay system. Nutrition Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases. 2000;10(3):126–136. [PubMed: 11006921]
    854. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    855. Newman W P, Middaugh J P, Propst M T, Rogers D R. Atherosclerosis in Alaska Natives and non-natives. Lancet. 1993;341(8852):1056–1057. [PubMed: 8096960]
    856. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    857. Nielsen N S, Pedersen A, Sandstrom B, Marckmann P, Hoy C E. Different effects of diets rich in olive oil, rapeseed oil and sunflower-seed oil on postprandial lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and on lipoprotein oxidation susceptibility. Br J Nutr. 2002;87(5):489–499. [PubMed: 12010587]
    858. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    859. Nilsen D W, Dalaker K, Nordoy A, Osterud B, Ingebretsen O C, Lyngmo V. et al. Influence of a concentrated ethylester compound of n-3 fatty acids on lipids, platelets and coagulation in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1991;66(2):195–201. [PubMed: 1771612]
    860. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    861. Noakes M, Nestel P J, Clifton P M. Modifying the fatty acid profile of dairy products through feedlot technology lowers plasma cholesterol of humans consuming the products. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63(1):42–46. [PubMed: 8604669]
    862. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    863. Nobmann E D, Ebbesson S O, White R G, Schraer C D, Lanier A P, Bulkow L R. Dietary intakes among Siberian Yupiks of Alaska and implications for cardiovascular disease. International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 1998;57(1):4–17. [PubMed: 9567571]
    864. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    865. Nordoy A, Hatcher L, Goodnight S, Fitzgerald G A, Conner W E. Effects of dietary fat content, saturated fatty acids, and fish oil on eicosanoid production and hemostatic parameters in normal men. Journal of Laboratory & Clinical Medicine. 1994;123(6):914–920. [PubMed: 8201271]
    866. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    867. Nordoy A, Hatcher L F, Ullmann D L, Connor W E. Individual effects of dietary saturated fatty acids and fish oil on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in normal men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;57(5):634–639. [PubMed: 8480678]
    868. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    869. Nordoy A, Lagarde M, Renaud S. Platelets during alimentary hyperlipaemia induced by cream and cod liver oil. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1984;14(5):339–345. [PubMed: 6437832]
    870. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    871. Norris P G, Jones C J, Weston M J. Effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil on systolic blood pressure in mild essential hypertension. British Medical Journal Clinical Research Ed. 1986;293(6539):104–105. [PMC free article: PMC1340841] [PubMed: 3089408]
    872. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    873. Nozaki S, Garg A, Vega G L, Grundy S M. Postheparin lipolytic activity and plasma lipoprotein response to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with primary hypertriglyceridemia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991;53(3):638–642. [PubMed: 2000816]
    874. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    875. Nydahl M C, Gustafsson I B, Vessby B. Lipid-lowering diets enriched with monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids but low in saturated fatty acids have similar effects on serum lipid concentrations in hyperlipidemic patients. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994;59(1):115–122. [PubMed: 8279391]
    876. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    877. O'Bryne D J, O'Keefe S F, Shireman R B. Low-fat, monounsaturate-rich diets reduce susceptibility of low density lipoproteins to peroxidation ex vivo. Lipids. 1998;33(2):149–157. [PubMed: 9507236]
    878. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    879. O'Dea K, Sinclair A J. The effects of low-fat diets rich in arachidonic acid on the composition of plasma fatty acids and bleeding time in Australian aborigines. Journal of Nutritional Science & Vitaminology. 1985;31(4):441–453. [PubMed: 3935761]
    880. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    881. Ohrvall M, Gustafsson I B, Vessby B. The alpha and gamma tocopherol levels in serum are influenced by the dietary fat quality. Journal of Human Nutrition & Dietetics. 2001;14(1):63–68. [PubMed: 11301934]
    882. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    883. Okuda Y, Mizutani M, Ogawa M, Sone H, Asano M, Asakura Y. et al. Long-term effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on diabetic peripheral neuropathy and serum lipids in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications. 1996;10(5):280–287. [PubMed: 8887017]
    884. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    885. Okuda Y, Mizutani M, Tanaka K, Isaka M, Yamashita K. Is eicosapentaenoic acid beneficial to diabetic patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans. Diabetologia Croatica. 1992;21(12):13–17. [PubMed: 1478154]
    886. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    887. Okumura T, Fujioka Y, Morimoto S, Tsuboi S, Masai M, Tsujino T. et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid improves endothelial function in hypertriglyceridemic subjects despite increased lipid oxidizability. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2002;324(5):247–253. [PubMed: 12449445]
    888. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    889. Olszewski A J, McCully K S. Fish oil decreases serum homocysteine in hyperlipemic men. Coronary Artery Disease. 1993;4(1):53–60. [PubMed: 8269183]
    890. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    891. Omoto M, Sawamura T, Hara H. Dietary habits and cardiovascular diseases (I). The mortality rate from cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases and the eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid ratio in the blood of the inland- and coast-dwellers in Japan. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi - Japanese Journal of Hygiene. 1984;38(6):887–898. [PubMed: 6086990]
    892. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    893. Oostenbrug G S, Mensink R P, Hardeman M R, De Vries T, Brouns F, Hornstra G. Exercise performance, red blood cell deformability, and lipid peroxidation: effects of fish oil and vitamin E. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1997;83(3):746–752. [PubMed: 9292459]
    894. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    895. Oosthuizen W, Vorster H H, Jerling J C, Barnard H C, Smuts C M, Silvis N. et al. Both fish oil and olive oil lowered plasma fibrinogen in women with high baseline fibrinogen levels. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1994;72(4):557–562. [PubMed: 7878632]
    896. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    897. Otto C, Ritter M M, Soennichsen A C, Schwandt P, Richter W O. Effects of n-3 fatty acids and fenofibrate on lipid and hemorheological parameters in familial dysbetalipoproteinemia and familial hypertriglyceridemia. Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental. 1996;45(10):1305–1311. [PubMed: 8843189]
    898. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    899. Owens M R, Cave W T Jr. Dietary fish lipids do not diminish platelet adhesion to subendothelium. British Journal of Haematology. 1990;75(1):82–85. [PubMed: 2375927]
    900. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    901. Paganelli F, Maixent J M, Duran M J, Parhizgar R, Pieroni G, Sennoune S. Altered erythrocyte n-3 fatty acids in Mediterranean patients with coronary artery disease. International Journal of Cardiology. 2001;78(1):27–32. [PubMed: 11259810]
    902. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    903. Pang D, Allman-Farinelli M A, Wong T, Barnes R, Kingham K M. Replacement of linoleic acid with alpha-linolenic acid does not alter blood lipids in normolipidaemic men. Br J Nutr. 1998;80(2):163–167. [PubMed: 9828757]
    904. (Sample size too small)
    905. Park Y, Harris W S. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation accelerates chylomicron triglyceride clearance. Journal of Lipid Research. 2003;44(3):455–463. [PubMed: 12562865]
    906. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    907. Passfall J, Philipp T, Woermann F, Quass P, Thiede M, Haller H. Different effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and olive oil on blood pressure, intracellular free platelet calcium, and plasma lipids in patients with essential hypertension. Clinical Investigator. 1993;71(8):628–633. [PubMed: 8219660]
    908. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    909. Patti L, Maffettone A, Iovine C, Marino L D, Annuzzi G, Riccardi G. et al. Long-term effects of fish oil on lipoprotein subfractions and low density lipoprotein size in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Atherosclerosis. 1999;146(2):361–367. [PubMed: 10532692]
    910. (Duplicate publication)
    911. Pauletto P, Puato M, Angeli MT, Pessina AC, Munhambo A, Bittolo-Bon G et al. Blood pressure, serum lipids, and fatty acids in populations on a lake-fish diet or on a vegetarian diet in Tanzania. Lipids 1996; 31:Suppl-12. [PubMed: 8729141]
    912. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    913. Pauletto P, Puato M, Caroli M G, Casiglia E, Munhambo A E, Cazzolato G. et al. Blood pressure and atherogenic lipoprotein profiles of fish-diet and vegetarian villagers in Tanzania: The Lugalawa study. Lancet. 1996;348(9030):784–788. [PubMed: 8813985]
    914. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    915. Pedersen A, Marckmann P, Sandstrom B. Postprandial lipoprotein, glucose and insulin responses after two consecutive meals containing rapeseed oil, sunflower oil or palm oil with or without glucose at the first meal. Br J Nutr. 1999;82(2):97–104. [PubMed: 10743481]
    916. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    917. Pedersen H S, Mulvad G, Seidelin K N, Malcom G T, Boudreau D A. N-3 fatty acids as a risk factor for haemorrhagic stroke. Lancet. 1999;353(9155):812–813. [PubMed: 10459970]
    918. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    919. Pedersen J I, Ringstad J, Almendingen K, Haugen T S, Stensvold I, Thelle D S. Adipose tissue fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction--a case-control study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000;54(8):618–625. [PubMed: 10951510]
    920. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    921. Pelikanova T, Kohout M, Valek J, Kazdova L, Base J. Metabolic effects of omega-3 fatty acids in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993;683:272–278. [PubMed: 8251021]
    922. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    923. Persichetti S, Maggi S, Ponzio R, Punzo G, Clemenzia G, Cottone G. Effects of omega 3-PUFA on plasma fibrinogen levels in hypertriglyceridemic hemodialysis patients. Minerva Urologica e Nefrologica. 1996;48(3):137–138. [PubMed: 8913077]
    924. (Inappropriate Human population)
    925. Petersen M, Pedersen H, Major-Pedersen A, Jensen T, Marckmann P. Effect of fish oil versus corn oil supplementation on LDL and HDL subclasses in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(10):1704–1708. [PubMed: 12351465]
    926. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    927. Pey R C, Tsai C E. Various high monounsaturated edible oils might affect plasma lipids differently in man. Nutrition Research. 1995;15(5):615–621.
    928. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    929. Pieke B, von Eckardstein A, Gulbahce E, Chirazi A, Schulte H, Assmann G. et al. Treatment of hypertriglyceridemia by two diets rich either in unsaturated fatty acids or in carbohydrates: effects on lipoprotein subclasses, lipolytic enzymes, lipid transfer proteins, insulin and leptin. International Journal of Obesity. 2000;24(10):1286–1296. [PubMed: 11093290]
    930. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    931. Piolot A, Blache D, Boulet L, Fortin L J, Dubreuil D, Marcoux C. et al. Effect of fish oil on LDL oxidation and plasma homocysteine concentrations in health. J Lab Clin Med. 2003;141(1):41–49. [PubMed: 12518167]
    932. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    933. Pirich C, Gaszo A, Granegger S, Sinzinger H. Effects of fish oil supplementation on platelet survival and ex vivo platelet function in hypercholesterolemic patients. Thrombosis Research. 1999;96(3):219–227. [PubMed: 10588465]
    934. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    935. Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos D B, Chrysohoou C, Skoumas J, Papaioannou I, Stefanadis C. et al. The effect of Mediterranean diet on the risk of the development of acute coronary syndromes in hypercholesterolemic people: a case-control study (CARDIO2000). Coronary Artery Disease. 2002;13(5):295–300. [PubMed: 12394655]
    936. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    937. Plat J, Mensink R P. Vegetable oil based versus wood based stanol ester mixtures: Effects on serum lipids and hemostatic factors in non-hypercholesterolemic subjects. Atherosclerosis. 2000;148(1):101–112. [PubMed: 10580176]
    938. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    939. Popeski D, Ebbeling L R, Brown P B, Hornstra G, Gerrard J M. Blood pressure during pregnancy in Canadian Inuit: community differences related to diet. CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal). 1991;145(5):445–454. [PMC free article: PMC1335827] [PubMed: 1878826]
    940. (Inappropriate Human population)
    941. Popp-Snijders C, Schouten J A, Heine R J, van der M J, van der Veen E A. Dietary supplementation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improves insulin sensitivity in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. DIABETES RES. 1987;4(3):141–147. [PubMed: 3038454]
    942. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    943. Prisco D, Filippini M, Francalanci I, Paniccia R, Gensini G F, Serneri G G. Effect of n-3 fatty acid ethyl ester supplementation on fatty acid composition of the single platelet phospholipids and on platelet functions. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental. 1995;44(5):562–569. [PubMed: 7752902]
    944. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    945. Prisco D, Paniccia R, Bandinelli B, Filippini M, Francalanci I, Giusti B. et al. Effect of medium-term supplementation with a moderate dose of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood pressure in mild hypertensive patients. Thrombosis Research. 1998;91(3):105–112. [PubMed: 9733153]
    946. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    947. Puhakainen I, Ahola I, Yki-Jarvinen H. Dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids increases gluconeogenesis from glycerol but not hepatic glucose production in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;61(1):121–126. [PubMed: 7825523]
    948. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    949. Puiggros C, Chacon P, Armadans L I, Clapes J, Planas M. Effects of oleic-rich and omega-3-rich diets on serum lipid pattern and lipid oxidation in mildly hypercholesterolemic patients. Clinical Nutrition. 2002;21(1):79–87. [PubMed: 11884017]
    950. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    951. Radack K, Deck C, Huster G. The comparative effects of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma fibrinogen levels: a controlled clinical trial in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1990;9(4):352–357. [PubMed: 2212394]
    952. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    953. Rambjor GS, Walen AI, Windsor SL, Harris WS. Eicosapentaenoic acid is primarily responsible for hypotriglyceridemic effect of fish oil in humans. Lipids 1996; 31:Suppl-9. [PubMed: 8729093]
    954. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    955. Ramirez-Tortosa C, Lopez-Pedrosa J M, Suarez A, Ros E, Mataix J, Gil A. Olive oil- and fish oil-enriched diets modify plasma lipids and susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in free-living male patients with peripheral vascular disease: the Spanish nutrition study. Br J Nutr. 1999;82(1):31–39. [PubMed: 10655954]
    956. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    957. Rao S, Erasmus R T. Pilot study on plasma fatty acids in poorly controlled non insulin dependent diabetic melanesians. East African Medical Journal. 1996;73(12):816–818. [PubMed: 9103692]
    958. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    959. Reaven P, Parthasarathy S, Grasse B J, Miller E, Almazan F, Mattson F H. et al. Feasibility of using an oleate-rich diet to reduce the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidative modification in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54(4):701–706. [PubMed: 1897476]
    960. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    961. Reavis S C, Chetty N. The fatty acids of platelets and red blood cells in urban black South Africans with myocardial infarction. Artery. 1990;17(6):325–343. [PubMed: 2248559]
    962. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    963. Reis G J, Kuntz R E, Silverman D I, Pasternak R C. Effects of serum lipid levels on restenosis after coronary angioplasty. American Journal of Cardiology. 1991;68(15):1431–1435. [PubMed: 1746423]
    964. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    965. Reis G J, Silverman D I, Boucher T M, Sipperly M E, Horowitz G L, Sacks F M. et al. Effects of two types of fish oil supplements on serum lipids and plasma phospholipid fatty acids in coronary artery disease. American Journal of Cardiology. 1990;66(17):1171–1175. [PubMed: 2239719]
    966. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    967. Renaud S, de Lorgeril M, Delaye J, Guidollet J, Jacquard F, Mamelle N et al. Cretan Mediterranean diet for prevention of coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995; 61(6:Suppl):Suppl-1367S. [PubMed: 7754988]
    968. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    969. Renaud S C. Dietary management of cardiovascular diseases. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids. 1997;57(45):423–427. [PubMed: 9430390]
    970. (Not primary study)
    971. Rhodes L E, O'Farrell S, Jackson M J, Friedmann P S. Dietary fish-oil supplementation in humans reduces UVB-erythemal sensitivity but increases epidermal lipid peroxidation. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1994;103(2):151–154. [PubMed: 8040603]
    972. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    973. Ricci S, Celani M G, Righetti E, Caruso A, De Medio G, Trovarelli G. et al. Fatty acid dietary intake and the risk of ischaemic stroke: a multicentre case-control study. UFA Study Group. Journal of Neurology. 1997;244(6):360–364. [PubMed: 9249620]
    974. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    975. Richter W O, Jacob B G, Ritter M M, Schwandt P. Treatment of primary chylomicronemia due to familial hypertriglyceridemia by omega-3 fatty acids. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental. 1992;41(10):1100–1105. [PubMed: 1406295]
    976. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    977. Ridges L, Sunderland R, Moerman K, Meyer B, Astheimer L, Howe P. Cholesterol lowering benefits of soy and linseed enriched foods. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001;10(3):204–211. [PubMed: 11708310]
    978. (Sample size too small)
    979. Rillaerts E G, Engelmann G J, Van Camp K M, De L I. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids in diet of type I diabetic subjects on lipid values and hemorheological parameters. Diabetes. 1989;38(11):1412–1416. [PubMed: 2620780]
    980. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    981. Rissanen T, Voutilainen S, Nyyssonen K, Lakka T A, Salonen J T. Fish oil-derived fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid, and the risk of acute coronary events: the Kuopio ischaemic heart disease risk factor study. Circulation. 2000;102(22):2677–2679. [PubMed: 11094031]
    982. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    983. Roche H M, Gibney M J. Postprandial triacylglycerolaemia: The effect of low-fat dietary treatment with and without fish oil supplementation. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996;50(9):617–624. [PubMed: 8880041]
    984. (Sample size too small)
    985. Rodriguez B L, Sharp D S, Abbott R D, Burchfiel C M, Masaki K, Chyou P H. et al. Fish intake may limit the increase in risk of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality among heavy smokers. The Honolulu Heart Program. Circulation. 1996;94(5):952–956. [PubMed: 8790031]
    986. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    987. Rogers S, James K S, Butland B K, Etherington M D, O'Brien J R, Jones J G. Effects of a fish oil supplement on serum lipids, blood pressure, bleeding time, haemostatic and rheological variables. A double blind randomised controlled trial in healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis. 1987;63(23):137–143. [PubMed: 3548735]
    988. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    989. Ruiz De Gordoa J C, De Renobales M, Del Cerro A, De Labastida E F, Amiano P, Dorronsorob M. et al. Habitual fish intake is associated with decreased LDL susceptibility to ex vivo oxidation. Lipids. 2002;37(4):333–341. [PubMed: 12030313]
    990. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    991. Russo C, Olivieri O, Girelli D, Azzini M, Stanzial A M, Guarini P. et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring parameters in patients with mild essential hypertension. Journal of Hypertension. 1995;13(12:Pt 2):t-6. [PubMed: 8903660]
    992. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    993. Ryan M, McInerney D, Owens D, Collins P, Johnson A, Tomkin G H. Diabetes and the Mediterranean diet: A beneficial effect of oleic acid on insulin sensitivity, adipocyte glucose transport and endothelium-dependent vasoreactivity. QJM - Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 2000;93(2):85–91. [PubMed: 10700478]
    994. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    995. Sabate J, Fraser G E, Burke K, Knutsen S F, Bennett H, Lindsted K D. Effects of walnuts on serum lipid levels and blood pressure in normal men. New England Journal of Medicine. 1993;328(9):603–607. [PubMed: 8357360]
    996. (Sample size too small)
    997. Sacks F M, Stone P H, Gibson C M, Silverman D I, Rosner B, Pasternak R C. Controlled trial of fish oil for regression of human coronary atherosclerosis. HARP Research Group. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1995;25(7):1492–1498. [PubMed: 7759696]
    998. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    999. Sakamoto N, Wakabayashi I, Yoshimoto S. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid intake on the relationship between interleukin-6 and acute phase proteins in serum in youths. Environmental Health & Preventive Medicine. 1997;2(2):70–73. [PMC free article: PMC2723436] [PubMed: 21432455]
    1000. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1001. Salachas A, Papadopoulos C, Sakadamis G, Styliades J, Saynor R, Oakley D. et al. Changes of lipid profile with the use of omega-3 fatty acids. Review of Clinical Pharmacology & Pharmacokinetics, International Edition. 1993;7(3):127–130.
    1002. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1003. Saldeen T, Wallin R, Marklinder I. Effects of a small dose of stable fish oil substituted for margarine in bread on plasma phospholipid fatty acids and serum triglycerides. Nutrition Research. 1998;18(9):1483–1492.
    1004. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1005. Salvig J D, Olsen S F, Secher N J. Effects of fish oil supplementation in late pregnancy on blood pressure: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1996;103(6):529–533. [PubMed: 8645644]
    1006. (Inappropriate Human population)
    1007. Sampson M J, Davies I R, Brown J C, Morgan V, Richardson T, James A J. et al. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation, monocyte adhesion molecule expression and pro-inflammatory mediators in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine. 2001;18(1):51–58. [PubMed: 11168342]
    1008. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1009. Samuelson G, Bratteby L-E, Mohsen R, Vessby B. Dietary fat intake in healthy adolescents: Inverse relationships between the estimated intake of saturated fatty acids and serum cholesterol. Br J Nutr. 2001;85(3):333–341. [PubMed: 11299079]
    1010. (Pediatric population)
    1011. Sanchez-Muniz F J, Bastida S, Viejo J M, Terpstra A H. Small supplements of N-3 fatty acids change serum low density lipoprotein composition by decreasing phospholid and apolipoprotein B concentrations in young adult women. European Journal of Nutrition. 1999;38(1):20–27. [PubMed: 10338684]
    1012. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1013. Sanders T A, Hinds A. The influence of a fish oil high in docosahexaenoic acid on plasma lipoprotein and vitamin E concentrations and haemostatic function in healthy male volunteers. British Journal of Nutrition. 1992;68(1):163–173. [PubMed: 1390601]
    1014. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1015. Sanders T A, Hochland M C. A comparison of the influence on plasma lipids and platelet function of supplements of omega 3 and omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Br J Nutr. 1983;50(3):521–529. [PubMed: 6639916]
    1016. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1017. Sanders T A, Oakley F R, Miller G J, Mitropoulos K A, Crook D, Oliver M F. Influence of n-6 versus n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in diets low in saturated fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins and hemostatic factors. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 1997;17(12):3449–3460. [PubMed: 9437192]
    1018. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1019. Sanders T A, Roshanai F. The influence of different types of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood lipids and platelet function in healthy volunteers. Clinical Science. 1983;64(1):91–99. [PubMed: 6295686]
    1020. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1021. Sanders T A, Vickers M, Haines A P. Effect on blood lipids and haemostasis of a supplement of cod-liver oil, rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, in healthy young men. Clinical Science. 1981;61(3):317–324. [PubMed: 6266735]
    1022. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1023. Sandset P M, Lund H, Norseth J, Abildgaard U, Ose L. Treatment with hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in hypercholesterolemia induces changes in the components of the extrinsic coagulation system. Arteriosclerosis & Thrombosis. 1991;11(1):138–145. [PubMed: 1987991]
    1024. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1025. Santos M J, Llopis J, Mataix F J, Urbano G, Lopez J M. Influence of dietary fish on fatty acid composition of the erythrocyte membrane in coronary heart disease patients. International Journal for Vitamin & Nutrition Research. 1996;66(4):378–385. [PubMed: 8979167]
    1026. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1027. Satterfield S, Cutler J A, Langford H G, Applegate W B, Borhani N O, Brittain E. et al. Trials of hypertension prevention. Phase I design. Annals of Epidemiology. 1991;1(5):455–471. [PubMed: 1669525]
    1028. (Not primary study)
    1029. Saynor R, Gillott T. Changes in blood lipids and fibrinogen with a note on safety in a long term study on the effects of n-3 fatty acids in subjects receiving fish oil supplements and followed for seven years. Lipids. 1992;27(7):533–538. [PubMed: 1453884]
    1030. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1031. Saynor R, Verel D, Gillott T. The effect of MaxEPA on the serum lipids, platelets, bleeding time and GTN consumption. British Journal of Clinical Practice Supplement. 1984;31:70–74. [PubMed: 6091723]
    1032. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1033. Saynor R, Verel D, Gillott T. The long-term effect of dietary supplementation with fish lipid concentrate on serum lipids, bleeding time, platelets and angina. Atherosclerosis. 1984;50(1):3–10. [PubMed: 6320840]
    1034. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1035. Scarabin P Y, Aillaud M F, Luc G, Lacroix B, Mennen L, Amouyel P. et al. Haemostasis in relation to dietary fat as estimated by erythrocyte fatty acid composition: the prime study. Thrombosis Research. 2001;102(4):285–293. [PubMed: 11369422]
    1036. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    1037. Schectman G, Kaul S, Cherayil G D, Lee M, Kissebah A. Can the hypotriglyceridemic effect of fish oil concentrate be sustained? Annals of Internal Medicine. 1989;110(5):346–352. [PubMed: 2492785]
    1038. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1039. Schimke E, Hildebrandt R, Beitz J, Schimke I, Semmler S, Honigmann G. et al. Influence of a cod liver oil diet in diabetics type I on fatty acid patterns and platelet aggregation. Biomedica Biochimica Acta. 1984;43(89):S351–S353. [PubMed: 6517903]
    1040. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1041. Schmidt E B, Ernst E, Varming K, Pedersen J O, Dyerberg J. The effect of n-3 fatty acids on lipids and haemostasis in patients with type IIa and type IV hyperlipidaemia. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1989;62(2):797–801. [PubMed: 2814927]
    1042. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1043. Schmidt E B, Kristensen S D, Dyerberg J. The effect of fish oil on lipids, coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with angina pectoris. Artery. 1988;15(6):316–329. [PubMed: 3178506]
    1044. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1045. Schmidt E B, Kristensen S D, Sorensen P J, Dyerberg J. Antithrombin III and protein C in stable angina pectoris--influence of dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation. 1988;48(5):469–473. [PubMed: 3060987]
    1046. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1047. Schmidt E B, Lervang H-H, Varming K, Madsen P, Dyerberg J. Long-term supplementation with n-3 fatty acids, I: Effect on blood lipids, haemostasis and blood pressure. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation. 1992;52(3):221–228. [PubMed: 1411254]
    1048. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1049. Schmidt E B, Nielsen L K, Pedersen J O, Kornerup H J, Dyerberg J. The effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on lipids, platelet function, coagulation, fibrinolysis and monocyte chemotaxis in patients with hypertension. Clinica Chimica Acta. 1990;189(1):25–32. [PubMed: 2383918]
    1050. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1051. Schmidt E B, Pedersen J O, Ekelund S, Grunnet N, Jersild C, Dyerberg J. Cod liver oil inhibits neutrophil and monocyte chemotaxis in healthy males. Atherosclerosis. 1989;77(1):53–57. [PubMed: 2719762]
    1052. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1053. Schmidt E B, Pedersen J O, Varming K, Ernst E, Jersild C, Grunnet N. et al. n-3 fatty acids and leukocyte chemotaxis. Effects in hyperlipidemia and dose-response studies in healthy men. Arteriosclerosis & Thrombosis. 1991;11(2):429–435. [PubMed: 1998659]
    1054. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1055. Schmidt E B, Sorensen P J, Pedersen J O, Jersild C, Ditzel J, Grunnet N. et al. The effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on lipids, haemostasis, neutrophil and monocyte chemotaxis in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of Internal Medicine Supplement. 1989;225(731):201–206. [PubMed: 2706043]
    1056. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1057. Schmidt E B, Varming K, Ernst E, Madsen P, Dyerberg J. Dose-response studies on the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on lipids and haemostasis. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1990;63(1):1–5. [PubMed: 2339345]
    1058. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1059. Schmidt E B, Varming K, Moller J M, Bulow P I, Madsen P, Dyerberg J. No effect of a very low dose of n-3 fatty acids on monocyte function in healthy humans. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation. 1996;56(1):87–92. [PubMed: 8850177]
    1060. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1061. Schmidt E B, Varming K, Pedersen J O, Lervang H-H, Grunnet N, Jersild C. et al. Long-term supplementation with n-3 fatty acids, II: Effect on neutrophil and monocyte chemotaxis. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation. 1992;52(3):229–236. [PubMed: 1411255]
    1062. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1063. Schmidt E B, Varming K, Svaneborg N, Dyerberg J. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation (Pikasol) in men with moderate and severe hypertriglyceridaemia: a dose-response study. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 1992;36(56):283–287. [PubMed: 1492755]
    1064. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    1065. Schut N H, Bilo H J, Popp-Snijders C, Goedhart P T, Wilmink J M. Erythrocyte deformability, endothelin levels, and renal function in cyclosporin-treated renal transplant recipients: effects of intervention with fish oil and corn oil. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation. 1993;53(5):499–506. [PubMed: 8210973]
    1066. (Inappropriate Human population)
    1067. Seino F, Date C, Nakayama T, Yoshiike N, Yokoyama T, Yamaguchi M. et al. Dietary lipids and incidence of cerebral infarction in a Japanese rural community. Journal of Nutritional Science & Vitaminology. 1997;43(1):83–99. [PubMed: 9151243]
    1068. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1069. Seljeflot I, Johansen O, Arnesen H, Eggesbo J B, Westvik A B, Kierulf P. Procoagulant activity and cytokine expression in whole blood cultures from patients with atherosclerosis supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1999;81(4):566–570. [PubMed: 10235440]
    1070. (Sample size too small)
    1071. Sellmayer A, Witzgall H, Lorenz R L, Weber P C. Effects of dietary fish oil on ventricular premature complexes. American Journal of Cardiology. 1995;76(12):974–977. [PubMed: 7484845]
    1072. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1073. Shahar E, Folsom A R, Wu K K, Dennis B H, Shimakawa T, Conlan M G. et al. Associations of fish intake and dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with a hypocoagulable profile. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Arteriosclerosis & Thrombosis. 1993;13(8):1205–1212. [PubMed: 8343495]
    1074. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1075. Shapiro A C, Meydani S N, Meydani M, Morrow F, McNamara J R, Schaefer E J. et al. The effect of fish oil supplementation on plasma alpha-tocopherol, retinol, lipid and lipoprotein levels in normolipidemic subjects. Nutrition Research. 1991;11(6):539–548.
    1076. (Sample size too small)
    1077. Sheehan J P, Wei I W, Ulchaker M, Tserng K Y. Effect of high fiber intake in fish oil-treated patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66(5):1183–1187. [PubMed: 9356537]
    1078. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1079. Shinozaki K, Kambayashi J, Kawasaki T, Uemura Y, Sakon M, Shiba E. et al. The long-term effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on serum levels of lipoprotein (a) and lipids in patients with vascular disease. Journal of Atherosclerosis & Thrombosis. 1996;2(2):107–109. [PubMed: 9225217]
    1080. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1081. Silverman D I, Ware J A, Sacks F M, Pasternak R C. Comparison of the absorption and effect on platelet function of a single dose of n-3 fatty acids given as fish or fish oil. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53(5):1165–1170. [PubMed: 1826984]
    1082. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1083. Simon J A, Hodgkins M L, Browner W S, Neuhaus J M, Bernert J T jr, Hulley S B. Serum fatty acids and the risk of coronary heart disease. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1995;142(5):469–476. [PubMed: 7677125]
    1084. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1085. Simons L A, Hickie J B, Balasubramaniam S. On the effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids (Maxepa) on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with hyperlipidaemia. Atherosclerosis. 1985;54(1):75–88. [PubMed: 3888229]
    1086. (Sample size too small)
    1087. Simonsen T, Nordoy A, Sjunneskog C, Lyngmo V. The effect of cod liver oil in two populations with low and high intake of dietary fish. Acta Medica Scandinavica. 1988;223(6):491–498. [PubMed: 3389204]
    1088. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1089. Simonsen T, Nordoy A. Ischaemic heart disease, serum lipids and platelets in Norwegian populations with traditionally low or high fish consumption. Journal of Internal Medicine Supplement. 1989;225(731):83–89. [PubMed: 2539837]
    1090. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1091. Simonsen T, Vartun A, Lyngmo V, Nordoy A. Coronary heart disease, serum lipids, platelets and dietary fish in two communities in northern Norway. Acta Medica Scandinavica. 1987;222(3):237–245. [PubMed: 3425379]
    1092. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1093. Sinclair A J, Mann N J. Short-term diets rich in arachidonic acid influence plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and prostacyclin and thromboxane production in humans. Journal of Nutrition. 1996;126(4 Suppl.):1110S–1114S. [PubMed: 8642442]
    1094. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1095. Singer P, Berger I, Luck K, Taube C, Naumann E, Godicke W. Long-term effect of mackerel diet on blood pressure, serum lipids and thromboxane formation in patients with mild essential hypertension. Atherosclerosis. 1986;62(3):259–265. [PubMed: 3026412]
    1096. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1097. Singer P, Berger I, Wirth M, Godicke W, Jaeger W, Voigt S. Slow desaturation and elongation of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids as a rationale of eicosapentaenoic acid-rich diet to lower blood pressure and serum lipids in normal, hypertensive and hyperlipemic subjects. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Medicine. 1986;24(23):173–193. [PubMed: 2879292]
    1098. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1099. Singer P, Hueve J. Blood pressure-lowering effect of fish oil, propranolol and the combination of both in mildly hypertensive patients. World Rev Diet. 1991;66:522–523.
    1100. (Unable to retrieve)
    1101. Singer P, Jaeger W, Berger I, Barleben H, Wirth M, Richter-Heinrich E. et al. Effects of dietary oleic, linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids on blood pressure, serum lipids, lipoproteins and the formation of eicosanoid precursors in patients with mild essential hypertension. Journal of Human Hypertension. 1990;4(3):227–233. [PubMed: 1972963]
    1102. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    1103. Singer P, Jaeger W, Voigt S, Thiel H. Defective desaturation and elongation of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in hypertensive patients. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Medicine. 1984;15(2):159–165. [PubMed: 6387718]
    1104. (Pediatric population)
    1105. Singer P, Jaeger W, Wirth M, Voigt S, Naumann E, Zimontkowski S. et al. Lipid and blood pressure-lowering effect of mackerel diet in man. Atherosclerosis. 1983;49(1):99–108. [PubMed: 6316995]
    1106. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1107. Singer P, Melzer S, Goschel M, Augustin S. Fish oil amplifies the effect of propranolol in mild essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1990;16(6):682–691. [PubMed: 2147175]
    1108. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1109. Singer P, Wirth M, Berger I. Influence on serum lipids, lipoproteins and blood pressure of mackerel and herring diet in patients with type IV and V hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis. 1985;56(1):111–118. [PubMed: 2992534]
    1110. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1111. Singer P, Wirth M, Godicke W, Heine H. Blood pressure lowering effect of eicosapentaenoic acid-rich diet in normotensive, hypertensive and hyperlipemic subjects. Experientia. 1985;41(4):462–464. [PubMed: 2985425]
    1112. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1113. Singer P, Wirth M, Kretschmer H. Different changes of n-6 fatty acids in lipoproteins from hyperlipemic subjects after diets supplemented with n-3 fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids. 1991;42(2):107–111. [PubMed: 1902298]
    1114. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1115. Singer P, Wirth M, Voigt S, Richter-Heinrich E, Godicke W, Berger I. et al. Blood pressure- and lipid-lowering effect of mackerel and herring diet in patients with mild essential hypertension. Atherosclerosis. 1985;56(2):223–235. [PubMed: 3000395]
    1116. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1117. Singer P, Wirth M, Voigt S, Zimontkowski S, Godicke W, Heine H. Clinical studies on lipid and blood pressure lowering effect of eicosa-pentaenoic acid-rich diet. Biomedica Biochimica Acta. 1984;43(89):S421–S425. [PubMed: 6097237]
    1118. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1119. Singer P. Blood pressure-lowering effect of mackerel diet. Klinische Wochenschrift. 1990;68(Suppl. 20):40–48. [PubMed: 2189040]
    1120. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1121. Singer P. Low-sodium/high-potassium preparation of canned mackerel lowers blood pressure more effectively than conventional canned mackerel. Nutrition Research. 1990;10(9):949–964.
    1122. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1123. Sirtori C R, Paoletti R, Mancini M, Crepaldi G, Manzato E, Rivellese A. et al. N-3 fatty acids do not lead to an increased diabetic risk in patients with hyperlipidemia and abnormal glucose tolerance. Italian Fish Oil Multicenter Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997;65(6):1874–1881. [PubMed: 9174486]
    1124. (Duplicate publication)
    1125. Siscovick D S, Raghunathan T E, King I, Weinmann S, Wicklund K G, Albright J. et al. Dietary intake and cell membrane levels of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. JAMA. 1995;274(17):1363–1367. [PubMed: 7563561]
    1126. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1127. Skeaff C M, Holub B J. The effect of fish oil consumption on platelet aggregation responses in washed human platelet suspensions. Thrombosis Research. 1988;51(2):105–115. [PubMed: 3187952]
    1128. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    1129. Skou H A, Toft E, Christensen J H, Hansen J B, Dyerberg J, Schmidt E B. N-3 fatty acids and cardiac function after myocardial infarction in Denmark. International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 2001;60(3):360–365. [PubMed: 11590875]
    1130. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1131. Skuladottir G, Hardarson T, Sigfusson N, Oddsson G, Gudbjarnason S. Arachidonic acid levels in serum phospholipids of patients with angina pectoris or fatal myocardial infarction. Acta Medica Scandinavica. 1985;218(1):55–58. [PubMed: 4050552]
    1132. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    1133. Skuladottir G V, Gudmundsdottir E, Olafsdottir E, Gudmundsson T V, Hardarson T, Kristinsson A. et al. Influence of dietary cod liver oil on fatty acid composition of plasma lipids in human male subjects after myocardial infarction. Journal of Internal Medicine. 1990;228(6):563–568. [PubMed: 2280233]
    1134. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    1135. Skuladottir G V, Gudmundsdottir S, Olafsson G B, Sigurdsson S B, Sigfusson N, Axelsson J. Plasma fatty acids and lipids in two separate, but genetically comparable, Icelandic populations. Lipids. 1995;30(7):649–655. [PubMed: 7564920]
    1136. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    1137. Smith P, Arnesen H, Opstad T, Dahl K H, Eritsland J. Influence of highly concentrated n-3 fatty acids on serum lipids and hemostatic variables in survivors of myocardial infarction receiving either oral anticoagulants or matching placebo. Thrombosis Research. 1989;53(5):467–474. [PubMed: 2660319]
    1138. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1139. Sodergren E, Gustafsson I B, Basu S, Nourooz-Zadeh J, Nalsen C, Turpeinen A. et al. A diet containing rapeseed oil-based fats does not increase lipid peroxidation in humans when compared to a diet rich in saturated fatty acids. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001;55(11):922–931. [PubMed: 11641740]
    1140. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    1141. Sorensen J D, Olsen S F, Secher N J, Jespersen J. Effects of fish oil supplementation in late pregnancy on blood lipids, serum urate, coagulation and fibrinolysis. A randomised controlled study. Fibrinolysis. 1994;8(1):54–60.
    1142. (Inappropriate Human population)
    1143. Sorensen N S, Marckmann P, Hoy C E, van Duyvenvoorde W, Princen H M. Effect of fish-oil-enriched margarine on plasma lipids, low-density-lipoprotein particle composition, size, and susceptibility to oxidation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998;68(2):235–241. [PubMed: 9701178]
    1144. (Duplicate publication)
    1145. Spannagl M, Drummer C, Froschl H, von Schacky C, Landgraf-Leurs M M, Landgraf R. et al. Plasmatic factors of haemostasis remain essentially unchanged except for PAI activity during n-3 fatty acid intake in type I diabetes mellitus. Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis. 1991;2(2):259–265. [PubMed: 1832569]
    1146. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    1147. Sperling R I, Benincaso A I, Knoell C T, Larkin J K, Austen K F, Robinson D R. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit phosphoinositide formation and chemotaxis in neutrophils. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1993;91(2):651–660. [PMC free article: PMC288002] [PubMed: 8381824]
    1148. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    1149. Srivastava K C. Transformations of exogenous arachidonic acid in human platelets in the presence of oleic- and eicosapentaenoic acids. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Medicine. 1985;18(1):31–37. [PubMed: 2987977]
    1150. (Not Human study)
    1151. Stacpoole P W, Alig J, Ammon L, Crockett S E. Dose-response effects of dietary marine oil on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in normal subjects and patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental. 1989;38(10):946–956. [PubMed: 2677610]
    1152. (Sample size too small)
    1153. Stalenhoef A F, De Graaf J, Wittekoek M E, Bredie S J, Demacker P N, Kastelein J J. The effect of concentrated n-3 fatty acids versus gemfibrozil on plasma lipoproteins, low density lipoprotein heterogeneity and oxidizability in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Atherosclerosis. 2000;153(1):129–138. [PubMed: 11058707]
    1154. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1155. Stampfer M J, Hu F B, Manson J E, Rimm E B, Willett W C. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000;343(1):16–22. [PubMed: 10882764]
    1156. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1157. Stark K D, Park E J, Maines V A, Holub B J. Effect of a fish-oil concentrate on serum lipids in postmenopausal women receiving and not receiving hormone replacement therapy in a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(2):389–394. [PubMed: 10919932]
    1158. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1159. Steiner A, Oertel R, Battig B, Pletscher W, Weiss B, Germinger P. et al. Effect of fish oil on blood pressure and serum lipids in hypertension and hyperlipidaemia. J Hypertens. 1989;7(Suppl. 3):S73–S76. [PubMed: 2547916]
    1160. (Sample size too small)
    1161. Stiefel P, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Gajon E, Acosta D, Garcia-Donas M A, Madrazo J. et al. Sodium transport kinetics, cell membrane lipid composition, neural conduction and metabolic control in type 1 diabetic patients. Changes after a low-dose n-3 fatty acid dietary intervention. Ann Nutr Metab. 1999;43(2):113–120. [PubMed: 10436310]
    1162. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1163. Stoffersen E, Jorgensen K A, Dyerberg J. Antithrombin III and dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation. 1982;42(1):83–86. [PubMed: 7134791]
    1164. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1165. Subbaiah P V, Davidson M H, Ritter M C, Buchanan W, Bagdade J D. Effects of dietary supplementation with marine lipid concentrate on the plasma lipoprotein composition of hypercholesterolemic patients. Atherosclerosis. 1989;79(23):157–166. [PubMed: 2597225]
    1166. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    1167. Sucic M, Katica D, Kovacevic V. Effect of dietary fish supplementation on lipoprotein levels in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Collegium Antropologicum. 1998;22(1):77–83. [PubMed: 10097422]
    1168. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    1169. Suehiro A, Higasa S, Ueda M, Oura Y, Kakishita E. Combination effect of eicosapentaenoic acid and platelet suppressive agents on platelets. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical & Experimental. 1994;55(6):653–659.
    1170. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1171. Sullivan D R, Sanders T A, Trayner I M, Thompson G R. Paradoxical elevation of LDL apoprotein B levels in hypertriglyceridaemic patients and normal subjects ingesting fish oil. Atherosclerosis. 1986;61(2):129–134. [PubMed: 3753548]
    1172. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1173. Suzukawa M, Abbey M, Howe P R, Nestel P J. Effects of fish oil fatty acids on low density lipoprotein size, oxidizability, and uptake by macrophages. Journal of Lipid Research. 1995;36(3):473–484. [PubMed: 7775859]
    1174. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    1175. Svaneborg N, Kristensen S D, Hansen L M, Bullow I, Husted S E, Schmidt E B. The acute and short-time effect of supplementation with the combination of n-3 fatty acids and acetylsalicylic acid on platelet function and plasma lipids. Thromb Res. 2002;105(4):311–316. [PubMed: 12031825]
    1176. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    1177. Swails W S, Bell S J, Bistrian B R, Lewis E J, Pfister D, Forse R A. et al. Fish-oil-containing diet and platelet aggregation. Nutrition. 1993;9(3):211–217. [PubMed: 8353361]
    1178. (Inappropriate Human population)
    1179. Tagawa H, Shimokawa H, Tagawa T, Kuroiwa-Matsumoto M, Hirooka Y, Takeshita A. Long-term treatment with eicosapentaenoic acid augments both nitric oxide-mediated and non-nitric oxide-mediated endothelium-dependent forearm vasodilatation in patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1999;33(4):633–640. [PubMed: 10218735]
    1180. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1181. Takahashi R, Inoue J, Ito H, Hibino H. Evening primrose oil and fish oil in non-insulin-dependent-diabetes. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 1993;49(2):569–571. [PubMed: 8415806]
    1182. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1183. Takimoto G, Galang J, Lee G K, Bradlow B A. Plasma fibrinolytic activity after ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids in human subjects. Thrombosis Research. 1989;54(6):573–582. [PubMed: 2781508]
    1184. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    1185. Tamura Y, Hirai A, Terano T, Kumagai A, Yoshida S. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on hemostatic function and serum lipids in humans. Advances in Prostaglandin, Thromboxane, & Leukotriene Research. 1985;15:265–267. [PubMed: 3004139]
    1186. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1187. Tamura Y, Hirai A, Terano T, Takenaga M, Saitoh H, Tahara K. et al. Clinical and epidemiological studies of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in Japan. Progress in Lipid Research. 1986;25(14):461–466. [PubMed: 2827187]
    1188. (Not primary study)
    1189. Tamura Y, Hirai A, Terano T, Yoshida S, Takenaga M, Kitagawa H. Anti-thrombotic and anti-atherogenic action of eicosapentaenoic acid. Japanese Circulation Journal. 1987;51(4):471–477. [PubMed: 3039190]
    1190. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1191. Tariq T, Close C, Dodds R, Viberti G C, Lee T, Vergani D. The effect of fish-oil on the remission of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes in newly diagnosed patients. Diabetologia. 1989;32(10):765. [PubMed: 2687061]
    1192. (Letter)
    1193. Tato F, Keller C, Wolfram G. Effects of fish oil concentrate on lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in familial combined hyperlipidemia. Clinical Investigator. 1993;71(4):314–318. [PubMed: 8471818]
    1194. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    1195. Tavani A, Pelucchi C, Negri E, Bertuzzi M, La Vecchia C. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, fish, and nonfatal acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2001;104(19):2269–2272. [PubMed: 11696463]
    1196. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1197. Terano T, Hirai A, Hamazaki T, Kobayashi S, Fujita T, Tamura Y. et al. Effect of oral administration of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid on platelet function, blood viscosity and red cell deformability in healthy human subjects. Atherosclerosis. 1983;46(3):321–331. [PubMed: 6303363]
    1198. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1199. Terano T, Kobayashi S, Hirai A, Tamura Y, Fujita T, Yoshida S. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on hemorheological properties. Revista Portuguesa de Hemorreologia. 1990;4(1):79–89.
    1200. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1201. The Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group. The effects of nonpharmacologic interventions on blood pressure of persons with high normal levels. Results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, Phase I. JAMA. 1992;267(9):1213–1220. [PubMed: 1586398]
    1202. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1203. Thies F, Garry J M, Yaqoob P, Rerkasem K, Williams J, Shearman C P. et al. Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9356):477–485. [PubMed: 12583947]
    1204. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1205. Thies F, Miles E A, Nebe-von-Caron G, Powell J R, Hurst T L, Newsholme E A. et al. Influence of dietary supplementation with long-chain n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood inflammatory cell populations and functions and on plasma soluble adhesion molecules in healthy adults. Lipids. 2001;36(11):1183–1193. [PubMed: 11795850]
    1206. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1207. Thies F, Nebe-von-Caron G, Powell J R, Yaqoob P, Newsholme E A, Calder P C. Dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid, but not with other long-chain n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, decreases natural killer cell activity in healthy subjects aged >55 y. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001;73(3):539–548. [PubMed: 11237929]
    1208. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1209. Thies F, Nebe-von-Caron G, Powell J R, Yaqoob P, Newsholme E A, Calder P C. Dietary supplementation with gamma-linolenic acid or fish oil decreases T lymphocyte proliferation in healthy older humans. Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131(7):1918–1927. [PubMed: 11435508]
    1210. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1211. Thomas T R, Fischer B A, Kist W B, Horner K E, Cox R H. Effects of exercise and n-3 fatty acids on postprandial lipemia. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2000;88(6):2199–2204. [PubMed: 10846036]
    1212. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1213. Thorngren M, Gustafson A, Wohlfart G. Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on platelet aggregation before and during increase in dietary eicosapentaenoic acid. Haemostasis. 1983;13(4):244–247. [PubMed: 6311694]
    1214. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1215. Thorngren M, Gustafson A. Effects of 11-week increases in dietary eicosapentaenoic acid on bleeding time, lipids, and platelet aggregation. Lancet. 1981;2(8257):1190–1193. [PubMed: 6118628]
    1216. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1217. Thorngren M, Nilsson E, Gustafson A. Plasma lipoproteins and fatty acid composition during a moderate eicosapentaenoic acid diet. Acta Medica Scandinavica. 1986;219(1):23–28. [PubMed: 3006448]
    1218. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1219. Thorngren M, Shafi S, Born G V. Delay in primary haemostasis produced by a fish diet without change in local thromboxane A2. British Journal of Haematology. 1984;58(4):567–578. [PubMed: 6518133]
    1220. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1221. Tilvis R S, Rasi V, Viinikka L, Ylikorkala O, Miettinen T A. Effects of purified fish oil on platelet lipids and function in diabetic women. Clinica Chimica Acta. 1987;164(3):315–322. [PubMed: 3594918]
    1222. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1223. Tinker L F, Parks E J, Behr S R, Schneeman B O, Davis P A. (n-3) fatty acid supplementation in moderately hypertriglyceridemic adults changes postprandial lipid and apolipoprotein B responses to a standardized test meal. Journal of Nutrition. 1999;129(6):1126–1134. [PubMed: 10356076]
    1224. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    1225. Tohmatsu T, Nakashima S, Nozawa Y. Evidence of Ca2+ mobilizing action of arachidonic acid in human platelets. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1989;1012(1):97–102. [PubMed: 2499358]
    1226. (Not Human study)
    1227. Tormo M J, Navarro C, Chirlaque M D, Barber X. EPIC Group of Spain. European Prospective Investigation on Cancer. Is there a different dietetic pattern depending on self-knowledge of high blood pressure? European Journal of Epidemiology. 2000;16(10):963–971. [PubMed: 11338129]
    1228. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1229. Torres I C, Mira L, Ornelas C P, Melim A. Study of the effects of dietary fish intake on serum lipids and lipoproteins in two populations with different dietary habits. Br J Nutr. 2000;83(4):371–379. [PubMed: 10858695]
    1230. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1231. Tremoli E, Eligini S, Colli S, Maderna P, Marangoni F, Angeli M T. et al. Effects of omega 3 fatty acid ethyl esters on monocyte tissue factor expression. World Review of Nutrition & Dietetics. 1994;76:55–59. [PubMed: 7856236]
    1232. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1233. Tremoli E, Eligini S, Colli S, Maderna P, Rise P, Pazzucconi F. et al. n-3 fatty acid ethyl ester administration to healthy subjects and to hypertriglyceridemic patients reduces tissue factor activity in adherent monocytes. Arteriosclerosis & Thrombosis. 1994;14(10):1600–1608. [PubMed: 7918310]
    1234. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1235. Tremoli E, Maderna P, Marangoni F, Colli S, Eligini S, Catalano I. et al. Prolonged inhibition of platelet aggregation after n-3 fatty acid ethyl ester ingestion by healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;61(3):607–613. [PubMed: 7872228]
    1236. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1237. Tremoli E, Mosconi C, Maderna P, Colli S, Stragliotto E, Sirtori C R. et al. Effects of EPA and DHA ethylesters on plasma fatty acids and on platelets, PMN and monocytes in healthy volunteers. Advances in Prostaglandin, Thromboxane, & Leukotriene Research. 1991;21A:233–236. [PubMed: 1847768]
    1238. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1239. Tsai P J, Lu S C. Fish oil lowers plasma lipid concentrations and increases the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidative modification in healthy men. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 1997;96(9):718–726. [PubMed: 9308326]
    1240. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    1241. Tsuruta K, Ogawa H, Yasue H, Sakamoto T, Miyao Y, Tanae H. et al. Effect of purified eicosapentaenoate ethyl ester on fibrinolytic capacity in patients with stable coronary artery disease and lower extremity ischaemia. Coronary Artery Disease. 1996;7(11):837–842. [PubMed: 8993942]
    1242. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1243. Turini M E, Crozier G L, Donnet-Hughes A, Richelle M A. Short-term fish oil supplementation improved innate immunity, but increased ex vivo oxidation of LDL in man--a pilot study. European Journal of Nutrition. 2001;40(2):56–65. [PubMed: 11518200]
    1244. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    1245. Turini M E, Powell W S, Behr S R, Holub B J. Effects of a fish-oil and vegetable-oil formula on aggregation and ethanolamine-containing lysophospholipid generation in activated human platelets and on leukotriene production in stimulated neutrophils. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;60(5):717–724. [PubMed: 7942578]
    1246. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1247. Turley E, Wallace J M, Gilmore W S, Strain J J. Fish oil supplementation with and without added vitamin E differentially modulates plasma antioxidant concentrations in healthy women. Lipids. 1998;33(12):1163–1167. [PubMed: 9930401]
    1248. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1249. Turpeinen A M, Alfthan G, Valsta L, Hietanen E, Salonen J T, Schunk H. et al. Plasma and lipoprotein lipid peroxidation in humans on sunflower and rapeseed oil diets. Lipids. 1995;30(6):485–492. [PubMed: 7651074]
    1250. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    1251. Vacek J L, Harris W S, Haffey K. Short-term effects of omega-3 fatty acids on exercise stress test parameters, angina and lipoproteins. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 1989;43(5):375–379. [PubMed: 2551411]
    1252. (Sample size too small)
    1253. Valsta L M, Jauhiainen M, Aro A, Katan M B, Mutanen M. Effects of a monounsaturated rapeseed oil and a polyunsaturated sunflower oil diet on lipoprotein levels in humans. Arteriosclerosis & Thrombosis. 1992;12(1):50–57. [PubMed: 1731858]
    1254. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1255. van Dam R M, Willett W C, Rimm E B, Stampfer M J, Hu F B. Dietary fat and meat intake in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in men. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(3):417–424. [PubMed: 11874924]
    1256. (Sample size too small)
    1257. van Doormaal J J, Idema I G, Muskiet F A, Martini I A, Doorenbos H. Effects of short-term high dose intake of evening primrose oil on plasma and cellular fatty acid compositions, alpha-tocopherol levels, and erythropoiesis in normal and type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic men. Diabetologia. 1988;31(8):576–584. [PubMed: 3065111]
    1258. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    1259. van Houwelingen A C, Hennissen A A, Verbeek-Schippers F, Simonsen T, Kester A D, Hornstra G. Effect of a moderate fish intake on platelet aggregation in human platelet-rich plasma. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 1988;59(3):507–513. [PubMed: 3187936]
    1260. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1261. van Houwelingen A C, Hornstra G, Kromhout D, de Lezenne C C. Habitual fish consumption, fatty acids of serum phospholipids and platelet function. Atherosclerosis. 1989;75(23):157–165. [PubMed: 2712861]
    1262. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1263. van Houwelingen A C, Kester A D M, Hornstra G. Effect of moderate fish intake on platelet aggregation and ATP release in human blood. Nutrition Research. 1989;9(11):1187–1196.
    1264. (Duplicate publication)
    1265. Vandongen R, Mori T A, Burke V, Beilin L J, Morris J, Ritchie J. Effects on blood pressure of omega 3 fats in subjects at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Hypertension. 1993;22(3):371–379. [PubMed: 8349330]
    1266. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1267. Venter C P, Joubert P H, Booyens J. Effects of essential fatty acids on mild to moderate essential hypertension. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids. 1988;33(1):49–51. [PubMed: 3186777]
    1268. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1269. Vericel E, Calzada C, Chapuy P, Lagarde M. The influence of low intake of n-3 fatty acids on platelets in elderly people. Atherosclerosis. 1999;147(1):187–192. [PubMed: 10525140]
    1270. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1271. Vermunt S H, Beaufrere B, Riemersma R A, Sebedio J L, Chardigny J M, Mensink R P. et al. Dietary trans alpha-linolenic acid from deodorised rapeseed oil and plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy men: the TransLinE Study. Br J Nutr. 2001;85(3):387–392. [PubMed: 11299084]
    1272. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    1273. Vessby B, Boberg M. Dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids may impair glucose homeostasis in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Intern Med. 1990;228(2):165–171. [PubMed: 2394967]
    1274. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    1275. Vessby B, Unsitupa M, Hermansen K, Riccardi G, Rivellese A A, Tapsell L C. et al. Substituting dietary saturated for monounsaturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity in healthy men and women: The KANWU Study. Diabetologia. 2001;44(3):312–319. [PubMed: 11317662]
    1276. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    1277. Vessby B. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in type 2 diabetes: Effects on glucose homeostasis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993;683:244–249. [PubMed: 8352446]
    1278. (Not primary study)
    1279. Villa B, Calabresi L, Chiesa G, Rise P, Galli C, Sirtori C R. Omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters increase heart rate variability in patients with coronary disease. Pharmacol Res. 2002;45(6):475. [PubMed: 12162948]
    1280. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    1281. Vogel R A, Corretti M C, Plotnick G D. The postprandial effect of components of the Mediterranean diet on endothelial function. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2000;36(5):1455–1460. [PubMed: 11079642]
    1282. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1283. Vognild E, Elvevoll E O, Brox J, Olsen R L, Barstad H, Aursand M. et al. Effects of dietary marine oils and olive oil on fatty acid composition, platelet membrane fluidity, platelet responses, and serum lipids in healthy humans. Lipids. 1998;33(4):427–436. [PubMed: 9590631]
    1284. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1285. Volek J S, Gomez A L, Kraemer W J. Fasting lipoprotein and postprandial triacylglycerol responses to a low-carbohydrate diet supplemented with n-3 fatty acids. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000;19(3):383–391. [PubMed: 10872901]
    1286. (Sample size too small)
    1287. von Houwelingen R, Nordoy A, van der B E, Houtsmuller U, de Metz M, Hornstra G. Effect of a moderate fish intake on blood pressure, bleeding time, hematology, and clinical chemistry in healthy males. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987;46(3):424–436. [PubMed: 3630961]
    1288. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1289. von Schacky C, Baumann K, Angerer P. The effect of n-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis: results from SCIMO, an angiographic study, background and implications, Lipids 2001; 36:Suppl- 102. [PubMed: 11838000]
    1290. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1291. von Schacky C, Fischer S, Weber P C. Long-term effects of dietary marine omega-3 fatty acids upon plasma and cellular lipids, platelet function, and eicosanoid formation in humans. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1985;76(4):1626–1631. [PMC free article: PMC424148] [PubMed: 2997286]
    1292. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1293. von Schacky C, Weber P C. Metabolism and effects on platelet function of the purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in humans. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1985;76(6):2446–2450. [PMC free article: PMC424407] [PubMed: 3001149]
    1294. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1295. Wallace J M, McCabe A J, Roche H M, Higgins S, Robson P J, Gilmore W S. et al. The effect of low-dose fish oil supplementation on serum growth factors in healthy humans. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000;54(9):690–694. [PubMed: 11002380]
    1296. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1297. Wander R C, Du S H, Ketchum S O, Rowe K E. alpha-Tocopherol influences in vivo indices of lipid peroxidation in postmenopausal women given fish oil. Journal of Nutrition. 1996;126(3):643–652. [PubMed: 8598549]
    1298. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1299. Wander R C, Du S-H, Ketchum S O, Rowe K E. Effects of interaction of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and fish oil on low- density-lipoprotein oxidation in postmenopausal women with and without hormone-replacement therapy. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63(2):184–193. [PubMed: 8561059]
    1300. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1301. Wander R C, Du S-H, Thomas D R. Influence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on oxidation of low density lipoprotein. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 1998;59(2):143–151. [PubMed: 9774178]
    1302. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1303. Wander R C, Du S-H. Oxidation of plasma proteins is not increased after supplementation with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(3):731–737. [PubMed: 10966891]
    1304. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    1305. Wander R C, Patton B D. Comparison of three species of fish consumed as part of a Western diet: effects on platelet fatty acids and function, hemostasis, and production of thromboxane. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54(2):326–333. [PubMed: 1858697]
    1306. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1307. Warner J G, Ullrich I H, Albrink M J, Yeater R A. Combined effects of aerobic exercise and omega-3 fatty acids in hyperlipidemic persons. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 1989;21(5):498–505. [PubMed: 2691812]
    1308. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1309. Watts GF, Lewis B, Jackson P, Burke V, Lewis ES, Brunt JN et al. Relationships between nutrient intake and progression/regression of coronary atherosclerosis as assessed by serial quantitative angiography. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 1995; 11:Suppl- 114G. [PubMed: 7585283]
    1310. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    1311. Weber C, Jakobsen T S, Mortensen S A, Paulsen G, Holmer G. Effect of dietary coenzyme Q10 as an antioxidant in human plasma. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994;15(Suppl.):S97–S102. [PubMed: 7752850]
    1312. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1313. Wensing A G, Mensink R P, Hornstra G. Effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from plant and marine origin on platelet aggregation in healthy elderly subjects. Br J Nutr. 1999;82(3):183–191. [PubMed: 10655965]
    1314. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1315. Whelton P K, Kumanyika S K, Cook N R, Cutler J A, Borhani N O, Hennekens C H. et al. Efficacy of nonpharmacologic interventions in adults with high-normal blood pressure: results from phase 1 of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65(2 Suppl):652S–660S. [PubMed: 9022561]
    1316. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1317. Whittle J C. Dietary supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with stable coronary heart disease. American Journal of Medicine. 1988;84(6):1095–1096. [PubMed: 3376983]
    1318. (Not Human study)
    1319. Wilkinson T, Aukema HM, Thomas LM, Holub BJ. Marked enrichment of the alkenylacyl subclass of plasma ethanolamine glycerophospholipid with eicosapentaenoic acid in human subjects consuming a fish oil concentrate. Lipids 1996; 31:Suppl-5. [PubMed: 8729121]
    1320. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1321. Wing L M, Nestel P J, Chalmers J P, Rouse I, West M J, Bune A J. et al. Lack of effect of fish oil supplementation on blood pressure in treated hypertensives. Journal of Hypertension. 1990;8(4):339–343. [PubMed: 2160490]
    1322. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    1323. Winther K, Myrup B, Holmer G, Hoy C E, Schnohr P. Decreased platelet activity without change in fibrinolytic activity after low dosages of fish oil. Angiology. 1993;44(1):39–44. [PubMed: 8424584]
    1324. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1325. Wojenski C M, Silver M J, Walker J. Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester as an antithrombotic agent: comparison to an extract of fish oil. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1991;1081(1):33–38. [PubMed: 1991153]
    1326. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1327. Wolmarans P, Benade A J, Kotze T J, Daubitzer A K, Marais M P, Laubscher R. Plasma lipoprotein response to substituting fish for red meat in the diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53(5):1171–1176. [PubMed: 2021128]
    1328. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1329. Woo J, Leung S S, Ho S C, Sham A, Lam T H, Janus E D. Dietary practices and lipid intake in relation to plasma lipid profile in Hong Kong Chinese. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997;51(7):467–471. [PubMed: 9234030]
    1330. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    1331. Wood D A, Riemersma R A, Butler S, Thomson M, Macintyre C, Elton R A. et al. Linoleic and eicosapentaenoic acids in adipose tissue and platelets and risk of coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1987;1(8526):177–183. [PubMed: 2880015]
    1332. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    1333. Woodcock B E, Smith E, Lambert W H, Jones W M, Galloway J H, Greaves M. et al. Beneficial effect of fish oil on blood viscosity in peripheral vascular disease. British Medical Journal Clinical Research Ed. 1984;288(6417):592–594. [PMC free article: PMC1444358] [PubMed: 6320945]
    1334. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1335. Woodman R J, Mori T A, Burke V, Puddey I B, Barden A, Watts G F. et al. Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on platelet, fibrinolytic and vascular function in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Atherosclerosis. 2003;166(1):85–93. [PubMed: 12482554]
    1336. (Duplicate publication)
    1337. Yam D, Friedman J, Bott-Kanner G, Genin I, Shinitzky M, Klainman E. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce hyperlipidaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and hypertension in cardiovascular patients. Journal of Clinical & Basic Cardiology. 2002;5(3):229–231.
    1338. (Unable to retrieve)
    1339. Yamada M, Omata K, Abe F, Ito S, Abe K. Changes in prostacyclin, thromboxane A2 and F2-isoprostanes, and influence of eicosapentaenoic acid and antiplatelet agents in patients with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Immunopharmacology. 1999;44(12):193–198. [PubMed: 10604544]
    1340. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1341. Yamada T, Strong J P, Ishii T, Ueno T, Koyama M, Wagayama H. et al. Atherosclerosis and omega-3 fatty acids in the populations of a fishing village and a farming village in Japan. Atherosclerosis. 2000;153(2):469–481. [PubMed: 11164437]
    1342. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1343. Yamamoto H, Yoshimura H, Noma M, Suzuki S, Kai H, Tajimi T. et al. Improvement of coronary vasomotion with eicosapentaenoic acid does not inhibit acetylcholine-induced coronary vasospasm in patients with variant angina. Japanese Circulation Journal. 1995;59(9):608–616. [PubMed: 7500544]
    1344. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1345. Yamori Y, Nara Y, Mizushima S, Sawamura M, Horie R. Nutritional factors for stroke and major cardiovascular diseases: international epidemiological comparison of dietary prevention. Health Reports. 1994;6(1):22–27. [PubMed: 7919085]
    1346. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    1347. Yeh L L, Kuller L H, Bunker C H, Ukoli F A, Huston S L, Terrell D F. The role of socioeconomic status and serum fatty acids in the relationship between intake of animal foods and cardiovascular risk factors. Annals of Epidemiology. 1996;6(4):290–298. [PubMed: 8876839]
    1348. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1349. Yli-Jama P, Seljeflot I, Meyer H E, Hjerkinn E M, Arnesen H, Pedersen et al. Serum non-esterified very long-chain PUFA are associated with markers of endothelial dysfunction. Atherosclerosis. 2002;164(2):275–281. [PubMed: 12204798]
    1350. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1351. Yosefy C, Viskoper J R, Laszt A, Priluk R, Guita E, Varon D. et al. The effect of fish oil on hypertension, plasma lipids and hemostasis in hypertensive, obese, dyslipidemic patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids. 1999;61(2):83–87. [PubMed: 10509862]
    1352. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1353. Yuan J M, Ross R K, Gao Y T, Yu M C. Fish and shellfish consumption in relation to death from myocardial infarction among men in Shanghai, China. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001;154(9):809–816. [PubMed: 11682363]
    1354. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1355. Zambon D, Sabate J, Munoz S, Campero B, Casals E, Metlos M. et al. Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132(7):538–546. [PubMed: 10744590]
    1356. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
    1357. Zambon S, Friday K E, Childs M T, Fujimoto W Y, Bierman E L, Ensinck J W. Effect of glyburide and omega 3 fatty acid dietary supplements on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;56(2):447–454. [PubMed: 1636624]
    1358. (n-3 dose > 6 g)
    1359. Zampelas A. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-6 and n-3 series: effects on postprandial lipid and apolipoprotein levels in healthy men. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1994;48(12):842–848. [PubMed: 7889892]
    1360. (Duration < 4 weeks)
    1361. Zhang J, Sasaki S, Amano K, Kesteloot H. Fish consumption and mortality from all causes, ischemic heart disease, and stroke: an ecological study. Preventive Medicine. 1999;28(5):520–529. [PubMed: 10329343]
    1362. (No outcome of interest or Insufficent data)
    1363. Zieden B, Kaminskas A, Kristenson M, Olsson A G, Kucinskiene Z. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids may account for higher low-density lipoprotein oxidation susceptibility in Lithuanian compared to Swedish men. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation. 2002;62(4):307–314. [PubMed: 12476930]
    1364. (Non -randomized or Small size)
    1365. Zock P L, Mensink R P, Harryvan J, De Vries J H M, Katan M B. Fatty acids in serum cholesteryl esters as quantitative biomarkers of dietary intake in humans. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;145(12):1114–1122. [PubMed: 9199541]
    1366. (Not n-3 study, Insufficient data on n-3)
    1367. Zucker M L, Bilyeu D S, Helmkamp G M, Harris W S, Dujovne C A. Effects of dietary fish oil on platelet function and plasma lipids in hyperlipoproteinemic and normal subjects. Atherosclerosis. 1988;73(1):13–22. [PubMed: 3178928]
    1368. (Crossover with < 4 week washout)
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