Under its Evidence-based Practice Program, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) is developing scientific information for other agencies and organizations on which to base clinical guidelines, performance measures, and other quality improvement tools. Contractor institutions review all relevant scientific literature on assigned clinical care topics and produce evidence reports and technology assessments, conduct research on methodologies and the effectiveness of their implementation, and participate in technical assistance activities.

Contents

• 129. Diagnosis and Management of Work-Related Asthma: Summary
  J Beach, BH Rowe, S Blitz, E Crumley, N Hooton, K Russell, C Spooner, and T Klassen.
  • Introduction
  • Objectives and Key Questions
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Conclusions
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 128. Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Impaired Fasting Glucose: Summary
  PL Santaguida, C Balion, D Hunt, K Morrison, H Gerstein, P Raina, L Booker, and H Yazdi.
  • Introduction
  • Key Questions
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Conclusions
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 127. Acute Stroke: Evaluation and Treatment: Summary
  M Sharma, H Clark, T Armour, G Stotts, R Coté, MD Hill, AM Demchuck, D Moher, C Garritty, F Yazdi, K Lumely-Leger, M Murdock, M Sampson, N Barrowman, and G Lewin.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 126. Effects of Soy on Health Outcomes: Summary
  E Balk, M Chung, P Chew, S Ip, G Raman, B Kupelnick, A Tatsioni, Y Sun, D Devine, and J Lau.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Results
  • Limitations
  • Conclusions
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 125. Manifestations and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults: Summary
  N Buscemi, B Vandermeer, C Friesen, L Bialy, M Tubman, M Ospina, TP Klassen, and M Witmans.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Main Results
  • Discussion
  • Conclusions
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 124. Update on Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis: Summary
  S Ip, L Fu, E Balk, P Chew, D Devine, and J Lau.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 123. Post‐Myocardial Infarction Depression: Summary
  DE Bush, RC Ziegelstein, UV Patel, BD Thombs, DE Ford, JA Fauerbach, UD McCann, KJ Stewart, KK Tsilidis, AL Patel, CJ Feuerstein, and EB Bass.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 122. Knowledge and Access to Information on Recruitment of Underrepresented Populations to Cancer Clinical Trials: Summary
  JG Ford, MW Howerton, S Bolen, TL Gary, GY Lai, J Tilburt, MC Gibbons, C Baffi, RF Wilson, CJ Feuerstein, P Tanpitukpongse, NR Powe, and EB Bass.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Recommendations and Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 121. Use of Spirometry for Case Finding, Diagnosis, and Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Summary
  TJ Wilt, D Niewoehner, C Kim, RL Kane, A Linabery, J Tacklind, R Macdonald, and I Rutks.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 120. Management of Menopause‐Related Symptoms: Summary
  HD Nelson, E Haney, L Humphrey, J Miller, A Nedrow, C Nicolaidis, K Vesco, M Walker, C Bougatsos, and P Nygren.
  • Introduction
  • Purpose
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Conclusions
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 119. Perinatal Depression: Prevalence, Screening Accuracy, and Screening Outcomes: Summary
  BN Gaynes, N Gavin, S Meltzer-Brody, KN Lohr, T Swinson, G Gartlehner, S Brody, and WC Miller.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 118. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Child and Maternal Health: Summary
  GA Lewin, HM Schachter, D Yuen, P Merchant, V Mamaladze, and A Tsertsvadze.
  • Introduction
  • Key Questions
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 117. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Eye Health: Summary
  W Hodge, D Barnes, HM Schachter, Y Pan, EC Lowcock, L Zhang, M Sampson, A Morrison, K Tran, M Miguelez, and G Lewin.
  • Introduction
  • Key Questions
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 116. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Mental Health: Summary
  HM Schachter, K Kourad, Z Merali, A Lumb, K Tran, and M Miguelez.
  • Introduction
  • Key Questions
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 115. Effects of Omega‐3 Fatty Acids on Organ Transplantation: Summary
  PA Bonis, M Chung, A Tatsioni, Y Sun, B Kupelnick, A Lichtenstein, R Perrone, P Chew, D DeVine, and J Lau.
  • Introduction
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Key Questions
  • Methods
  • Statistical Analysis
  • Results
  • Limitations
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 114. Effects of Omega‐3 Fatty Acids on Cognitive Function with Aging, Dementia, and Neurological Diseases: Summary
  CH Maclean, AM Issa, SJ Newberry, WA Mojica, SC Morton, RH Garland, LG Hilton, SB Traina, and PG Shekelle.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 113. Effects of Omega‐3 Fatty Acids on Cancer: Summary
  CH Maclean, SJ Newberry, WA Mojica, A Issa, P Khanna, YW Lim, SC Morton, M Suttorp, W Tu, LG Hilton, RH Garland, SB Traina, and PG Shekelle.
  • Introduction
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 112. The Use of Episiotomy in Obstetrical Care: A Systematic Review: Summary
  M Viswanathan, K Hartmann, R Palmieri, L Lux, T Swinson, KN Lohr, G Gartlehner, and J Thorp Jr.
  • Introduction
  • Key Questions
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Limitations
  • Future Research
  • Conclusion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 111. Wound‐Healing Technologies: Low‐Level Laser and Vacuum‐Assisted Closure: Summary
  D Samson, F Lefevre, and N Aronson.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 110. End‐of‐Life Care and Outcomes: Summary
  K Lorenz, J Lynn, SC Morton, S Dy, R Mularski, L Shugarman, V Sun, AM Wilkinson, M Maglione, and PG Shekelle.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Recommendations and Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 109. Sexuality and Reproductive Health Following Spinal Cord Injury: Summary
  D Deforge, J Blackmer, D Moher, C Garritty, V Cronin, F Yazdi, N Barrowman, V Mamaladze, L Zhang, and M Sampson.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 108. Melatonin for Treatment of Sleep Disorders: Summary
  N Buscemi, B Vandermeer, R Pandya, N Hooton, L Tjosvold, L Hartling, G Baker, S Vohra, and T Klassen.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Data Analysis
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Safety of Melatonin
  • Future Research
  • Limitations of the Review
  • Conclusions
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 107. Preventing Violence and Related Health‐Risking Social Behaviors in Adolescents: Summary
  LS Chan, MD Kipke, A Schneir, E Iverson, C Warf, MA Limbos, and P Shekelle.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 106. Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy for Congestive Heart Failure: Summary
  F McAlister, J Ezekowitz, N Wiebe, B Rowe, C Spooner, E Crumley, L Hartling, P Kaul, G Nichol, and T Klassen.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Limitations of Research
  • Conclusions
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 105. Measuring the Quality of Breast Cancer Care in Women: Summary
  D Moher, HM Schachter, V Mamaladze, G Lewin, L Paszat, S Verma, C DeGrasse, I Graham, M Brouwers, M Sampson, A Morrison, L Zhang, P O'Blenis, and C Garrity.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 104. Celiac Disease: Summary
  A Rostom, C Dubé, A Cranney, N Saloojee, R Sy, C Garritty, M Sampson, L Zhang, F Yazdi, V Mamaladze, I Pan, J McNeil, D Moher, D Mack, and D Patel.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results and Discussion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 103. Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of Obesity: Summary
  PG Shekelle, SC Morton, M Maglione, M Suttorp, W Tu, Z Li, M Maggard, WA Mojica, L Shugarman, and V Solomon.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Conclusions
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 102. Effectiveness of Behavioral Interventions to Modify Physical Activity Behaviors in General Populations and Cancer Patients and Survivors: Summary
  J Holtzman, K Schmitz, G Babes, RL Kane, S Duval, TJ Wilt, RM MacDonald, and I Rutks.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 101. Economic Incentives for Preventive Care: Summary
  RL Kane, PE Johnson, RJ Town, and M Butler.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Future Research
  • Conclusion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 100. Criteria to Determine Disability Related to Multiple Sclerosis: Summary
  DC McCrory, LA Pompeii, MB Skeen, SD Moon, RN Gray, JT Kolimaga, and DB Matchar.
  • Introduction
  • Research Questions
  • Key Terms and Definitions
  • Methods
  • Literature Sources
  • Search Strategies
  • Results and Discussion
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
  • References
• 99. Community‐Based Participatory Research: Assessing the Evidence: Summary
  M Viswanathan, A Ammerman, E Eng, G Garlehner, KN Lohr, D Griffith, S Rhodes, C Samuel-Hodge, S Maty, L Lux, L Webb, SF Sutton, T Swinson, A Jackman, and L Whitener.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 98. Islet Transplantation in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Summary
  M Piper, J Seidenfeld, and N Aronson.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 97. Pharmacological Treatment of Dementia: Summary
  PS Santaguida, P Raina, L Booker, C Patterson, F Baldassarre, D Cowan, M Gauld, M Levine, and A Unsal.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 96. Regionalization of Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response: Summary
  DM Bravata, KM McDonald, DK Owens, ER Wilhelm, ML Brandeau, GS Zaric, JEC Holty, H Liu, and V Sundaram.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Summary of Answers to Key Questions
  • Discussion
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 95. Training of Hospital Staff To Respond to a Mass Casualty Incident: Summary
  EdbertB Hsu, MollieW Jenckes, ChristinaL Catlett, KarenA Robinson, CarolynJ Feuerstein, SaraE Cosgrove, Gary Green, OttoC Guedelhoefer, and EricB Bass.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 94. Effects of Omega‐3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Disease: Summary
  C Wang, M Chung, A Lichtenstein, E Balk, B Kupelnick, D DeVine, A Lawrence, and J Lau.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 93. Effects of Omega‐3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Intermediate Markers of Cardiovascular Disease: Summary
  E Balk, M Chung, A Lichtenstein, P Chew, B Kupelnick, A Lawrence, D DeVine, and J Lau.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 92. Effects of Omega‐3 Fatty Acids on Arrhythmogenic Mechanisms in Animal and Isolated Organ/Cell Culture Studies: Summary
  H Jordan, N Matthan, M Chung, E Balk, P Chew, B Kupelnick, D DeVine, A Lawrence, A Lichtenstein, and J Lau.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Limitations and Recommendations
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 91. Health Effects of Omega‐3 Fatty Acids on Asthma: Summary
  HM Schachter, J Reisman, K Tran, B Dales, K Kourad, D Barnes, M Sampson, A Morrison, I Gaboury, and J Blackman.
  • Introduction
  • Key Questions
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 90. Strategies for Improving Minority Healthcare Quality: Summary
  MC Beach, LA Cooper, KA Robinson, EG Price, TL Gary, MW Jenckes, A Gozu, C Smarth, A Palacio, CJ Feuerstein, EB Bass, and NR Powe.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 89. Effects of Omega‐3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Osteoporosis: Summary
  CH MacLean, WA Mojica, SC Morton, J Pencharz, R Hasenfeld Garland, W Tu, SJ Newberry, LK Jungvig, J Grossman, P Khanna, S Rhodes, and P Shekelle.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 88. Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Adjuncts to Scaling and Root‐Planing Therapy for Periodontitis: Summary
  AJ Bonito, KN Lohr, L Lux, S Sutton, A Jackman, L Whitener, and C Evensen.
  • Objectives
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Conclusions
  • Availability of Full Report
• 87. Literacy and Health Outcomes: Summary
  ND Berkman, DA Dewalt, MP Pignone, SL Sheridan, KN Lohr, L Lux, SF Sutton, T Swinson, and AJ Bonito.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 86. Total Knee Replacement: Summary
  RL Kane, KJ Saleh, TJ Wilt, B Bershadsky, WW Cross 3rd, RM MacDonald, and I Rutks.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Research Recommendations
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 85. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Brain Injury, Cerebral Palsy, and Stroke: Summary
  M McDonagh, S Carson, J Ash, BS Russman, PZ Stavri, KP Krages, and M Helfand.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Studies of Diagnosis and Nonclinical Endpoints
  • Availability of Full Report
• 84. Use of Glycated Hemoglobin and Microalbuminuria in the Monitoring of Diabetes Mellitus: Summary
  S Golden, LE Boulware, G Berkenblit, F Brancati, G Chander, S Marinopoulos, M Paasche-Orlow, N Powe, and T Rami.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Ordering Information
• 83. Effect of Supplemental Antioxidants Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease: Summary
  P Shekelle, S Morton, and ML Hardy.
  • Overview
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 82. Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: Effect in Female, Black, and Diabetic Patients, and Cost‐Effectiveness: Summary
  P Shekelle, S Morton, S Atkinson, M Suttorp, W Tu, P Heidenreich, M Gubens, M Maglione, L Jungvig, E Roth, and S Newberry.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Conclusions
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 81. Diagnosis and Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease in Women: Systematic Reviews of Evidence on Selected Topics: Summary
  D Grady, L Chaput, and M Kristof.
  • Overview
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 80. Results of Systematic Review of Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease in Women: Summary
  D Grady, L Chaput, and M Kristof.
  • Overview
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 79. Diffusion and Dissemination of Evidence-based Cancer Control Interventions: Summary
  P Ellis, P Robinson, D Ciliska, T Armour, P Raina, M Brouwers, MA O'Brien, M Gauld, and F Baldassarre.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Final Comments
  • Availability of Full Report
• 78. Best-Case Series for the Use of Immuno-Augmentation Therapy and Naltrexone for the Treatment of Cancer: Summary
  P Shekelle, I Coulter, ML Hardy, SC Morton, JT Favreau, J Gagne, SA Coulter, J Udani, EA Roth, LK Jungvig, S Newberry, L Rohr, and LR Ramirez.
  • Overview
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Conclusions
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 77. Management of Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy: Summary
  R Chapell, J Reston, D Snyder, J Treadwell, S Treager, and C Turkelson.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 76. Ephedra and Ephedrine for Weight Loss and Athletic Performance Enhancement: Clinical Efficacy and Side Effects: Summary
  P Shekelle, ML Hardy, SC Morton, M Maglione, M Suttorp, E Roth, L Jungvig, WA Mojica, J Gagné, S Rhodes, and E McKinnon.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 75. Effect of the Supplemental Use of Antioxidants Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer: Summary
  P Shekelle, ML Hardy, I Coulter, J Udani, M Spar, K Oda, LK Jungvig, W Tu, MJ Suttorp, D Valentine, L Ramirez, R Shanman, and SJ Newberry.
  • Overview
  • Methodology
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Data Collection and Analysis
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 74. The Effect of Health Care Working Conditions on Patient Safety: Summary
  DH Hickam, S Severance, A Feldstein, L Ray, P Gorman, S Schuldheis, WR Hersh, KP Krages, and M Helfand.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 73. Criteria for Determining Disability in Infants and Children: Short Stature: Summary
  P Wheeler, K Bresnahan, B Shephard, J Lau, E Balk, D DeVine, M Chung, and K Miller.
  • Overview
  • Causes of Short Stature in Children
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 72. Criteria for Determining Disability in Infants and Children: Failure to Thrive: Summary
  EC Perrin, CH Cole, DA Frank, SR Glicken, N Guerina, K Petit, R Sege, MV Volpe, J Lau, CA McFadden, P Chew, D DeVine, and K Miller.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 71. Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC): Summary
  JM Guise, MS McDonagh, J Hashima, DF Kraemer, KB Eden, M Berlin, P Nygren, P Osterweil, KP Krages, and M Helfand.
  • Purpose of Report and Target Audience
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Summary of Evidence
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 70. Criteria for Determining Disability in Infants and Children: Low Birth Weight: Summary
  C Cole, G Binney, P Casey, J Fiascone, J Hagadorn, C Kim, J Lau, C Wang, D DeVine, and K Miller.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methods
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 69. Management of Bronchiolitis in Infants and Children: Summary
  M Viswanathan, VJ King, C Bordley, AA Honeycutt, J Wittenborn, AM Jackman, SF Sutton, and KN Lohr.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • General Guidelines
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 68. Diagnosis and Treatment of Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism: Summary
  JB Segal, J Eng, MW Jenckes, LJ Tamariz, DT Bolger, JA Krishnan, MB Streiff, KA Harris, CJ Feuerstein, and EB Bass.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 67. Management of Allergic Rhinitis in the Working-Age Population: Summary
  DC McCrory, JW Williams, RJ Dolor, RN Gray, JT Kolimaga, S Reed, J Sundy, and DL Witsell.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 66. Systematic Review of the Current Literature Related to Disability and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Summary
  SD Ross, C Levine, N Ganz, D Frame, R Estok, L Stone, and V Ludensky.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 65. Management of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia: Summary
  S Ip, S Glicken, J Kulig, R O'Brien, and R Sege.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Results
  • Future Research
  • Ordering Information
• 64. S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine for Treatment of Depression, Osteoarthritis, and Liver Disease: Summary
  ML Hardy, I Coulter, SC Morton, J Favreau, S Venuturupalli, F Chiappelli, F Rossi, G Orshansky, LK Jungvig, EA Roth, MJ Suttorp, and P Shekelle.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Search Strategy
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 63. Utility of Blood Pressure Monitoring Outside of the Clinic Setting: Summary
  LJ Appel, KA Robinson, E Guallar, T Erlinger, SO Masood, M Jehn, L Fleisher, NR Powe, and EB Bass.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 62. Diagnosis and Treatment of Worker-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Upper Extremity: Summary
  VH Coates, CM Turkelson, R Chapell, W Bruening, MD Mitchell, JT Reston, and JR Treadwell.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
  • Epicondylitis
  • De Quervain's Disease
  • Non-Treatment-Specific Questions
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 61. Management of Cancer Symptoms: Pain, Depression, and Fatigue : Summary
  D Carr, L Goudas, D Lawrence, W Pirl, J Lau, D DeVine, B Kupelnick, and K Miller.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 60. Management of Chronic Hepatitis C: Summary
  KA Gebo, MW Jenckes, G Chander, MS Torbenson, KG Ghanem, HF Herlong, MS Sulkowski, SS El-Kamary, KA Harris, OC Guedelhoefer, and EB Bass.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Overall Areas of Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 59. Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response: Use of Information Technologies and Decision Support Systems: Summary
  DM Bravata, K McDonald, DK Owens, D Buckeridge, C Haberland, C Rydzak, M Schleinitz, WM Smith, H Szeto, D Wilkening, M Musen, BW Duncan, B Nouri, MB Dangiolo, H Liu, S Shofer, J Graham, and S Davies.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Conclusions
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 58. Autopsy as an Outcome and Performance Measure: Summary
  KG Shojania, EC Burton, KM McDonald, and L Goldman.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Findings
  • Conclusions
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 57. Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature: Summary
  CB Levine, KR Fahrbach, AD Siderowf, RP Estok, VM Ludensky, and SD Ross.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 56. Management of Clinically Inapparent Adrenal Mass: Summary
  J Lau, E Balk, M Rothberg, JPA Ioannidis, D DeVine, P Chew, B Kupelnick, and K Miller.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Ordering Information
• 55. Diagnosis, Natural History, and Late Effects of Otitis Media with Effusion: Summary
  P Shekelle, G Takata, LS Chan, R Mangione-Smith, PM Corley, T Morphew, and S Morton.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 54. Management of Allergic and Nonallergic Rhinitis: Summary
  A Long, C McFadden, D DeVine, P Chew, B Kupelnick, and J Lau.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Inclusion Criteria
  • Grading and Summarizing of the Evidence
  • Results
  • Future Research
  • Ordering Information
• 53. Management of Prolonged Pregnancy: Summary
  ER Myers, R Blumrick, AL Christian, S Santanu Datta, RN Gray, JT Kolimaga, E Livingston, A Lukes, DB Matchar, and DC McCrory.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 52. Criteria for Determining Disability in Speech-Language Disorders: Summary
  AK Biddle, LR Watson, CR Hooper, KN Lohr, and SF Sutton.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Prediction of Future Communicative Functioning
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 51. Training of Clinicians for Public Health Events Relevant to Bioterrorism Preparedness: Summary
  C Catlett, T Perl, MW Jenckes, KA Robinson, D Mitchell, J Hage, CJ Feuerstein, S Chuang, and EB Bass.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 50. Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography: Summary
  N Aronson, CR Flamm, D Mark, F Lefevre, RL Bohn, B Finkelstein, KM Ziegler, CJ Bonnell, and M Carter.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 49. Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Echocardiography and Carotid Imaging in Management of Stroke: Summary
  RT Meenan, S Saha, R Chou, K Swarztrauber, KP Krages, M O'Keefee-Rosetti, M McDonagh, BKS Chan, MC Hornbrook, and M Helfand.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 48. Cardiovascular Effects of Epinephrine in Hypertensive Dental Patients: Summary
  JD Bader, AJ Bonito, and DA Shugars.
  • Overview
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 47. Systems to Rate the Strength of Scientific Evidence: Summary
  S West, V King, TS Carey, KN Lohr, N McKoy, SF Sutton, and L Lux.
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Systems for Rating the Quality of Individual Articles
  • Systems for Grading the Strength of a Body of Evidence
  • Discussion
  • Factors Important in Developing and Using Rating Systems
  • Selecting Systems for Use Today: A "Best Practices" Orientation
  • Recommendations for Future Research
  • Conclusion
  • Availability of Full Report
  • References
• 46. Impact of Cancer-Related Decision Aids : Summary
  T Whelan, MA O'Brien, M Villasis-Keever, P Robinson, A Skye, A Gafni, M Brouwers, C Charles, F Baldassarre, and M Gauld.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 45. Management of Chronic Central Neuropathic Pain Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Summary
  A Jadad, MA O'Brien, D Wingerchuk, P Angle, H Biagi, M Denkers, C Tamayo, and M Gauld.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 44. Management of Chronic Asthma: Summary
  N Aronson, F Lefevre, M Piper, D Mark, R Bohn, T Speroff, and B Finkelstein.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 43. Making Health Care Safer: Summary
  KG Shojania, BW Duncan, KM McDonald, RM Wachter, and AJ Markowitz.
  • Overview
  • Defining Patient Safety Practices
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Summarizing the Evidence and Rating the Practices
  • Clear Opportunities for Safety Improvement
  • Clear Opportunities for Research
  • Conclusions
  • Availability of Full Report
  • Addendum to Summary: Patient Safety Practices Rated by Strength of Evidence
• 42. Defining and Managing Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Summary
  CD Mulrow, G Ramirez, JE Cornell, and K Allsup.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 41. Ayurvedic Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review: Summary
  ML Hardy, I Coulter, S Venuturupalli, EA Roth, J Favreau, SC Morton, and P Shekelle.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 40. Mind-Body Interventions for Gastrointestinal Conditions: Summary
  ML Hardy, JT Favreau, PD Elfenbaum, SC Morton, EA Roth, BJ Genovese, and PG Shekelle.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 39. Management of Newly Diagnosed Patients with Epilepsy: A Systematic Review of the Literature: Summary
  SD Ross, R Estok, S Chopra, and J French.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 38. Surgical Treatment of Coexisting Cataract and Glaucoma: Summary
  HD Jampel, LH Lubomski, DS Friedman, KA Robinson, N Congdon, HA Quigley, H Levkovitch-Verbin, J Kempen, and EB Bass.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 37. Management of Dental Patients Who Are HIV Positive: Summary
  AJ Bonito, LL Patton, DA Shugars, KN Lohr, JP Nelson, JP Bader, and AW Jackman.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
  • Reviewing and Abstracting the Articles
  • Findings
  • Conclusions
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 36. Diagnosis and Management of Dental Caries: Summary
  JD Bader, DA Shugars, G Rozier, KN Lohr, AJ Bonito, JP Nelson, and AM Jackman.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 35. Management of Cancer Pain: Summary
  L Goudas, DB Carr, R Bloch, E Balk, JP Ioannidis, N Terrin, M Gialeli-Goudas, P Chew, and J Lau.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Patient Population and Settings
  • Methods
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 34. Management of Uterine Fibroids: Summary
  DB Matchar, ER Myers, MW Barber, GM Couchman, S Datta, RN Gray, T Gustilo-Ashby, JT Kolimaga, and DC McCrory.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 33. Diagnosis and Management of Specific Breast Abnormalities: Summary
  C Levine, K Armstrong, S Chopra, R Estok, S Zhang, and S Ross.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 32. Treatment of Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: Summary
  ECRI Health Technology Assessment Group.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 31. Prediction of Risk for Patients with Unstable Angina: Summary
  PA Heidenreich, A Go, KA Melsop, T Alloggiamento, KM McDonald, V Hagan, T Hastie, and MA Hlatky.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 30. Uses of Epoetin for Anemia in Oncology: Summary
  J Seidenfeld, N Aronson, M Piper, CR Flamm, V Hasselblad, and KM Ziegler.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 29. Use of Epoetin for Anemia in Chronic Renal Failure: Summary
  CR Flamm, N Aronson, R Bohn, B Finkelstein, M Piper, J Seidenfeld, CJ Bonnell, M Carter, M Gere, and KM Ziegler.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 28. Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women: Diagnosis and Monitoring: Summary
  HD Nelson, CD Morris, DF Kraemer, S Mahon, N Carney, PM Nygren, and M Helfand.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 27. Treatment of Pulmonary Disease Following Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: Summary
  DC McCrory, GP Samsa, BB Hamilton, JA Govert, DB Matchar, RE Goslin, and JT Kolimaga.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 26. Evaluation of Technologies for Identifying Acute Cardiac Ischemia in Emergency Departments: Summary
  J Lau, JP Ioannidis, E Balk, C Milch, P Chew, N Terrin, TA Lang, D Salem, and JB Wong.
  • Introduction
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methods
  • Findings
  • Results of Decision and Cost-Effectiveness Analyses
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 25. Efficacy of Interventions To Modify Dietary Behavior Related to Cancer Risk: Summary
  A Ammerman, C Lindquist, J Hersey, AM Jackman, NI Gavin, C Garces, KN Lohr, TS Cary, and BL Whitener.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 24S. Supplement. Telemedicine for the Medicare Population: Summary
  WR Hersh, JA Wallace, PK Patterson, SE Shapiro, DF Kraemer, GM Eilers, BK Chan, MR Greenlick, and M Helfand.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 24. Telemedicine for the Medicare Population: Summary
  WR Hersh, JA Wallace, PK Patterson, SE Shapiro, DF Kraemer, GM Eilers, BK Chan, MR Greenlick, and M Helfand.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Conclusions
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 23. Criteria for Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation: Summary
  D Cook, M Meade, G Guyatt, L Griffith, and L Booker.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 22. Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism After Injury: Summary
  GC Velmahos, J Kern, L Chan, D Oder, JA Murray, and P Shekelle.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 21. Milk Thistle: Effects on Liver Disease and Cirrhosis and Clinical Adverse Effects: Summary
  C Mulrow, V Lawrence, B Jacobs, C Dennehy, J Sapp, G Ramirez, C Aguilar, K Montgomery, L Morbidoni, JM Arterburn, E Chiquette, M Harris, D Mullins, A Vickers, and K Flora.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Conclusions
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 20. Garlic: Effects on Cardiovascular Risks and Disease, Protective Effects Against Cancer, and Clinical Adverse Effects: Summary
  C Mulrow, V Lawrence, R Ackermann, G Gilbert Ramirez, L Morbidoni, C Aguilar, J Arterburn, E Block, E Chiquette, C Gardener, M Harris, P Heidenreich, D Mullins, M Richardson, N Russell, A Vickers, and V Young.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Conclusions
  • Limitations
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 19. Management of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Summary
  DC McCrory, C Brown, RN Gray, RE Goslin, JT Kolimaga, NR MacIntyre, EZ Oddone, and DB Matchar.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 18. Management of Preterm Labor: Summary
  ND Berkman, JM Thorp Jr, KE Hartmann, KN Lohr, AE Idicula, M McPheeters, NI Gavin, TS Carey, S Tolleson-Rinehart, AM Jackman, V Hasselblad, and EC Puckett.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 17. Management of Acne: Summary
  HP Lehmann, JS Andrews, KA Robinson, VL Holloway, and SN Goodman.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 16. Anesthesia Management During Cataract Surgery: Summary
  OD Schein, DS Friedman, LA Fleisher, LH Lubomski, J Magaziner, M Sprintz, J Kempen, SW Reeves, KA Robinson, and EB Bass.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 15. Management of Acute Otitis Media: Summary
  M Marcy, G Takata, LS Chan, P Shekelle, W Mason, L Wachsman, R Ernst, JW Hay, PM Corley, T Morphew, E Ramicone, and C Nicholson.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 14. Management of Chronic Hypertension During Pregnancy: Summary
  CD Mulrow, E Chiquette, RL Ferrer, BM Sibai, KR Stevens, M Harris, KA Montgomery, and K Stamm.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 13. Determinants of Disability in Patients With Chronic Renal Failure: Summary
  ECRI Health Technology Assessment Group.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Phase 1: Review of Published Evidence
  • Phase 2: Analysis of USRDS Data
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 12. Management of New Onset Atrial Fibrillation: Summary
  RL McNamara, EB Bass, MR Miller, JB Segal, SN Goodman, NL Kim, KA Robinson, and NR Powe.
  • Overview
  • Purpose of Evidence Report
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 11. Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Summary
  AR Jadad, M Boyle, C Cunningham, M Kim, and R Schachar.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 10. Evaluation of Beta-Blockers, Calcium Antagonists, Nitrates, and Alternative Therapies for Stable Angina: Summary
  PA Heidenreich, KM McDonald, T Hastie, B Fadel, V Hagan, BK Lee, and MA Hlatky.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 9S. Supplement. Diagnosis and Treatment of Uncomplicated Acute Sinusitis in Children: Summary
  J Lau, JP Ioannidis, and ER Wald.
  • Background
  • Research Questions
  • Methodology
  • Results
  • Conclusion
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 9. Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis: Summary
  J Lau, D Zucker, EA Engels, E Balk, M Barza, N Terrin, D Devine, P Chew, T Lang, and D Liu.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methods
  • Decision Analysis and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
  • Findings
  • Specific Results
  • Results of Decision- and Cost-Effectiveness Analyses
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 8. Diagnosis and Treatment of Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) in Acute-Care Stroke Patients: Summary
  ECRI Health Technology Assessment Group.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 7. Treatment of Depression--Newer Pharmacotherapies: Summary
  CD Mulrow, JW Williams Jr, M Trivedi, E Chiquette, C Aguilar, JE Cornell, R Badgett, PH Noel, V Lawrence, S Lee, M Luther, G Ramirez, WS Richardson, and K Stamm.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Summary implications
  • Future research
  • Availability of Full Report
• 6. Prevention and Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Paralyzed Persons: Summary
  BG Vickrey, P Shekelle, S Morton, K Clark, M Pathak, and C Kamberg.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 5. Evaluation of Cervical Cytology: Summary
  DC McCrory, DB Matchar, L Bastian, S Datta, V Hasselblad, J Hickey, E Myers, and K Nanda.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • New Technologies Assessed
  • Patient Population and Settings
  • Methodology
  • Supplemental Analyses
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 4. Relative Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Methods of Androgen Suppression in the Treatment of Advanced Prostatic Cancer: Summary
  J Seidenfeld, DJ Samson, N Aronson, PC Albertson, AM Bayoumi, C Bennett, A Brown, A Garber, M Gere, V Hasselblad, T Wilt, and K Ziegler.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 3. Pharmacotherapy for Alcohol Dependence: Summary
  SL West, JC Garbutt, TS Carey, LJ Lux, AM Jackman, S Tolleson-Rinehart, KN Lohr, and FT Crews.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Key Clinical Questions
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 2S. Supplement. Rehabilitation for Traumatic Brain Injury in Children and Adolescents: Summary
  N Carney, H du Coudray, C Davis-O'Reilly, M Zimmer-Gembeck, NC Mann, KP Krages, and M Helfand.
  • Introduction
  • Background
  • Conceptual Model for Rehabilitation of TBI in Children and Adolescents
  • Key Questions
  • Methods
  • Findings
  • Conclusions and Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 2. Rehabilitation for Traumatic Brain Injury: Summary
  RM Chestnut, N Carney, H Maynard, P Patterson, NC Mann, and M Helfand.
  • Background
  • Impact of Traumatic Brain Injury
  • Key Questions About Traumatic Brain Injury
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Data Abstraction
  • Specification of Level of Evidence
  • Construction of Evidence Tables
  • Critical Appraisal of Key Articles
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report
• 1. Systematic Review of the Literature Regarding the Diagnosis of Sleep Apnea: Summary
  SD Ross, IE Allen, KJ Harrison, M Kvasz, J Connelly, and IA Sheinhait.
  • Overview
  • Reporting the Evidence
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Future Research
  • Availability of the Full Report