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Abstract
Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention is a multidisciplinary publication, with leading international scientists as authors and reviewers. More than 60 different chapters describe multiple aspects of cancer prevention and the research that underpins prevention, focusing on research activity during the past 5 years. Starting with the latest trends in cancer incidence and mortality worldwide, this publication provides wide-ranging insights into cancer prevention based on the known causes of cancer, factors that determine how cancer develops, and the behaviour of different tumour types, and presents a broad scope of interventions to reduce the cancer burden from a global perspective, including addressing inequalities that affect cancer prevention.
Contents
- Production team
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Introduction
- 1. The global cancer burden
- 1.1.
The burden and prevention of premature deaths from noncommunicable diseases, including cancer: a global perspective
Bochen Cao, Isabelle Soerjomataram, Freddie Bray, and Bernard W. Stewart, reviewer. Elisabete Weiderpass, reviewer; Christopher P. Wild, reviewer.
- 1.2.
Global trends in cancer incidence and mortality
Isabelle Soerjomataram, Freddie Bray, and Bernard W. Stewart, reviewer. Elisabete Weiderpass, reviewer; Christopher P. Wild, reviewer.
- 1.3.
Transitions in human development and the global cancer burden
Miranda M. Fidler-Benaoudia, Freddie Bray, and Bernard W. Stewart, reviewer. Elisabete Weiderpass, reviewer; Christopher P. Wild, reviewer.
- Known causes of human cancer by organ site
- 1.1.
The burden and prevention of premature deaths from noncommunicable diseases, including cancer: a global perspective
- 2. Causes of cancer, including hazardous circumstances
- 2.1.
Tobacco products
: Massive and still growing causes of cancer worldwideNeal D. Freedman, Michael J. Thun, and David H. Phillips, reviewer. Catherine Sauvaget, reviewer.
- 2.2.
Infectious agents
: Missed opportunities for preventionRobert Newton, Catherine de Martel, and Martyn Plummer, reviewer. You-Lin Qiao, reviewer.
- 2.3.
Alcohol consumption
: A leading risk factor for cancerJürgen Rehm, Kevin D. Shield, Elisabete Weiderpass, and Veronika Fedirko, reviewer. Pietro Ferrari, reviewer.
- 2.4.
Sunlight and ultraviolet radiation
: Affecting skin cancer incidence in many countriesChikako Nishigori and Steffen Emmert, reviewer. Nagarajan Rajendra Prasad, reviewer.
- Summary
- Sources of ultraviolet radiation
- Epidemiology of skin cancers
- Ultraviolet-induced DNA photolesions
- Ultraviolet-induced DNA lesions and mutations in skin cancers
- Inflammation caused by sunburn promotes carcinogenesis, and particular DNA lesions are implicated
- Melanoma and ultraviolet-induced inflammation
- Role of UVA in photocarcinogenesis
- Ultraviolet-induced immunosuppression
- Prevention of damage from solar ultraviolet radiation
- References
- 2.5.
Ionizing radiation and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields
: Further clarification of particular risksDominique Laurier, Martin Röösli, and Maria Blettner, reviewer. Ausrele Kesminiene, reviewer; Colin R. Muirhead, reviewer.
- 2.6.
Diet and nutrition
: Understanding which factors are criticalMarjorie L. McCullough, Walter C. Willett, Edward L. Giovannucci, and Giuseppe Grosso, reviewer. Marc Gunter, reviewer; Sarah Lewis, reviewer.
- 2.7.
Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and obesity
: Established and emerging modifiable risk factorsChristine M. Friedenreich, Michael Leitzmann, and Steven C. Moore, reviewer. Leandro Fórnias Machado de Rezende, reviewer.
- 2.8.
Dietary carcinogens
: A continuing concern in various contextsJohn D. Groopman and Peter P. Fu, reviewer. Koraljka Gall Trošelj, reviewer; J. David Miller, reviewer.
- 2.9.
Contamination of air, water, soil, and food
: The challenge is to characterize specific risksPietro Comba, Ivano Iavarone, Manolis Kogevinas, and Aaron J. Cohen, reviewer. Kathryn Z. Guyton, reviewer; Josiah Ochieng, reviewer; Michelle C. Turner, reviewer.
- 2.10.
Occupation
: The need for continuing vigilanceJack Siemiatycki, Lesley Rushton, and Robert D. Daniels, reviewer. Mary K. Schubauer-Berigan, reviewer; Elizabeth Ward, reviewer; Elizabeth A. Whelan, reviewer.
- Summary
- Specifying occupational carcinogens
- Occupational agents or exposure circumstances evaluated as carcinogenic or probably carcinogenic
- Challenges and trends in establishing and understanding lists of occupational carcinogens
- Estimates of the fraction of cancer that is attributable to occupational exposures
- Prevention
- Conclusions
- References
- 2.11.
Pharmaceutical drugs
: A current focus on hormonesLisa Iversen and Anssi Auvinen, reviewer. Michael E. Jones, reviewer.
-
World Cancer Research Fund International/American Institute for Cancer Research
Martin J. Wiseman.
- 2.1.
Tobacco products
: Massive and still growing causes of cancer worldwide
- 3 Biological processes in cancer development
- 3.1.
Sporadic cancer
: Tumorigenesis in the absence of an established or avoidable causeDavid Schottenfeld and Paul Brennan, reviewer. George Davey Smith, reviewer.
- 3.2.
Genomics
: Susceptibility and somatic patternsStephen J. Chanock and Marc Ladanyi, reviewer. James McKay, reviewer.
- 3.3.
Gene–environment interactions
: The preventive implications are still not clearPaolo Vineis and Anja Rudolph, reviewer. Ghislaine Scelo, reviewer.
- 3.4.
DNA repair and genetic instability
: Endogenous and exogenous sources of damage and hereditary syndromesEugenia Dogliotti, Margherita Bignami, and Janet Hall, reviewer. Jiri Zavadil, reviewer.
- 3.5.
Inflammation
: Playing a pivotal role in cancer pathogenesisMuthu K. Shanmugam, Alan Prem Kumar, Gautam Sethi, and Massimo Tommasino, reviewer. Ioannis P. Trougakos, reviewer.
- 3.6.
Reproductive and hormonal history
: Important contributors to several cancer sitesLouise A. Brinton and Jennifer D. Brooks, reviewer. Silvia Franceschi, reviewer; Esther Roura Fornells, reviewer.
- 3.7.
Metabolic change and metabolomics
: Emerging approaches and new insightsAugustin Scalbert, Marc Gunter, and Demetrius Albanes, reviewer. A. Heather Eliassen, reviewer; James R. Krycer, reviewer.
- 3.8.
Epigenetics
: Potential in diagnostics, therapy, and preventionToshikazu Ushijima, Zdenko Herceg, and James Flanagan, reviewer. Igor Pogribny, reviewer.
- 3.9.
Immune function
: From the tumour microenvironment to therapeutic targetingAlberto Mantovani and Terry Lichtor, reviewer. Graham Pawelec, reviewer.
- 3.10.
The microbiome
: Its influence on tumorigenesis and therapyGeorg Zeller and Nele Brusselaers, reviewer. Mazda Jenab, reviewer; Herbert Tilg, reviewer.
- Summary
- Cancers associated with a single microbial pathogen
- Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract associated with altered gut microbiota composition
- Cancers in organs outside the gastrointestinal tract
- Role of the gut microbiome in cancer therapy
- Microbiome-based approaches to cancer prevention
- References
- 3.11.
Identifying carcinogens from 10 key characteristics
: A new approach based on mechanismsMartyn T. Smith, Kathryn Z. Guyton, and Gloria M. Calaf, reviewer. John D. Groopman, reviewer.
- The IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention
- 3.1.
Sporadic cancer
: Tumorigenesis in the absence of an established or avoidable cause
- 4 Inequalities that affect cancer prevention
- 4.1. Inequalities between and within countries: Impact on cancer preventionSalvatore Vaccarella, Johan P. Mackenbach, and David I. Conway, reviewer. Diana Sarfati, reviewer; Paolo Vineis, reviewer.
- 4.2.
Socioeconomic factors and cancer prevention in Africa
: Cervical cancer as an exampleLynette Denny and Clement A. Adebamowo, reviewer. Filip Meheus, reviewer; Robert Newton, reviewer; Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan, reviewer.
- Summary
- Overall cancer burden in Africa and globally
- Costs of cancer care
- Barriers to prevention and treatment of cancer in Africa
- Health-care workforce
- Socioeconomic determinants of health
- Priorities for prevention, research, policy, and development
- Challenges associated with cancer care in Africa
- References
- 4.3.
Cancer in urban and rural communities in China
: Patterns reflect social dynamicsWanqing Chen, He Li, Zhixun Yang, and Chunxue Bai, reviewer. Partha Basu, reviewer; Zhengming Chen, reviewer.
- 4.4.
Socioeconomic factors and cancer prevention in India
: Diverse interventions are neededRengaswamy Sankaranarayanan, Kunnambath Ramadas, and Cindy L. Gauvreau, reviewer. Mohandas K. Mallath, reviewer; Filip Meheus, reviewer; Aswathy Sreedevi, reviewer.
- 4.5.
Variations in implementation of cancer screening in European countries
: Striving for best practiceHarry J. de Koning and Partha Basu, reviewer. Nereo Segnan, reviewer.
- 4.6.
Disparities in cancer prevention services in the USA
: A long-standing, persistent cause of inequityRobert A. Smith, Electra D. Paskett, Carol E. DeSantis, and Graham A. Colditz, reviewer. Karen M. Emmons, reviewer.
- 4.7.
Cancer in Indigenous populations
: Focusing on inequalities that are sometimes invisibleDiana Sarfati, Bridget H. Robson, Gail Garvey, and Malcolm King, reviewer. Diana R. Withrow, reviewer.
-
Towards the World Code Against Cancer
Carolina Espina and Joachim Schüz.
- 4.1. Inequalities between and within countries: Impact on cancer prevention
- 5 Preventing particular tumour types
- A guide to the epidemiology data in Section 5: Preventing particular tumour types
- 5.1.
Lung cancer
: Continues to be the leading cause of cancer deathRayjean J. Hung, Adi F. Gazdar, and Joanna Didkowska, reviewer. Mattias Johansson, reviewer.
- 5.2.
Head and neck cancers
: New etiological insightsLaia Alemany Vilches and Devasena Anantharaman, reviewer. Paul Brennan, reviewer; C. René Leemans, reviewer.
- 5.3.
Oesophageal cancer
: A tale of two malignanciesReza Malekzadeh, Christian C. Abnet, Sanford M. Dawsey, and Valerie McCormack, reviewer. Aoife Ryan, reviewer; Katherine Van Loon, reviewer; David Whiteman, reviewer.
- 5.4.
Stomach cancer
: Still one of the main cancer types worldwideChristine Varon, Francis Mégraud, and Rolando Herrero, reviewer. Wenbo Meng, reviewer; Liang Qiao, reviewer.
- 5.5.
Colorectal cancer
: Decreasing disparities and promoting prevention are policy prioritiesCarlo Senore, Nereo Segnan, Marc Gunter, and Colinda Simons, reviewer. Piet van den Brandt, reviewer.
- 5.6.
Liver cancer
: An infectious disease for many communitiesChien-Jen Chen and Isabelle Chemin, reviewer. Zdenko Herceg, reviewer; Tatsuhiro Shibata, reviewer.
- 5.7.
Pancreatic cancer
: Many risk factors too poorly characterized to enable preventionJessica N. Everett, Diane M. Simeone, and Eric J. Duell, reviewer. Donghui Li, reviewer; Núria Malats, reviewer.
- 5.8.
Skin cancer
: A focus on primary preventionDavid Whiteman and Bruce K. Armstrong, reviewer. Rüdiger Greinert, reviewer; Massimo Tommasino, reviewer.
- 5.9.
Breast cancer
: Multiple, often complex, risk factorsSusan E. Hankinson, Kornelia Polyak, Judy E. Garber, and Benjamin O. Anderson, reviewer. Valerie McCormack, reviewer.
- 5.10.
Cervical cancer
: Successes in some communities to be extended worldwideZvavahera Mike Chirenje, Bothwell Takaingofa Guzha, and Maribel Almonte, reviewer. Karen Canfell, reviewer; Lynette Denny, reviewer.
- 5.11.
Endometrial cancer
: Prevention through control of obesityPenelope M. Webb and Dagfinn Aune, reviewer. Laure Dossus, reviewer.
- 5.12.
Ovarian cancer
: Complicated etiology and very few preventive optionsRenée Turzanski Fortner, Rudolf Kaaks, and Ronny Drapkin, reviewer. Anita Koushik, reviewer.
- 5.13.
Prostate cancer
: Challenges for prevention, detection, and treatmentTimothy R. Rebbeck and Timothy J. Key, reviewer. Richard M. Martin, reviewer.
- 5.14.
Testicular cancer
: New inroads into early diagnosisEwa Rajpert De Meyts, Ariana Znaor, Niels E. Skakkebæk, and Gemma Gatta, reviewer. Jason Gurney, reviewer; Joachim Schüz, reviewer.
- 5.15.
Bladder cancer
: A genotoxic causal agent recognizedJoëlle L. Nortier, Thierry Roumeguère, and Wolfgang A. Schulz, reviewer. Jiri Zavadil, reviewer.
- 5.16.
Kidney cancer
: Multiple risk factors, but currently limited preventive strategiesGhislaine Scelo, Alexander Parker, and Rosamonde E. Banks, reviewer. Carlo La Vecchia, reviewer.
- 5.17.
Brain cancer
: Increasing attention on the immune responseDominique S. Michaud and John D. Mathews, reviewer. Hiroko Ohgaki, reviewer; Joachim Schüz, reviewer.
- 5.18.
Thyroid cancer
: The challenge of overdiagnosisDavid O. Francis, Louise Davies, and Luigino Dal Maso, reviewer. Silvia Franceschi, reviewer; Sabina Rinaldi, reviewer.
- 5.19.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
: Complex etiology, including the role of immune functionSonja I. Berndt and Franco Cavalli, reviewer. Karin Ekström Smedby, reviewer.
- 5.20.
Leukaemias
: Understanding pathogenesis through similarities and differencesEve Roman, Alexandra G. Smith, and Martha S. Linet, reviewer. Joachim Schüz, reviewer.
-
WHO Report on Cancer: Setting priorities, investing wisely and providing care for all
André M. Ilbawi.
- 6 The basis for, and outcomes from, prevention strategies
- Tobacco cessation: the WHO perspective : Cessation support can more than double the chance of successfully quitting
- 6.1.
Changing behaviour
: The need for sustainable implementationGraham A. Colditz, Sydney E. Philpott-Streiff, and Steinar Tretli, reviewer. Giske Ursin, reviewer.
- 6.2.
Improving diet and nutrition, physical activity, and body weight
: From evidence to practiceAnnie S. Anderson and Christine M. Friedenreich, reviewer. Martin J. Wiseman, reviewer.
- 6.3.
Vaccination
: The prospect of eliminating some cancer typesSilvia Franceschi, Iacopo Baussano, and Julia Brotherton, reviewer. Laia Bruni, reviewer.
- 6.4.
Preventive therapy
: Certain interventions clearly establishedJack Cuzick and Karen Brown, reviewer. Diona L. Damian, reviewer.
- 6.5.
Managing people with high and moderate genetic risk
: Genomic tools to promote effective cancer risk reductionPatricia Ashton-Prolla, Jeffrey N. Weitzel, and Paul Brennan, reviewer. Ian S. Fentiman, reviewer; Mieke Van Hemelrijck, reviewer.
- 6.6.
Screening
: From biology to public healthRaúl Murillo and Partha Basu, reviewer. Ophira Ginsburg, reviewer; Julietta Patnick, reviewer; Robert A. Smith, reviewer.
- 6.7.
Circulating DNA and other biomarkers for early diagnosis
: Great potential, but challenges recognizedAnna Babayan, Natalie Reimers, Klaus Pantel, and Shaoqing Ju, reviewer. James McKay, reviewer.
- Summary
- ctDNA for early detection of cancer
- ctDNA for monitoring of minimal residual disease in patients with early-stage cancer
- CTCs for early detection and monitoring of minimal residual disease
- Liquid biopsy beyond ctDNA and CTC analyses
- Technologies for detection of ctDNA and CTCs
- From discovery to clinical validation and utility
- References
- 6.8.
Governmental action to control carcinogen exposure
: Multiple options covering diverse scenariosVincent J. Cogliano and Dorota Jarosińska, reviewer. Sakari Karjalainen, reviewer; Kurt Straif, reviewer.
- 6.9.
Prevention strategies common to noncommunicable diseases
: A focus on tobacco, alcohol, obesity, and physical inactivityDavid J. Hunter, K. Srinath Reddy, and Kunjan Kunjan, reviewer. Neil Pearce, reviewer; Christopher P. Wild, reviewer.
- Disclosures of interests
About the Series
Library Cataloguing Information
© International Agency for Research on Cancer 2020
Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/).
Under the terms of this licence, you may copy and redistribute the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted.
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Suggested citation.
Wild CP, Weiderpass E, Stewart BW, editors (2020). World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: http://publications.iarc.fr/586. Licence: CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO.
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Cover images, from top to bottom: Photomicrograph of retinoblastoma (Credit: Ralph C. Eagle, Jr, MD, Department of Pathology, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA). A woman undergoes a computed tomography scan (Credit: T2 Images/Getty Images). A waiter in a hoteli (tearoom) pours scalding hot milky tea for customers in Nyaru, a settlement at the edge of the Rift Valley in Kenya; IARC and Moi University are investigating the high rates of oesophageal cancer in Kenya and have found that consumption of hot tea is implicated (Credit: Daniel Middleton/IARC). Storage of biological samples in the IARC Biobank (Credit: Morena Sarzo/IARC). A girl receives a human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination; in Pune district in Maharashtra, India, IARC is working closely with national institutions to evaluate the efficacy of fewer than three doses of HPV vaccine in protecting women against cervical cancer (Credit: Morena Sarzo/IARC). Background image: The Blue Marble: Next Generation is a mosaic of satellite data taken mostly from a NASA sensor called the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) that flies aboard NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites (Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Reto Stöckli).
IARC Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Names: Wild, Christopher P., editor. | Weiderpass, Elisabete, editor. | Stewart, Bernard W., editor.
Title: World cancer report: cancer research for cancer prevention / edited by Christopher P. Wild, Elisabete Weiderpass, Bernard W. Stewart.
Other titles: World cancer report 2020.
Description: Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: ISBN 978-92-832-0447-3 (pbk.) | ISBN 978-92-832-0448-0 (ebook)
Subjects: MESH: Neoplasms. | Neoplastic Processes. | Global Health.
Classification: NLM QZ 220
- World Cancer ReportWorld Cancer Report
- Zebrafish DNA sequence from clone DKEY-18H21 in linkage group 3, complete sequen...Zebrafish DNA sequence from clone DKEY-18H21 in linkage group 3, complete sequencegi|51491079|emb|BX511029.9|Nucleotide
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