Evidence review for management options in failed primary surgery

National Guideline Centre (UK)

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Evidence review for management options in failed primary surgery

Hyperparathyroidism (primary): diagnosis, assessment and initial management

Evidence review F

NICE Guideline, No. 132

National Guideline Centre (UK).

London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2019 May.

ISBN-13: 978-1-4731-3415-7

1. Management options in failed primary surgery

1.1. Review question: What are the management options for people in whom primary parathyroid surgery has failed?

1.2. Introduction

Approximately 4–5% of people are not cured after the first parathyroid surgery. Surgery may fail to normalise serum calcium for a number of reasons including not removing the adenoma(s) or missing a diagnosis of familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH). In the former scenario there is variation in the application of further diagnostic tests and differing views about the type of second surgery, if any, to be offered. If no surgery is offered then a decision has to be made as to whether to offer medical treatments.

1.3. PICO table

For full details see the review protocol in appendix A.

Table 1

PICO characteristics of review question.

1.4. Clinical evidence

1.4.1. Included studies

No specific search was conducted for this review. We looked for relevant studies in patients with failed primary surgery from the evidence reviews on bisphosphonates, calcimimetics, monitoring, surgical indications, surgical interventions, surgical localisation and monitoring. Three studies were included from the calcimimetics and surgical localisation reviews. No relevant clinical studies including this group were identified in the bisphosphonates, surgical indications, surgical interventions or monitoring evidence reviews.

One study⁴⁸² in the calcimimetics evidence review included a subgroup of patients who previously had failed parathyroidectomy and was included in this review. The study compared oral cinacalcet tablets with placebo for treatment of people with primary hyperparathyroidism. The proportion of participants achieving normocalcaemia (serum calcium ≤2.57 mmol/litre) with a minimum of 0.12 mmol/litre reduction from baseline was reported separately for the subgroup of patients with failed primary surgery (n=18) and is presented in this review. Evidence on lumbar and distal radius BMDs and withdrawals due to adverse events that were also measured in the study was not available for the aforementioned subgroup. There were 8 diagnostic accuracy studies in the surgical localisation review that included a re-operation stratum. Of those, 2 studies reported results of participants with re-operation separately and were included in the present review.⁸⁴^,⁵²⁶ These were assessing the diagnostic accuracy of imaging techniques: sestamibi scanning (MIBI) and intra-operative localisation techniques: intra-operative parathyroid hormone monitoring (IOPTH), to aid parathyroid surgery.

These are summarised in Table 2 and Table 3 below. Evidence from these studies is summarised in the clinical evidence summary tables below (Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6). See also the study selection flow chart in appendix C, forest plot in appendix E, study evidence tables in appendix D, GRADE tables in appendix F and excluded studies list in appendix I.

1.4.2. Excluded studies

See the excluded studies list in appendix I.

1.4.3. Summary of clinical studies included in the evidence review

Table 2

Summary of the calcimimetics study included in the evidence review.

Table 3

Summary of diagnostic accuracy studies from surgical localisation included in the evidence review.

See appendix D for full evidence tables.

1.4.4. Quality assessment of clinical studies included in the evidence review

Table 4

Clinical evidence summary: Cinacalcet versus placebo in patients who had re-operation.

Table 5

Clinical evidence summary: Diagnostic accuracy of imaging localisation test – Re-operation stratum.

Table 6

Clinical evidence summary: Diagnostic accuracy of intra-operative tests - Re-operation stratum.

See appendix F for full GRADE tables.

1.5. Economic evidence

1.5.1. Included studies

No relevant health economic studies were identified.

1.5.2. Excluded studies

No health economic studies that were relevant to this question were excluded due to assessment of limited applicability or methodological limitations.

See also the health economic study selection flow chart in appendix G.

1.5.3. Unit costs

The committee discussed that there were multiple possible management pathways for people where surgery has failed including reoperation, pharmacological management, and monitoring. The unit costs potentially associated with each of these are presented below for consideration.

Table 7

Costs associated with reoperation.

Table 8

Cost of pharmacological treatment for people where surgery has failed.

Table 9

Monitoring costs.

1.6. Resource costs

The recommendations made by the committee based on this review are not expected to have a substantial impact on resources.

1.7. Evidence statements

1.7.1. Clinical evidence statements

1.7.1.1. Calcimimetics versus placebo

There was clinically important benefit of a calcimimetic (cinacalcet) for normocalcaemia – serum calcium ≤2.57 mmol/L (1 study, n=18; follow up 52 weeks; Very Low quality).

No evidence was identified for the outcomes of health-related quality of life; mortality; preservation of end organ function (bone mineral density, fractures, renal stones and renal function); deterioration of renal function; cardiovascular events; adverse events; cancer incidence.

1.7.1.2. Diagnostic accuracy of localisation tests

One study showed that MIBI had 100% (40 to 100%) sensitivity in people with failed primary surgery (n=4; Low quality). Specificity was not estimable.

One study showed that IOPTH had 100% (29 to 100%) sensitivity in people with failed primary surgery (n=3; Very Low quality). Specificity was not estimable.

No evidence was identified for the specificity; sensitivity of US imaging; SPECT; SPECT-CT; MRI; 4DCT; CT; Parathyroid venous sampling; Methylene blue; Intra-operative frozen sections.

1.7.2. Health economic evidence statements

No relevant economic evaluations were identified.

1.8. The committee’s discussion of the evidence

1.8.1. Interpreting the evidence

1.8.1.1. The outcomes that matter most

The committee considered the outcomes of health-related quality of life, mortality and preservation of end organ function (bone mineral density, fractures, renal stones and renal function) as critical outcomes for decision making. Other important outcomes included deterioration in renal function, persistent hypercalcaemia, cardiovascular events, adverse events and cancer incidence for the intervention studies. Sensitivity and specificity were considered outcomes of interest for the diagnostic accuracy of index tests (localisation and intra-operative techniques).

No evidence was identified for the critical outcomes for participants with previous failed surgery in any of the primary evidence reviews on bisphosphonates, surgical indications, surgical interventions (focused surgery versus 4-gland exploration) and monitoring.

No evidence was identified for the outcomes of lumbar and distal radius BMDs and withdrawals due to adverse events reported in the calcimimetics review for participants with previous failed surgery. No evidence was identified for the specificity of localisation tests in participants having re-operation in the surgical localisation review.

1.8.1.2. The quality of the evidence

The quality of the evidence comparing the use of cinacalcet with placebo in terms of normocalcaemia included in this review was Very Low due to risk of bias and imprecision. The evidence was available from only one study with a short-term follow-up of 52 weeks, limiting our confidence in the estimate of the effect of cinacalcet and our ability to draw conclusions about their long-term impact on normocalcaemia.

The evidence regarding the diagnostic accuracy of sestamibi (MIBI) was available from one study. The evidence was of Low quality and was downgraded for imprecision. Evidence on the sensitivity of IOPTH was only available from one study and only for the ≤10 minute time point drop for re-operation patients. The quality of the evidence was Very Low and was downgraded for risk of bias and imprecision. Overall, the diagnostic accuracy studies included in this review had a small number of participants with re-operation which could explain the absence of data with regards to the specificity of the tests.

1.8.1.3. Benefits and harms

Surgery

There was no evidence available on repeat surgery for people with previous failed surgery. The committee from their experience stated that repeat parathyroid surgery is relatively uncommon and failure rates are higher than primary surgery, and hence felt that consideration should be given to these operations being directed to centres with the relevant experience.

The committee discussed that when there is a failure to bring about normocalcaemia after primary parathyroid surgery, a confirmation of the underlying diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism, together with a review of the indications for surgery, should be made. The committee noted that two main causes of failure to restore normocalcaemia after primary surgery are: identification and removal of an enlarged parathyroid gland in the presence of unrecognised underlying multigland disease (this situation is most commonly encountered after an initial focused surgical strategy); and primary failure to identify pathological parathyroid gland at surgical exploration (this situation is often in the presence of negative pre-operative imaging and can be related to surgical experience or parathyroid glands being in an ectopic position within the neck or lying in a true ectopic position outside of the surgical field altogether).

The committee highlighted that consideration of second surgical exploration needs to be carefully reviewed by a multidisciplinary team taking into account the likely underlying pathology, findings of the initial investigations and surgical exploration and the clinical and biochemical indications for repeat surgery. The committee noted that whilst a more thorough 4-gland exploration may reveal the true parathyroid pathology, second surgical explorations are more difficult and more prone to failure and complications. Hence the committee agreed that further surgery if indicated should be performed at a centre with expertise in re-operative parathyroid surgery.

The committee agreed that if second surgical exploration is deemed inappropriate or declined, medical strategies should be considered to reduce the ongoing risk of end organ damage.

Pre-operative localisation

Evidence for pre-operative localisation in people undergoing repeat surgery was available for sestamibi scanning and intra-operative parathyroid hormone monitoring (IOPTH). The results for both tests showed a very high sensitivity for patients undergoing re-operation. The committee noted that the sensitivity evidence was based on a very limited sample of people having re-operation and that the lack of evidence on the specificity of the diagnostic tests was due to this very small number of patients. No evidence relevant to participants undergoing re-operation was available for any other index tests including US imaging, SPECT, MRI, CT and intra-operative frozen sections.

The committee discussed the usefulness of pre-operative localisation to inform surgical approach. The committee discussed various pre-operative localisation techniques including sestamibi scanning, US of the neck, SPECT/CT, 4DCT, venous sampling and PET scanning options. Due to lack of sufficient evidence, the committee did not make a specific recommendation for the type of pre-localisation technique. The committee agreed that further localisation for patients with failed surgery should take place at a specialised centre with expertise and should be the result of a decision made by a multi-disciplinary team at the centre. They felt that the choice of imaging should depend on the preference of the surgeon and the local availability and expertise. The committee considered that pre-operative localisation needs to be determined in the context of review of previous localisation findings.

Calcimimetics

Evidence from one study including a sub-group of patients who had previous failed surgery showed that for treatment with cinacalcet there was a clinical benefit of achieving normocalcaemia (serum Ca ≤2.57 mmol/litre) compared to placebo for those patients. The committee noted that the cut-off point used to define normocalcaemia did not reflect the 2.6 mmol/litre cut-off most commonly used in UK current practice. This discrepancy may limit the usefulness of the outcome in evaluating the effect of cinacalcet on normocalcaemia. In addition, the committee noted that the 52 week follow-up of the study and the small sample size of people with re-operation included in the study limit the ability to draw conclusions with regards to the use of calcimimetics for renal stones.

The committee discussed the cut-off values for hypercalcaemia and use of cinacalcet. The clinical benefit in quality of life in this review was judged to be in people with an adjusted serum calcium level above 2.85 mmol/litre. Therefore, the cut-off was set at 2.85 mmol/litre for people with symptoms of hypercalcaemia. For the cut-off to define hypercalcaemia in the presence or absence of symptoms, the committee agreed from clinical experience that this should be set at above 3.0 mmol/litre, largely due to the increased risk of hypercalcaemic crises that may be seen with this degree of hypercalcaemia. Based on the evidence and their clinical experience, the committee agreed that in people eligible for surgery and who have calcium levels above 2.85 mmol/litre, treatment with cinacalcet would help in reduction of symptoms. The committee also agreed that people with a calcium level above 3.0 mmol/litre would be likely to benefit from a reduced risk of hypercalcaemic crisis with cinacalcet, irrespective of whether they had symptoms or not.

The committee discussed that for people with an initial albumin-adjusted serum calcium level below 3.0 mmol/litre, continuation of treatment should be based on reduction in symptoms and for people with initial albumin-adjusted serum calcium level 3.0 mmol/litre or above, continuation of treatment should be based on either reduction in serum calcium or reduction in symptoms.

The committee agreed that albumin-adjusted serum calcium level should be measured before initiation of cinacalcet treatment and within 1 week after starting treatment or adjusting the dose. They also agreed that albumin-adjusted serum calcium level should be measured every 2–3 months to manage treatment related changes in serum calcium. This is in accordance with the British National Formulary.

The committee agreed to make recommendations specifically for cinacalcet as the evidence was available only for this type of calcimimetic and they also felt that if another calcimimetic was to be available in the future for use in primary hyperparathyroidism, the criteria for its use would be different. Hence they agreed that these recommendations should be applicable to cinacalcet only.

Bisphosphonates

No evidence was identified for the use of bisphosphonates in primary hyperparathyroidism patients with previous failed surgery. Based on the evidence for people with primary hyperparathyroidism and bone end organ effects (see evidence report H) and their experience, the committee agreed that bisphosphonate treatment should be considered in people with failed primary surgery as a means of improving bone mineral density to reduce fracture risk in line with NICE guideline on osteoporosis: assessing the risk of fragilityfracture. This may be particularly relevant for people where there is a significant delay in offering re-operative surgical cure.

Monitoring

No evidence was available for monitoring people with failed surgery. Based on their experience, the committee agreed that monitoring in people with failed surgery would be in line with those who have not had previous surgery (see evidence report I), in order to assess progression of disease and/or meeting eligibility criteria for re-surgery. Monitoring should be considered to bridge the gap between first surgery and MDT review and re-assessment in a specialist centre. The committee agreed that symptoms and comorbidities should be assessed annually or at presentation and albumin-adjusted serum calcium and eGFR or serum creatinine annually; DXA scan should be considered at diagnosis and every 2 to 3 years (as bone mineral changes take a long time to manifest on DXA scan) and ultrasound of the renal tract should be performed in cases where renal stones are suspected, to help determine the optimal management pathway. The committee considered that monitoring serum calcium level and symptoms of hypercalcaemia would support discussion of the most appropriate treatment strategy, including repeat surgery. Ultrasound of the kidneys would help in identifying cause for specific interventions or appropriate referral, and DXA scan would help in assessing fracture risk and/or the need for bisphosphonates.

1.8.2. Cost effectiveness and resource use

No relevant health economic evaluations were identified for this question.

Unit costs were presented to the committee to aid their consideration of cost-effectiveness. These included unit costs of measures covered in other parts of this guideline, including surgery, calcimimetics, bisphosphonates, and monitoring. However, as mentioned above there was little clinical evidence available for treatment options in this population, and therefore it was difficult for the committee to formally assess the cost effectiveness of treatment options. The recommendations made were primarily consensus based.

The British Association of Endocrine and Thyroid Surgeons (BAETs) audit data suggests that in current practice the failure rate for first-time surgery in people with primary hyperparathyroidism is 4.4%, and therefore this population is small.

The committee discussed that people with failed first surgery will not have received any quality of life improvements from treatment, and potentially some disutility as a result of the surgery and scarring of the neck.

As the only definitive cure for primary hyperparathyroidism is to remove adenomas, the committee considered it important that surgery be reconsidered in this population. Due to the greater risks associated with repeat surgery, the committee considered that such a decision should be discussed with multiple professionals involved with the person’s care to this point to determine whether repeat surgery is suitable. This would include the surgeon who performed the original operation, an endocrinologist, and the imaging clinician. Furthermore, the committee agreed that if repeat surgery is to be undertaken, further pre-operative imaging would be required. This will vary from case to case depending on the person’s original imaging results and what was seen and noted during surgery, and therefore the committee considered it most appropriate that this be decided by the specialist centre performing the surgery after review with the MDT mentioned above. The committee noted that it is more likely that some of the more expensive imaging modalities are used in this scenario. This is because these cases are often much more complex and it is considered that these are likely to provide further detailed imaging to inform further surgery.

The committee acknowledged that repeat surgery would incur a high cost when considering the cost of clinician time in the multidisciplinary discussion, pre-op imaging and repeat surgery, which is often longer compared to first surgery. However, they discussed that although repeat surgery is likely to have a higher failure rate than first time surgery (current practice according to BAETS audit suggests 12.8%), the majority of people having repeat surgery will be cured (normocalcaemic) and likely to receive a quality of life improvement due to improvement in symptoms as well as potential reduced risk of end organ disease such as fragility fracture and renal stones. The remaining people who still have failed surgery after two operations are rare and are likely to have complex disease such as ectopic, greater than 4-gland disease or rare syndromes.

The committee discussed that the only alternative treatment to repeat surgery to treat the resultant hypercalcaemia would be to prescribe calcimimetics. This incurs a very high drug cost of around £3,300 per patient per year. The clinical review suggests there is a clinical benefit of calcimimetics in achieving normocalcaemia, but the committee noted that to maintain effectiveness continuous treatment is required. Assuming that repeat surgery and calcimimetics have the same effect in achieving normocalcaemia, the committee highlighted that surgery would be more cost effective as it requires a one-off high cost with sustained benefit due to cure, whereas calcimimetics requires continuous high cost to maintain a similar benefit without providing a definitive cure of the primary hyperparathyroidism. In addition, calcimimetics can also result in unpleasant adverse events which will incur further cost and a disutility in quality of life. Therefore overall, the committee considered that repeat surgery would be more cost effective than calcimimetics and should be offered to patients after an initial failed surgery. However, if the person declines further surgery, calcimimetics should be considered in certain populations as it is the only alternative treatment to control symptoms of, and reduce the likelihood of, end organ damage as a result of hypercalcaemia.

The committee also discussed the impact on costs and quality of life for no further treatment after failed first surgery and instead only monitoring the person. The committee considered that the cost of monitoring would be the same as that for those who have not had parathyroid surgery as they are considered to be at the same risk of end organ damage. However, there is no potential improvement in quality of life from this management option compared to surgery and calcimimetics, and in most cases is inappropriate. The committee discussed that this is unlikely to be a common option unless alternative treatment options are turned down by the person.

Taking all of the above into consideration the committee considered that repeat surgery would be the most cost effective treatment for those where first surgery has failed, and therefore made an offer recommendation for repeat surgery. However, they considered that if this was not considered suitable or was declined by the person then calcimimetics should be considered.

Overall, the committee considered that this was current practice in many areas, and therefore did not consider these recommendations would lead to a substantial resource impact.

1.8.3. Other factors the committee took into account

The committee was aware of data from the Fifth National Audit Report 2017 of The British Association of Endocrine and Thyroid Surgeons, which were discussed within the consideration of the evidence for the management options for people with failed surgery¹²⁹.

It has been reported that most patients undergoing re-operation have only had one previous exploration; however the extent of previous surgery (for example targeted/focused or bilateral exploration/4-gland exploration) was not established. The small number of reported re-operative parathyroidectomies being performed supported the need for greater sub-specialisation in cases of re-operation.

In most cases of re-operation, a single gland was removed, which implied that the reason leading to re-operation was largely due to missed solitary adenomas or a missed second adenoma. The location of the majority of glands removed at re-operation being in the neck, which is a typical anatomical location, also implied that these may be the consequence of inadequate exploration in the first operation or failure of pre-operative imaging to detect the presence of a multigland disease leading to the failure of a previous targeted operation. The next most common location of removed parathyroid glands was the ectopic neck (including lesions in the carotid sheath or intra-thyroidal parathyroid adenomas). In cases where no parathyroid gland was removed at re-operation, it was difficult to understand how the location of the tumour could have been determined with certainty.

The majority of re-operative surgeries (approximately 94%) were performed by consultants, with registrars being the main assistants, involved in approximately 30% of re-operations. Overall, the reported involvement of consultants in re-operations was 98.4%.

Persistent hypercalcaemia is a key outcome measure following re-operation as it indicates failure to cure the disease. The rate of persistent hypercalcaemia reported after re-operation was 12.8%. Cure in re-operative surgery was also linked to the number of glands removed at re-operation. The highest rate of persisting hypercalcaemia (77.8%) was noted when no glands were removed. This was followed by the removal of 3.5 glands (33.3% rate of persisting hypercalcaemia) and 3 glands (20%). Total parathyroidectomy, involving the removal of four glands, was associated with the lowest rate of persistent hypercalcaemia (0.0%), indicating a higher cure rate. The audit reported that use of intra-operative PTH assay although to a small extent did significantly improve cure rate.

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Appendices

Appendix A. Review protocols

Table 10. Review protocol: Management options in failed primary surgery

Table 11. Health economic review protocol

Appendix B. Literature search strategies

The literature searches for this review are detailed below and complied with the methodology outlined in Developing NICE guidelines: the manual 2014, updated 2017 https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/pmg20/resources/developing-nice-guidelines-the-manual-pdf-72286708700869

For more detailed information, please see the Methodology Review.

B.1. Clinical search literature search strategy

Searches were constructed using a PICO framework where population (P) terms were combined with Intervention (I) and in some cases Comparison (C) terms. Outcomes (O) are rarely used in search strategies for interventions as these concepts may not be well described in title, abstract or indexes and are therefore difficult to retrieve. Search filters were applied to the search where appropriate.

Table 12. Database date parameters and filters used

Medline (Ovid) search terms

Embase (Ovid) search terms

Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms

CINAHL (EBSCO) search terms

PsycINFO (ProQuest) search terms

B.2. Health Economics literature search strategy

Health economic evidence was identified by conducting a broad search relating to primary hyperparathyroidism population in the NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED – this ceased to be updated after March 2015) and the Health Technology Assessment database (HTA) with no date restrictions. The NHS EED and HTA databases are hosted by the Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD). Additional searches were run on Medline and Embase for health economics papers published since 2002.

Table 13. Database date parameters and filters used

Medline (Ovid) search terms

Embase (Ovid) search terms

NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms

Appendix C. Clinical evidence selection

Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of: Management options in failed primary surgery

Appendix D. Clinical evidence tables

Download PDF (219K)

Appendix E. Forest plots

E.1. Cinacalcet versus placebo in failed surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism

Figure 2. Normocalcaemia (serum calcium ≤ 2.57 mmol/L)

E.2. Diagnostic accuracy of imaging tests in re-operation for primary hyperthyroidism

Figure 3. Sestamibi

E.3. Diagnostic accuracy of intra-operative tests in re-operation for primary hyperthyroidism

Figure 4. IOPTH (>50% drop at ≤10 minutes)

Appendix F. GRADE tables

Table 14. Clinical evidence profile: Cinacalcet versus placebo

Appendix G. Health economic evidence selection

Figure 5. Flow chart of health economic study selection for the guideline

Appendix H. Health economic evidence tables

No economic studies were included in this review.

Appendix I. Excluded studies

I.1. Excluded clinical studies

Table 15. Studies excluded from the bisphosphonates clinical review

Table 16. Studies excluded from the calcimimetics clinical review

Table 17. Studies excluded from the surgical indications clinical review

Table 18. Studies excluded from the surgical interventions clinical review

Table 19. Studies excluded from the monitoring clinical review

Table 20. Studies excluded from the surgical localisation review

I.2. Excluded health economic studies

None.

Appendix J. Research recommendations

J.1. Failed primary surgery

Research question: What is the best and most cost-effective management strategy for people whose first surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism is not successful?

Why this is important

Repeat parathyroid surgery is relatively uncommon; failure rates are higher than for primary surgery and it carries a higher risk. Currently there is limited evidence available on the management of people with failed surgery. The committee therefore felt that there is a need for a robust evidence base to guide an optimal management pathway for those who have had failed primary surgery.

Criteria for selecting high-priority research recommendations

PICO question	Population: Adults (18 years or over) with primary hyperparathyroidism in whom primary surgery has failed. Intervention(s): Re-operation with or without surgical localisation -surgical localisation to include non-invasive techniques (for example parathyroid ultrasound, sestamibi scanning, CT and MRI scanning) or invasive techniques prior to surgery (for example parathyroid venous sampling); and intra-operative tests such as intraoperative parathyroid hormone assays (IOPTH), methylene blue and intra operative frozen sections. Calcimimetics Bisphosphonates Monitoring Comparison: All interventions compared to each other Outcome(s) for intervention studies: HRQOL Mortality Preservation of end organ function (bone mineral density, fractures, renal stones and renal function) Deterioration in renal function Persistent hypercalcaemia Cardiovascular events Adverse events Cancer incidence Outcomes for diagnostic test-and-treat studies: HRQOL Mortality Success (cure) / failure Adverse events BMD of the distal radius or the lumbar spine Deterioration in renal function Fractures (vertebral or long bone) Length of hospital stay Occurrence of kidney stones Persistent hypercalcaemia Reoperation Unnecessary neck exploration Outcomes for diagnostic accuracy studies: Specificity Sensitivity Target condition (for localisation studies): correct localisation of adenoma. Target condition (for intra-operative tests): correct prediction of removal of all abnormal tissue.
Importance to patients or the population	The research will allow an evidence-based approach to the management of people with failed primary surgery and help improve the cure rate in such people.
Relevance to NICE guidance	This research will enable future guidelines to clearly recommend an evidence-based approach to the management of people with failed primary surgery.
Relevance to the NHS	This research would standardise the approach to the management of people with failed surgery. Appropriate management of such patients will reduce recurrence or persistent disease.
National priorities	No
Current evidence base	The systematic review on management options in failed surgery identified one study on calcimimetics and this was from a sub-group of patients who had previous failed parathyroidectomy. There was evidence available from two more studies assessing the diagnostic accuracy of sestamibi scanning (MIBI) and intra-operative parathyroid hormone monitoring (IOPTH) in patients undergoing repeat surgery. However the evidence was of low quality and based on a very small number of patients. There was no evidence available for indications for repeat surgery, surgical interventions (focused/4-gland exploration), bisphosphonates and monitoring. Due to the limited evidence the committee made a consensus recommendation on the management of this population. The committee considered that there is a need for a stronger evidence-based recommendation for management of people with failed surgery.
Equality	The recommendation is unlikely to impact on equality issues.
Study design	RCTs and systematic reviews of RCTs Diagnostic test and treat (surgical localisation and intra-operative tests) Diagnostic accuracy (surgical localisation and intra-operative tests)
Feasibility	The time scale will need to be at least 6 months to ensure adequate follow-up so that differences in interventions can be seen between the groups. As there is only a small proportion of patients who are not cured after first surgery (4–5%), there may be difficulty in conducting large RCTs.
Other comments	None
Importance	High: the research is essential to inform future updates of key recommendations in the guideline.

Final

Intervention evidence review

This evidence review was developed by the National Guideline Centre

Disclaimer: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.

Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.

NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the Welsh Government, Scottish Government, and Northern Ireland Executive. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.

Bookshelf ID: NBK577898PMID: 35167215

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National Guideline Centre (UK). Evidence review for management options in failed primary surgery: Hyperparathyroidism (primary): diagnosis, assessment and initial management: Evidence review F. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2019 May. (NICE Guideline, No. 132.)
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Evidence review for management options in failed primary surgery

1. Management options in failed primary surgery

1.1. Review question: What are the management options for people in whom primary parathyroid surgery has failed?

1.2. Introduction

1.3. PICO table

1.4. Clinical evidence

1.4.1. Included studies

1.4.2. Excluded studies

1.4.3. Summary of clinical studies included in the evidence review

1.4.4. Quality assessment of clinical studies included in the evidence review

1.5. Economic evidence

1.5.1. Included studies

1.5.2. Excluded studies

1.5.3. Unit costs

1.6. Resource costs

1.7. Evidence statements

1.7.1. Clinical evidence statements

1.7.1.1. Calcimimetics versus placebo

1.7.1.2. Diagnostic accuracy of localisation tests

1.7.2. Health economic evidence statements

1.8. The committee’s discussion of the evidence

1.8.1. Interpreting the evidence

1.8.1.1. The outcomes that matter most

1.8.1.2. The quality of the evidence

1.8.1.3. Benefits and harms

Surgery

Pre-operative localisation

Calcimimetics

Bisphosphonates

Monitoring

1.8.2. Cost effectiveness and resource use

1.8.3. Other factors the committee took into account

References

Appendices

Appendix A. Review protocols

Appendix B. Literature search strategies

B.1. Clinical search literature search strategy

B.2. Health Economics literature search strategy

Appendix C. Clinical evidence selection

Appendix D. Clinical evidence tables

Appendix E. Forest plots

E.1. Cinacalcet versus placebo in failed surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism

E.2. Diagnostic accuracy of imaging tests in re-operation for primary hyperthyroidism

E.3. Diagnostic accuracy of intra-operative tests in re-operation for primary hyperthyroidism

Appendix F. GRADE tables

Appendix G. Health economic evidence selection

Appendix H. Health economic evidence tables

Appendix I. Excluded studies

I.1. Excluded clinical studies

I.2. Excluded health economic studies

Appendix J. Research recommendations

J.1. Failed primary surgery

Research question: What is the best and most cost-effective management strategy for people whose first surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism is not successful?

Why this is important

Criteria for selecting high-priority research recommendations

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