1.1.4.1. Included studies

The search returned a total of 3217 results. Of these, 27 were identified as potential includes, and full text articles were ordered and reviewed against the inclusion criteria. One study, using semi-structured interviews, met the inclusion criteria for this review.

The search was re-run in July 2020 to identify any studies which had been published since the date of the original search. This returned a total of 188 results of which 0 were identified as possible included studies. In total there was therefore 1 study, using semi-structured interviews, which met the inclusion criteria for this review.

See Appendix D for evidence tables of included studies.

1.1.4.2. Excluded studies

See Appendix I for excluded studies and reasons for exclusion.

1.1.7.1. Included studies

A single search was performed to identify published economic evaluations of relevance to any of the questions in this guideline update (see Appendix B). This search retrieved 4,398 studies. Based on title and abstract screening, all of the studies could confidently be excluded for this question, as none of them were found to be relevant.

The search was re-run in July 2020 to identify any studies which had been published since the date of the original search. This returned a total of 577 results. Based on title and abstract screening, all the studies could confidently be excluded for this question. Thus, the review for this question does not include any study from the existing literature.

1.1.7.2. Excluded studies

No full-text copies of articles were requested for this review and so there is no excluded studies list.

1.1.10.1. The outcomes that matter most

The committee stated that support following discharge of the baby from medical care was an important outcome. This includes both babies who are discharged from hospital after birth or medical care after a home birth as well as those who are discharged following treatment for suspected infection. Whereas clinicians within a neonatal unit will be familiar with potential signs of late-onset infection, families will be less aware of the risks and signs. Support at discharge should also influence other important outcomes, such as parental or carer anxiety. By being given clear information at discharge, parents and carers can be more confident in asking for help if their child is displaying any signs of infection. The committee also thought that format of information was important, as not everyone may have access to certain types of resources, such as online content.

1.1.10.2. The quality of the evidence

Only one study, with very low-quality evidence, was included in the review. This study included parents of febrile infants, rather than those specifically with neonatal infection, and excluded preterm babies, who may often be at higher risk of infection. However, the committee decided that this was still relevant to the review as this group of parents will face similar experiences to those with babies who develop late-onset infection. In particular they may have similar experiences in relation to awareness of the symptoms and seeing their child receive examinations that they are not necessarily familiar with. Given the differences in population, the study was assessed as partially relevant to the review and the quality was downgraded for relevance. The quality of the study was further downgraded for risk of bias, due to limited information about the analysis methods used in the research.

The inclusion of only one study in the review meant that it was difficult to assess the coherence of findings for each of the themes identified. However, the themes in the article corresponded with the experience of the committee when considering what information is important and the format in which it is given to parents and carers. The evidence was therefore useful to highlight similarities between the opinions of parents and clinicians on what is important, and it did not identify any unexpected themes that the committee may otherwise not have considered. The committee decided that the evidence corresponded with the recommendations that were made for babies at risk of early-onset infection in the 2012 version of this guideline, which were based on committee consensus. It was therefore decided that the 2012 recommendations should be applied to babies at risk of either early- or late-onset infection in this guideline, with minor updates. The committee decided not to make a research recommendation as it was satisfied that the results matched the experience of both the clinicians and lay members on the committee and were sufficient to be able to make effective recommendations.

1.1.10.3. Benefits and harms

The evidence identified in this review was consistent with principles of good practice when communicating with the parents and carers of babies who are being treated for neonatal infection. It also reflects the knowledge and experience of the committee members as well as the recommendations from the 2012 version of this guideline. The recommendations in the previous version of the guideline were extended to include late-onset neonatal infection. They therefore reflect current practice and are not expected to have any harmful effects.

The previous version of the guideline on early onset infection recommended that parents and carers of babies with risk factors for early onset infection should be given verbal and written information on the signs and symptoms of infection. This corresponds with the evidence found in the current update, that parents appreciated clear explanations of procedures from clinicians and would like fact sheets to help them process information.

The committee noted that babies at risk of late-onset infection would often be cared for at home. Any baby can develop an infection, even if they are not identified as high risk at the time of discharge. The committee therefore thought it was important that all parents and carers should be given information about the signs and symptoms of neonatal infection, when being discharged from hospital. The importance of giving advice to all parents and carers was reflected in the evidence, where parents were worried about missing the symptoms of infection or being seen as overprotective parents if they took their baby to the hospital. The recommendations should therefore ensure that all parents and carers are given information about the signs of neonatal infection, not just those whose babies are considered to be at high risk of infection. Highlighting this information means that parents will be more confident to seek medical advice if they think their child is unwell, thereby reducing the risk of the serious consequences of untreated neonatal infection.

1.1.10.4. Cost effectiveness and resource use

Since the recommendations are not expected to cause a major change in practice, the issue of cost-effectiveness was not considered explicitly, and no resource impact is expected.

1.1.10.5. Other factors the committee took into account

The committee discussed potential equality issues in relation to language barriers. It highlighted the importance of providing information to parents and carers that is either in their first language or in a language that they can clearly understand. Overcoming language barriers should increase the likelihood of a parent or carer identifying the signs of infection and getting medical care for their baby as early as possible. This will help to reduce the risk of a baby developing potentially serious consequences from not receiving early treatment for neonatal infection. Recommendations on establishing clear communication with people using NHS services are already provided in the NICE Patient experience in adult NHS services guideline (CG138, section 1.5 – enabling patients to actively participate in their care), and so the committee did not make separate recommendations for this, but instead cross referred to this guideline. The patient experience guideline not only covers language barriers but also provides information on other communication barriers, such as visual or hearing impairments, or where a patient advocate or family member may also need to be involved in care. The committee decided that this covered the main things for a clinician to consider when communicating with parents and carers.

A similar issue was highlighted in relation to the format in which information is provided, as some people may not have access to certain formats, such as online guidance. The committee felt that the recommendation that clinicians should provide guidance both verbally and in writing at the time of discharge should ensure that everyone has access to the relevant information.

The evidence indicated that many parents had difficulties in understanding clinical terminology when a clinician was explaining the tests or treatment that their babies would receive. The committee agreed that this was an important issue and were satisfied that the existing recommendations for early-onset infection highlight the main signs of infection in a way that is easy for parents and carers to understand. The description of change in skin colour was extended to be specific about a baby becoming very pale, blue/grey or dark yellow. The committee discussed whether colour changes might differ depending on a baby’s skin colour, but they were confident that these colour changes could be seen in all babies and that the recommendation would not result in equality issues. The recommendations also state that clinicians should discuss the best management options for the baby with parents and carers, as well as explaining the reasons for any treatment. This is important as the evidence highlighted that some parents were concerned about not knowing what was going to happen to their baby while they were in hospital, and others said that they did not always receive clear explanations of procedures.

The committee discussed whether any of the recommendations from the 2012 version of the guideline needed to be updated so that it applied to both early- and late-onset infection. They were satisfied that the recommendations were appropriate for the families and carers of all babies, but decided to extend the definition of breathing difficulties from rapid breathing to abnormal breathing, with a list of potential breathing problems. This will help make parents more aware of what to look for if they are concerned that their baby might have an infection.

1.1.12.1. Effectiveness

• De, Sukanya, Tong, Allison, Isaacs, David et al. (2014) Parental perspectives on evaluation and management of fever in young infants: an interview study. Archives of disease in childhood 99(8): 717–23 [PubMed: 24849214]

Medline, Medline in Process, Medline E-pub Ahead of Print

1. exp Infant, Newborn/
2. Term Birth/
3. Infant Care/
4. Perinatal Care/
5. Intensive Care Units, Neonatal/
6. Intensive Care, Neonatal/
7. Infant Health/
8. (newborn* or new born* or neonat* or neo-nat* or perinat* or peri-nat*).tw.
9. ((premature* or pre-mature* or preterm* or pre-term*) adj4 (child* or infant* or baby* or babies* or offspring)).tw.
10. or/1-9
11. exp Bacterial Infections/
12. ((bacter* or strep* or staph* or GNB) adj4 (infect* or diseas* or contaminat* or mening* or pneumon* or nosocomial*)).tw.
13. exp Sepsis/
14. (sepsis or septic?emia* or py?emia* or pyho?emia*).tw.
15. (septic* adj4 shock*).tw.
16. (bacter?emia* or bacill?emia*).tw.
17. (blood* adj4 (infect* or contamin* or invas* or invad*)).tw.
18. or/11-17
19. exp Streptococcus/
20. exp Staphylococcus/
21. (streptococc* or staphylococc*).tw.
22. (GBS or MRSA or NRCS-A or MSSA).tw.
23. (met?icillin-resistant adj3 aureus).tw.
24. exp Escherichia coli/
25. (((Escheric* or E) adj2 coli) or ecoli*).tw.
26. exp Listeria/
27. listeria*.tw.
28. exp Klebsiella/
29. klebsiella*.tw.
30. exp Pseudomonas/
31. (pseudomonas or chryseomonas or flavimonas).tw.
32. Enterobacteriaceae/
33. (enterobact* or sodalis or paracolobactrum or ewingella or leclercia).tw.
34. ((enteric or coliform) adj2 bac*).tw.
35. exp Neisseria/
36. neisseria*.tw.
37. exp Haemophilus influenzae/
38. ((h?emophil* or H or bacter* or bacill* or mycobacter* or coccobac*) adj2 (influenz* or pfeiffer* or meningitidis)).tw.
39. exp Serratia/
40. serratia*.tw.
41. exp Cronobacter/
42. (cronobact* or sakazaki* or malonatic*).tw.
43. exp Acinetobacter/
44. (acinetobact* or herellea* or mima or baumanni* or genomosp* or calcoacetic*).tw.
45. exp Fusobacterium/
46. (fusobact* or sphaerophor* or necrophorum or nucleatum).tw.
47. exp Enterococcus/
48. enterococc*.tw.
49. or/19-48
50. 18 or 49
51. 10 and 50
52. ((newborn* or new born* or neonat* or neo-nat* or perinat* or peri-nat*) adj4 infect*).tw.
53. ((premature* or pre-mature* or preterm* or pre-term*) adj4 (child* or infant* or baby* or babies* or offspring) adj4 infect*).tw.
54. 52 or 53
55. 51 or 54
56. Parental Notification/
57. exp Third-Party Consent/
58. exp Parents/ed, lj
59. Caregivers/ed, lj
60. Family/ed, lj
61. Grandparents/ed, lj
62. exp Legal Guardians/ed, lj
63. Professional Family Relations/
64. ((parent* or famil* or carer* or caregiv* or care-giv* or spous* or husband* or wife* or wive* or mother* or father* or dad* or mum* or mom* or stepparent* or stepfather* or stepmother* or stepm?m* or stepdad* or guardian* or grandparent* or grandm* or grandad* or grandfather* or third-part* or stepfamil*) adj4 (inform* or support* or consent* or approv* or assent* or acquiesc* or authori?e* or permiss* or permit* or sanction* or accord or accords or notif* or disclos* or involv* or engag* or advocat* or represent* or knowledge* or recommend* or accept* or nonaccept* or utiliz* or utilis* or comply* or complian* or adher* or accede*)).tw.
65. ((parent* or famil* or carer* or caregiv* or care-giv* or spous* or husband* or wife* or wive* or mother* or father* or dad* or mum* or mom* or stepparent* or stepfather* or stepmother* or stepm?m* or stepdad* or guardian* or grandparent* or grandm* or grandad* or grandfather* or third-part* or stepfamil*) adj4 (advice* or advis* or material* or litera* or help* or assist* or network* or workshop* or work-shop* or group* or association* or organi?ation* or forum* or program* or service* or exchang* or meeting* or discuss*)).tw.
66. ((professional* or practitioner*) adj4 (parent* or famil* or carer* or caregiv* or care-giv* or spous* or husband* or wife* or wive* or mother* or father* or dad* or mum* or mom* or stepparent* or stepfather* or stepmother* or stepm?m* or stepdad* or guardian* or grandparent* or grandm* or grandad* or grandfather* or third-part* or stepfamil*) adj4 (relations* or associate*)).tw.
67. or/56-66
68. exp Parents/
69. Family/
70. Caregivers/
71. Grandparents/
72. exp Legal Guardians/
73. (parent* or famil* or carer* or caregiv* or care-giv* or spous* or husband* or wife* or wive* or mother* or father* or dad* or mum* or mom* or stepparent* or stepfather* or stepmother* or stepm?m* or stepdad* or guardian* or grandparent* or grandm* or grandad* or grandfather* or third-part* or stepfamil*).tw.
74. or/68-73
75. exp Patient Acceptance of Health Care/
76. exp Attitude to Health/
77. exp Patient Compliance/
78. exp Social Support/
79. Friends/
80. Interpersonal Relations/
81. exp Peer Group/
82. exp Social Networking/
83. exp Consumer Health Information/
84. Information Dissemination/
85. exp Information Literacy/
86. Health Promotion/
87. exp Professional-Patient Relations/
88. (information* or communicat* or advice* or advis* or support*).ti.
89. ((patient* or peer* or health* or medic* or consumer*) adj4 (inform* or support* or advice* or advis* or knowledge* or material* or litera*)).tw.
90. (patient* adj4 (consent* or approv* or assent* or acquiesc* or authori?e* or permiss* or permit* or sanction* or accord or accords or notif* or disclos* or involv* or engag* or advocat* or represent* or recommend* or accept* or nonaccept* or utiliz* or utilis* or comply* or complian* or adher* or accede*)).tw.
91. ((information* or advice* or advis* or support* or help* or assist* or litera*) adj4 (need* or demand* or right* or oblig* or use* or using* or desir* or requir* or expect* or suggest* or disseminat* or distribut* or provision*)).tw.
92. ((information* or advice* or advis* or help* or assist* or litera*) adj4 support*).tw.
93. ((pysch* or emot* or mental* or sentiment*) adj4 (support* or help* or advice* or advis* or assist* or workshop* or work-shop*)).tw.
94. ((friend* or buddy* or buddies* or befriend* or be-friend* or companion*) adj4 (support* or help* or advice* or advis* or assist* or network* or workshop* or work-shop*)).tw.
95. ((patient* or support* or consumer* or social*) adj4 (group* or association* or organi?ation* or network* or forum* or program* or workshop* or work-shop*)).tw.
96. ((peer* or communit* or volunteer* or voluntary* or social*) adj4 (group* or support* or network* or service* or program* or forum* or workshop* or work-shop* or exchang* or meeting* or discuss*)).tw.
97. ((health* or well-ness* or wellness* or well-being* or wellbeing* or resilien* or coping*) adj4 (promot* or campaign* or advocat* or encourag* or improv* or workshop* or work-shop* or strateg*)).tw.
98. ((helpseek* or seek* or search*) adj4 (support* or help* or advice* or advis* or assist* or help*)).tw.
99. (selfhelp* or self-help* or selfmanag* or self-manag* or self-support* or selfsupport*).tw.
100. ((professional* or practitiioner*) adj4 patient* adj4 (relations* or associate*)).tw.
101. Health Education/
102. Patient Education as Topic/
103. (educat* or learn* or teach* or instruct* or taught* or train or training*).tw.
104. or/75-103
105. 74 and 104
106. patient education handout.pt.
107. Pamphlets/
108. (booklet* or leaflet* or pamphlet* or brochure* or handout* or hand-out*).tw.
109. exp Computers/
110. exp Computer Communication Networks/
111. Computer Assisted Instruction/
112. exp User-Computer Interface/
113. Therapy, Computer-Assisted/
114. Cloud Computing/
115. exp Online Systems/
116. Mobile Applications/
117. Medical Informatics Applications/
118. (online or web or internet or digital*).ti.
119. (app or apps).tw.
120. ((internet* or web or cloud* or digital* or online*) adj3 (base* or comput* or process* or stor* or system* or application* or intervention* or program* or therap* or forum* or tablet*)).tw.
121. ((laptop* or palm* or handheld* or tablet* or pda or pc) adj2 comput*).tw.
122. (email* or e-mail* or electronic mail*).tw.
123. Search Engine/
124. (search* adj2 engine*).tw.
125. exp Telephone/
126. Hotlines/
127. (telephon* or helpline* or help-line* or hotline* or hot-line* or cellphone* or texting* or phone or phones* or smartphone* or smartwatch*).tw.
128. ((text* or audio* or multimedia* or multi-media* or intstant* or pictur*) adj2 messag*).tw.
129. (mobile health* or mhealth* or m-health* or ehealth* or e-health* or emental* or e-mental*).tw.
130. (mobile* adj3 (base* or application* or intervention* or device* or technolog* or tablet*)).tw.
131. exp Audiovisual Aids/
132. (audiovisual* or audio-visual*).tw.
133. (visual* adj2 aid*).tw.
134. (radio or radios or television* or DVD* or blu-ray* or VHS* or video*).tw.
135. exp Communications Media/
136. ((communication* or transmiss* or transmit* or social*) adj4 media*).tw.
137. (Facebook* or Twitter* or WhatsApp* or Snapchat* or Linkedin* or Instagram* or YouTube* or Wikipedia* or Reddit*).tw.
138. (telecommunicat* or teleconference*).tw.
139. (tele* adj2 (communicat* or conference*)).tw.
140. Blogging/
141. (blog* or vlog*).tw.
142. or/106-141
143. 67 or 105 or 142
144. 55 and 143
145. Animals/ not Humans/
146. 144 not 145
147. limit 146 to english language

Embase

1. newborn/
2. term birth/
3. infant care/
4. perinatal care/
5. neonatal intensive care unit/
6. newborn intensive care/
7. child health/
8. (newborn* or new born* or neonat* or neo-nat* or perinat* or peri-nat*).tw.
9. ((premature* or pre-mature* or preterm* or pre-term*) adj4 (child* or infant* or baby* or babies* or offspring)).tw.
10. or/1-9
11. exp bacterial infection/
12. ((bacter* or strep* or staph* or GNB) adj4 (infect* or diseas* or contaminat* or mening* or pneumon* or nosocomial*)).tw.
13. exp sepsis/
14. (sepsis or septic?emia* or py?emia* or pyho?emia*).tw.
15. (septic* adj4 shock*).tw.
16. (bacter?emia* or bacill?emia*).tw.
17. (blood* adj4 (infect* or contamin* or invas* or invad*)).tw.
18. or/11-17
19. exp Streptococcus/
20. exp Staphylococcus/
21. (streptococc* or staphylococc*).tw.
22. (GBS or MRSA or NRCS-A or MSSA).tw.
23. (met?icillin-resistant adj3 aureus).tw.
24. exp Escherichia coli/
25. (((Escheric* or E) adj2 coli) or ecoli*).tw.
26. exp Listeria/
27. listeria*.tw.
28. exp Klebsiella/
29. klebsiella*.tw.
30. exp Pseudomonas/
31. (pseudomonas or chryseomonas or flavimonas).tw.
32. Enterobacteriaceae/
33. (enterobact* or sodalis or paracolobactrum or ewingella or leclercia).tw.
34. ((enteric or coliform) adj2 bac*).tw.
35. exp Neisseria/
36. neisseria*.tw.
37. exp Haemophilus influenzae/
38. ((h?emophil* or H or bacter* or bacill* or mycobacter* or coccobac*) adj2 (influenz* or pfeiffer* or meningitidis)).tw.
39. exp Serratia/
40. serratia*.tw.
41. exp cronobacter/
42. (cronobact* or sakazaki* or malonatic*).tw.
43. exp Acinetobacter/
44. (acinetobact* or herellea* or mima or baumanni* or genomosp* or calcoacetic*).tw.
45. exp Fusobacterium/
46. (fusobact* or sphaerophor* or necrophorum or nucleatum).tw.
47. exp Enterococcus/
48. enterococc*.tw.
49. or/19-48
50. 18 or 49
51. 10 and 50
52. ((newborn* or new born* or neonat* or neo-nat* or perinat* or peri-nat*) adj4 infect*).tw.
53. ((premature* or pre-mature* or preterm* or pre-term*) adj4 (child* or infant* or baby* or babies* or offspring) adj4 infect*).tw.
54. 52 or 53
55. 51 or 54
56. parental notification/
57. informed consent/
58. ((parent* or famil* or carer* or caregiv* or care-giv* or spous* or husband* or wife* or wive* or mother* or father* or dad* or mum* or mom* or stepparent* or stepfather* or stepmother* or stepm?m* or stepdad* or guardian* or grandparent* or grandm* or grandad* or grandfather* or third-part* or stepfamil*) adj4 (inform* or support* or consent* or approv* or assent* or acquiesc* or authori?e* or permiss* or permit* or sanction* or accord or accords or notif* or disclos* or involv* or engag* or advocat* or represent* or knowledge* or recommend* or accept* or nonaccept* or utiliz* or utilis* or comply* or complian* or adher* or accede*)).tw.
59. ((parent* or famil* or carer* or caregiv* or care-giv* or spous* or husband* or wife* or wive* or mother* or father* or dad* or mum* or mom* or stepparent* or stepfather* or stepmother* or stepm?m* or stepdad* or guardian* or grandparent* or grandm* or grandad* or grandfather* or third-part* or stepfamil*) adj4 (advice* or advis* or material* or litera* or help* or assist* or network* or workshop* or work-shop* or group* or association* or organi?ation* or forum* or program* or service* or exchang* or meeting* or discuss*)).tw.
60. ((professional* or practitioner*) adj4 (parent* or famil* or carer* or caregiv* or care-giv* or spous* or husband* or wife* or wive* or mother* or father* or dad* or mum* or mom* or stepparent* or stepfather* or stepmother* or stepm?m* or stepdad* or guardian* or grandparent* or grandm* or grandad* or grandfather* or third-part* or stepfamil*) adj4 (relations* or associate*)).tw.
61. or/56-60
62. exp parent/
63. family/
64. caregiver/
65. exp grandparent/
66. legal guardian/
67. (parent* or famil* or carer* or caregiv* or care-giv* or spous* or husband* or wife* or wive* or mother* or father* or dad* or mum* or mom* or stepparent* or stepfather* or stepmother* or stepm?m* or stepdad* or guardian* or grandparent* or grandm* or grandad* or grandfather* or third-part* or stepfamil*).tw.
68. or/62-67
69. exp patient attitude/
70. attitude to health/
71. social support/
72. friend/
73. friendship/
74. human relation/
75. exp peer group/
76. exp social network/
77. consumer health information/
78. information dissemination/
79. information literacy/
80. health promotion/
81. exp professional-patient relationship/
82. (information* or communicat* or advice* or advis* or support*).ti.
83. ((patient* or peer* or health* or medic* or consumer*) adj4 (inform* or support* or advice* or advis* or knowledge* or material* or litera*)).tw.
84. (patient* adj4 (consent* or approv* or assent* or acquiesc* or authori?e* or permiss* or permit* or sanction* or accord or accords or notif* or disclos* or involv* or engag* or advocat* or represent* or recommend* or accept* or nonaccept* or utiliz* or utilis* or comply* or complian* or adher* or accede*)).tw.
85. ((information* or advice* or advis* or support* or help* or assist* or litera*) adj4 (need* or demand* or right* or oblig* or use* or using* or desir* or requir* or expect* or suggest* or disseminat* or distribut* or provision*)).tw.
86. ((information* or advice* or advis* or help* or assist* or litera*) adj4 support*).tw.
87. ((pysch* or emot* or mental* or sentiment*) adj4 (support* or help* or advice* or advis* or assist* or workshop* or work-shop*)).tw.
88. ((friend* or buddy* or buddies* or befriend* or be-friend* or companion*) adj4 (support* or help* or advice* or advis* or assist* or network* or workshop* or work-shop*)).tw.
89. ((patient* or support* or consumer* or social*) adj4 (group* or association* or organi?ation* or network* or forum* or program* or workshop* or work-shop*)).tw.
90. ((peer* or communit* or volunteer* or voluntary* or social*) adj4 (group* or support* or network* or service* or program* or forum* or workshop* or work-shop* or exchang* or meeting* or discuss*)).tw.
91. ((health* or well-ness* or wellness* or well-being* or wellbeing* or resilien* or coping*) adj4 (promot* or campaign* or advocat* or encourag* or improv* or workshop* or work-shop* or strateg*)).tw.
92. ((helpseek* or seek* or search*) adj4 (support* or help* or advice* or advis* or assist* or help*)).tw.
93. (selfhelp* or self-help* or selfmanag* or self-manag* or self-support* or selfsupport*).tw.
94. ((professional* or practitiioner*) adj4 patient* adj4 (relations* or associate*)).tw.
95. health education/
96. patient education/
97. (educat* or learn* or teach* or instruct* or taught* or train or training*).tw.
98. or/69-97
99. 68 and 98
100. (booklet* or leaflet* or pamphlet* or brochure* or handout* or hand-out*).tw.
101. exp computer/
102. exp internet/
103. computer interface/
104. exp computer assisted therapy/
105. cloud computing/
106. online system/
107. exp mobile application/
108. medical informatics/
109. (online or web or internet or digital*).ti.
110. (app or apps).tw.
111. ((internet* or web or cloud* or digital* or online*) adj3 (base* or comput* or process* or stor* or system* or application* or intervention* or program* or therap* or forum* or tablet*)).tw.
112. ((laptop* or palm* or handheld* or tablet* or pda or pc) adj2 comput*).tw.
113. e-mail/
114. (email* or e-mail* or electronic mail*).tw.
115. search engine/
116. (search* adj2 engine*).tw.
117. telephone/
118. exp mobile phone/
119. hotline/
120. (telephon* or helpline* or help-line* or hotline* or hot-line* or cellphone* or texting* or phone or phones* or smartphone* or smartwatch*).tw.
121. text messaging/
122. ((text* or audio* or multimedia* or multi-media* or intstant* or pictur*) adj2 messag*).tw.
123. (mobile health* or mhealth* or m-health* or ehealth* or e-health* or emental* or e-mental*).tw.
124. (mobile* adj3 (base* or application* or intervention* or device* or technolog* or tablet*)).tw.
125. exp audiovisual equipment/
126. audiovisual aid/
127. radio/
128. (audiovisual* or audio-visual*).tw.
129. (visual* adj2 aid*).tw.
130. (radio or radios or television* or DVD* or blu-ray* or VHS* or video*).tw.
131. mass medium/
132. social media/
133. ((communication* or transmiss* or transmit* or social*) adj4 media*).tw.
134. (Facebook* or Twitter* or WhatsApp* or Snapchat* or Linkedin* or Instagram* or YouTube* or Wikipedia* or Reddit*).tw.
135. exp telecommunication/
136. (telecommunicat* or teleconference*).tw.
137. (tele* adj2 (communicat* or conference*)).tw.
138. blogging/
139. (blog* or vlog*).tw.
140. or/100-139
141. 61 or 99 or 140
142. 55 and 141
143. nonhuman/ not human/
144. 142 not 143
145. limit 144 to english language
146. limit 145 to (conference abstract or conference paper or “conference review”)
147. 145 not 146

PsycINFO

1. exp infant development/
2. neonatal period/
3. exp birth/
4. perinatal period/
5. (newborn* or new born* or neonat* or neo-nat* or perinat* or peri-nat*).tw.
6. ((premature* or pre-mature* or preterm* or pre-term*) adj4 (child* or infant* or baby* or babies* or offspring)).tw.
7. or/1-6
8. exp bacterial disorders/
9. ((bacter* or strep* or staph* or GNB) adj4 (infect* or diseas* or contaminat* or mening* or pneumon* or nosocomial*)).tw.
10. (sepsis or septic?emia* or py?emia* or pyho?emia*).tw.
11. (bacter?emia* or bacill?emia*).tw.
12. (blood* adj4 (infect* or contamin* or invas* or invad*)).tw.
13. (septic* adj4 shock*).tw.
14. or/8-13
15. exp microorganisms/
16. (streptococc* or staphylococc*).tw.
17. (GBS or MRSA or NRCS-A or MSSA).tw.
18. (met?icillin-resistant adj3 aureus).tw.
19. (((Escheric* or E) adj2 coli) or ecoli*).tw.
20. listeria*.tw.
21. klebsiella*.tw.
22. (pseudomonas or chryseomonas or flavimonas).tw.
23. (enterobact* or sodalis or paracolobactrum or ewingella or leclercia).tw.
24. ((enteric or coliform) adj2 bac*).tw.
25. neisseria*.tw.
26. ((h?emophil* or H or bacter* or bacill* or mycobacter* or coccobac*) adj2 (influenz* or pfeiffer* or meningitidis)).tw.
27. serratia*.tw.
28. (cronobact* or sakazaki* or malonatic*).tw.
29. (acinetobact* or herellea* or mima or baumanni* or genomosp* or calcoacetic*).tw.
30. (fusobact* or sphaerophor* or necrophorum or nucleatum).tw.
31. enterococc*.tw.
32. or/15-31
33. 14 or 32
34. 7 and 33
35. ((newborn* or new born* or neonat* or neo-nat* or perinat* or peri-nat*) adj4 infect*).tw.
36. ((premature* or pre-mature* or preterm* or pre-term*) adj4 (child* or infant* or baby* or babies* or offspring) adj4 infect*).tw.
37. 35 or 36
38. 34 or 37
39. limit 38 to human
40. limit 39 to english language
41. limit 40 to (chapter or dissertation or encyclopedia entry or obituary or poetry or review-book or review-media)
42. 40 not 41
43. limit 42 to (classic book or conference proceedings or “handbook/manual” or reference book or “textbook/study guide”)
44. 42 not 43

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials

#1.

MeSH descriptor: [Infant, Newborn] explode all trees

#2.

MeSH descriptor: [Term Birth] this term only

#3.

MeSH descriptor: [Infant Care] this term only

#4.

MeSH descriptor: [Perinatal Care] this term only

#5.

MeSH descriptor: [Intensive Care Units, Neonatal] this term only

#6.

MeSH descriptor: [Intensive Care, Neonatal] this term only

#7.

MeSH descriptor: [Infant Health] this term only

#8.

((newborn* or new born* or neonat* or neo-nat* or perinat* or peri-nat*)):ti,ab,kw

#9.

((premature* or pre-mature* or preterm* or pre-term*) near/4 (child* or infant* or baby* or babies* or offspring)):ti,ab,kw

#10.

{or #1-#9}

#11.

MeSH descriptor: [Bacterial Infections] 1 tree(s) exploded

#12.

((bacter* or strep* or staph* or GNB) near/4 (infect* or diseas* or contaminat* or mening* or pneumon* or nosocomial*)):ti,ab,kw

#13.

MeSH descriptor: [Sepsis] 2 tree(s) exploded

#14.

(sepsis or septic?emia* or py?emia* or pyho?emia*):ti,ab,kw

#15.

(septic* near/4 shock*):ti,ab,kw

#16.

(bacter?emia* or bacill?emia*):ti,ab,kw

#17.

((blood*) near/4 (infect* or contamin* or invas* or invad*)):ti,ab,kw

#18.

{or #11-#17}

#19.

MeSH descriptor: [Streptococcus] explode all trees

#20.

MeSH descriptor: [Staphylococcus] explode all trees

#21.

(streptococc* or staphylococc*):ti,ab,kw

#22.

(GBS or MRSA or NRCS-A or MSSA):ti,ab,kw

#23.

(met?icillin-resistant near/3 aureus):ti,ab,kw

#24.

MeSH descriptor: [Escherichia coli] explode all trees

#25.

((( (Escheric* or E) near/2 (coli)) or (ecoli*))):ti,ab,kw

#26.

MeSH descriptor: [Listeria] explode all trees

#27.

(listeria*):ti,ab,kw

#28.

MeSH descriptor: [Klebsiella] explode all trees

#29.

(klebsiella*):ti,ab,kw

#30.

MeSH descriptor: [Pseudomonas] explode all trees

#31.

(pseudomonas or chryseomonas or flavimonas):ti,ab,kw

#32.

MeSH descriptor: [Enterobacteriaceae] explode all trees

#33.

(enterobact* or sodalis or paracolobactrum or ewingella or leclercia):ti,ab,kw

#34.

((enteric or coliform) near/2 (bac*)):ti,ab,kw

#35.

MeSH descriptor: [Neisseria] explode all trees

#36.

(neisseria*):ti,ab,kw

#37.

MeSH descriptor: [Haemophilus influenzae] explode all trees

#38.

((h?emophil* or H or bacter* or bacill* or mycobacter* or coccobac*) near/2 (influenz* or pfeiffer* or meningitidis)):ti,ab,kw

#39.

MeSH descriptor: [Serratia] explode all trees

#40.

(serratia*):ti,ab,kw

#41.

MeSH descriptor: [Cronobacter] explode all trees

#42.

(cronobact* or sakazaki* or malonatic*):ti,ab,kw

#43.

MeSH descriptor: [Acinetobacter] explode all trees

#44.

(acinetobact* or herellea* or mima or baumanni* or genomosp* or calcoacetic*):ti,ab,kw.

#45.

MeSH descriptor: [Fusobacterium] explode all trees

#46.

(fusobact* or sphaerophor* or necrophorum or nucleatum):ti,ab,kw

#47.

MeSH descriptor: [Enterococcus] explode all trees

#48.

(enterococc*):ti,ab,kw

#49.

{or #19-#48}

#50.

#18 or #49

#51.

#10 and #50

#52.

((newborn* or new born* or neonat* or neo-nat* or perinat* or peri-nat*) near/4 (infect*)):ti,ab,kw

#53.

((premature* or pre-mature* or “preterm*” or “pre-term*”) near/4 (child* or infant* or baby* or babies* or offspring) near/4 (infect*)):ti,ab,kw

#54.

#52 or #53

#55.

#51 or #54

#56.

MeSH descriptor: [Parental Notification] this term only

#57.

MeSH descriptor: [Third-Party Consent] explode all trees

#58.

MeSH descriptor: [Parents] explode all trees and with qualifier(s): [education - ED]

#59.

MeSH descriptor: [Caregivers] this term only and with qualifier(s): [legislation & jurisprudence - LJ, education - ED]

#60.

MeSH descriptor: [Grandparents] this term only and with qualifier(s): [education - ED]

#61.

MeSH descriptor: [Legal Guardians] explode all trees and with qualifier(s): [education - ED, legislation & jurisprudence - LJ]

#62.

MeSH descriptor: [Professional-Family Relations] this term only

#63.

((parent* or famil* or carer* or caregiv* or care-giv* or spous* or husband* or wife* or wive* or mother* or father* or dad* or mum* or mom* or stepparent* or stepfather* or stepmother* or stepm?m* or stepdad* or guardian* or grandparent* or grandm* or grandad* or grandfather* or third-part* or stepfamil*) near/4 (inform* or support* or consent* or approv* or assent* or acquiesc* or authori?e* or permiss* or permit* or sanction* or accord or accords or notif* or disclos* or involv* or engag* or advocat* or represent* or knowledge* or recommend* or accept* or nonaccept* or utiliz* or utilis* or comply* or complian* or adher* or accede*)):ti,ab,kw

#64.

((parent* or famil* or carer* or caregiv* or care-giv* or spous* or husband* or wife* or wive* or mother* or father* or dad* or mum* or mom* or stepparent* or stepfather* or stepmother* or stepm?m* or stepdad* or guardian* or grandparent* or grandm* or grandad* or grandfather* or third-part* or stepfamil*) near/4 (advice* or advis* or material* or litera* or help* or assist* or network* or workshop* or work-shop* or group* or association* or organi?ation* or forum* or program* or service* or exchang* or meeting* or discuss*)):ti,ab,kw

#65.

((professional* or practitioner*) near/4 (parent* or famil* or carer* or caregiv* or care-giv* or spous* or husband* or wife* or wive* or mother* or father* or dad* or mum* or mom* or stepparent* or stepfather* or stepmother* or stepm?m* or stepdad* or guardian* or grandparent* or grandm* or grandad* or grandfather* or third-part* or stepfamil*) near/4 (relations* or associate*)):ti,ab,kw

#66.

{or #56-#65}

#67.

MeSH descriptor: [Parents] explode all trees

#68.

MeSH descriptor: [Family] this term only

#69.

MeSH descriptor: [Caregivers] this term only

#70.

MeSH descriptor: [Grandparents] this term only

#71.

MeSH descriptor: [Legal Guardians] explode all trees

#72.

((parent* or famil* or carer* or caregiv* or care-giv* or spous* or husband* or wife* or wive* or mother* or father* or dad* or mum* or mom* or stepparent* or stepfather* or stepmother* or stepm?m* or stepdad* or guardian* or grandparent* or grandm* or grandad* or grandfather* or third-part* or stepfamil*)):ti,ab,kw

#73.

{or #67-#72}

#74.

MeSH descriptor: [Patient Acceptance of Health Care] explode all trees

#75.

MeSH descriptor: [Attitude to Health] explode all trees

#76.

MeSH descriptor: [Patient Compliance] explode all trees

#77.

MeSH descriptor: [Social Support] explode all trees

#78.

MeSH descriptor: [Friends] this term only

#79.

MeSH descriptor: [Interpersonal Relations] this term only

#80.

MeSH descriptor: [Peer Group] explode all trees

#81.

MeSH descriptor: [Social Networking] explode all trees

#82.

MeSH descriptor: [Consumer Health Information] explode all trees

#83.

MeSH descriptor: [Information Dissemination] this term only

#84.

MeSH descriptor: [Information Literacy] explode all trees

#85.

MeSH descriptor: [Health Promotion] this term only

#86.

MeSH descriptor: [Professional-Patient Relations] explode all trees

#87.

(information* or communicat* or advice* or advis* or support*):ti

#88.

((patient* or peer* or health* or medic* or consumer*) near/4 (inform* or support* or advice* or advis* or knowledge* or material* or litera*)):ti,ab,kw

#89.

((patient*) near/4 (consent* or approv* or assent* or acquiesc* or authori?e* or permiss* or permit* or sanction* or accord or accords or notif* or disclos* or involv* or engag* or advocat* or represent* or recommend* or accept* or nonaccept* or utiliz* or utilis* or comply* or complian* or adher* or accede*)):ti,ab,kw

#90.

((information* or advice* or advis* or support* or help* or assist* or litera*) near/4 (need* or demand* or right* or oblig* or use* or using* or desir* or requir* or expect* or suggest* or disseminat* or distribut* or provision*)):ti,ab,kw

#91.

((information* or advice* or advis* or help* or assist* or litera*) near/4 (support*)):ti,ab,kw

#92.

((pysch* or emot* or mental* or sentiment*) near/4 (support* or help* or advice* or advis* or assist* or workshop* or work-shop*)):ti,ab,kw

#93.

((friend* or buddy* or buddies* or befriend* or be-friend* or companion*) near/4 (support* or help* or advice* or advis* or assist* or network* or workshop* or work-shop*)):ti,ab,kw

#94.

((patient* or support* or consumer* or social*) near/4 (group* or association* or organi?ation* or network* or forum* or program* or workshop* or work-shop*)):ti,ab,kw

#95.

((peer* or communit* or volunteer* or voluntary* or social*) near/4 (group* or support* or network* or service* or program* or forum* or workshop* or work-shop* or exchang* or meeting* or discuss*)):ti,ab,kw

#96.

((health* or well-ness* or wellness* or well-being* or wellbeing* or resilien* or coping*) near/4 (promot* or campaign* or advocat* or encourag* or improv* or workshop* or work-shop* or strateg*)):ti,ab,kw

#97.

((helpseek* or seek* or search*) near/4 (support* or help* or advice* or advis* or assist* or help*)):ti,ab,kw

#98.

(selfhelp* or self-help* or selfmanag* or self-manag* or self-support* or selfsupport*):ti,ab,kw

#99.

((professional* or practitiioner*) near/4 (patient*) near/4 (relations* or associate*)):ti,ab,kw

#100.

MeSH descriptor: [Health Education] this term only

#101.

MeSH descriptor: [Patient Education as Topic] this term only

#102.

(educat* or learn* or teach* or instruct* or taught* or train or training*):ti,ab,kw

#103.

{or #74-#102}

#104.

#73 and #103

#105.

(patient education handout):pt

#106.

MeSH descriptor: [Pamphlets] this term only

#107.

(booklet* or leaflet* or pamphlet* or brochure* or handout* or hand-out*):ti,ab,kw

#108.

MeSH descriptor: [Computers] explode all trees

#109.

MeSH descriptor: [Computer Communication Networks] explode all trees

#110.

MeSH descriptor: [Computer-Assisted Instruction] this term only

#111.

MeSH descriptor: [User-Computer Interface] explode all trees

#112.

MeSH descriptor: [Therapy, Computer-Assisted] this term only

#113.

MeSH descriptor: [Cloud Computing] this term only

#114.

MeSH descriptor: [Online Systems] explode all trees

#115.

MeSH descriptor: [Mobile Applications] this term only

#116.

MeSH descriptor: [Medical Informatics Applications] this term only

#117.

(online or web or internet or digital*):ti

#118.

(app or apps):ti,ab,kw

#119.

((internet* or web or cloud* or digital* or online*) near/3 (base* or comput* or process* or stor* or system* or application* or intervention* or program* or therap* or forum* or tablet*)):ti,ab,kw

#120.

((laptop* or palm* or handheld* or tablet* or pda or pc) near/2 (comput*)):ti,ab,kw

#121.

(email* or e-mail* or electronic mail*):ti,ab,kw

#122.

MeSH descriptor: [Search Engine] this term only

#123.

(search* near/2 engine*):ti,ab,kw

#124.

MeSH descriptor: [Telephone] explode all trees

#125.

MeSH descriptor: [Hotlines] this term only

#126.

(telephon* or helpline* or help-line* or hotline* or hot-line* or cellphone* or texting* or phone or phones* or smartphone* or smartwatch*):ti,ab,kw

#127.

((text* or audio* or multimedia* or multi-media* or intstant* or pictur*) near/2 (messag*)):ti,ab,kw

#128.

(mobile health* or mhealth* or m-health* or ehealth* or e-health* or emental* or e-mental*):ti,ab,kw

#129.

((mobile*) near/3 (base* or application* or intervention* or device* or technolog* or tablet*)):ti,ab,kw

#130.

MeSH descriptor: [Audiovisual Aids] explode all trees

#131.

(audiovisual* or audio-visual*):ti,ab,kw

#132.

(visual* near/2 aid*):ti,ab,kw

#133.

(radio or radios or television* or DVD* or blu-ray* or VHS* or video*):ti,ab,kw

#134.

MeSH descriptor: [Communications Media] explode all trees

#135.

((communication* or transmiss* or transmit* or social*) near/4 (media*)):ti,ab,kw

#136.

(Facebook* or Twitter* or WhatsApp* or Snapchat* or Linkedin* or Instagram* or YouTube* or Wikipedia* or Reddit*):ti,ab,kw

#137.

(telecommunicat* or teleconference*):ti,ab,kw

#138.

((tele*) near/2 (communicat* or conference*)):ti,ab,kw

#139.

MeSH descriptor: [Blogging] this term only

#140.

(blog* or vlog*):ti,ab,kw

#141.

{or #105-#140}

#142.

#66 or #104 or #141

#143.

#55 and #142

#144.

(conference):pt

#145.

(clinicaltrials or trialsearch):so

#146.

#144 or #145

#147.

#143 not #146

DARE

1. MeSH DESCRIPTOR infant, Newborn
2. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Term Birth
3. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Infant Care
4. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Perinatal Care
5. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Intensive Care Units, Neonatal
6. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Intensive Care, Neonatal
7. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Infant Health
8. (newborn* or new born* or neonat* or neo-nat* or perinat* or peri-nat*)
9. ((premature* or pre-mature* or preterm* or pre-term*) NEAR4 (child* or infant* or baby* or babies* or offspring))
10. #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9
11. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Bacterial Infections EXPLODE ALL TREES
12. ((bacter* or strep* or staph* or GNB) NEAR4 (infect* or diseas* or contaminat* or mening* or pneumon* or nosocomial*))
13. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Sepsis EXPLODE ALL TREES
14. (sepsis or septic?emia* or py?emia* or pyho?emia*)
15. (septic* NEAR4 shock*)
16. (bacter?emia* or bacill?emia*)
17. ((blood*) NEAR4 (infect* or contamin* or invas* or invad*))
18. #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17
19. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Streptococcus EXPLODE ALL TREES
20. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Staphylococcus EXPLODE ALL TREES
21. (streptococc* or staphylococc*)
22. (GBS or MRSA or NRCS-A or MSSA)
23. (met?icillin-resistant NEAR3 aureus)
24. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Escherichia coli EXPLODE ALL TREES
25. (((Escheric* or E) NEAR2 (coli) OR (ecoli*)))
26. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Listeria EXPLODE ALL TREES
27. (listeria*)
28. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Klebsiella EXPLODE ALL TREES
29. (klebsiella)
30. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Pseudomonas EXPLODE ALL TREES
31. (pseudomonas or chryseomonas or flavimonas)
32. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Enterobacteriaceae EXPLODE ALL TREES
33. (enterobact* or sodalis or paracolobactrum or ewingella or leclercia)
34. ((enteric or coliform) NEAR2 (bac*))
35. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Neisseria EXPLODE ALL TREES
36. (neisseria*)
37. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Haemophilus influenzae EXPLODE ALL TREES
38. ((h?emophil* or H or bacter* or bacill* or mycobacter* or coccobac*) NEAR2 (influenz* or pfeiffer* or meningitidis))
39. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Serratia EXPLODE ALL TREES
40. (serratia*)
41. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Cronobacter EXPLODE ALL TREES
42. (cronobact* or sakazaki* or malonatic*)
43. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Acinetobacter EXPLODE ALL TREES
44. (acinetobact* or herellea* or mima or baumanni* or genomosp* or calcoacetic*)
45. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Fusobacterium EXPLODE ALL TREES
46. (fusobact* or sphaerophor* or necrophorum or nucleatum)
47. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Enterococcus EXPLODE ALL TREES
48. (enterococc*)
49. (#19 OR #20 OR #21 OR #22 OR #23 OR #24 OR #25 OR #26 OR #27 OR #28 OR #29 OR #30 OR #31 OR #32 OR #33 OR #34 OR #35 OR #36 OR #37 OR #38 OR #39 OR #40 OR #41 OR #42 OR #43 OR #44 OR #45 OR #46 OR #47 OR #48)
50. (#18 OR #49)
51. (#10 AND #50)
52. ((newborn* or new born* or neonat* or neo-nat* or perinat* or peri-nat*) NEAR4 (infect*))
53. ((prematur*e or pre-mature* or preterm* or pre-term*) NEAR4 (child* or infant* or baby* or babies* or offspring) NEAR4 (infect*))
54. (#52 OR #53)
55. (#51 OR #54)
56. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Parental Notification
57. MeSH DESCRIPTOR third-Party Consent EXPLODE ALL TREES
58. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Parents EXPLODE ALL TREES WITH QUALIFIER ED
59. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Caregivers WITH QUALIFIERS ED, LJ
60. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Grandparents WITH QUALIFIER ED
61. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Legal Guardians EXPLODE ALL TREES WITH QUALIFIERS ED, LJ
62. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Professional-Family Relations
63. ((parent* or famil* or carer* or caregiv* or care-giv* or spous* or husband* or wife* or wive* or mother* or father* or dad* or mum* or mom* or stepparent* or stepfather* or stepmother* or stepm?m* or stepdad* or guardian* or grandparent* or grandm* or grandad* or grandfather* or third-part* or stepfamil*) NEAR4 (inform* or support* or consent* or approv* or assent* or acquiesc* or authori?e* or permiss* or permit* or sanction* or accord or accords or notif* or disclos* or involv* or engag* or advocat* or represent* or knowledge* or recommend* or accept* or nonaccept* or utiliz* or utilis* or comply* or complian* or adher* or accede*))
64. ((parent* or famil* or carer* or caregiv* or care-giv* or spous* or husband* or wife* or wive* or mother* or father* or dad* or mum* or mom* or stepparent* or stepfather* or stepmother* or stepm?m* or stepdad* or guardian* or grandparent* or grandm* or grandad* or grandfather* or third-part* or stepfamil*) NEAR4 (advice* or advis* or material* or litera* or help* or assist* or network* or workshop* or work-shop* or group* or association* or organi?ation* or forum* or program* or service* or exchang* or meeting* or discuss*))
65. ((professional* or practitioner*) NEAR4 (parent* or famil* or carer* or caregiv* or care-giv* or spous* or husband* or wife* or wive* or mother* or father* or dad* or mum* or mom* or stepparent* or stepfather* or stepmother* or stepm?m* or stepdad* or guardian* or grandparent* or grandm* or grandad* or grandfather* or third-part* or stepfamil*) NEAR4 (relations* or associate*))
66. #56 OR #57 OR #58 OR #59 OR #60 OR #61 OR #62 OR #63 OR #64 OR #65
67. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Parents EXPLODE ALL TREES
68. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Family
69. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Caregivers
70. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Grandparents
71. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Legal Guardians EXPLODE ALL TREES
72. (parent* or famil* or carer* or caregiv* or care-giv* or spous* or husband* or wife* or wive* or mother* or father* or dad* or mum* or mom* or stepparent* or stepfather* or stepmother* or stepm?m* or stepdad* or guardian* or grandparent* or grandm* or grandad* or grandfather* or third-part* or stepfamil*)
73. #67 OR #68 OR #69 OR #70 OR #71 OR #72
74. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Patient Acceptance of Health Care EXPLODE ALL TREES
75. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Attitude to Health EXPLODE ALL TREES
76. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Patient Compliance EXPLODE ALL TREES
77. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Social Support EXPLODE ALL TREES
78. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Friends
79. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Interpersonal Relations
80. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Peer Group EXPLODE ALL TREES
81. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Social Networking EXPLODE ALL TREES
82. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Consumer Health Information EXPLODE ALL TREES
83. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Information Dissemination
84. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Information Literacy EXPLODE ALL TREES
85. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Health Promotion
86. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Professional-Patient Relations EXPLODE ALL TREES
87. (information* or communicat* or advice* or advis* or support*):TI
88. ((patient* or peer* or health* or medic* or consumer*) NEAR4 (inform* or support* or advice* or advis* or knowledge* or material* or litera*))
89. ((patient*) NEAR4 (consent* or approv* or assent* or acquiesc* or authori?e* or permiss* or permit* or sanction* or accord or accords or notif* or disclos* or involv* or engag* or advocat* or represent* or recommend* or accept* or nonaccept* or utiliz* or utilis* or comply* or complian* or adher* or accede*))
90. ((information* or advice* or advis* or support* or help* or assist* or litera*) NEAR4 (need* or demand* or right* or oblig* or use* or using* or desir* or requir* or expect* or suggest* or disseminat* or distribut* or provision*))
91. ((information* or advice* or advis* or help* or assist* or litera*) NEAR4 (support*))
92. ((pysch* or emot* or mental* or sentiment*) NEAR4 (support* or help* or advice* or advis* or assist* or workshop* or work-shop*))
93. ((friend* or buddy* or buddies* or befriend* or be-friend* or companion*) NEAR4 (support* or help* or advice* or advis* or assist* or network* or workshop* or work-shop*))
94. ((patient* or support* or consumer* or social*) NEAR4 (group* or association* or organi?ation* or network* or forum* or program* or workshop* or work-shop*))
95. ((peer* or communit* or volunteer* or voluntary* or social*) NEAR4 (group* or support* or network* or service* or program* or forum* or workshop* or work-shop* or exchang* or meeting* or discuss*))
96. ((health* or well-ness* or wellness* or well-being* or wellbeing* or resilien* or coping*) NEAR4 (promot* or campaign* or advocat* or encourag* or improv* or workshop* or work-shop* or strateg*))
97. ((helpseek* or seek* or search*) NEAR4 (support* or help* or advice* or advis* or assist* or help*))
98. (selfhelp* or self-help* or selfmanag* or self-manag* or self-support* or selfsupport*)
99. ((professional* or practitiioner*) NEAR4 (patient*) NEAR4 (relations* or associate*))
100. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Health Education
101. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Patient Education as Topic
102. (educat* or learn* or teach* or instruct* or taught* or train or training*)
103. #74 OR #75 OR #76 OR #77 OR #78 OR #79 OR #80 OR #81 OR #82 OR #83 OR #84 OR #85 OR #86 OR #87 OR #88 OR #89 OR #90 OR #91 OR #92 OR #93 OR #94 OR #95 OR #96 OR #97 OR #98 OR #99 OR #100 OR #101 OR #102
104. #73 AND #103
105. MeSH DESCRIPTOR patient education handout EXPLODE ALL TREES
106. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Pamphlets
107. (booklet* or leaflet* or pamphlet* or brochure* or handout* or hand-out*)
108. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Computers EXPLODE ALL TREES
109. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Computer Communication Networks EXPLODE ALL TREES
110. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Computer-Assisted Instruction
111. MeSH DESCRIPTOR User-Computer Interface EXPLODE ALL TREES
112. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Therapy, Computer-Assisted
113. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Cloud Computing
114. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Online Systems EXPLODE ALL TREES
115. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Mobile Applications
116. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Medical Informatics Applications
117. (online or web or internet or digital*):TI
118. (app or apps)
119. ((internet* or web or cloud* or digital* or online*) NEAR3 (base* or comput* or process* or stor* or system* or application* or intervention* or program* or therap* or forum* or tablet*))
120. ((laptop* or palm* or handheld* or tablet* or pda or pc) NEAR2 (comput*))
121. (email* or e-mail* or electronic mail*)
122. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Search Engine
123. (search* NEAR2 engine*)
124. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Telephone EXPLODE ALL TREES
125. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Hotlines
126. (telephon* or helpline* or help-line* or hotline* or hot-line* or cellphone* or texting* or phone or phones* or smartphone* or smartwatch*)
127. ((text* or audio* or multimedia* or multi-media* or intstant* or pictur*) NEAR2 (messag*))
128. (mobile health* or mhealth* or m-health* or ehealth* or e-health* or emental* or e-mental*)
129. ((mobile*) NEAR3 (base* or application* or intervention* or device* or technolog* or tablet*))
130. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Audiovisual Aids EXPLODE ALL TREES
131. (audiovisual* or audio-visual*)
132. (visual* NEAR2 aid*)
133. (radio or radios or television* or DVD* or blu-ray* or VHS* or video*)
134. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Communications Media EXPLODE ALL TREES
135. ((communication* or transmiss* or transmit* or social*) NEAR4 (media*))
136. (Facebook* or Twitter* or WhatsApp* or Snapchat* or Linkedin* or Instagram* or YouTube* or Wikipedia* or Reddit*)
137. (telecommunicat* or teleconference*)
138. ((tele*) NEAR2 (communicat* or conference*))
139. MeSH DESCRIPTOR Blogging
140. (blog* or vlog*)
141. #105 OR #106 OR #107 OR #108 OR #109 OR #110 OR #111 OR #112 OR #113 OR #114 OR #115 OR #116 OR #117 OR #118 OR #119 OR #120 OR #121 OR #122 OR #123 OR #124 OR #125 OR #126 OR #127 OR #128 OR #129 OR #130 OR #131 OR #132 OR #133 OR #134 OR #135 OR #136 OR #137 OR #138 OR #139 OR #140
142. #66 OR #104 OR #141
143. #55 AND #142
144. * IN DARE
145. #143 AND #144

Virus terms

The following terms were combined as ‘Not’ with the other sections of the search strategy to remove any papers focused on viral illness.

The Medline virus terms are listed below. These were translated across all databases used in the search:

1. exp Virus Diseases/
2. exp Viruses/
3. (virus* or viral* or retrovir* or arbovir* or lentivir* or deltaretrovir* or adenovir*).tw.
4. HIV*.tw.
5. (cytomegalovir* or CMV*).tw.
6. herpes*.tw.
7. (papillomavir* or HPV*).tw.
8. ((hepatitis* or hepatitid*) adj2 (A or B or C or D or E)).tw.
9. (parechovir* or echovir*).tw.
10. (yellow* adj2 fever*).tw.
11. rhinovir*.tw.
12. (coronavir* or deltacoronavir*).tw.
13. rotavir*.tw.
14. (enterovir* or coxsackie*).tw.
15. exp Malaria/
16. (malaria* or paludism*).tw.
17. exp Syphilis/
18. (syphili* or neurosyphili* or neuro-syphili*).tw.
19. or/1-18