U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK). Care of Dying Adults in the Last Days of Life. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2015 Dec 16. (NICE Guideline, No. 31.)

Cover of Care of Dying Adults in the Last Days of Life

Care of Dying Adults in the Last Days of Life.

Show details

13References

1.
Abarshi E, Echteld M, Donker G, Van den Block L, Onwuteaka-Philipsen B, Deliens L. Discussing end-of-life issues in the last months of life: a nationwide study among general practitioners. Journal of Palliative Medicine. 2011;14(3) [PubMed: 21254811]
2.
Abarshi EA, Echteld MA, Van den Block L, Donker GA, Deliens L, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD. Recognising patients who will die in the near future: a nationwide study via the Dutch Sentinel Network of GPs. British Journal of General Practice. 2011;61(587):e371–e378. [PMC free article: PMC3103701] [PubMed: 21801517]
3.
Abbott KH, Sago JG, Breen CM, Abernethy AP, Tulsky JA. Families looking back: one year after discussion of withdrawal or withholding of life-sustaining support. Critical Care Medicine. 2001;29(1):197–201. [PubMed: 11176185]
4.
Acts of Parliament. Mental Capacity Act: Chapter 9. UK: The Stationary Office Ltd; 2005.
5.
Addicott R. Delivering better end-of-life care in England: barriers to access for patients with a non-cancer diagnosis. Health Economics, Policy, and Law. 2012;7(4):441–454. [PubMed: 23079302]
6.
Almack K, Cox K, Moghaddam N, Pollock K, Seymour J. After you: conversations between patients and healthcare professionals in planning for end of life care. BMC Palliative Care. 2012;11:15. [PMC free article: PMC3517317] [PubMed: 22985010]
7.
Anselm AH, Palda V, Guest CB, McLean RF, Vachon MLS, Kelner M, et al. Barriers to communication regarding end-of-life care: perspectives of care providers. Journal of Critical Care. 2005;20(3):214–223. [PubMed: 16253789]
8.
Aslakson RA, Wyskiel R, Thornton I, Copley C, Shaffer D, Zyra M, et al. Nurse-Perceived Barriers to Effective Communication regarding Prognosis and Optimal End-of-Life care for Surgical ICU patients: A Qualitative Exploration. Journal of Palliative Medicine. 2012;15(8):910–915. [PMC free article: PMC3396137] [PubMed: 22676315]
9.
Back IN, Jenkins K, Blower A, Beckhelling J. A study comparing hyoscine hydrobromide and glycopyrrolate in the treatment of death rattle. Palliative Medicine. 2001;15(4):329–336. [PubMed: 12054150]
10.
Boot M, Wilson C. Clinical nurse specialists perspectives on advance care planning conversations: a qualitative study. International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 2014;20(1):9–14. [PubMed: 24464168]
11.
Booth S, Kelly MJ, Cox NP, Adams L, Guz A. Does oxygen help dyspnea in patients with cancer? American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1996;153(5):1515–1518. [PubMed: 8630595]
12.
Brandt HE, Ooms ME, Ribbe MW, van der Wal G, Deliens L. Predicted survival vs. actual survival in terminally ill noncancer patients in Dutch nursing homes. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2006;32(6):560–566. [PubMed: 17157758]
13.
Brandt HE, Deliens L, Ooms ME, van der Steen JT, van der Wal G, Ribbe MW. Symptoms, signs, problems, and diseases of terminally ill nursing home patients: a nationwide observational study in the Netherlands. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2005;165(3):314–320. [PubMed: 15710795]
14.
Bruera E, Hui D, Dalal S, Torres-Vigil I, Trumble J, Roosth J, et al. Parenteral hydration in patients with advanced cancer: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2013;31(1):111–118. [PMC free article: PMC3530688] [PubMed: 23169523]
15.
Bruera E, Sala R, Rico MA, Moyano J, Centeno C, Willey J, et al. Effects of parenteral hydration in terminally ill cancer patients: a preliminary study. Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2005;23(10):2366–2371. [PubMed: 15800328]
16.
Candy B, Jackson KC, Jones L, Leurent B, Tookman A, King M. Drug therapy for delirium in terminally ill adult patients. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012;(11):1–18. [PubMed: 23152226]
17.
Candy B, Jackson KC, Jones L, Tookman A, King M. Drug therapy for symptoms associated with anxiety in adult palliative care patients. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012;(10):1–20. [PubMed: 23076905]
18.
Caron CD, Griffith J, Arcand M. Decision making at the end of life in dementia: How family caregivers perceive their interactions with health care providers in long-term-care settings. Journal of Applied Gerontology. 2005;24(3):231–247.
19.
Caron CD, Griffith J, Arcand M. End-of-life decision making in dementia: the perspective of family caregivers. Dementia (14713012). 2005;4(1):113–136.
20.
Cerchietti L, Navigante A, Sauri A, Palazzo F. Hypodermoclysis for control of dehydration in terminal-stage cancer. International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 2000;6(8):370–374. [PubMed: 12411847]
21.
Chiang JK, Lai NS, Wang MH, Chen SC, Kao YH. A proposed prognostic 7-day survival formula for patients with terminal cancer. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:365. [PMC free article: PMC2761894] [PubMed: 19785768]
22.
Christakis NA, Lamont EB. Extent and determinants of error in physicians' prognoses in terminally ill patients: prospective cohort study. Western Journal of Medicine. 2000;172(5):310–313. [PMC free article: PMC1070876] [PubMed: 18751282]
23.
Clark K, Currow DC, Agar M, Fazekas BS, Abernethy AP. A pilot phase II randomized, cross-over, double-blinded, controlled efficacy study of octreotide versus hyoscine hydrobromide for control of noisy breathing at the end-of-life. Journal of Pain and Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy. 2008;22(2):131–138. [PubMed: 19042837]
24.
Clemens KE, Quednau I, laschik E. Use of oxygen and opioids in the palliation of dyspnoea in hypoxic and non-hypoxic palliative care patients: a prospective study. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2009;17(4):367–377. [PubMed: 18719948]
25.
Cohen LM, Germain M, Poppel DM, Woods A, Kjellstrand CM. Dialysis discontinuation and palliative care. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2000;36(1):140–144. [PubMed: 10873883]
26.
Cohen MZ, Torres-Vigil I, Burbach BE, de la Rosa A, Bruera E. The meaning of parenteral hydration to family caregivers and patients with advanced cancer receiving hospice care. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2012;43(5):855–865. [PMC free article: PMC3354988] [PubMed: 22459230]
27.
Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. The Queen on the application of David Tracey (personally and on behalf of the estate of Janet Tracey (Deceased)) -v- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Others. 2014. [23 October 2015]. Available from: https://www​.judiciary​.gov.uk/judgments/the-queen-on-the-application-of-david-tracey-personally-and-on-behalf-of-the-estate-of-janet-tracey-deceased-v-cambridge-university-hospitals-nhs-foundation-trust-and-others/
28.
Del Rio MI, Shand B, Bonati P, Palma A, Maldonado A, Taboada P, et al. Hydration and nutrition at the end of life: a systematic review of emotional impact, perceptions, and decision-making among patients, family, and health care staff. Psycho-Oncology. 2012;21(9):913–921. [PubMed: 22162174]
29.
Dendaas NR. Prognostication in advance cancer: nurses' perceptions of the dying process. Oncology Nursing Forum. 2002;29(3):493–499. [PubMed: 11979282]
30.
Department of Health. More care, less pathway: a review of the Liverpool Care pathway. UK: Department of Health; 2013.
31.
Dixon-Woods M, Agarwal S, Jones D, Young B, Sutton A. Synthesising qualitative and quantitative evidence: a review of possible methods. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2005;10(1):45–53. [PubMed: 15667704]
32.
Domeisen BF, Ostgathe C, Clark J, Costantini M, Daud ML, Grossenbacher-Gschwend B, et al. International palliative care experts' view on phenomena indicating the last hours and days of life. Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2013;21(6):1509–1517. [PubMed: 23242388]
33.
Escalante CP, Martin CG, Elting LS, Price KJ, Manzullo EF, Weiser MA, et al. Identifying risk factors for imminent death in cancer patients with acute dyspnea. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2000;20(5):318–325. [PubMed: 11068153]
34.
Faull C, Windridge K, Ockleford E, Hudson M. Anticipatory prescribing in terminal care at home: what challenges do community health professionals encounter? BMJ Supportive and Palliative Care. 2013;3(1):91–97. [PubMed: 24644333]
35.
Fields A, Finucane AM, Oxenham D. Discussing preferred place of death with patients: staff experiences in a UK specialist palliative care setting. International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 2013;19(11):558–565. [PubMed: 24263900]
36.
Francis R. Report of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry. UK: The Stationary Office Ltd; 2013.
37.
General Medical Council. Treatment and care towards the end of life: good practice in decision making. London: General Medical Council; 2010. Available from: http://www​.gmc-uk.org​/static/documents/content​/Treatment_and​_care_towards_the_end​_of_life_-_English_0914.pdf.
38.
Gent MJ, Fradsham S, Whyte GM, Mayland CR. What influences attitudes towards clinically assisted hydration in the care of dying patients? A review of the literature. BMJ Supportive and Palliative Care. 2014 [PubMed: 24644206]
39.
Good P, Richard R, Syrmis W, Jenkins-Marsh S, Stephens J. Medically assisted hydration for adult palliative care patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;4:1–17. [PMC free article: PMC8988261] [PubMed: 24760678]
40.
Gutierrez KM. Experiences and needs of families regarding prognostic communication in an intensive care unit: supporting families at the end of life. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly. 2012;35(3):299–313. [PubMed: 22669004]
41.
Heisler M, Hamilton G, Abbott A, Chengalaram A, Koceja T, Gerkin R. Randomized double-blind trial of sublingual atropine vs. placebo for the management of death rattle. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2013;45(1):14–22. [PubMed: 22795904]
42.
Houttekier D, Witkamp FE, van Zuylen L, van der Rijt CCD, van der Heide A. Is physician awareness of impending death in hospital related to better communication and medical care? Journal of Palliative Medicine. 2014;17(11):1238–1243. [PubMed: 25115220]
43.
Hsieh HF, Shannon SE, Curtis JR. Contradictions and communication strategies during end-of-life decision making in the intensive care unit. Journal of Critical Care. 2006;21(4):294–304. [PubMed: 17175415]
44.
Hugel H, Ellershaw J, Gambles M. Respiratory tract secretions in the dying patient: a comparison between glycopyrronium and hyoscine hydrobromide. Journal of Palliative Medicine. 2006;9(2):279–284. [PubMed: 16629557]
45.
Hughes A, Wilcock A, Corcoran R, Lucas V, King A. Audit of three antimuscarinic drugs for managing retained secretions. Palliative Medicine. 2000;14(3):221–222. [PubMed: 10858832]
46.
Hui D. Definition of supportive care: does the semantic matter? Current Opinion in Oncology. 2014;26(4):372–379. [PubMed: 24825016]
47.
Hui D, dos Santos R, Chisholm G, Bansal S, Silva TB, Kilgore K, et al. Clinical signs of impending death in cancer patients. Oncologist. 2014;19(6):681–687. [PMC free article: PMC4041673] [PubMed: 24760709]
48.
Hui D, Morgado M, Chisholm G, Withers L, Nguyen Q, Finch C, et al. High-flow oxygen and bilevel positive airway pressure for persistent dyspnea in patients with advanced cancer: a phase II randomized trial. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2013;46(4):463–473. [PMC free article: PMC3795985] [PubMed: 23739633]
49.
Jackson A, Purkis J, Burnham E, Hundt GL, Blaxter L. Views of relatives, carers and staff on end of life care pathways. Emergency Nurse : the Journal of the RCN Accident and Emergency Nursing Association. 2010;17(10):22–26. [PubMed: 20364781]
50.
Jackson KC, Lipman AG. Drug therapy for delirium in terminally ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004;(2) CD004770. [PubMed: 15106261]
51.
Johnson DC, Kutner JS, Armstrong JD. Would you be surprised if this patient died?: Preliminary exploration of first and second year residents' approach to care decisions in critically ill patients. BMC Palliative Care. 2003;2(1):1. [PMC free article: PMC149224] [PubMed: 12529181]
52.
Kao YH, Chen CN, Chiang JK, Chen SS, Huang WW. Predicting factors in the last week of survival in elderly patients with terminal cancer: a prospective study in southern Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 2009;108(3):231–239. [PubMed: 19293039]
53.
Kass RM, Ellershaw J. Respiratory tract secretions in the dying patient: a retrospective study. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2003;26(4):897–902. [PubMed: 14527758]
54.
Kumagai Y, Maekawa A, Abe M. Prognostic items for the last 10 and 3 days of life of cancer patients at home. Cancer Nursing. 2012;35(5):390–396. [PubMed: 22067697]
55.
Lawton S, Denholm M, Macaulay L, Grant E, Davie A. Timely symptom management at end of life using ‘just in case’ boxes. British Journal of Community Nursing. 2012;17(4):182. -assim. [PubMed: 22848942]
56.
Leadership Alliance for the Care of Dying People. One chance to get it right. UK: Leadership for the Care of Dying People; 2014.
57.
Likar R, Molnar M, Rupacher E, Pipam W, Deutsch J, M+Ârtl M, et al. Klinische Untersuchung über die Wirkung von Scopolamin-Hydrobromicum beim terminalen Rasseln (randomisierte, doppelblind, plazebokontrollierte Studie). Palliativmedizin. 2002;3(01):15–19. [CrossRef]
58.
Likar R, Rupacher E, Kager H, Molnar M, Pipam W, Sittl R. [Efficacy of glycopyrronium bromide and scopolamine hydrobromide in patients with death rattle: a randomized controlled study]. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2008;120(21-22):679–683. [PubMed: 19116709]
59.
Lind R, Lorem GF, Nortvedt P, Hevroy O. Family members' experiences of “wait and see” as a communication strategy in end-of-life decisions. Intensive Care Medicine. 2011;37(7):1143–1150. [PMC free article: PMC3126999] [PubMed: 21626240]
60.
Lind R, Nortvedt P, Lorem G, Hevroy O. Family involvement in the end-of-life decisions of competent intensive care patients. Nursing Ethics. 2013;20(1):61–71. [PubMed: 22918060]
61.
Loekito E, Bailey J, Bellomo R, Hart GK, Hegarty C, Davey P, et al. Common laboratory tests predict imminent death in ward patients. Resuscitation. 2013;84(3):280–285. [PubMed: 22863543]
62.
Loekito E, Bailey J, Bellomo R, Hart GK, Hegarty C, Davey P, et al. Common laboratory tests predict imminent medical emergency team calls, intensive care unit admission or death in emergency department patients. Emergency Medicine Australasia. 2013;25(2):132–139. [PubMed: 23560963]
63.
Lokker ME, van ZL, Veerbeek L, van der Rijt CC, van der Heide A. Awareness of dying: it needs words. Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2012;20(6):1227–1233. [PMC free article: PMC3342506] [PubMed: 21688164]
64.
Lokker ME, van Zuylen L, van der Rijt CCD, van der Heide A. Prevalence, impact, and treatment of death rattle: a systematic review. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2014;47(1):105–122. [PubMed: 23790419]
65.
Matsunuma R, Tanbo Y, Asai N, Ohkuni Y, Watanabe S, Murakami S, et al. Prognostic factors in patients with terminal stage lung cancer. Journal of Palliative Medicine. 2014;17(2):189–194. [PubMed: 24438168]
66.
Mercadante S, Casuccio A, Agnello A, Serretta R, Calderone L, Barresi L. Morphine versus methadone in the pain treatment of advanced-cancer patients followed up at home. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1998;16(11):3656–3661. [PubMed: 9817288]
67.
Mercadante S, Casuccio A, Fulfaro F. The course of symptom frequency and intensity in advanced cancer patients followed at home. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2000;20(2):104–112. [PubMed: 10989248]
68.
Minto F, Strickland K. Anticipating emotion: a qualitative study of advance care planning in the community setting. International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 2011;17(6):278–284. [PubMed: 21727885]
69.
Morita T, Hyodo I, Yoshimi T, Ikenaga M, Tamura Y, Yoshizawa A, et al. Association between hydration volume and symptoms in terminally ill cancer patients with abdominal malignancies. Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / ESMO. 2005;16(4):640–647. [PubMed: 15684225]
70.
Morita T, Ichiki T, Tsunoda J, Inoue S, Chihara S. A prospective study on the dying process in terminally ill cancer patients. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care. 1998;15(4):217–222. [PubMed: 9729972]
71.
Mystakidou K, Befon S, Liossi C, Vlachos L. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of tropisetron, metoclopramide, and chlorpromazine in the treatment of emesis associated with far advanced cancer. Cancer. 1998;83(6):1214–1223. [PubMed: 9740088]
72.
Mystakidou K, Tsilika E, Kalaidopoulou O, Chondros K, Georgaki S, Papadimitriou L. Comparison of octreotide administration vs conservative treatment in the management of inoperable bowel obstruction in patients with far advanced cancer: a randomized, double- blind, controlled clinical trial. Anticancer Research. 2002;22(2B):1187–1192. [PubMed: 12168923]
73.
National Clinical Guideline Centre. Delirium: diagnosis, prevention and management. London: National Clinical Guideline Centre; 2010. (NICE clinical guideline 103). Available from: http://guidance​.nice.org.uk/CG103.
74.
National Clinical Guideline Centre. Patient experience in adult NHS services: improving the experience of care for people using adult NHS services. London: National Clinical Guideline Centre; 2012. (NICE clinical guideline 138). Available from: http://www​.nice.org.uk/CG138.
75.
National Collaborating Cente for Mental Health. Dementia: the NICE-SCIE guideline on supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists and The British Psychological Society; 2006. (NICE clinical guideline 42). Available from: http://www​.nice.org.uk/CG42. [PubMed: 21834193]
76.
National Collaborating Centre for Cancer. Opioids in palliative care: safe and effective prescribing of strong opioids for pain in palliative care of adults. Cardiff: National Collaborating Centre for Cancer at Velindre NHS Trust; 2012. (NICE clinical guideline 140). Available from: http://guidance​.nice.org.uk/CG140. [PubMed: 23285502]
77.
National Institute for Health and Clinical. Excellence Social value judgements: principles for the development of NICE guidance. 2nd edition. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2008. Available from: http://www​.nice.org.uk​/media/C18/30/SVJ2PUBLICATION2008.pdf. [PubMed: 27905706]
78.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. The guidelines manual. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2012. Available from: http://publications​.nice​.org.uk/the-guidelines-manual-pmg6/ [PubMed: 27905714]
79.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Developing NICE guidelines: the manual. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2014. Available from: https://www​.nice.org​.uk/article/pmg20/resources​/non-guidance-developing-nice-guidelines-the-manual-pdf. [PubMed: 26677490]
80.
Navigante AH, Cerchietti LCA, Castro MA, Lutteral MA, Cabalar ME. Midazolam as adjunct therapy to morphine in the alleviation of severe dyspnea perception in patients with advanced cancer. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2006;31(1):38–47. [PubMed: 16442481]
81.
Nolan MT, Kub J, Hughes MT, Terry PB, Astrow AB, Carbo CA, et al. Family health care decision making and self-efficacy with patients with ALS at the end of life. Palliative and Supportive Care. 2008;6(3):273–280. [PMC free article: PMC2572768] [PubMed: 18662421]
82.
Reed T. How effective is the preferred priorities of care document? Nursing Times. 2011;107(18):14–17. [PubMed: 21678748]
83.
Ripamonti C, Mercadante S, Groff L, Zecca E, De Conno F, Casuccio A. Role of octreotide, scopolamine butylbromide, and hydration in symptom control of patients with inoperable bowel obstruction and nasogastric tubes: a prospective randomized trial. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2000;19(1):23–34. [PubMed: 10687323]
84.
Royak-Schaler R, Gadalla S, Lemkau J, Ross D, Alexander C, Scott D. Family perspectives on communication with healthcare providers during end-of-life cancer care. Oncology Nursing Forum. 2006;33(4):753–760. [PubMed: 16858457]
85.
Royal College of Physicians. National care of the dying audit for hospitals. UK: Royal College of Physicians; 2014.
86.
Sackett D, Hayes R, Guyatt G, Tugwell P. Clinical Epidemiology: A Basic Science for Clinical Medicine. Boston, MA: Little Brown; 1992.
87.
Seymour J, Almack K, Kennedy S. Implementing advance care planning: a qualitative study of community nurses' views and experiences. BMC Palliative Care. 2010;9:4. [PMC free article: PMC2854100] [PubMed: 20377876]
88.
Seymour J, Gott M, Bellamy G, Ahmedzai SH, Clark D. Planning for the end of life: the views of older people about advance care statements. Social Science and Medicine. 2004;59(1):57–68. [PubMed: 15087143]
89.
Stevens I, Whyte F. Advance care planning: will it work in diseases other than cancer? European Journal of Palliative Care. 2011;18(6):280–284.
90.
Sullivan AM, Lakoma MD, Matsuyama RK, Rosenblatt L, Arnold RM, Block SD. Diagnosing and discussing imminent death in the hospital: a secondary analysis of physician interviews. Journal of Palliative Medicine. 2007;10(4):882–893. [PubMed: 17803409]
91.
Sullivan KE, Hebert PC, Logan J, O'Connor AM, McNeely PD. What do physicians tell patients with end-stage COPD about intubation and mechanical ventilation? Chest. 1996;109(1):258–264. [PubMed: 8549194]
92.
Swift C. NHS England NHS Chaplaincy Guidelines 2015: Promoting Excellence in Pastoral, Spiritual & Religious Care. NHS England; 2015. Available from: http://www​.england.nhs​.uk/wp-content/uploads​/2015/03/nhs-chaplaincy-guidelines-2015.pdf.
93.
Tan A, Manca D. Finding common ground to achieve a “good death”: family physicians working with substitute decision-makers of dying patients. A qualitative grounded theory study. BMC Family Practice. 2013;14:14. [PMC free article: PMC3556163] [PubMed: 23339822]
94.
Tan HM, Lee SF, O'Connor MM, Peters L, Komesaroff PA. A case study approach to investigating end-of-life decision making in an acute health service. Australian Health Review. 2013;37(1):93–97. [PubMed: 23157820]
95.
The Supreme Court. Montgomery (Appellant) v Lanarkshire Health Board (Respondent) (Scotland): Judgement details. 2015. [23 October 2015]. Available from: https://www​.supremecourt​.uk/cases/uksc-2013-0136.html.
96.
Thompson TD, Barbour RS, Schwartz L. Health professionals' views on advance directives: a qualitative interdisciplinary study. Palliative Medicine. 2003;17(5):403–409. [PubMed: 12882258]
97.
Tilden VP, Tolle SW, Garland MJ, Nelson CA. Decisions about life-sustaining treatment. Impact of physicians' behaviors on the family. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1995;155(6):633–638. [PubMed: 7887760]
98.
Twycross RG. Choice of strong analgesic in terminal cancer: diamorphine or morphine? Pain. 1977;3(2):93–104. [PubMed: 69290]
99.
van der Werff GF, Paans W, Nieweg RM. Hospital nurses' views of the signs and symptoms that herald the onset of the dying phase in oncology patients. International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 2012;18(3):143–149. [PubMed: 22584315]
100.
Vig EK, Starks H, Taylor JS, Hopley EK, Fryer-Edwards K. Surviving surrogate decision-making: What helps and hampers the experience of making medical decisions for others. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2007;22(9):1274–1279. [PMC free article: PMC2219771] [PubMed: 17619223]
101.
Viola R. Studying Fluid Status and the Dying: The Challenge of Clinical Research in Palliative Care. 1997.
102.
Waller A, Hershkowitz M, Adunsky A. The effect of intravenous fluid infusion on blood and urine parameters of hydration and on state of consciousness in terminal cancer patients. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care. 1994;11(6):22–27. [PubMed: 7893564]
103.
Wee B, Hillier R. Interventions for noisy breathing in patients near to death. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1) CD005177. [PMC free article: PMC6478131] [PubMed: 18254072]
104.
White DB, Braddock CH, Bereknyei S, Curtis JR. Toward shared decision making at the end of life in intensive care units: opportunities for improvement. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2007;167(5):461–467. [PubMed: 17353493]
105.
White J, Fromme EK. “In the beginning … ”: Tools for talking about resuscitation and goals of care early in the admission. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. 2013;30(7):676–682. [PubMed: 23236089] [CrossRef]
106.
Whittemore R, Knafl K. The integrative review: updated methodology. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2005;52(5):546–553. [PubMed: 16268861]
107.
Wildiers H, Dhaenekint C, Demeulenaere P, Clement PMJ, Desmet M, Van Nuffelen R, et al. Atropine, hyoscine butylbromide, or scopolamine are equally effective for the treatment of death rattle in terminal care. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2009;38(1):124–133. [PubMed: 19361952]
108.
Willard C, Luker K. Challenges to end of life care in the acute hospital setting. Palliative Medicine. 2006;20(6):611–615. [PubMed: 17060254]
109.
Wilson E, Morbey H, Brown J, Payne S, Seale C, Seymour J. Administering anticipatory medications in end-of-life care: A qualitative study of nursing practice in the community and in nursing homes. Palliative Medicine. 2015;29(1):60–70. [PMC free article: PMC4266693] [PubMed: 25070861]
110.
World Health Organization. WHO's cancer pain ladder for adults. 2012. [7 July 2015]. Available from: http://www​.who.int/cancer​/palliative/painladder/en/
Copyright © 2015 National Clinical Guideline Centre.
Bookshelf ID: NBK356004

Views

Related information

  • PMC
    PubMed Central citations
  • PubMed
    Links to PubMed

Recent Activity

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

See more...