NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (US). Addressing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2014. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 58.)
- Abel EL. An update of incidence of FAS: FAS is not an equal opportunity birth defect. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 1995;17(4):437–443. [PubMed: 7565490]
- Abel EL, Sokol R. Incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome and economic impact of FAS-related anomalies. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1987;19:51–70. [PubMed: 3545731]
- Abel EL, Sokol R. A revised conservative estimate of the incidence of FAS and its economic impact. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 1991;15(3):514–524. [PubMed: 1877738]
- Abel EL, Sokol R. A revised estimate of the economic impact of fetal alcohol syndrome. In: Glanter M, editor. Developments in Alcoholism: Children of Alcoholics. Vol. 19. New York: Plenum Press; 1991. [PubMed: 1758979]
- Adnams CM, Kodituwakku PW, Hay A, Molteno CD, Viljoen D, May PA. Patterns of cognitive-motor development in children with fetal alcohol syndrome from a community in South Africa. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001;25(4):557–562. [PubMed: 11329496]
- Adnams CM, Sorour P, Kalberg WO, Kodituwakku P, Perold MD, Kotze A, September S, Castle B, Gossage J, May PA. Language and literacy outcomes from a pilot intervention study for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in South Africa. Alcohol. 2007;41(6):403–414. [PMC free article: PMC2098695] [PubMed: 17936509] [CrossRef]
- Alati R, Clavarino A, Najman JM, O'Callaghan M, Bor W, Al Mamun A, Williams GM. The developmental origin of adolescent alcohol use: Findings from the Mater University study of pregnancy and its outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008;98:136–143. [PubMed: 18639392]
- Allen K, Riley M, Goldfeld S, Halliday J. Estimating the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome in Victoria using routinely collected administrative data. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2007;31(1):62–66. [PubMed: 17333611]
- Alvik A, Haldorsen T, Groholt B, Lindemann R. Alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy comparing concurrent and retrospective reports. Alcoholism, Clinical And Experimental Research. 2006;30(3):510–515. [PubMed: 16499492]
- Amendah D, Grosse S, Bertrand J. Medical expenditures of children in the United States with fetal alcohol syndrome. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2010;33(2):322–324. [PubMed: 21073947]
- American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. At-risk drinking and illicit drug use: Ethical issues and gynecologic practice. ACOG Committee Opinions. 2008;422
- Anthony E, Austin M, Cormier Early detection of prenatal substance exposure and the role of child welfare. Children and Youth Services Review. 2009;32(1):6–12.
- Anderson JE, Ebrahim S, Floyd L, Atrash H. Prevalence of risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes during pregnancy and the preconception period—United States, 2002–2004. Matern Child Health J. 2006;10:S101–S106. [PMC free article: PMC1592157] [PubMed: 16710762]
- Aragon AS, Kalberg WO, Buckley D, Barela-Scott LM, Tabachnick BG, May PA. Neuropsychological study of FASD in a sample of American Indian children: Processing simple versus complex information. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008;32(12):2136–2148. [PMC free article: PMC2953860] [PubMed: 18828799] [CrossRef]
- Archibald SL, Fennema-Notestine C, Gamst A, Riley EP, Mattson SN, Jernigan TL. Brain dysmorphology in individuals with severe prenatal alcohol exposure. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2001;43:148–154. [PubMed: 11263683]
- Arendt RE, Farkas KJ. Maternal alcohol abuse and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: A life-span perspective. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 2007;25(3):3–20. [CrossRef]
- Arenson AD, Bakhireva LN, Chambers CD, Deximo CA, Foroud T, Jacobson JL, Barnett W. Implementation of a shared data repository and common data dictionary for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders research. Alcohol. 2010;44(7-8):643–647. Epub 2009 Dec 29. [PMC free article: PMC2888879] [PubMed: 20036486]
- Armstrong E. Drug and alcohol use during pregnancy: We need to protect, not punish, women. Womens Health Issues. 2005;15(2):45–47. [PubMed: 15767193]
- Armstrong MA, Osejo V, Lieberman L, Carpenter DM, Pantoja PM, Escobar GJ. Perinatal substance abuse intervention in obstetric clinics decreases adverse neonatal outcomes. J Pernatol. 2003;23:3–9. [PubMed: 12556919]
- Aros S, Mills JL, Torres C, Henriquez C, Fuentes A, Capurro T, Cassorla F. Prospective identification of pregnant women drinking four or more standard drinks (> or = 48 g) of alcohol per day. Subst Use Misuse. 2006;41(2):183–197. [PubMed: 16479683]
- Astley SJ. Diagnostic Guide for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: The 4-Digit Diagnostic Code. Third Edition ed. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington; 2004.
- Astley SJ. Fetal alcohol syndrome prevention in Washington State: Evidence of success. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2004;18(5):344–351. [PubMed: 15367321] [CrossRef]
- Astley SJ. Comparison of the 4-digit diagnostic code and the Hoyme diagnostic guidelines for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2006;118(4):1532–1545. [PubMed: 17015544] [CrossRef]
- Astley SJ. Profile of the first 1,400 patients receiving diagnostic evaluations for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder at the Washington State Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Diagnostic and Prevention Network. Canadian J Clinical Pharmacology. 2010 Winter;17(1):e132–164. [PubMed: 20335648]
- Astley SJ. Diagnosing fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). In: Adubato SA, Cohen DE, editors. Prenatal Alcohol Use and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Diagnosis, Assessment and New Direction in Research and Multimodal Treatment. Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. Bentham ebook; 2011. pp. 3–29. 2011.
- Astley SJ, Aylward EH, Olson HC, Kerns K, Brooks A, Coggins TE, Richards T. Functional magnetic resonance imaging outcomes from a comprehensive magnetic resonance study of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. J Neurodevelop Disord. 2009;1:61–80. [PMC free article: PMC3164017] [PubMed: 21547622]
- Astley SJ, Aylward EH, Olson HC, Kerns K, Brooks A, Coggins TE, Richards T. Magnetic resonance imaging outcomes from a comprehensive magnetic resonance study of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2009;33(10):1–1. [PMC free article: PMC4170878] [PubMed: 19572986]
- Astley SJ, Bailey D, Talbot C, Clarren SK. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) primary prevention through FAS diagnosis: II. A comprehensive profile of 80 birth mothers of children with FAS. Alcohol Alcohol. 2000;35(5):509–519. [PubMed: 11022026]
- Astley SJ, Bailey D, Talbot C, Clarren SK. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) primary prevention through FAS diagnosis: I. Identification of high-risk birth mothers through the diagnosis of their children. Alcohol Alcohol. 2000;35(5):499–508. [PubMed: 11022025]
- Astley SJ, Clarren SK. A fetal alcohol syndrome screening tool. ACER. 1995;19(6):1565–1571. Retrieved from: http://depts
.washington .edu/fasdpn/htmls/literature.htm. [PubMed: 8749828] - Astley SJ, Clarren SK. A case definition and photopraphic screening tool for the facial phenotype of fetal alcohol syndrome. Journal of Pediatrics. 1996;129:33–41. [PubMed: 8757560]
- Astley SJ, Clarren SK. Diagnostic Guide for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Related Conditions; The 4-digit Diagnostic Code. University of Washington Press; Seattle, Washington: 1997.
- Astley SJ, Clarren SK. Diagnosing the full spectrum of fetal alcohol-exposed individuals: introducing the 4-digit diagnostic code. Alcohol Alcohol. 2000;35(4):400–410. [PubMed: 10906009]
- Astley SJ, Clarren SK. Measuring the facial phenotype of individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure: correlations with brain dysfunction. Alcohol Alcohol. 2001;36(2):147–159. [PubMed: 11259212]
- Astley SJ, Olson HC, Kerns K, Brooks A, Aylward EH, Coggins TE, Richards T. Neuropsychological and behavioral outcomes from a comprehensive magnetic resonance study of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Can J Pharmacol. 2009;16:e178–e201. [PMC free article: PMC4188550] [PubMed: 19329824]
- Astley SJ, Richards T, Aylward EH, Olson HC, Kerns K, Brooks A, Maravilla K. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy outcomes from a comprehensive magnetic resonance study of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2009;27:760–778. [PMC free article: PMC4230827] [PubMed: 19342189] [CrossRef]
- Astley SJ, Stachowiak J, Clarren SK, Clausen C. Application of the fetal alcohol syndrome facial photographic screening tool in a foster care population. J Pediatr. 2002;141(5):712–717. [PubMed: 12410204] [CrossRef]
- Astley SJ, Weinberger E, Shaw DW, Richards TL, Clarren SK. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in fetal ethanol exposed Macaca nemestrina. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1995;17(5):523–530. [PubMed: 8551998]
- Autti-Rämö I. Twelve-year follow-up of children exposed to alcohol in utero. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000;42(6):406–411. [PubMed: 10875527]
- Autti-Rämö I, Autti T, Korkman M, Kettunen S, Salonen O, Valanne L. MRI findings in children with school problems who had been exposed prenatally to alcohol. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2002;44(2):98–106. [PubMed: 11848116] [CrossRef]
- Avner M, Nulman I. Attempts at more specific and practical diagnostic criteria for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. J FAS Int. 2005;3(e12)
- Awopetu O, Brimacombe M, Cohen D. Fetal alcohol syndrome disorder pilot media intervention in New Jersey. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;15(1):e124–131. [PubMed: 18299640]
- Baddeley A. Working memory. Science. 1992;255:556–559. [PubMed: 1736359]
- Baddeley A. Exploring the central executive. Q J Exp Psychol. 1996;49:5–28.
- Baddeley A, Hitch G. Working memory. In: Bower G, editor. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation. Academic Press; San Diego, CA: 1974. pp. 47–90.
- Baer JS, Barr HM, Bookstein FL, Sampson PD, Streissguth AP. Prenatal alcohol exposure and family history of alcoholism in the etiology of adolescent alcohol problems. J Stud Alcohol. 1998;59:533–543. [PubMed: 9718105]
- Baer J, Sampson P, Barr H, Connor P, Streissguth A. A 21-year longitudinal analysis of the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on young adult drinking. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(4):377–385. [PubMed: 12695315]
- Bailey BA, Sokol RJ. Pregnancy and alcohol use: evidence and recommendations for prenatal care. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2008;51(2):436–444. [PubMed: 18463472]
- Bailey BN, Delaney-Black V, Covington CY, Ager J, Janisse J, Hannigan JH, Sokol RJ. Prenatal exposure to binge drinking and cognitive and behavioral outcomes at age 7 years. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(3):1037–1043. [PubMed: 15467586] [CrossRef]
- Balaraman S, Lunde R, Box J, Cudd TA, Miranda RC. Circulating microRNA as biomarkers for fetal alcohol exposure. Alcoholism: Clin & Exp Res. 2010;34(13A)
- Baldwin MR. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and suicidality in a healthcare setting. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2007;66 Suppl 1:54–60. [PubMed: 18154233]
- Barr HM, Streissguth AP. Identifying maternal self-reported alcohol use associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001;25(2):283–287. [PubMed: 11236844]
- Basser PJ, Mattiello J, LeBihan D. MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging. Biophysical Journal. 1994;66(1):259–267. [PMC free article: PMC1275686] [PubMed: 8130344]
- Baumbach J. Some implications of prenatal alcohol exposure for the treatment of adolescents with sexual offending behaviors. Sex Abuse. 2002;14(4):313–327. [PubMed: 12375490]
- Baxter MG, Murray EA. The amygdala and reward. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2002;3:563–573. [PubMed: 12094212]
- Bearer CF. Markers to detect drinking during pregnancy. Alcohol Res Health. 2001;25(3):210–218. [PMC free article: PMC6707171] [PubMed: 11810960]
- Bearer CF, Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, Barr D, Croxford J, Molteno CD, Cwik AS. Validation of a new biomarker of fetal exposure to alcohol. J Pediatr. 2003;143:463–469. [PMC free article: PMC4362510] [PubMed: 14571221]
- Bertrand J. Interventions for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs): Overview of findings for five innovative research projects. Res Dev Disabil. 2009;30(5):986–1006. [PubMed: 19327965] [CrossRef]
- Bertrand J, Floyd LL, Weber MK. Guidelines for identifying and referring persons with fetal alcohol syndrome. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005;54(RR-11):1–14. [PubMed: 16251866]
- Bertrand J, Floyd RL, Weber MK, O'Connor M, Riley EP, Johnson KA, Cohen DE. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Guidelines for Referral and Diagnosis. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); 2004. National Task Force on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Effect.
- Biller A, Bartsch AJ, Homola G, Solymosi L, Bendszus M. The effect of ethanol on human brain metabolites longitudinally characterized by proton MR spectroscopy. J Cereb Bllod Flow Metab. 2009;29:891–902. [PubMed: 19240741]
- Bisgard E. When good parenting doesn't work: Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Child Maltreatment and Substance Abuse: Research Guiding Practice. 2005;20(4):67–75.
- Bishop S, Gahagan S, Lord C. Re-examining the core features of autism: A comparison of autism spectrum disorder and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2007;48(11):1111–1121. [PubMed: 17995487] [CrossRef]
- Bjorkquist O, Fryer S, Reiss A, Mattson S, Riley E. Cingulate gyrus morphology in children and adolescents with fetal alcohol. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. 2010;181:101–107. [PMC free article: PMC2815126] [PubMed: 20080394]
- Bobo JK, Klepinger DH, Dong FB. Changes in the prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy among recent and at-risk drinkers in the NLSY cohort. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2006;15(9):1061–1070. [PubMed: 17125425] [CrossRef]
- Bobo JK, Klepinger DH, Dong FB. Identifying social drinkers likely to consume alcohol during pregnancy: Findings from a prospective cohort study. Psychol Rep. 2007;101(3 Pt 1):857–870. [PubMed: 18232442]
- Boland FJ, Chudley AE, Grant BA. Challenge of fetal alcohol syndrome in adult offender populations. Forum on Corrections Research. 2002;14(3):61–64.
- Boland FJ, Chudley AE, Grant BA. The challenge of fetal alcohol syndrome in adult offender populations. Forum Corrections Res. 2003;14:61–64.
- Bonthius DJ, West JR. Blood alcohol concentration and microencephaly: A dose-response study in the neonatal rat. Teratology. 1988;37(3):223–231. [PubMed: 3368876]
- Boulter LT. The effectiveness of peer-led FAS/FAE prevention presentations in middle and high schools. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education. 2007;51(3):7–26.
- Boyce MC. A better future for baby: Stemming the tide of fetal alcohol syndrome. The Journal of Family Practice. 2010;59(6):337–345. [PubMed: 20544066]
- Bowden R, Rust D. Review of fetal alcohol syndrome for health educators. Journal of Health Education. 2000;31(4):231–327.
- Branco EI, Kaskutas LA. “If it burns going down… ”: How focus groups can shape fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) prevention. Subst Use Misuse. 2001;36(3):333–345. [PubMed: 11325170]
- Brimacombe M, Nayeem A, Adubato S, DeJoseph M, Zimmerman-Bier B. Fetal alcohol syndrome related knowledge assessment and comparison in New Jersey health professional groups. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;15(1):e57–65. [PubMed: 18192706]
- Brown JD. Family supports for children who have alcohol-related disabilities. Developmental Disabilities Bulletin. 2004;32(1):44–61.
- Brown JD, Bednar LM. Parenting children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: A concept map of needs. Developmental Disabilities Bulletin. 2003;31(2):130–154.
- Brown JD, Bednar LM, Sigvaldason N. Causes of placement breakdown for foster children affected by alcohol. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal. 2007;24(4):313–332. [CrossRef]
- Brown JD, Sigvaldason N, Bednar LM. Motives for fostering children with alcohol-related disabilities. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2007;16(2):197–208. [CrossRef]
- Brown KL, Calizo LH, Stanton ME. Dose-dependent deficits in dual interstimulus interval classical eyeblink conditioning tasks following neonatal binge alcohol exposure in rats. Alcoholism: Clin & Exp Res. 2008;32(2):277–93. [PubMed: 18162069]
- Brown NN, Gudjonsson G, Connor P. Suggestibility and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: I'll tell you anything you want to hear. Journal of Psychiatry and Law. 2011;39:39–71.
- Bruce BB, Biousse V, Dean AL, Newman NJ. Neurologic and ophthalmic manifestations of fetal alcohol syndrome. Rev Neurol Dis. 2009;6(1):13–20. [PubMed: 19367219]
- Budd KW, Ross-Alaolmolki K, Zeller RA. Two prenatal alcohol use screening instruments compared with a physiologic measure. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2000;29(2):129–136. [PubMed: 10750678]
- Burd L, Carlson C, Kerbeshian J. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and mental illness. International Journal on Disability and Human Development. 2007;6(4):383–396.
- Burd L, Christensen T. Treatment of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Are we ready yet? Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2009;29(1):1–4. [PubMed: 19142098] [CrossRef]
- Burd L, Cotsonas-Hassler TM, Martsolf JT, Kerbeshian J. Recognition and management of fetal alcohol syndrome. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2003;25(6):681–688. [PubMed: 14624967]
- Burd L, Cox C, Fjelstad K, McCulloch K. Screening for fetal alcohol syndrome: is it feasible and necessary? Addiction Biology. 2006;5/2:127–139. [PubMed: 20575827]
- Burd L, Hofer R. Biomarkers for detection of prenatal alcohol exposure: A critical review of fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium. Birth defects research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology. 2008;82(7):487–493. [PubMed: 18435469]
- Burd L, Klug M, Li Q, Kerbeshian J, Martsolf J. Diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A validity study of the fetal alcohol syndrome checklist. Alcohol. 2010 [PubMed: 20053521]
- Burd L, Klug M, Martsolf J, Martsolf C, Deal E, Kerbeshian J. A staged screening strategy for prenatal alcohol exposure and maternal risk stratification. J R Soc Promot Health. 2006;126(2):86–94. [PubMed: 16562777]
- Burd L, Klug MG, Martsolf JT, Kerbeshian J. Fetal alcohol syndrome: neuropsychiatric phenomics. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2003;25(6):697–705. [PubMed: 14624969]
- Burd L, Martsolf JT, Klug MG, Kerbeshian J. Diagnosis of FAS: A comparison of the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Diagnostic Checklist and the Institute of Medicine Criteria for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2003;25(6):719–724. [PubMed: 14624971]
- Burd L, Roberts D, Olson M, Odendaal H. Ethanol and the placenta: A review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007;20:361–375. [PubMed: 17674239]
- Burd L, Selfridge R, Klug M, Bakko S. Fetal alcohol syndrome in the United States corrections system. Addict Biol. 2004;9(2):169–176. discussion 177-168. [PubMed: 15223545] [CrossRef]
- Burd L, Wilson H. Fetal, infant, and child mortality in a context of alcohol use. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2004;127C(1):51–58. [PubMed: 15095472] [CrossRef]
- Burd LJ. Interventions in FASD: We must do better. Child: Care, Health and Development. 2007;33(4):398–400. [CrossRef]
- Burden MJ, Jacobson SW, Jacobson JL. Relation of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure to Cognitive Processing Speed and Efficiency in Childhood. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2005;29(8):1473–1483. [PubMed: 16131856] [CrossRef]
- Burden MJ, Jacobson SW, Sokol RJ, Jacobson JL. Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on attention and working memory at 7. 5 years of age. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005;29(3):443–452. [PubMed: 15770121]
- Burns E, Gray R, Smith LA. Brief screening questionnaires to identify problem drinking during pregnancy: A systematic review. Addiction. 2010;105(4):601–614. [PubMed: 20403013]
- Buske C, Gerlai R. Early embryonic ethanol exposure impairs shoaling and the dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems in adult zebrafish. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology. 2011;33(6):698–707. [PMC free article: PMC3179771] [PubMed: 21658445]
- Caetano R, Ramisetty-Mikler S, Floyd L. The epidemiology of drinking among women of child-bearing age. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2006;30(6):1023–1030. [PubMed: 16737461]
- Caley LM, Riemer S, Weinstein HS. Results of a nurse-led workshop designed to prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Public Health Nursing. 2010;27(3):232–239. [PubMed: 20525095] [CrossRef]
- Caley LM, Syms C, Robinson L, Cederbaum J, Henry M, Shipkey N. What human service professionals know and want to know about fetal alcohol syndrome. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;15(1):e117–123. [PubMed: 18299639]
- Caley LM, Shipkey N, Winkelman T, Dunlap C, Rivera S. Evidence-based review of nursing interventions to prevent secondary disabilities in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Pediatr Nurs. 2006;32(2):155–162. [PubMed: 16719426]
- Caley LM, Winkelman T, Mariano K. Problems expressed by caregivers of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Int J Nurs Terminol Classif. 2009;20(4):181–188. [PubMed: 19883455] [CrossRef]
- Calhoun F, Attilia M, Spagnolo P, Rotondo C, Mancinelli R, Ceccanti M. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and the study of fetal alcohol. spectrum disorders. The International Consortium. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2006;42(1):4–7. [PubMed: 16801719]
- Camden JR, Spiegel DR. Manic behavior resulting from left frontal closed head injury in an adult with fetal alcohol syndrome. Psychosomatics. 2007;48(5):433–435. [PubMed: 17878503] [CrossRef]
- Caprara DL, Klein J, Koren G. Baseline measures of fatty acid ethyl esters in hair of neonates born to abstaining of mild social drinking mothers. Ther Drug Monit. 2005;27(6):811–815. [PubMed: 16306859]
- Caprara DL, Nash K, Greenbaum R, Rovet J, Koren G. Novel approaches to the diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2007;31(2):254–260. [PubMed: 16934870] [CrossRef]
- Carter R, Jacobson S, Molteno C, Chiodo L, Viljoen D, Jacobson J. Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on infant visual acuity. J Pediatr. 2005;147(4):473–479. [PubMed: 16227033]
- Caruso K, ten Bensel R. Fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects. Minnesota Medicine. 1993;76:25–29. [PubMed: 8515733]
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol use among women of childbearing age--United States, 1991-1999. MMWR. 2002;51(13):273–276. [PubMed: 11952279]
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fetal alcohol syndrome – Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, and New York, 1995-1997. MMWR. 2002;51(20):433–5. [PubMed: 12056499]
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Motivational intervention to reduce alcohol-exposed pregnancies: Florida, Texas, and Virginia, 1997-2001. MMWR. 2003;52(19):441–444. [PubMed: 12807086]
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol consumption among women who are pregnant or who might become pregnant--United States, 2002. MMWR. 2004;53(50):1178–1181. [PubMed: 15614234]
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for identifying and referring persons with fetal alcohol syndrome. MMWR. 2005;54(RR-11) [PubMed: 16251866]
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol use among pregnant and nonpregnant women of childbearing age - United States, 1991-2005. MMWR. 2009;58(19):529–532. [PubMed: 19478721]
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Reducing alcohol-exposed pregnancies: A report of the national task force on fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effect. Atlanta, GA: 2009. National task force on fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effect.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital signs: Binge drinking prevalence, frequency, and intensity among adults — United States, 2010. MMWR. 2012;61(1):14–19. [PubMed: 22237031]
- Ceccanti M, Spagnolo PA, Tarani L, Attilia ML, Chessa L, Mancinelli R, Hoyme HE. Clinical delineation of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) in Italian children: Comparison and contrast with other racial/ethnic groups and implications for diagnosis and prevention. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2007;31(2):270–277. [PubMed: 17215042] [CrossRef]
- Chambers CD, Hughes S, Meltzer SB, Wahlgren D, Kassem N, Larson S, Hovell MF. Alcohol consumption among low-income pregnant Latinas. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005;29(11):2022–2028. [PubMed: 16340460]
- Chandrasena AN, Mukherjee RAS, Turk J. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: An overview of interventions for affected individuals. Child and Adolescent Mental Health. 2009;14(4):162–167. [CrossRef]
- Chang G. Alcohol-screening instruments for pregnant women. Alcohol Res Health. 2001;25(3):204–209. [PMC free article: PMC6707175] [PubMed: 11810959]
- Chang G. Brief interventions for problem drinking and women. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2002;23(1):1–7. [PubMed: 12127463]
- Chang G, Goetz MA, Wilkins-Haug L, Berman S. A brief intervention for prenatal alcohol use: An in-depth look. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2000;18(4):365–369. [PubMed: 10812310]
- Chang G, McNamara TK, Orav EJ, Koby D, Lavigne A, Ludman B, Wilkins-Haug L. Brief intervention for prenatal alcohol use: A randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105(5):991–998. [PMC free article: PMC1380262] [PubMed: 15863535]
- Chang G, McNamara TK, Orav EJ, Wilkins-Haug L. Alcohol Use by Pregnant Women: Partners, Knowledge, and Other Predictors. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 2006;67(2):245–251. [PMC free article: PMC1540454] [PubMed: 16562406]
- Chang G, McNamara TK, Orav EJ, Wilkins-Haug L. Brief intervention for prenatal alcohol use: The role of drinking goal selection. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2006;31(4):419–424. [PubMed: 17084796]
- Chasnoff I, McGourty R, Bailey G, Hutchins E, Lightfoot S, Pawson L, Campbell J. The 4P's Plus screen for substance use in pregnancy: Clinical application and outcomes. J Perinatol. 2005;25(6):368–374. [PubMed: 15703775]
- Chasnoff IJ, Neuman K, Thornton C, Callaghan MA. Screening for substance use in pregnancy: A practical approach for the primary care physician. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184(4):752–758. [PubMed: 11262483] [CrossRef]
- Chasnoff IJ, Wells AM, Bailey LK. Validation of the 4P's Plus screen for substance use in pregnancy validation of the 4P's Plus. J Perinatol. 2007;27:744–748. [PubMed: 17805340]
- Chen ML, Olson HC, Picciano JF, Starr JR, Owens J. Sleep problems in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. J of Clin Sleep Medicine. 2012;8(4):421–429. [PMC free article: PMC3407261] [PubMed: 22893773]
- Chen WJ, Maier SE, Parnell SE, West JR. Alcohol and the developing brain: Neuroanatomical studies. Alcohol Res Health. 2003;27(2):174–180. [PMC free article: PMC6668892] [PubMed: 15303628]
- Chen X, Coles C, Lynch M, Hu X. Understanding specific effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on brain structure in young adults. Human Brain Mapping. 2011 [PMC free article: PMC3755753] [PubMed: 21692145] [CrossRef]
- Chiodo LM, Janisse J, Delaney-Black V, Sokol RJ, Hannigan JH. A metric of maternal prenatal risk drinking predicts neurobehavioral outcomes in preschool children. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009;33(4):634–644. [PubMed: 19183137] [CrossRef]
- Chiodo LM, Sokol R, Delaney-Black V, Janisse J, Hannigan JH. Validity of the T-ACE in pregnancy in predicting child outcome and risk drinking. Alcohol. 2010;44:595–603. [PMC free article: PMC2891940] [PubMed: 20053522]
- Chochon F, Cohen L, van de Moortele PF, Dehaene S. Differential contributions of the left and right inferior parietal lobules to number processing. J Cogn Neurosci. 1999;11:617–630. [PubMed: 10601743]
- Christopher S, Dunnagan T, Haynes G, Stiff L. Determining client need in a multi-state fetal alcohol syndrome consortium: From training to practice. Behavioral and Brain Functions. 2007;3 [PMC free article: PMC1803792] [PubMed: 17302985] [CrossRef]
- Chudley AE. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Counting the invisible – mission impossible? Arch Dis Child. 2008;93(9):721–722. [PubMed: 18719155]
- Chudley AE. Genetic factors contributing to FASD. In: Riley EP, Clarren SK, Weinberg J, Jonsson E, editors. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Management and Policy Perspectives of FASD. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag and Co.; 2011. pp. 109–126.
- Chudley AE, Conry J, Cook JL, Loock C, Rosales T, Leblanc N. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis. CMAJ. 2005;172(5 Suppl.):S1–S21. [PMC free article: PMC557121] [PubMed: 15738468]
- Chudley AE, Kilgour A, Cranston M, Edwards M. Challenges of diagnosis in fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in the adult. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2007;145C(3):261–272. [PubMed: 17640043]
- Clark E, Lutke J, Minnes P, Ouellette-Kuntz H. Secondary disabilities among adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in British Columbia. J FAS Int 2004. 2004;2(e13):1–12.
- Clark E, Minnes P, Lutke J, Ouellette-Kuntz H. Caregiver perceptions of the community integration of adults with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder in British Columbia. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 2008;21(5):446–456. [CrossRef]
- Clarke M, Gibbard W. Overview of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders for mental health professionals. Can Child Adolesc Psychiatr Rev. 2003;12(3):57–63. [PMC free article: PMC2582751] [PubMed: 19030526]
- Clarke M, Tough S, Hicks M, Clarren S. Approaches of Canadian Providers to the Diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. J FAS Int. 2005;3(e2)
- Clarren SK, Randels SP, Sanderson M, Fineman RM. Screening for fetal alcohol syndrome in primary schools: a feasibility study. Teratology. 2001;63(1):3–10. [PubMed: 11169548]
- Coe J, Sidders J, Riley K, Waltermire J, Hagerman R. A survey of medication responses in children and adolescents with fetal alcohol syndrome. Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities. 2001;4(4):148–155.
- Coggins TE, Timler GR, Olswang LB. A state of double jeopardy: Impact of prenatal alcohol exposure and adverse environments on the social communicative abilities of school-age children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. 2007;38(2):117–127. [PubMed: 17428958] [CrossRef]
- Cohen-Kerem R, Bar-Oz B, Nulman I, Papaioannou VA, Koren G. Hearing in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;14(3):e307–312. [PubMed: 18025546]
- Coles CD. Fetal alcohol exposure and attention: Moving beyond ADHD. Alcohol Research & Health. 2001;25(3):199–203. [PMC free article: PMC6707169] [PubMed: 11810958]
- Coles CD, Black MM. Introduction to the Special Issue: Impact of Prenatal Substance Exposure on Children's Health, Development, School Performance, and Risk Behavior. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2006;31(1):1–4. [PMC free article: PMC3265017] [PubMed: 22282638] [CrossRef]
- Coles CD, Goldstein FC, Lynch ME, Xiangchuan C, Kable JA, Johnson KC, Xiaoping H. Memory and brain volume in adults prenatally exposed to alcohol. Brain Cogn. 2011;75(1):67–77. [PMC free article: PMC3026602] [PubMed: 21067853]
- Coles CD, Kable JA, Drews-Botsch C, Falek A. Early identification of risk for effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. J Stud Alcohol. 2000;61(4):607–616. [PubMed: 10928732]
- Coles CD, Kable JA, Taddeo E. Math performance and behavior problems in children affected by prenatal alcohol exposure: Intervention and follow-up. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2009;30(1):7–15. [PubMed: 19194327] [CrossRef]
- Coles CD, Li Z. Functional neuroimaging in the examination of effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. Neuropsychol Review. 2011;21:119–132. [PubMed: 21484401]
- Coles CD, Platzman KA, Lynch ME, Freides D. Auditory and visual sustained attention in adolescents prenatally exposed to alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002;26:263–271. [PubMed: 11964567]
- Coles CD, Platzman KA, Raskind-Hood CL, Brown RT, Falek A, Smith IE. A comparison of children affected by prenatal alcohol exposure and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1997;21:150–161. [PubMed: 9046388]
- Coles CD, Smith IE, Fernhoff PM, Falek A. Neonatal ethanol withdrawal: Characteristics in clinically normal, nondysmorphic neonates. Journal of Pediatrics. 1984;105:445–451. [PubMed: 6470868]
- Coles CD, Strickland DC, Padgett L, Bellmoff L. Games that “work”: Using computer games to teach alcohol-affected children about fire and street safety. Res Dev Disabil. 2007;28(5):518–530. [PubMed: 16965894] [CrossRef]
- Collins D, Johnson K, Becker BJ. A Meta-Analysis of Direct and Mediating Effects of Community Coalitions That Implemented Science-Based Substance Abuse* Prevention Interventions. Substance Use & Misuse. 2007;42:985–1007. [PubMed: 17613959] [CrossRef]
- Cone-Wesson B. Prenatal alcohol and cocaine exposure: Influences on cognition, speech, language, and hearing. J Commun Disord. 2005;38(4):279–302. [PubMed: 15862811] [CrossRef]
- Connor PD, Sampson PD, Bookstein FL, Barr HM, Streissguth AP. Direct and indirect effects of prenatal alcohol damage on executive function. Dev Neuropsychol. 2000;18(3):331–354. [PubMed: 11385829]
- Connor PD, Sampson PD, Bookstein FL, Barr HM, Streissguth AP. Direct and indirect effects of prenatal alcohol damage on executive function. Developmental Neuropsychology. 2001;18(3):331–354. [PubMed: 11385829] [CrossRef]
- Connor PD, Sampson PD, Streissguth AP, Bookstein FL, Barr HM. Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on fine motor coordination and balance: A study of two adult samples. Neuropsychologia. 2006;44(5):744–751. [PubMed: 16154165] [CrossRef]
- Connor PD, Streissguth AP. Effect of prenatal exposure to alcohol across the life span. Alcohol Health Res World. 1996;20(3):170–174. [PMC free article: PMC6876509] [PubMed: 31798126]
- Conrad C. Physician awareness and screening for fetal alcohol syndrome. J Health Hum Serv Adm. 2000;22(3):257–276. [PubMed: 11010122]
- Conroy J, Fast DK, Loock CA. Youth in the criminal justice system: Identifying FAS and other developmental disabilities. Vancouver BC: Final Report to the Ministry of the Attorney General; 1997.
- Conroy JL, Lane KA. Characteristics of youth with FASD on adjudicated probation orders. Final Report to the Department of Justice Canada and British Columbia Ministry of Children and Family Development. 2009
- Conry J. Neurological deficits in fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 1990;14:650–651. [PubMed: 2264592]
- Cook JD. Biochemical markers of alcohol use in pregnant women. Clin Biochem. 2003;36(1):9–19. [PubMed: 12554054]
- Cortese BM, Moore GJ, Bailey BA, Jacobson SW, Delaney-Black V, Hannigan JH. Magnetic resonance and spectroscopic imaging in prenatal alcohol-exposed children: preliminary findings in the caudate nucleus. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2006;28(5):597–606. [PubMed: 16996247]
- Cottencin O, Nandrino JL, Karila L, Mezerette C, Danel T. A case-comparison study of executive functions in alcohol-dependent adults with maternal history of alcoholism. Eur Psychiatry. 2009;24(3):195–200. [PubMed: 19195848] [CrossRef]
- Cox LV, Clairmont D, Cox S. Knowledge and attitudes of criminal justice professionals in relation to Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;15(2):e306–313. [PubMed: 18678920]
- Crocker N, Vaurio L, Riley EP, Mattson SN. Comparison of adaptive behavior in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009;33(11):2015–2023. [PMC free article: PMC3442782] [PubMed: 19719794] [CrossRef]
- Crocker N, Vaurio L, Riley EP, Mattson SN. Comparison of verbal learning and memory in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure or attention-deficit⁄hyperactivity disorder. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2011;35(6):1114–1121. [PMC free article: PMC3097313] [PubMed: 21410480] [CrossRef]
- Cronk C, Weiss M. Diagnosis, surveillance and screening for fetal alcohol syndrome spectrum disorders: Methods and dilemmas. International Journal on Disability and Human Development. 2007;6(4):343–359.
- Cudd T. Translational studies of FASD using a sheep model – CIFASD abstract. [January 14, 2014]. at http://cifasd
.org/research/phase2/#Cudd. - Das S, Rao V, Chaudhuri J. Preconception counseling in the prevention of fetal alcohol syndrome: a unique window of opportunity. Clin Ter. 2009;160(4):315–322. [PubMed: 19795087]
- Davies J, Bledsoe J. Prenatal alcohol and drug exposures in adoption. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2005;52(5):1369–1393. vii. [PubMed: 16154468]
- Davis PM, Carr TL, La CB. Needs assessment and current practice of alcohol risk assessment of pregnant women and women of childbearing age by primary health care professionals. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;15(2):e214–222. [PubMed: 18515922]
- Dawson DA. “Pre-pregnancy drinking: How drink size affects risk assessment”: Comment. Addiction. 2001;96(9):1361. [PubMed: 11487425] [CrossRef]
- Dawson DA, Das A, Faden VB, Bhaskar B, Krulewitch CJ, Wesley B. Screening for high- and moderate-risk drinking during pregnancy: A comparison of several TWEAK-based screeners. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001;25(9):1342–1349. [PubMed: 11584155]
- Deshpande S, Basil M, Basford L, Thorpe K, Piquette-Tomei N, Droessler J, Bureau A. Promoting alcohol abstinence among pregnant women: Potential social change strategies. Health Mark Q. 2005;23(2):45–67. [PubMed: 17182461]
- Devlin RE. Suicide prevention training for Aboriginal young adults with learning disabilities from Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAS/FAE). Int J Circumpolar Health. 2001;60(4):564–579. [PubMed: 11768436]
- Devries J, Waller A. Fetal alcohol syndrome through the eyes of parents. Addict Biol. 2004;9(2):119–126. [PubMed: 15223536] [CrossRef]
- Diekman ST, Floyd RL, Decoufle P, Schulkin J, Ebrahim SH, Sokol RJ. A survey of obstetrician-gynecologists on their patients' alcohol use during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;95(5):756–763. [PubMed: 10775743]
- Disney ER, Iacono W, McGue M, Tully E, Legrand L. Strengthening the case: Prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with increased risk for conduct disorder. Pediatrics. 2008;122(6):e1225–1230. [PMC free article: PMC2597332] [PubMed: 19047223] [CrossRef]
- Dixon DR, Kurtz PF, Chin MD. A systematic review of challenging behaviors in children exposed prenatally to substances of abuse. Res Dev Disabil. 2008;29(6):483–502. [PubMed: 18037268] [CrossRef]
- Dodge NC, Jacobson JL, Molteno CD, Meintjes EM, Bangalore S, Diwadker V, Jacobson SW. Prenatal alcohol exposure and interhemispheric transfer of tactile information: Detroit and Cape Town findings. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2009;33(9):1628–1637. [PMC free article: PMC2768060] [PubMed: 19519722]
- Doig J, McLennan JD, Gibbard WB. Medication effects on symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2008;18(4):365–371. [PubMed: 18759646] [CrossRef]
- Douglas T, Mutsvangwa T. A review of facial image analysis for delineation of the facial phenotype associated with fetal alcohol syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2010;152A(2):528–536. [PubMed: 20101703]
- Drescher Burke K. Substance-exposed newborns: Hospital and child protection responses. Children and Youth Services Review. 2007;29(12):1503–1519.
- Drews CD, Coles CD, Floyd RL, Falek A. Prevalence of prenatal drinking assessed at an urban public hospital and a suburban private hospital. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2003;13(2):85–93. [PubMed: 12735408]
- Druschel CM, Fox DJ. Issues in estimating the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome: Examination of 2 counties in New York State. Pediatrics. 2007;119(2):e384–390. [PubMed: 17272600] [CrossRef]
- Duckworth SV, Norton TL. Fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects-- Support for teachers and families. Dimens Early Child. 2000;28(3):19–23.
- Dum M, Sobell LC, Sobell M, Heinecke N, Voluse A, Johnson K. A Quick Drinking Screen for identifying women at risk for an alcohol-exposed pregnancy. Addictive Behaviors. 2009;34(9):714–716. [PubMed: 19406583]
- Dunnagan T, Haynes G, Christopher S, Leonardson G. Formative evaluation of a multisite alcohol consumption intervention in pregnant women. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2003;25(6):745–755. [PubMed: 14624975] [CrossRef]
- Duquette C, Stodel E, Fullarton S, Hagglund K. Persistence in high school: Experiences of adolescents and young adults with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2006;31(4):219–231. [PubMed: 17178534] [CrossRef]
- Duquette C, Stodel EJ. School experiences of students with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Exceptionality Education Canada. 2005;15(2):51–75.
- Edwards E, Werler M. Alcohol consumption and time to recognition of pregnancy. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2006;10(6):467–472. [PubMed: 16763772]
- Edwards WJ, Greenspan S. Adaptive behavior and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Journal of Psychiatry & Law. 2010;38:419–447.
- Elder RW, Lawrence B, Ferguson A, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Chattopadhyay SK, Toomey TL, Fielding JE. Task Force on Community Preventive Services. The effectiveness of tax policy interventions for reducing excessive alcohol consumption and related harms. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(2):217–229. [PMC free article: PMC3735171] [PubMed: 20117579] [CrossRef]
- Elliott EJ, Bower C. Alcohol and pregnancy: The pivotal role of the obstetrician. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;48(3):236–239. [PubMed: 18532952] [CrossRef]
- Elliott EJ, Payne J, Haan E, Bower C. Diagnosis of foetal alcohol syndrome and alcohol use in pregnancy: A survey of paediatricians' knowledge, attitudes and practice. J Paediatr Child Health. 2006;42(11):698–703. [PubMed: 17044897] [CrossRef]
- Elliott EJ, Payne J, Morris A, Haan E, Bower C. Fetal alcohol syndrome: A prospective national surveillance study. Arch Dis Child. 2008;93(9):732–737. [PubMed: 17704098] [CrossRef]
- Eriksson UJ. Fetal ethanol exposure during pregnancy: How big is the problem and how do we fix it? Acta Paediatrica. 2007;96(11):1557–1559. [PubMed: 17937681] [CrossRef]
- Ethen M, Ramadhani T, Scheuerle A, Canfield M, Wyszynski D, Druschel C, Romitti P. Alcohol consumption by women before and during pregnancy. Matern Child Health J. 2009;13(2):274–285. [PMC free article: PMC6090563] [PubMed: 18317893]
- Eustace LW, Kang DH, Coombs D. Fetal alcohol syndrome: A growing concern for health care professionals. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2003;32(2):215–221. [PubMed: 12685673]
- Fabbri S, Farrell LV, Penberthy JK, Ceperich SD, Ingersoll KS. Toward prevention of alcohol exposed pregnancies: Characteristics that relate to ineffective contraception and risky drinking. J Behav Med. 2009;32(5):443–452. [PMC free article: PMC2868058] [PubMed: 19459039] [CrossRef]
- Fagerlund Å, Heikkinsen S, Autti-Rämö I, Korkman M, Timonen M, Kuusi T, Lundbom N. Brain metabolic alterations in adolescents and young adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2006;30(1):2097–2104. [PubMed: 17117975]
- Fagerlund Å, Autti-Rämö I, Hoyme HE, Mattson SN, Korkman M. Risk factors for behavioural problems in foetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Acta Paediatr. 2011;100(11):1481–8. [PMC free article: PMC3410752] [PubMed: 21575054]
- Fantus E. Prenatal alcohol exposure and neurocognitive impairment in adolescence. J FAS Int 2003. 2003;1(e19):1–2.
- Fast DK, Conry J. The challenge of fetal alcohol syndrome in the criminal legal system. Addict Biol. 2004;9(2):161–166. discussion 167-168. [PubMed: 15223543] [CrossRef]
- Feldman HS, Lyons Jones K, Lindsay S, Slymen D, Klonoff-Cohen H, Kao K, Chambers C. Prenatal alcohol exposure patterns and alcohol-related birth defects and growth deficiencies: A prospective study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2012;36(4):670–676. [PubMed: 22250768] [CrossRef]
- Fiorentino D, Coriale G, Spagnolo PA, Prastaro A, Attilia ML, Mancinelli R, Ceccanti M. Fetal alcohol syndrome disorders: experience on the field. The Lazio study preliminary report. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2006;42(1):53–57. [PubMed: 16801726]
- Fixsen DL, Naoom SF, Blase KA, Friedman RM, Wallace F. Implementation research: A synthesis of the literature. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute The National Implementation Research Network; 2005. (FMHI Publication #231)
- Fleming MF. Identification of at-risk drinking and intervention with women of childbearing age: A guide for primary care providers. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 2000;57
- Fleming MF, Barry KL, Manwell LB, Johnson K, London R. Brief physician advice for problem alcohol drinkers a randomized controlled trial in community-based primary care practices. JAMA. 1997;277(13):1039–1045. [PubMed: 9091691]
- Floyd RL, O'Connor MJ, Bertrand J, Sokol R. Reducing adverse outcomes from prenatal alcohol exposure: A clinical plan of action. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006;30(8):1271–1275. [PubMed: 16899029] [CrossRef]
- Floyd RL, O'Connor MJ, Sokol RJ, Bertrand J, Cordero JF. Recognition and prevention of fetal alcohol syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106(5 Pt 1):1059–1064. [PubMed: 16260526] [CrossRef]
- Floyd RL, Sidhu JS. Monitoring prenatal alcohol exposure. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2004;127C(1):3–9. [PubMed: 15095466] [CrossRef]
- Floyd RL, Sobell M, Velasquez MM, Ingersoll K, Nettleman M, Sobell L, Mullen P, Nagaraja J. Preventing alcohol-exposed pregnancies: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32(1):1–10. [PMC free article: PMC2888541] [PubMed: 17218187] [CrossRef]
- Floyd RL, Weber MK, Denny C, O'Connor MJ. Prevention of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2009;15(3):193–199. [PubMed: 19731392] [CrossRef]
- Flynn H, Chermack S. Prenatal alcohol use: The role of lifetime problems with alcohol, drugs, depression, and violence. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2008;69/4:500–509. [PubMed: 18612565]
- Flynn HA, Marcus SM, Barry KL, Blow FC. Rates and correlates of alcohol use among pregnant women in obstetrics clinics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003;27(1):81–87. [PubMed: 12544010] [CrossRef]
- Fox DJ, Druschel CM. Estimating prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): Effectiveness of a passive birth defects registry system. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2003;67(9):604–608. [PubMed: 14703781] [CrossRef]
- Frank D, Debenedetti AF, Volk RJ, Williams EC, Kivlahan DR, Bradley KA. Effectiveness of the AUDIT-C as a screening test for alcohol misuse in three race/ethnic groups. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(6):781–787. [PMC free article: PMC2517893] [PubMed: 18421511] [CrossRef]
- Frankel F, Paley B, Marquardt R, O'Connor M. Stimulants, neuroleptics, and children's friendship training for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2006;16(6):777–789. [PubMed: 17201621] [CrossRef]
- Franklin L, Deitz J, Jirikowic T, Astley S. Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: problem behaviors and sensory processing. Am J Occup Ther. 2008;62(3):265–273. [PubMed: 18557002]
- Freunscht I, Feldman R. Young Adults with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): Social, emotional, and occupational development. Klin Padiatr. 2011;233:33–37. [PubMed: 20677126]
- Fryer SL, Frank LR, Spadoni AD, Theilmann RJ, Nagel BJ, Schweinsburg AD, Tapert SF. Microstructural integrity of the corpus callosum linked with neuropsychological performance in adolescents. Brain and Cognition. 2008;67:225–233. [PMC free article: PMC2491343] [PubMed: 18346830] [CrossRef]
- Fryer SL, Tapert SF, Mattson SN, Paulus MP, Spadoni AD, Riley EP. Prenatal alcohol exposure affects frontal-striatal BOLD response during inhibitory control. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007;31(8):1415–1424. [PubMed: 17559542] [CrossRef]
- Gahagan S, Sharpe TT, Brimacombe M, Fry-Johnson Y, Levine R, Mengel M, Brenneman G. Pediatricians' knowledge, training, and experience in the care of children with fetal alcohol syndrome. Pediatrics. 2006;118(3):e657–668. [PubMed: 16950957] [CrossRef]
- Garcia-Algar O, Kulaga V, Gareri J, Koren G, Vall O, Zuccaro P, Pichini S. Alarming prevalence of fetal alcohol exposure in a Mediterranean city. Ther Drug Monit. 2008;30(2):249–254. [PubMed: 18367990]
- Gardner J. Living with a child with fetal alcohol syndrome. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2000;25(5):252–257. [PubMed: 10992738]
- Gareri J, Chan D, Klein J, Koren G. Screening for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Can Fam Physician. 2005;51:33–34. [PMC free article: PMC1479571] [PubMed: 15732218]
- Gareri J, Lynn H, Handley M, Rao C, Koren G. Prevalence of fetal ethanol exposure in a regional population-based sample by meconium analysis of fatty acid ethyl esters. Ther Drug Monit. 2008;30(2):239–245. [PubMed: 18367988] [CrossRef]
- Gearing R, McNeill T, Lozier F. Father involvement and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder developing best practices. JFAS Int. 2005;14:1–11.
- Gearing RE, Selkirk EK, Koren G, Leslie M, Motr M, Zelazo LB, Lozie FA. Perspectives of mothers with substance use problems on father involvement. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;15(1):e99–e107. [PubMed: 18245870]
- George MA, Masotti P, Macleod S, Van Bibber M, Loock C, Fleming M, Smith C. Bridging the research gap: Aboriginal and academic collaboration in FASD prevention. The Healthy Communities, Mothers and Children Project. Alaska Med. 2007;49(2 Suppl):139–141. [PubMed: 17929623]
- Gerteisen J. Monsters, monkeys, & mandalas: Art therapy with children experiencing the effects of trauma and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Art Therapy. 2008;25(2):90–93.
- Gibbard WB, Wass P, Clarke ME. The neuropsychological implications of prenatal alcohol exposure. Can Academy of Child and Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;12:72–76. [PMC free article: PMC2582737] [PubMed: 19030528]
- Glik D, Prelip M, Myerson A, Eilers K. Fetal alcohol syndrome prevention using community-based narrowcasting campaigns. Health Promot Pract. 2008;9(1):93–103. [PubMed: 18166669] [CrossRef]
- Godin E, O'Leary-Moore S, Khan A, Parnell S, Ament J, Dehart DB, Sulik K. Magnetic resonance microscopy defines ethanol-induced brain abnormalities in prenatal mice: Effects of acute insult on gestational day 7. Alcoholism: Clinical and Exp Res. 2010;34(1):98–111. [PMC free article: PMC3506027] [PubMed: 19860813]
- Goh YI. Knowledge is the key to prevention: Reduction of alcohol-exposed pregnancies through motivational intervention. J FAS Int 2003. 2003;1(e21):1–4.
- Goh YI, Chudley AE, Clarren SK, Koren G, Orrbine E, Rosales T, Rosenbaum C. Development of Canadian screening tools for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;15(2):e344–366. [PubMed: 18840921]
- Goh YI, Hutson JR, Lum L, Roukema H, Gareri J, Lynne H, Koren G. Rates of fetal alcohol exposure among newborns in a high-risk obstetric unit. Alcohol. 2010;44:629–634. [PubMed: 20584588] [CrossRef]
- Goodlett CR, Horn KH. Mechanisms of alcohol-induced damage to the developing nervous system. Alcohol Res Health. 2001;25(3):175–184. [PMC free article: PMC6707174] [PubMed: 11810955]
- Goodlett CR, Horn KH. Mechanisms of alcohol-induced damage to the developing nervous system. Alcohol Res Health. 2001;25(3):175–184. [PMC free article: PMC6707174] [PubMed: 11810955]
- Gottlieb K. The family wellness warriors initiative. Alaska Med. 2007;49(2):49–54. [PubMed: 18323373]
- Goulden K. Are FASD guidelines practical and sustainable? CMAJ. 2005;173(9):1070. author reply, 1070-1071. [PMC free article: PMC1266338] [PubMed: 16247110]
- Granitsas J. Experiences of adoptive parents of children with fetal alcohol syndrome. Clinical Excellence for Nurse Practitioners. 2004;8(1):22–28.
- Grant TM, Bookstein FL, Whitney NL, Streissguth A. Neonatal cranial ultrasound leads to early diagnosis and intervention in baby of alcohol-abusing mother. Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities. 2006;9(4):125–127.
- Grant TM, Ernst C, Streissguth A, Stark K. Preventing alcohol and drug exposed births in Washington State: Intervention findings from three Parent-Child Assistance Program sites. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2005;31(3):471–490. [PubMed: 16161730]
- Grant TM, Huggins J, Connor P, Pedersen JY, Whitney N, Streissguth A. A pilot community intervention for young women with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Community Ment Health J. 2004;40(6):499–511. [PubMed: 15672689]
- Grant TM, Huggins J, Connor P, Streissguth A. Quality of life and psychosocial profile among young women with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities. 2005;8(2):33–39.
- Grant TM, Huggins J, Sampson P, Ernst C, Barr H, Streissguth A. Alcohol use before and during pregnancy in western Washington 1989-2004: Implications for the prevention of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200(3):278.e271–278. [PMC free article: PMC2724985] [PubMed: 19027093]
- Grant TM, Streissguth A, Ernst C. Intervention with alcohol and drug abusing mothers and their children: The role of the paraprofessional. The Source. 2002;11/3:5–26.
- Green CR, Mihic AM, Brien DC, Armstrong IT, Nikkel SM, Stade BC, Reynolds JN. Oculomotor control in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders assessed using a mobile eye-tracking laboratory. Eur J Neurosci. 2009;29(6):1302–1309. [PubMed: 19302166] [CrossRef]
- Green CR, Mihic AM, Nikkel SM, Stade BC, Rasmussen C, Munoz DP, Reynolds JN. Executive function deficits in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) measured using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Tests Automated Battery (CANTAB). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2009;50(6):688–697. [PubMed: 19175817] [CrossRef]
- Green CR, Munoz DP, Nikkel SM, Reynolds JN. Deficits in eye movement control in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007;31(3):500–511. [PubMed: 17295736] [CrossRef]
- Green H, Diaz-Gonzalez de Ferris M, Vasquez E, Lau E, Yusim J. Long-lasting care for the child exposed to alcohol in utero. Contemporary Pediatrics. 2001;18(11):72–80.
- Green HL, Diaz-Gonzalez de Ferris ME, Vasquez E, Lau EM, Yusim J. Caring for the child with fetal alcohol syndrome. JAAPA. 2002;15(6):31–34. 37–40. [PubMed: 12141072]
- Green JH. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Understanding the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and supporting students. J Sch Health. 2007;77(3):103–108. [PubMed: 17302851] [CrossRef]
- Green P, Flaro L. Word memory test performance in children. Child Neuropsychol. 2003;9(3):189–207. [PubMed: 13680409]
- Greenbaum R, Nulman I, Rovet J, Koren G. The Toronto experience in diagnosing alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder: A unique profile of deficits and assets. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;9(4):215–225. [PubMed: 12584580]
- Greenbaum RL, Stevens SA, Nash K, Koren G, Rovet J. Social cognitive and emotion processing abilities of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A comparison with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009;33(10):1656–1670. [PubMed: 19624575] [CrossRef]
- Greenbaum RL, Stevens SA, Nash K, Koren G, Rovet J. Social cognitive and emotion processing abilities of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A comparison with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2009;33(10):1656–1670. [PubMed: 19624575] [CrossRef]
- Greenfield SF, Keliher A, Sugarman D, Kozloff R, Reizes JM, Kopans B, Jacobs D. Who comes to voluntary, community-based alcohol screening? Results of the first annual National Alcohol Screening Day, 1999. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(9):1677–1683. [PubMed: 12944345]
- Grobbelaar R, Douglas TS. Stereo image matching for facial feature measurement to aid in fetal alcohol syndrome screening. Med Eng Phys. 2007;29(4):459–464. [PubMed: 16904364] [CrossRef]
- Gruppuso V. Interrogative suggestibility in children with FASD: Preliminary findings; Poster presented at the 3rd International Conference on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder; Victoria, BC, Canada. 2009.
- Gryiec M, Grandy S, McLaughlin TF. The effects of the copy, cover, and compare procedure in spelling with an elementary student with fetal alcohol syndrome. Journal of Precision Teaching & Celeration. 2004;20(1):2–8.
- Guerri C, Pascual M, García-Minguillán MC, Charness ME, Wilkemeyer MF, Klintsova AY, Thomas JD. Fetal alcohol effects: Potential treatments from basic science. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2005;29(6):1074–1079. [CrossRef]
- Haley DW, Handmaker NS, Lowe J. Infant stress reactivity and prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006;30(12):2055–2064. [PubMed: 17117971] [CrossRef]
- Hamilton DA, Kodituwakku P, Sutherland RJ, Savage DD. Children with fetal alcohol syndrome are impaired at place learning but not cued-navigation in a virtual Morris water task. Behav Brain Res. 2003;143(1):85–94. [PubMed: 12842299]
- Hammond P, Hutton T, Allanson J, Buxton B, Campbell LE, Clayton-Smith J, Tassabehji M. Discriminating power of localized three-dimensional facial morphology. Am J Hum Genet. 2005;77:999–1010. [PMC free article: PMC1285182] [PubMed: 16380911]
- Handmaker NS, Wilbourne P. Motivational interventions in prenatal clinics. Alcohol Res Health. 2001;25(3):219–229. [PMC free article: PMC6707170] [PubMed: 11810961]
- Hankin JR. Fetal alcohol syndrome prevention research. Alcohol Res Health. 2002;26(1):58–65. [PMC free article: PMC6683808] [PubMed: 12154653]
- Hannigan JH, Chiodo LM, Sokol R, Janisse J, Ager J, Greenwald MK, Delaney-Black V. A 14-year retrospective maternal report of alcohol consumption in pregnancy predicts pregnancy and teen outcomes. Alcohol. 2010;44:583–594. [PMC free article: PMC2889143] [PubMed: 20036487]
- Harrison PA, Sidebottom AC. Alcohol and drug use before and during pregnancy: An examination of use patterns and predictors of cessation. Matern Child Health J. 2009;13:386–394. [PubMed: 18454309] [CrossRef]
- Hayes MJ, Brown E, Hofmaster PA, Davare AA, Parker KG, Raczek JA. Prenatal alcohol intake in a rural, Caucasian clinic. Fam Med. 2002;34(2):120–125. [PubMed: 11874021]
- Health Canada. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. It's Your Health. 2006. [January 13, 2014]. at http://www
.hc-sc.gc.ca /hl-vs/alt_formats /pacrb-dgapcr/pdf/iyh-vsv /diseases-maladies/fasd-etcaf-eng .pdf. - Hellemans K, Verma P, Yoon E, Yu W, Weinberg J. Prenatal alcohol exposure increases vulnerability to stress and anxiety-like disorders in adulthood. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1144:154–175. [PMC free article: PMC4833456] [PubMed: 19076375]
- Hellemans K, Sliwowska J, Verma P, Weinberg J. Prenatal alcohol exposure: Fetal programming and later life vulnerability to stress, depression and anxiety disorders. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2010;34:791–807. [PMC free article: PMC5518679] [PubMed: 19545588]
- Henriksson L. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and memory. DAI-A. 2005;65(8):2896.
- Henry J, Sloane M, Black-Pond C. Neurobiology and neurodevelopmental impact of childhood traumatic stress and prenatal alcohol exposure. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2007;38:99–108. [PubMed: 17428956]
- Herman LE, Acosta MC, Chang PN. Gender and attention deficits in children diagnosed with a Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;15(3):e411–419. [PubMed: 18953085]
- Hicks M, Sauve R, Lyon A, Clarke M, Tough S. Alcohol Use and Abuse in Pregnancy: An Evaluation of the Merits of Screening. Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003;12/3:77–80. [PMC free article: PMC2582738] [PubMed: 19030529]
- Hicks M, Tough S. Importance of complete abstinence from alcohol during pregnancy: enough evidence for justification? Expert Reviews Ltd. 2009;4(4):401–414.
- Hill SY, Lowers L, Locke-Wellman J, Shen SA. Maternal smoking and drinking during pregnancy and the risk for child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. J Stud Alcohol. 2000;61(5):661–668. [PMC free article: PMC4128282] [PubMed: 11022804]
- Hodgson R, Alwyn T, John B, Thom B, Smith A. The FAST Alcohol Screening Test. Alcohol Alcohol. 2002;37(1):61–66. [PubMed: 11825859]
- Hopkins RB, Paradis J, Roshankar T, Bowen J, Tarride JE, Blackhouse G, Longo CJ. Universal or targeted screening for fetal alcohol exposure: A cost-effectiveness analysis. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 2008;69(4):510–519. [PubMed: 18612566]
- Howell KK, Lynch ME, Platzman KA, Smith GH, Coles CD. Prenatal alcohol exposure and ability, academic achievement, and school functioning in adolescence: A longitudinal follow-up. J Pediatr Psychol. 2006;31(1):116–126. [PubMed: 15829611] [CrossRef]
- Hoyme HE, May PA, Kalberg WO, Kodituwakku P, Gossage JP, Trujillo PM, Robinson LK. A practical clinical approach to diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Clarification of the 1996 Institute of Medicine criteria. Pediatrics. 2005;115(1):39–47. [PMC free article: PMC1380311] [PubMed: 15629980] [CrossRef]
- Huggins JE, Grant T, O'Malley K, Streissguth AP. Suicide attempts among adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Clinical considerations. Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities. 2008;11(2):33–41.
- Hughes SC, Chambers CD, Kassem N, Wahlgren DR, Larson S, Riley EP, Hovell MF. Inconsistent report of pre-pregnancy-recognition alcohol use by Latinas. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2009;13(6):857–864. [PubMed: 18810616] [CrossRef]
- Hymbaugh K, Miller LA, Druschel CM, Podvin DW, Meaney FJ, Boyle CA. A multiple source methodology for the surveillance of fetal alcohol syndrome--The Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Surveillance Network (FASSNet). Teratology. 2002;66 Suppl 1:S41–49. [PubMed: 12239744] [CrossRef]
- Hyter YD. Prologue: Understanding children who have been affected by maltreatment and prenatal alcohol exposure. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2007;38(2):93–98. [PubMed: 17428955] [CrossRef]
- Hyter YD. Understanding children who have been affected by maltreatment and prenatal alcohol exposure. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. 2007;38(2):93–98. [PubMed: 17428955] [CrossRef]
- Hyter YD, Way I. Understanding children who have been affected by maltreatment and prenatal alcohol exposure: Future directions. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. 2007;38(2):157–159. [PubMed: 17428962] [CrossRef]
- Ingersoll K, Floyd L, Sobell M, Velasquez MM. Reducing the risk of alcohol-exposed pregnancies: a study of a motivational intervention in community settings. Pediatrics. 2003;111(5 Part 2):1131–1135. [PubMed: 12728125]
- Ingersoll KS, Ceperich SD, Nettleman MD, Karanda K, Brocksen S, Johnson BA. Reducing alcohol-exposed pregnancy risk in college women: Initial outcomes of a clinical trial of a motivational intervention. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2005;29(3):173–180. [PMC free article: PMC2875062] [PubMed: 16183466] [CrossRef]
- Interagency Coordinating Committee on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Consensus Statement Recognizing Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND) in Primary Health Care of Children. Rockville, Maryland: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 2011.
- Iqbal U, Rikhy S, Dringenberg HC, Brien JF, Reynolds JN. Spatial learning deficits induced by chronic prenatal ethanol exposure can be overcome by non-spatial pre-training. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2006;28(3):333–341. [PubMed: 16530381] [CrossRef]
- Ischebeck A, Zamarian L, Siedentopf C, Koppelstatter F, Benke T, Felber S, Delazer M. How specifically do we learn? Imaging the learning of multiplication and subtraction. NeuroImage. 2006;30:1365–1375. [PubMed: 16413795]
- Ismail S, Buckley S, Budacki R, Jabbar A, Gallicano GI. Screening, diagnosing and prevention of fetal alcohol syndrome: is this syndrome treatable? Dev Neurosci. 2010;32:91–100. [PubMed: 20551645] [CrossRef]
- Jacobson JL, Dodge NC, Burden MJ, Klorman R, Jacobson SW. Number processing in adolescents with prenatal alcohol exposure and ADHD: Differences in the neurobehavioral phenotype. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2011;35(3):431–442. [PMC free article: PMC3417293] [PubMed: 21158874]
- Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW. Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on child development. Alcohol Research & Health. 2002;26(4):282–286. [PMC free article: PMC6676687] [PubMed: 12875038]
- Jacobson SW, Stanton ME, Molteno CD, Burden MJ, Fuller DS, Hoyme HE, Jacobson JL. Impaired eyeblink conditioning in children with fetal alcohol syndrome. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2008;32(2):365–372. [PubMed: 18162064] [CrossRef]
- Jan JE, Wasdell MB, Reiter RJ, Weiss MD, Johnson KP, Ivanenko A, Freeman RD. Melatonin therapy of pediatric sleep disorders: Recent advances, why it works, who are the candidates and how to treat. Current Pediatric Review. 2007;3(3):2214–224.
- Jan JE, Asante KO, Conroy JL, Fast DK, Bax MCO, Ipsiroglu OS, Wasdell MB. Sleep health issues for children with FASD: Clinical considerations. Intl J of Pediatrics. 2010 Published online 2010 July 14. [PMC free article: PMC2913852] [PubMed: 20706655] [CrossRef]
- Janisse J, Ager J, Sokol R. Benchmarking: A new method for evaluating the risks associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001;185(Suppl. 6):S164.
- Jirikowic T, Kartin D, Olson HC. Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A descriptive profile of adaptive function. Can J Occup Ther. 2008;75(4):238–248. [PubMed: 18975670]
- Jirikowic T, Olson HC, Kartin D. Sensory processing, school performance, and adaptive behavior of young school-age children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2008;28(2):117–136. [PubMed: 18846892]
- Jirikowic T, Gelo J, Astley S. Children and youth with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Summary of intervention recommendations after clinical diagnosis. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. 2010;48(5):330–344. [PubMed: 20973697] [CrossRef]
- Jirikowic TL, Olson HC, Astley SJ. Parenting stress and sensory processing: Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health. (in press)
- Johnson KE, Sobell MB, Sobell LC. Using one question to identify women at risk for an alcohol-exposed pregnancy. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2010;110(7):381–384. [PubMed: 20693570]
- Johnson ME, Robinson RV, Corey S, Dewane SL, Brems C, Casto LD. Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of health, education, and service professionals as related to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Int J Public Health. 2010;55:627–635. [PubMed: 20809348]
- Jones KL, Robinson LK, Bakhireva LN, Marintcheva G, Storojev V, Strahova A, Chambers CD. Accuracy of the diagnosis of physical features of fetal alcohol syndrome by pediatricians after specialized training. Pediatrics. 2006;118(6):e1734–1738. [PubMed: 17088402] [CrossRef]
- Jones KL, Smith DW. Recognition of the fetal alcohol syndrome in early infancy. The Lancet. 1973;302(7836):999–1001. [PubMed: 4127281] [CrossRef]
- Jones KL, Smith DW, Ulleland CN, Streissguth AP. Pattern of malformation in offspring of chronic alcoholic mothers. The Lancet. 1973;301(7815):1267–1271. [PubMed: 4126070] [CrossRef]
- Kable JA, Coles CD. The impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on neurophysiological encoding of environmental events at six months. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28(3):489–496. [PubMed: 15084907]
- Kable JA, Coles CD, Taddeo E. Socio-cognitive habilitation using the math interactive learning experience program for alcohol-affected children. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007;31(8):1425–1434. [PubMed: 17550365] [CrossRef]
- Kaemingk KL, Halverson PT. Spatial memory following prenatal alcohol exposure: More than a material specific memory deficit. Child Neuropsychol. 2000;6(2):115–128. [PubMed: 16210208] [CrossRef]
- Kaemingk KL, Mulvaney S, Halverson PT. Learning following prenatal alcohol exposure: Performance on verbal and visual multitrial tasks. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2003;18(1):33–47. [PubMed: 14591476]
- Kalberg WO, Buckley D. Educational planning for children with fetal alcohol syndrome. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2006;42(1):58–66. [PubMed: 16801727]
- Kalberg WO, Buckley D. FASD: What types of intervention and rehabilitation are useful? Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2007;31(2):278–285. [PubMed: 16919732] [CrossRef]
- Kalberg WO, Provost B, Tollison SJ, Tabachnick BG, Robinson LK, Hoyme HE, May PA. Comparison of motor delays in young children with fetal alcohol syndrome to those with prenatal alcohol exposure and with no prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006;30(12):2037–2045. [PubMed: 17117969] [CrossRef]
- Kaskutas L. “Pre-pregnancy drinking: How drink size affects risk assessment”: Reply. Addiction. 2001;96(9):1362. [PubMed: 11487425] [CrossRef]
- Kaskutas LA. Understanding drinking during pregnancy among urban American Indians and African Americans: Health messages, risk beliefs, and how we measure consumption. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2000;24(8):1241–1250. [PubMed: 10968664] [CrossRef]
- Kaskutas LA, Graves K. Pre-pregnancy drinking: How drink size affects risk assessment. Addiction. 2001;96(8):1199–1209. [PubMed: 11487425] [CrossRef]
- Keil V, Paley B, Frankel F, O'Connor M. Impact of a social skills intervention on the hostile attributions of children with prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010;34(2):231–241. [PubMed: 19930237]
- Kelly SJ, Day N, Streissguth AP. Effects of prenatal alchol exposure on social behavior in humans and other species. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2000;22:143–149. [PMC free article: PMC2699590] [PubMed: 10758343]
- Kelly Y, Sacker A, Gray R, Kelly J, Wolke D, Quigley M. Light drinking in pregnancy, a risk for behavioural problems and cognitive deficits at 3 years of age? Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38(1):129–140. [PubMed: 18974425]
- Kennedy C, Finkelstein N, Hutchins E, Mahoney J. Improving screening for alcohol use during pregnancy: the Massachusetts ASAP program. Matern Child Health J. 2004;8(3):137–147. [PubMed: 15503394]
- Kerns KA, Macsween J, Wekken SV, Gruppuso V. Investigating the efficacy of an attention training programme in children with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Developmental Neurorehabilitation. 2010;13(6):413–422. [PubMed: 21034284] [CrossRef]
- Kesmodel U. Binge drinking in pregnancy--frequency and methodology. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;154(8):777–782. [PubMed: 11590091]
- Kesmodel U, Frydenberg M. Binge drinking during pregnancy – is it possible to obtain valid information on a weekly basis? American Journal of Epidemiology. 2004;159:803–808. [PubMed: 15051590]
- Kesmodel U, Olsen SF. Self reported alcohol intake in pregnancy: Comparison between four methods. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001;55(10):738–745. [PMC free article: PMC1731783] [PubMed: 11553658]
- Kfir M, Yevtushok L, Onishchenko S, Wertelecki W, Bakhireva L, Chambers CD, Hull AD. Can prenatal ultrasound detect the effects of in-utero alcohol exposure? A pilot study. 2009 Published online 14 May 2009 in Wiley InterScience. [PMC free article: PMC3746738] [PubMed: 19444822] [CrossRef]
- Klein J, Karaskov T, Koren G. Fatty acid ethyl esters: A novel biological marker for heavy in utero ethanol exposure: A case report. Ther Drug Monit. 1999;21(6):644–646. [PubMed: 10604826]
- Klug MG, Burd L. Fetal alcohol syndrome prevention: Annual and cumulative cost savings. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2003;25(6):763–765. [PubMed: 14624977]
- Klug MG, Burd L, Martsolf JT, Ebertowski M. Body mass index in fetal alcohol syndrome. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2003;25(6):689–696. [PubMed: 14624968]
- Knight J, Shrier L, Barvender T, Farrell M, Vander Bilt J, Shaffer HJ. A new brief screen for adolescent substance abuse. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153(6):591–596. [PubMed: 10357299] [CrossRef]
- Knight J, Sherrit L, Harris SK, Shrier L, Chang G. Validity of the CRAFFT substance abuse screening test among general adolescent clinical patients. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2002;156(6):607–614. [PubMed: 12038895]
- Kobor MS, Weinberg J. Epigenetics and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol Research and Health. 2011;34(1) [PMC free article: PMC3860549] [PubMed: 23580038]
- Kodituwakku PW. Defining the behavioral phenotype in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2007;31(2):192–201. [PubMed: 16930704] [CrossRef]
- Kodituwakku PW. Neurocognitive profile in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2009;15(3):218–224. [PMC free article: PMC3104937] [PubMed: 19731385] [CrossRef]
- Kodituwakku PW, Ceccanti M. Are children born to light drinkers not at high risk of developing clinically relevant cognitive-behavioural problems? A response to Kelly et al. Int J Epidemiol. 2009 [PubMed: 19190037]
- Kodituwakku PW, Handmaker NS, Cutler SA, Weathersby EK, Handmaker SD. Specific impairments of self-regulation in children exposed to alcohol prenatally. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1995;19:1558–1564. [PubMed: 8749827] [CrossRef]
- Kodituwakku PW, Kalberg W, May PA. The effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on executive functioning. Alcohol Res Health. 2001;25(3):192–198. [PMC free article: PMC6707165] [PubMed: 11810957]
- Kodituwakku PW, Kodituwakku EL. From research to practice: An integrative framework for the development of interventions for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Neuropsychol Rev. 2011;21:204–223. [PubMed: 21544706]
- Kodituwakku PW, May PA, Clericuzio CL, Weers D. Emotion-related learning in individuals prenatally exposed to alcohol: an investigation of the relation between set shifting, extinction of responses, and behavior. Neuropsychologia. 2001;39(7):699–708. [PubMed: 11311300]
- Kodituwakku PW, Segall JM, Beatty GK. Cognitive and behavioral effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. Future Neurol. 2011;6(2):237–259. [CrossRef]
- Kohout J, Wicherski M, Randall G. APA Research Office. American Psychological Association; 2004. Knowledge of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome among APA Member Practitioners: 2003.
- Koren G, Fantus E, Nulman I. Managing fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in the public school system: a needs assessment pilot. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;17(1):e79–89. [PubMed: 20160330]
- Korkman M, Kettunen S, Autti-Rämö I. Neurocognitive impairment in early adolescence following prenatal alcohol exposure of varying duration. Child Neuropsychol. 2003;9(2):117–128. [PubMed: 12815514]
- Kotrla K. Predicting alcohol use during pregnancy: Analysis of national survey data and implications for practice and the Church. Social Work & Christianity. 2008;35(1):12–32.
- Kotrla K, Martin S. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A social worker's guide for prevention and intervention. Social Work in Mental Health. 2009;7(5):494–507. [CrossRef]
- Krahe TE, Wang W, Medina AE. Phosphodiesterase inhibition increases CREB phosphorylation and restores orientation selectivity in a model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. PloS One. 2009;4(8):e6643. [PMC free article: PMC2721629] [PubMed: 19680548]
- Kulaga V, Shor S, Korena G. Correlation between drugs of abuse and alcohol by hair analysis: Parents at risk for having children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Alcohol. 2010;44:615–621. [PubMed: 20580184]
- Kutner M. Health Literacy of America's Adults; Presented at the Meeting of the Minds II Symposium; November 30, 2006. 2006. [PowerPoint slides]
- Kvigne VL, Leonardson GR, Borzelleca J, Brock E, Neff-Smith M, Welty TK. Characteristics of mothers who have children with fetal alcohol syndrome or some characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2003;16(4):296–303. [PubMed: 12949030]
- Kvigne VL, Leonardson GR, Borzelleca J, Welty TK. Characteristics of grandmothers who have grandchildren with fetal alcohol syndrome or incomplete fetal alcohol syndrome. Matern Child Health J. 2008;12:760–765. [PubMed: 18196450] [CrossRef]
- Kvigne VL, Leondardson G, Welty T. Characteristics of fathers who have children with fetal alcohol syndrome or incomplete fetal alcohol syndrome. S D Med. 2006;59(8):337–340. [PubMed: 16941849]
- Kyskan CE, Moore TE. Global perspectives on fetal alcohol syndrome: Assessing practices, policies, and campaigns in four English-speaking countries. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne. 2005;46(3):153–165. [CrossRef]
- LaChausse RG. The effectiveness of a multimedia program to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome. Health Promot Pract. 2008;9(3):289–293. [PubMed: 16803934] [CrossRef]
- Laforce R Jr., Hayward S, Cox LV. Impaired skill learning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2001;7(1):112–114. [PubMed: 11253837]
- Langbehn DR, Cadoret RJ. The adult antisocial syndrome with and without antecedent conduct disorder: Comparisons from an adoption study. Compr Psychiatry. 2001;42(4):272–282. [PubMed: 11458301] [CrossRef]
- Laugeson EA, Paley B, Schonfeld AM, Carpenter EM, Frankel F, O'Connor MJ. Adaptation of the children's friendship training program for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Child & Family Behavior Therapy. 2007;29(3):57–69. [CrossRef]
- Le BD. Molecular diffusion, tissue microdynamics and microstructure. NMR Biomed. 1995;8(7-8):375–386. [PubMed: 8739274]
- Lebel C, Rasmussen C, Wyper K, Walker L, Andrew G, Yager J, Beaulieu C. Brain diffusion abnormalities in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008;32(10):1732–1740. [PubMed: 18671811] [CrossRef]
- LeBihan D. Molecular diffusion, tissue microdynamics and microstructure. NMR Biomed. 1995;8(7-8):375–386. [PubMed: 8739274]
- Lee KT, Mattson SN, Riley EP. Classifying children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure using measures of attention. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004;10(2):271–277. [PubMed: 15012847] [CrossRef]
- Lemola S, Stadlmayr W, Grob A. Infant irritability: The impact of fetal alcohol exposure, maternal depressive symptoms, and low emotional support from the husband. Infant Mental Health Journal. 2009;30(1):57–81. [PubMed: 28636117] [CrossRef]
- Leonardson G, Loudenburg R, Struck J. Factors predictive of alcohol use during pregnancy in three rural states. Behavioral & Brain Functions. 2007;3(8):1–6. [PMC free article: PMC1803793] [PubMed: 17291346]
- Leonardson GR, Loudenburg R. Risk factors for alcohol use during pregnancy in a multistate area. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2003;25(6):651–658. [PubMed: 14624963] [CrossRef]
- Leslie M, Roberts G. Enhancing fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)-related interventions at the prenatal and early childhood stages in Canada. Vol. 67. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse; 2001.
- Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Loring DW, Hannay HJ, Fischer JS. Neuropsychological Assessment. 4th Ed. xiv. New York: Oxford University Press; 2004. 1016pp.
- Liechty JM. Health literacy: Critical opportunities for social work leadership in health care and research. Health & Social Work. 2011;36(2):99–107. [PubMed: 21661299] [CrossRef]
- Liles EE, Packman J. Play therapy for children with fetal alcohol syndrome. International Journal of Play Therapy. 2009;18(4):192–206. [CrossRef]
- Little BB, Snell LM, Rosenfeld CR, Gilstrap LC, Gant NF. Failure to recognize fetal alcohol syndrome in newborn infants. American Journal of Diseases of Children. 1990;144:1142–1146. [PubMed: 2403097]
- Lockhart PJ. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders for mental health professionals–A brief review. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2001;14(5):463–469. [CrossRef]
- Loock C, Conry J, Cook JL, Chudley AE, Resales T. Identifying fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in primary care. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2005;172(5):628–630. [PMC free article: PMC550629] [PubMed: 15738484] [CrossRef]
- Loomes C, Rasmussen C, Pei J, Manji S, Andrew G. The effect of rehearsal training on working memory span of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2008;29(2):113–124. [PubMed: 17317098] [CrossRef]
- Loop KQ, Nettleman MD. Obstetrical textbooks: Recommendations about drinking during pregnancy. Am J Prev Med. 2002;23(2):136–138. [PubMed: 12121802]
- Lowe J, Handmaker N, Aragon C. Impact of mother interactive style on infant affect among babies exposed to alcohol in utero. Infant Mental Health Journal. 2006;27(4):371–382. [PubMed: 28640418]
- Lowe P. Conceiving risk, bearing responsibility: Fetal alcohol syndrome and the diagnosis of moral disorder. Sociology of Health & Illness. 2006;28(3):379–380. [CrossRef]
- Lucas E, Goldschmidt L, Day N. Alcohol use among pregnant African American women: Ecological considerations. Health Soc Work. 2003;28(4):273–283. [PubMed: 14679706]
- Lupton C, Burd L, Harwood R. Cost of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2004;127C(1):42–50. [PubMed: 15095471] [CrossRef]
- Lynch ME, Coles CD, Corley T, Falek A. Examining delinquency in adolescents differentially prenatally exposed to alcohol: The role of proximal and distal risk factors. J Stud Alcohol. 2003;64(5):678–686. [PubMed: 14572190]
- Ma X, Coles CD, Lynch ME, Laconte SM, Zurkiya O, Wang D, Hu X. Evaluation of corpus callosum anisotropy in young adults with fetal alcohol syndrome according to diffusion tensor imaging. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2005;29(7):1214–1222. [PubMed: 16046877] [CrossRef]
- Madras BK, Compton WM, Avula D, Stegbauer T, Stein JB, Clark HW. Screening, brief interventions, referral to treatment (SBIRT) for illicit drug and alcohol use at multiple healthcare sites: Comparison at intake and 6 months later. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2009;99(1-3):280–295. [PMC free article: PMC2760304] [PubMed: 18929451]
- Major Ryan D, Bonnett DM, Gass CB. Sobering thoughts: Town hall meetings on fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. American Journal of Public Health. 2006;96(12):2098–2101. [PMC free article: PMC1698155] [PubMed: 17077397] [CrossRef]
- Malet L, De Chazeron I, Llorca PM, Lemery D. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy: An urge to increase prevention and screening. Eur J Epidemiol. 2006;21(10):787–788. [PubMed: 17106762] [CrossRef]
- Malisza KL. Neuroimaging cognitive function in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. International Journal on Disability and Human Development. 2007;6(2):171–188.
- Malisza KL, Allman AA, Shiloff D, Jakobson L, Longstaffe S, Chudley AE. Evaluation of spatial working memory function in children and adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Pediatr Res. 2005;58(6):1150–1157. [PubMed: 16306185] [CrossRef]
- Mancinelli R, Ceccanti M, Laviola G. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD): From experimental biology to the search for treatment. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2007;31(2):165–167. [PubMed: 17055054] [CrossRef]
- Manich A, Velasco M, Joya X, García-Lara NR, Pichini S, Vall O, García-Algar O. Validity of a maternal alcohol consumption questionnaire in detecting prenatal exposure. Analede Pediatría (Barc). 2011 November 19 2011. Epub ahead of print. [PubMed: 22104595]
- Manji S, Pei J, Loomes C, Rasmussen C. A review of the verbal and visual memory impairments in children with foetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Dev Neurorehabil. 2009;12(4):239–247. [PubMed: 19842823]
- Manning MA, Hoyme HE. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a practical clinical approach to diagnosis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2007;31(2):230–238. [PubMed: 16962173] [CrossRef]
- Manwell L, Fleming M, Mundt M, Stauffacher E, Barry K. Treatment of problem alcohol use in women of childbearing age: results of a brief intervention trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000;24(10):1517–1524. [PubMed: 11045860]
- Marlatt GA, Witkiewitz K. Harm reduction approaches to alcohol use: Health promotion, prevention, and treatment. Addictive Behaviors. 2002;27:867–886. [PubMed: 12369473]
- Masotti P, George MA, Szala-Meneok K, Morton AM, Loock C, Van Bibber M, Macleod S. Preventing fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Aboriginal communities: a methods development project. PLoS Med. 2006;3(1):e8. [PMC free article: PMC1325264] [PubMed: 16398571] [CrossRef]
- Masotti P, George MA, Szala-Meneok K, Morton AM, Loock C, Van Bibber M, Ranford J, Fleming M, Macleod S. Preventing fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Aboriginal communities: a methods development project. PLoS Med. 2006;3(1):e8. [PMC free article: PMC1325264] [PubMed: 16398571] [CrossRef]
- Masotti P, Szala-Meneok K, Selby P, Ranford J, Van Koughnett A. Urban FASD interventions: Bridging the cultural gap between aboriginal women and primary care physicians. J FAS Int. 2003;1(e17):1–8.
- Mattson SN, Calarco KE, Lang AR. Focused and shifting attention in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Neuropsychology. 2006;20(3):361–369. [PMC free article: PMC1764506] [PubMed: 16719629] [CrossRef]
- Mattson SN, Foroud T, Sowell ER, Lyons Jones K, Coles CD, Fagerlund Å., the Collaborative Initiative on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Collaborative initiative on fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Methodology of clinical projects. Alcohol. 2010;44:635–641. [PMC free article: PMC2888656] [PubMed: 20036488] [CrossRef]
- Mattson SN, Goodman AM, Caine C, Delis DC, Riley EP. Executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999;23(11):1808–1815. [PubMed: 10591598]
- Mattson SN, Riley EP. A review of the neurobehavioral deficits in children with fetal alcohol syndrome or prenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998;22:279–294. [PubMed: 9581631]
- Mattson SN, Riley EP. Parent ratings of behavior in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure and IQ-matched controls. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000;24(2):226–231. [PubMed: 10698376]
- Mattson SN, Riley EP. The Quest for a Neurobehavioral Profile of Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. Alcohol Research & Health. 2011;34(1):51–55. [PMC free article: PMC3860545] [PubMed: 23580041]
- Mattson SN, Riley E, Gramling L, Delis DC, Jones K. Neuropsychological comparison of alcohol exposed children with and without dysmorphia. Neuropsychology. 1998;12:146–153. [PubMed: 9460742]
- Mattson SN, Riley E, Sowell E, Jernigan T, Sobel D, Lyons Jones K. A decrease in the size of the basal ganglia in children with fetal alcohol syndrome. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 1996;20(6):1088–1093. [PubMed: 8892532]
- Mattson SN, Roebuck TM. Acquisition and retention of verbal and nonverbal information in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002;26(6):875–882. [PubMed: 12068257]
- Mattson SN, Roesch SC, Fagerlund Å, Autti-Rämö I, Lyons Jones K, May PA., the Collaborative Initiative on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Toward a Neurobehavioral Profile of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2010;34(9):1640–1650. [PMC free article: PMC2946199] [PubMed: 20569243] [CrossRef]
- Mattson SN, Schoenfeld AM, Riley EP. Teratogenic effects of alcohol on brain and behavior. Alcohol Res Health. 2001;25(3):185–191. [PMC free article: PMC6707166] [PubMed: 11810956]
- May PA, Fiorentino D, Coriale G, Kalberg WO, Hoyme HE, Aragon AS, Ceccanti M. Prevalence of children with severe fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in communities near Rome, Italy: New estimated rates are higher than previous estimates. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8(6):2331–51. [PMC free article: PMC3138028] [PubMed: 21776233]
- May PA, Gossage JP. Estimating the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome. A summary. Alcohol Res Health. 2001;25(3):159–167. [PMC free article: PMC6707173] [PubMed: 11810953]
- May PA, Gossage JP. Maternal risk factors for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders not as simple as it might seem. Alcohol Res Health. 2011;34(1):15–26. [PMC free article: PMC3860552] [PubMed: 23580036]
- May P, Gossage J, White-Country M, Goodhart K, Decoteau S, Trujillo P, Hoyme H. Alcohol consumption and other maternal risk factors for fetal alcohol syndrome among three distinct samples of women before, during, and after pregnancy: The risk is relative. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2004;127C(1):10–20. [PubMed: 15095467]
- May PA, Gossage JP, Brooke LE, Snell CL, Marais AS, Hendricks LS, Viljoen DL. Maternal risk factors for fetal alcohol syndrome in the Western Cape province of South Africa: A population-based study. American Journal of Public Health. 2005;95(7):1190–1199. [PMC free article: PMC1361810] [PubMed: 15933241]
- May PA, Gossage JP, Kalberg WO, Robinson LK, Buckley D, Manning M, Hoyme HE. Prevalence and epidemiologic characteristics of FASD from various research methods with an emphasis on recent in-school studies. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2009;15(3):176–192. [PubMed: 19731384] [CrossRef]
- May PA, Hymbaugh KJ, Aase JM, Samet JM. Epidemiology of fetal alcohol syndrome among American Indians of the southwest. Social Biology. 1983;30:374–387. [PubMed: 6336013]
- May PA, Miller JH, Goodhart KA, Maestas OR, Buckley D, Trujillo PM, Gossage JP. Enhanced case management to prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in Northern Plains communities. Matern Child Health J. 2008;12(6):747–759. [PubMed: 18026824] [CrossRef]
- McFarlane A, Rajani H. Rural FASD diagnostic services model: Lakeland Centre for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;14(3):e301–306. [PubMed: 18025547]
- McGee CL, Bjorkquist OA, Price JM, Mattson SN, Riley EP. Social information processing skills in children with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology: An official publication of the International Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. 2009;37(6):817–830. [PMC free article: PMC2708323] [PubMed: 19283465] [CrossRef]
- McGee CL, Bjorkquist OA, Riley EP, Mattson SN. Impaired language performance in young children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2009;31(2):71–75. [PMC free article: PMC2683242] [PubMed: 18938239] [CrossRef]
- McGee CL, Fryer S, Bjorkquist O, Mattson S, Riley E. Deficits in social problem solving in adolescents with prenatal exposure to alcohol. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2008;34(4):426–431. [PubMed: 18584572]
- McGee CL, Riley EP. Social and behavioral functioning in individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure. Int J Disabil Hum Dev. 2007;6:369–382.
- McGee CL, Riley EP. Brain imaging and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2006;42:46–52. [PubMed: 16801725]
- McGee CL, Schonfeld AM, Roebuck-Spencer TM, Riley EP, Mattson SN. Children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure demonstrate deficits on multiple measures of concept formation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008;32(8):1388–1397. [PMC free article: PMC3719981] [PubMed: 18557830] [CrossRef]
- McNamara TK, Orav J, Wilkins-Haug L, Chang G. Risk during pregnancy – self-report versus medical record. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193(6):1981–1985. [PMC free article: PMC1363786] [PubMed: 16325600]
- McNamara TK, Orav EJ, Wilkins-Haug L, Chang G. Social Support and Prenatal Alcohol Use. Journal of Women's Health. 2006;15(1):70–76. [PMC free article: PMC1523509] [PubMed: 16417421]
- Meaney FJ, Miller LA. A comparison of fetal alcohol syndrome surveillance network and birth defects surveillance methodology in determining prevalence rates of fetal alcohol syndrome. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2003;67(9):819–822. [PubMed: 14703793] [CrossRef]
- Meaney FJ, Miller LA. A comparison of fetal alcohol syndrome surveillance network and birth defects surveillance methodology in determining prevalence rates of fetal alcohol syndrome. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2003;67(9):819–822. [PubMed: 14703793] [CrossRef]
- Medina AE, Krahe TE, Ramoa AS. Restoration of neuronal plasticity by a phosphodiesterase type 1 inhibitor in a model of fetal alcohol exposure. Journal of Neuroscience. 2006;26:1057–1060. [PMC free article: PMC6675358] [PubMed: 16421325]
- Mehedint MG, Craciunescu CN, Zeisel SH. Maternal dietary choline deficiency alters angiogenesis in fetal mouse hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107:12834–12839. [PMC free article: PMC2919920] [PubMed: 20624989]
- Meintjes EM, Douglas TS, Martinez F, Vaughan CL, Adams LP, Stekhoven A, Viljoen D. A stereo-photogrammetric method to measure the facial dysmorphology of children in the diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome. Med Eng Phys. 2002;24(10):683–689. [PubMed: 12460727]
- Mengel MB, Searight HR, Cook K. Preventing alcohol-exposed pregnancies. J Am Board Fam Med. 2006;19(5):494–505. [PubMed: 16951299]
- Merrick J, Kandel I. Fetal alcohol syndrome and suicide. A review. International Journal on Disability and Human Development. 2007;6(3):237–239.
- Merrick J, Merrick E, Morad M, Kandel I. Fetal alcohol syndrome and its long-term effects. Minerva Pediatr. 2006;58(3):211–218. [PubMed: 16832326]
- Meschke LL, Holl JA, Messelt S. Assessing the risk of fetal alcohol syndrome: understanding substance use among pregnant women. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2003;25(6):667–674. [PubMed: 14624965]
- Miller D. Students with fetal alcohol syndrome: Updating our knowledge, improving their programs.(Cover story). Teaching Exceptional Children. 2006;38(4):12–18.
- Momino W, Sanseverino MT, Schuler-Faccini L. Prenatal alcohol exposure as a risk factor for dysfunctional behaviors: The role of the pediatrician. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008;84(4 Suppl):S76–79. [PubMed: 18758654] [CrossRef]
- Monnot M, Lovallo WR, Nixon SJ, Ross E. Neurological basis of deficits in affective prosody comprehension among alcoholics and fetal alcohol-exposed adults. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2002;14(3):321–328. [PubMed: 12154157] [CrossRef]
- Monsen RB. Prevention is best for fetal alcohol syndrome. J Pediatr Nurs. 2009;24(1):60–61. [PubMed: 19159836] [CrossRef]
- Moore ES, Ward RE, Jamison PL, Morris CA, Bader PI, Hall BD. The subtle facial signs of prenatal exposure to alcohol: An anthropometric approach. J Pediatr. 2001;139(2):215–219. [PubMed: 11487746] [CrossRef]
- Moore ES, Ward RE, Wetherill LF, Rogers JL, Autti-Rämö I, Fagerlund Å., The, C. Unique facial features distinguish fetal alcohol syndrome patients and controls in diverse ethnic populations. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2007;31(10):1707–1713. [PubMed: 17850644] [CrossRef]
- Moraes C, Viellas E, Reichenheim M. Assessing alcohol misuse during pregnancy: Evaluating psychometric properties of the CAGE, T-ACE and TWEAK in a Brazilian setting. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 2005;66(2):165–173. [PubMed: 15957667]
- Morleo M, Woolfall K, Dedman D, Mukherjee RAS, Bellis MA, Cook PA. Under-reporting of Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An analysis of hospital episode statistics. BMC Pediatr. 2011;11(14) [PMC free article: PMC3042385] [PubMed: 21303524]
- Morris DS, Tenkku LE, Salas J, Xaverius PK, Mengel MB. Exploring pregnancy-related changes in alcohol consumption between black and white women. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008;32(3):505–512. [PubMed: 18302726] [CrossRef]
- Morrissette PJ. Fetal alcohol syndrome: Parental experiences and the role of family counselors. The Qualitative Report. 2001;6(2)
- Morse BA, Hutchins E. Reducing complications from alcohol use during pregnancy through screening. J Am Med Womens Assoc. 2000;55(4):225–227. 240. [PubMed: 10935357]
- Motz M, Leslie M, Pepler D, Moore T, Freeman P. Breaking the cycle: Measures of progress 1995-2005. Journal of FAS International. 2006;4(e22):13–134.
- Mukherjee RaS, Hollins S, Turk J. Psychiatric comorbidity in foetal alcohol syndrome. Psychiatric Bulletin. 2006;30(5):194–195. [CrossRef]
- Munoz D, Everling S. Look away: The anti-saccade task and the voluntary control of eye movement. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004;5:218–228. [PubMed: 14976521]
- Mutch R, Peadon E, Elliott E, Bower C. Need to establish a national diagnostic capacity for foetal alcohol spectrum disorders. J Paediatr Child Health. 2009;45(3):79–81. [PubMed: 19317758]
- Naidoo S. A review of foetal alcohol syndrome and the role of the oral health care worker. SADJ. 2004;59(4):158–161. [PubMed: 15279092]
- Naimi TS, Lipscomb LE, Brewer RD, Gilbert BC. Binge drinking in the preconception period and the risk of unintended pregnancy: Implications for women and their children. Pediatrics. 2003;111(5 Part 2):1136–1141. [PubMed: 12728126]
- Nardelli A, Lebel C, Rasmussen C, Andrew G, Beaulieu C. Extensive deep gray matter volume reductions in children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2011;35(8):1404–1417. [PubMed: 21575012] [CrossRef]
- Nash K, Rovet J, Greenbaum R, Fantus E, Nulman I, Koren G. Identifying the behavioural phenotype in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: sensitivity, specificity and screening potential. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2006;9(4):181–186. [PubMed: 16673042] [CrossRef]
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Brain basics: Know your brain Stroke. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 2001. NIH Publication No.01-3440a.
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. NINDS microcephaly information page. 2008. Retrieved March 7, 2012, from http://www
.ninds.nih .gov/disorders/microcephaly /microcephaly.htm. - National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Brief Interventions. Alcohol Alert. 2005 July;66
- National Organisation for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome – United Kingdom. Fetal Alcohol Forum. Dec, 2011. Retrieved from http://nofasaa1
.miniserver .com/∼martin /PDF/Fetal%20Alcohol %20Forum%20Issue%206.pdf. - Nayak MB, Kaskutas LA. Risky drinking and alcohol use patterns in a national sample of women of childbearing age. Addiction. 2004;99:1393–1402. [PubMed: 15500592] [CrossRef]
- Nevin AC, Parshuram C, Nulman I, Koren G, Einarson A. A survey of physicians knowledge regarding awareness of maternal alcohol use and the diagnosis of FAS. BMC Fam Pract. 2002;3:2. [PMC free article: PMC65679] [PubMed: 11860607]
- Niccols A. Fetal alcohol syndrome and the developing socio-emotional brain. Brain Cogn. 2007;65(1):135–142. [PubMed: 17669569] [CrossRef]
- Norman AL, Crocker N, Mattson SN, Riley EP. Neuroimaging and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2009;15:209–217. [PMC free article: PMC3442778] [PubMed: 19731391] [CrossRef]
- Nunes F, Ferreira-Rosa K, Pereira M, Kubrusly RC, Manhães AC, Abreu-Villaça Y, Filgueiras CC. Acute administration of vinpocetine, a phosphodiesterase type 1 inhibitor, ameliorates hyperactivity in a mice model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2011;119(1-2):81–87. [PubMed: 21689896] [CrossRef]
- Nunez SC, Roussotte F, Sowell ER. Structural and functional brain abnormalities in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol Research and Health. 2011;34(1):121–130. [PMC free article: PMC3860550] [PubMed: 23580049]
- O'Callaghan FV, O'Callaghan M, Najman JM, Williams GM, Bor W. Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and physical outcomes up to 5 years of age: a longitudinal study. Early Hum Dev. 2003;71(2):137–148. [PubMed: 12663151]
- O'Callaghan FV, O'Callaghan M, Najman JM, Williams GM, Bor W. Prenatal alcohol exposure and attention, learning and intellectual ability at 14 years: a prospective longitudinal study. Early Hum Dev. 2007;83(2):115–123. [PubMed: 16842939] [CrossRef]
- O'Connor MJ, Frankel F, Paley B, Schonfeld AM, Carpenter E, Laugeson EA, Marquardt R. A controlled social skills training for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006;74(4):639–648. [PMC free article: PMC10246454] [PubMed: 16881771] [CrossRef]
- O'Connor MJ, Kasari C. Prenatal alcohol exposure and depressive features in children. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000;24(7):1084–1092. [PubMed: 10924014]
- O'Connor MJ, Kogan N, Findlay R. Prenatal alcohol exposure and attachment behavior in children. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002;26(10):1592–1602. [PubMed: 12394294] [CrossRef]
- O'Connor MJ, Laugeson EA, Mogil C, Lowe E, Welch-Torres K, Keil V, Paley B. Translation of an evidence-based social skills intervention of children with prenatal alcohol exposure in a community mental health setting. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2012;36(1):141–152. [PMC free article: PMC10297624] [PubMed: 21797888]
- O'Connor MJ, McCracken JT, Best A. Under Recognition of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure in a Child Inpatient Psychiatric Setting. Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities. 2006;9(4):105–108.
- O'Connor MJ, Paley B. The relationship of prenatal alcohol exposure and the postnatal environment to child depressive symptoms. J Pediatr Psychol. 2006;31(1):50–64. [PubMed: 15802607] [CrossRef]
- O'Connor MJ, Paley B. Psychiatric conditions associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2009;15(3):225–234. [PubMed: 19731386] [CrossRef]
- O'Connor MJ, Shah B, Whaley S, Cronin P, Gunderson B, Graham J. Psychiatric illness in a clinical sample of children with prenatal alcohol exposure. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2002;28(4):743–754. [PubMed: 12492268]
- O'Connor MJ, Whaley SE. Alcohol use in pregnant low-income women. J Stud Alcohol. 2003;64(6):773–783. [PubMed: 14743939]
- O'Connor MJ, Whaley S. Health care provider advice and risk factors associated with alcohol consumption following pregnancy recognition. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 2006;67(1):22–31. [PubMed: 16536126]
- O'Connor MJ, Whaley S. Brief intervention for alcohol use by pregnant women. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(2):252–258. [PMC free article: PMC1781394] [PubMed: 17194863]
- Odishaw J, Snart F. Assessment of cognitive processing in persons with FASD: A promising alternative to traditional IQ measures. Exceptionality Education Canada. 2005;15(1):25–41.
- O'Hare ED, Kan E, Yoshii J, Mattson SN, Riley EP, Thompson P, Toga AW, Sowell ER. Mapping cerebellar vermal morphology and cognitive correlates in prenatal alcohol exposure. Neuroreport. 2005;16(12):1285–1290. [PubMed: 16056126]
- O'Hare ED, Lu LH, Houston SM, Bookheimer SY, Mattson SN, O'Connor MJ, Sowell ER. Altered frontal-parietal functioning during verbal working memory in children and adolescents with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009;30(10):3200–3208. [PMC free article: PMC2748151] [PubMed: 19263420] [CrossRef]
- O'Leary C. Fetal alcohol syndrome: diagnosis, epidemiology, and developmental outcomes. J Paediatr Child Health. 2004;40(1-2):2–7. [PubMed: 14717994]
- O'Leary CM, Nassar N, Kurinczuk JJ, Bower C. The effect of maternal alcohol consumption on fetal growth and preterm birth. BJOG. 2009;116(3):390–400. [PubMed: 19187371]
- O'Leary C, Zubrick SR, Taylor CL, Dixon G, Bower C. Prenatal alcohol exposure and language delay in 2-year-old children: The importance of dose and timing on risk. Pediatrics. 2009;123(2):547–554. [PubMed: 19171621] [CrossRef]
- O'Leary-Moore SK, Parnell SE, Godin EA, Sulik KK. Focus on: Magnetic resonance-based studies of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in animal models. Alcohol Research and Health. 2011;34(1):99–105. [PMC free article: PMC3860555] [PubMed: 23580047]
- Olson HC, Feldman JJ, Streissguth AP, Gonzales RD. Neuropsychological deficits and life adjustment in adolescents and young adults with fetal alcohol syndrome. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1992;16:380.
- Olson HC, Feldman JJ, Streissguth AP, Sampson PD, Bookstein FL. Neuropsychological deficits in adolescents with fetal alcohol syndrome: Clinical finding. Alcohol Clin Exp. 1998;22:1998–2012. [PubMed: 9884144]
- Olson HC, Jirikowic T. Responding to the challenge of early intervention for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Infants & Young Children. 2007;20(2):172–189.
- Olson HC, Montague RA. An Innovative Look at Early Intervention for Children Affected by Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. In: Adubato SA, Cohen DE, editors. Prenatal Alcohol Use and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Diagnosis, Assessment and New Direction in Research and Multimodal Treatment. Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. Bentham ebook; 2011. pp. 64–107. 2011.
- Olson HC, O'Connor MJ, Fitzgerald HE. Lessons learned from study of the developmental impact of parental alcohol use. Infant Mental Health Journal. 2001;22:271–290.
- Olson HC, Oti R, Gelo J, Beck S. Family matters: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and the family. Dev Dis Res Rev. 2009;15(3):235–249. [PubMed: 19731388] [CrossRef]
- Olson HC, Rudo-Stern J, Gendler B. Supporting parents of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, and young children with significant prenatal alcohol exposure. In: O'Connor MJ, Tremblay RE, Boivin M, Peters RDeV, Barr RG, editors. Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development. Montreal, Quebec: Centre of Excellence for Early Childhood Development; 2011. pp. 1–10. [online] Available at: http://www
.child-encyclopedia .com/documents /Olson-Rudo-Stern-GendlerANGxp1.pdf. - Olson HC, Streissguth AP, Sampson PD, Barr H, Bookstein FL, Thiede K. Association of prenatal alcohol exposure with behavioral and learning problems of early adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:1187–1194. [PubMed: 9291719]
- Olswang LB, Svensson L, Astley S. Observation of classroom social communication: Do children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders spend their time differently than their typically developing peers? Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2010;53:1687–1703. [PubMed: 20705742] [CrossRef]
- O'Malley KD, Koplin B, Dohner VA. Psychostimulant clinical response in fetal alcohol syndrome. Can J Psychiatry. 2000;45:90–91. [PubMed: 10696504]
- O'Malley KD, Nanson J. Clinical implications of a link between fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Can J Psychiatry. 2002;47:349–354. [PubMed: 12025433]
- O'Malley KD, Storoz L. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and ADHD: Diagnostic implications and therapeutic consequences. Expert Rev Neurother. 2003;3(4):477–489. [PubMed: 19810932]
- Ondersma S, Chase S, Svikis D, Schuster C. Computer-based brief motivational intervention for perinatal drug use. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2005;28(4):305–312. [PMC free article: PMC3836613] [PubMed: 15925264]
- Ostrea EM Jr., Hernandez JD, Bielawski DM, Kan JM, Leonardo GM, Abela MB, Sokol RJ. Fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium: Are they biomarkers of fetal alcohol exposure and effect? Alcoholism: Clin and Exp Res. 2006;30(7):1152–1159. [PMC free article: PMC3192319] [PubMed: 16792562]
- Padgett LS, Strickland D, Coles CD. Case study: using a virtual reality computer game to teach fire safety skills to children diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome. J Pediatr Psychol. 2006;31(1):65–70. [PubMed: 15829610] [CrossRef]
- Page K. Fetal alcohol spectrum-The hidden epidemic in our courts. Juvenile and Family Court Journal. 2001;52:21–31.
- Page K. The invisible havoc of prenatal alcohol damage. Journal of the Center for Families, Children & the Courts. 2003;67:67–90.
- Paley B, O'Connor MJ. Neurocognitive and neurobehavioral impairments in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Recognition and assessment. International Journal on Disability and Human Development. 2007;6(2):127–142.
- Paley B, O'Connor MJ. Intervention for individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: treatment approaches and case management. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2009;15(3):258–267. [PubMed: 19731383]
- Paley B, O'Connor MJ. Behavioral interventions for children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol Res Health. 2011;34(1):64–75. [PMC free article: PMC3860556] [PubMed: 23580043]
- Paley B, O'Connor MJ, Baillie SJ, Guiton G, Stuber ML. Integrating case topics in medical school curriculum to enhance multiple skill learning: using fetal alcohol spectrum disorders as an exemplary case. Acad Psychiatry. 2009;33(2):143–148. [PMC free article: PMC4380512] [PubMed: 19398629]
- Paley B, O'Connor MJ, Frankel F, Marquardt R. Predictors of Stress in Parents of Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 2006;27(5):396–404. [PubMed: 17041276] [CrossRef]
- Pallan P. Fetal alcohol syndrome: A call for action in B. C. British Columbia Children's Commission. 2001;42
- Parker T, Maviglia MA, Lewis PT, Gossage JP, May PA, Rojas EY, Gretton HM. Psychological distress among Plains Indian mothers with children referred to screening for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2010;5(22):22. [PMC free article: PMC2940892] [PubMed: 20819208]
- Parnell S, O'Leary-Moore S, Godin E, Dehart D, Johnson BW, Johnson AG, Sulik KK. Magnetic resonance microscopy defines ethanol-induced brain abnormalities in prenatal mice: Effects of acute insult on gestational day 8. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009;33:1001–1011. [PMC free article: PMC2748865] [PubMed: 19302087]
- Payne J, Elliott E, D'antoine H, O'Leary C, Mahony A, Haan E, Bower C. Health professionals' knowledge, practice and opinions about fetal alcohol syndrome and alcohol consumption in pregnancy. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2005;29(6):558–564. [PubMed: 16366068]
- Payne JM, France KE, Henley N, D'Antoine HA, Bartu AE, O'Leary CM, Geelhoed E. RE-AIM evaluation of the alcohol and pregnancy project: Educational resources to inform health professionals about prenatal alcohol exposure and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Eval Health Prof. 2011;34(1):57–80. [PubMed: 21292723] [CrossRef]
- Peadon E, Elliott EJ. Distinguishing between attention-deficit hyperactivity and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in children: Clinical guidelines. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:509–515. [PMC free article: PMC2938300] [PubMed: 20856914]
- Peadon E, Fremantle E, Bower C, Elliott E. International survey of diagnostic services for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. BMC Pediatrics. 2008;8(12) [PMC free article: PMC2377245] [PubMed: 18412975] [CrossRef]
- Peadon E, O'Leary C, Bower C, Elliott E. Impacts of alcohol use in pregnancy – the role of the GP. Aust Fam Physician. 2007;36(11):935–939. [PubMed: 18043782]
- Peadon E, Payne J, Henley N, D'Antoine H, Bartu A, O'Leary C, Elliott EJ. Women's knowledge and attitudes regarding alcohol consumption in pregnancy: A national survey. BMC Public Health. 2010;10(510) [PMC free article: PMC2936428] [PubMed: 20727217]
- Peadon E, Rhys-Jones B, Bower C, Elliott EJ. Systematic review of interventions for children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. BMC Pediatr. 2009;9(35) [PMC free article: PMC2698825] [PubMed: 19463198] [CrossRef]
- Pei J, Denys K, Hughes J, Rasmussen C. Mental health issues in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Journal of Mental Health. 2011;20(5):473–483. [PubMed: 21780939] [CrossRef]
- Pei J, Rinaldi C. A review of the evolution of diagnostic practices for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Developmental Disabilities Bulletin. 2004;32(2):125–139.
- Pei JR, Rinaldi CM, Rasmussen C, Massey V, Massey D. Memory patterns of acquisition and retention of verbal and nonverbal information in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;15(1):e44–56. [PubMed: 18192705]
- Peng CZ, Burd L. An introduction to screening instruments and diagnostic criteria for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2006;14(5):452–454.
- Poitra BA, Marion S, Dionne M, Wilkie E, Dauphinais P, Wilkie-Pepion M, Burd L. A school-based screening program for fetal alcohol syndrome. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2003;25(6):725–729. [PubMed: 14624972]
- Popova S, Stade B, Bekmuradov D, Lange S, Rehm J. What do we know about the economic impact of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder? A systematic literature review. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2011;46(4):490–497. [PubMed: 21515625]
- Premji S, Benzies K, Serrett K, Hayden KA. Research-based interventions for children and youth with a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Revealing the gap. Child Care Health Dev. 2007;33(4):389–397. discussion 398-400. [PubMed: 17584393] [CrossRef]
- Premji SS, Semenic S. Do Canadian Prenatal record forms integrate evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis of a FASD? Can J Public Health. 2009;100(4):274–280. [PMC free article: PMC6973665] [PubMed: 19722340]
- Project CHOICES Research Group. Alcohol-exposed pregnancy: Characteristics associated with risk. Am J Prev Med. 2002;23(3):166–173. [PubMed: 12350448]
- Project CHOICES Research Group. Reducing the risk of alcohol-exposed pregnancies: A study of a motivational intervention in community settings. Pediatrics. 2003;111(5):1131–1135. [PubMed: 12728125] [CrossRef]
- Railton CJ. What do mothers of FAS children have in common? J FAS Int 2003. 2003;1(e18):1–3.
- Ramsay M. Genetic and epigenetic insights into fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Genome Medicine. 2010;2(27):1–8. [PMC free article: PMC2873805] [PubMed: 20423530]
- Rasmussen C. Executive functioning and working memory in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2005;29(8):1359–1367. [PubMed: 16131842] [CrossRef]
- Rasmussen C, Bisanz J. Executive functioning in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Profiles and age-related differences. Child Neuropsychology. 2009;15(3):201–215. [PubMed: 18825524] [CrossRef]
- Rasmussen C, Horne K, Witol A. Neurobehavioral functioning in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Child Neuropsychology. 2006;12(6):453–468. [PubMed: 16952890] [CrossRef]
- Rasmussen C, Kully-Martens K, Denys K, Badry D, Henneveld D, Wyper K, Grant T. The effectiveness of a community-based intervention program for women at-risk for giving birth to a child with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Community Ment Health J. 2012;48(12–21) [PubMed: 20694802] [CrossRef]
- Rasmussen C, Talwar V, Loomes C, Andrew G. Brief report: Lie-telling in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. J Pediatr Psychol. 2008;33(2):220–225. [PubMed: 17728303] [CrossRef]
- Rasmussen C, Wyper K. Decision making, executive functioning and risky behaviors in adolescents with prenatal alcohol exposure. International Journal on Disability and Human Development. 2007;6(4):405–416.
- Rasmussen C, Wyper K, Talwar V. The relation between theory of mind and executive functions in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;16(2):e370–380. [PubMed: 19638654]
- Rayburn WF, Meng C, Rayburn BB, Proctor B, Handmaker NS. Beer consumption among hazardous drinkers during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107(2 Pt 1):355–360. [PubMed: 16449124]
- Reik W, Dean W, Walter J. Epigenetic reprogramming in mammalian development. Science. 2001;293:1089–1093. [PubMed: 11498579]
- Riley EP, Guerri C, Calhoun F, Charness ME, Foroud TM, Li TK, Warren KR. Prenatal alcohol exposure: Advancing knowledge through international collaborations. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003;27(1):118–135. [PubMed: 12544016] [CrossRef]
- Riley EP, Infante MA, Warren KR. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: An overview. Neuropsychology Review. 2011 [Epub ahead of print] [PMC free article: PMC3779274] [PubMed: 21499711] [CrossRef]
- Riley EP, Mattson SN, Li TK, Jacobson SW, Coles CD, Kodituwakku PW, Korkman MI. Neurobehavioral consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure: an international perspective. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003;27(2):362–373. [PubMed: 12605086] [CrossRef]
- Riley EP, McGee CL. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: An overview with emphasis on changes in brain and behavior. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2005;230(6):357–365. [PubMed: 15956765]
- Riley EP, McGee CL, Sowell ER. Teratogenic effects of alcohol: A decade of brain imaging. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2004;127:35–41. [PubMed: 15095470]
- Riley EP, Thomas JD, Goodlett CR, Klintsova AY, Greenough WT, Hungund B, Li TK. Fetal alcohol effects: Mechanisms and treatment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001;25(5 Suppl ISBRA):110S–116S. [PubMed: 11391059]
- Robbins JM, Bird TM, Tilford JM, Reading JA, Cleves MA, Aitken ME, Hobbs CA. Reduction in newborns with discharge coding of in utero alcohol effects in the United States, 1993 to 2002. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160(12):1224–1231. [PubMed: 17146019] [CrossRef]
- Roccella M, Testa D. Fetal alcohol syndrome in developmental age. Neuropsychiatric aspects. Minerva Pediatr. 2003;55(1):63–69. 69–74. [PubMed: 12660628]
- Roebuck-Spencer TM, Mattson SN. Implicit strategy affects learning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28(9):1424–1431. [PubMed: 15365316]
- Rogers-Adkinson DL, Stuart SK. Collaborative services: Children experiencing neglect and the side effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2007;38(2):149–156. [PubMed: 17428961] [CrossRef]
- Rojas EY, Gretton HM. Background, offence characteristics, and criminal outcomes of Aboriginal youth who sexually offend: A closer look at Aboriginal youth intervention needs. Sex Abuse. 2007;19(3):257–283. [PubMed: 17701354]
- Rouleau M, Levichek Z, Koren G. Are mothers who drink heavily in pregnancy victims of FAS? J FAS Int 2003. 2003;1(e4):1–5.
- Rowbottom L, Merali N, Pei J. Interventions for non-biological caregivers of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Developmental Disabilities Bulletin. 2010;38(1 & 2):35–54.
- Rudeen PK, Cook K, Mengel MB, Ulione M, Wedding D, Braddock S, Ohlemiller M. Knowledge and attitudes about fetal alcohol syndrome, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, and alcohol use during pregnancy by occupational therapists in the Midwest. J Allied Health. 2007;36(3):e203–220. [PubMed: 19759993]
- Rutman D. Substance Using Women with FASD and FASD Prevention: Service Providers' Perspectives on Promising Approaches in Substance Use Treatment and Care for Women with FASD. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria; 2011.
- Rutman D, Van Ribber M. Parenting with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Int J Ment Health Addiction. 2010;8:351–361. [CrossRef]
- Russell M. New assessment tools for drinking in pregnancy: T-ACE, TWEAK, and others. Alcohol Health and Research World. 1994;18(1):55–61. [PMC free article: PMC6876474] [PubMed: 31798157]
- Rust EE, Bowden RG. Improving school success for students with fetal alcohol syndrome. Health Educ. 2001;4:368–375.
- Ryan S, Ferguson DL. On, yet under, the radar: Students with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder. Exceptional Children. 2006;72(3):363–379.
- Ryan SH, Williams JK, Thomas JD. Choline supplementation attenuates learning deficits associated with neonatal alcohol exposure in the rat: Effects of varying the timing of choline administration. Brain Research. 2008;1237:91–100. [PMC free article: PMC2646103] [PubMed: 18786517]
- Santhanam P, Li Z, Hu X, Lynch ME, Coles CD. Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on brain activation during an arithmetic task: An fMRI study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009;33(11):1901–1908. [PMC free article: PMC3796099] [PubMed: 19673738] [CrossRef]
- Sarkar M, Burnett M, Carriere S, Cox LV, Dell CA, Gammon H, Geller B, Wood R. Screening and recording of alcohol use among women of child-bearing age and pregnant women. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;16(1):e242–263. [PubMed: 19372602]
- Sampson PD, Streissguth AP, Bookstein FL, Barr H. On categorization in analysis of alcohol teratogenesis. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000;108:421–428. [PMC free article: PMC1637818] [PubMed: 10852839]
- Savage CL, Wray JN, Ritchey PN, Fulmer M. Measurement of maternal alcohol consumption in a pregnant population. Subst Abus. 2002;23(4):211–214. [PubMed: 12438833]
- Savage C, Wray JN, Ritchey PN, Sommers M, Dyehouse J, Fulmer M. Current screening instruments related to alcohol consumption in pregnancy and a proposed alternative method. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2003;32(4):437–446. [PubMed: 12903693]
- Sayal K, Heron J, Golding J, Emond A. Prenatal alcohol exposure and gender differences in childhood mental health problems: A longitudinal population-based study. Pediatrics. 2007;119(2):e426–434. [PubMed: 17272604] [CrossRef]
- Schonfeld AM, Mattson SN, Lang AR, Delis DC, Riley EP. Verbal and nonverbal fluency in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. J Stud Alcohol. 2001;62(2):239–246. [PubMed: 11327190]
- Schonfeld AM, Mattson SN, Riley EP. Moral maturity and delinquency after prenatal alcohol exposure. J Stud Alcohol. 2005;66(4):545–554. [PubMed: 16240562]
- Schonfeld AM, Paley B, Frankel F, O'Connor MJ. Behavioral regulation as a predictor of response to children's friendship training in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. The Clinical Neuropsychologist. 2009;23(3):428–445. [PubMed: 18815943] [CrossRef]
- Schonfeld AM, Paley B, Frankel F, O'Connor MJ. Executive functioning predicts social skills following prenatal alcohol exposure. Child Neuropsychol. 2006;12(6):439–452. [PubMed: 16952889] [CrossRef]
- Scott S, Dewane SL. Clinical competencies for professionals working with children and families affected by fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Journal of Psychological Practice. 2007;14(1):67–92.
- Senikas V. Three national programs address fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2009;31(2):172–186. [PubMed: 19327218]
- Sharpe TT, Alexander M, Hutcherson J, Floyd RL, Brimacombe M, Levine R, Stuber M. Report from the CDC. Physician and allied health professionals' training and fetal alcohol syndrome. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004;13(2):133–139. [PubMed: 15072726] [CrossRef]
- Shor S, Nulman I, Kulaga V, Koren G. Heavy in utero ethanol exposure is associated with the use of other drugs of abuse in a high-risk population. Alcohol. 2010;44(7):623–627. [PubMed: 20031369]
- Silverman BE, Goodine WM, Ladouceur MG, Quinn J. Learning needs of nurses working in Canada's First Nations communities and hospitals. J Contin Educ Nurs. 2001;32(1):38–45. [PubMed: 11868711]
- Simmons RW, Thomas JD, Levy SS, Riley EP. Motor response selection in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2006;28(2):278–285. [PubMed: 16527448] [CrossRef]
- Simmons RW, Wass T, Thomas JD, Riley EP. Fractionated simple and choice reaction time in children with prenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002;26:1412–1419. [PubMed: 12351937]
- Smith A, Wellman K, Lundblad T, Carter L, Barron S, Dwoskin LP. Lobeline attenuates neonatal ethanol-mediated changes in hyperactivity and dopamine transporter function in the prefrontal cortex in rats. Neuroscience. 2012;206:245–254. [PMC free article: PMC3996807] [PubMed: 22119644]
- Sobell L, Sobell M. Portraying alcohol treatment outcomes: Different yardsticks of success. Behavior Therapy. 1995;26(4):643–669.
- Sobell LC, Agrawal S, Sobell M, Leo IG, Young LJ, Cunningham JA, Smico ER. Comparison of a quick drinking screen with the timeline followback for individuals with alcohol problems. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 2003;64(6):858–861. [PubMed: 14743950]
- Sokol RJ, Martier S, Ager JW. The T-ACE questions: Practical prenatal detection of risk-drinking. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989;150(4):863–868. [PubMed: 2712118]
- Sood B, Delaney-Black V, Covington C, Nordstrom-Klee B, Ager J, Templin T, Janisse J, Martier S, Sokol RJ. Prenatal alcohol exposure and childhood behavior at age 6 to 7 years: I. dose-response effect. Pediatrics. 2001;108(2):E34. [PubMed: 11483844]
- Sowell ER, Jerniga TL, Mattson SN, Riley EP. Abnormal development of the cerebellar vermis in children prenatally exposed to alcohol: size reduction in lobules I-V. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996;20:31–34. [PubMed: 8651458]
- Sowell ER, Johnson A, Kan E, Lu LH, Van Horn JD, Toga AW, Bookheimer SY. Mapping white matter integrity and neurobehavioral correlates in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Journal of Neuroscience. 2008;28(6):1313–1319. [PMC free article: PMC3567846] [PubMed: 18256251] [CrossRef]
- Sowell ER, Lu LH, O'Hare ED, McCourt ST, Mattson SN, O'Connor MJ, Bookheimer SY. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of verbal learning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Neuroreport. 2007;18(7):635–639. [PubMed: 17426589] [CrossRef]
- Sowell E, Mattson S, Kan E, Thompson P, Riley E, Toga A. Abnormal cortical thickness and brain–behavior correlation patterns in individuals with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Cerebral Cortex. 2008;18(1):136–144. [PMC free article: PMC2770438] [PubMed: 17443018]
- Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Mattson SN, Tessner KD, Jernigan TL, Riley EP, Toga AW. Regional brain shape abnormalities persist into adolescence after heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Cereb Cortex. 2002;12(8):856–865. [PubMed: 12122034]
- Sowell E, Thompson P, Mattson S, Tessner K, Jernigan TL, Riley EP, Toga AW. Voxel-based morphometric analyses of the brain in children and adolescents prenatally exposed to alcohol. Neuroreport. 2001;12:515–523. [PubMed: 11234756]
- Spadoni AD, McGee CL, Fryer SL, Riley EP. Neuroimaging and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2007;31(2):239–245. [PMC free article: PMC1820628] [PubMed: 17097730] [CrossRef]
- Spohr H, Willms J, Steinhausen H. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in young adulthood. J Pediatr. 2007;150(2):175–179. [PubMed: 17236896]
- Spottiswoode BS, Meintjes EM, Anderson AW, Molteno CD, Stanton ME, Dodge NC, Jacobson SW. Diffusion tensor imaging of the cerebellum and eyeblink conditioning in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2011;35(12):2174–2183. [PMC free article: PMC3204321] [PubMed: 21790667]
- Stade B, Ali A, Bennett D, Campbell D, Johnston M, Lens C, Koren G. The burden of prenatal exposure to alcohol: Revised measurement of cost. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;16(1):e91–102. [PubMed: 19168935]
- Stade B, Stevens B, Ungar W, Beyene J, Koren G. Health-related quality of life of Canadian children and youth prenatally exposed to alcohol. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2006;4(81) [PMC free article: PMC1617087] [PubMed: 17040571] [CrossRef]
- Steinhausen HC, Willms J, Metzke CW, Spohr HL. Behavioural phenotype in foetal alcohol syndrome and foetal alcohol effects. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2003;45(3):179–182. [PubMed: 12613774]
- Stokowski LA. Fetal alcohol syndrome: New guidelines for referral and diagnosis. Adv Neonatal Care. 2004;4(6):324. [PubMed: 15609253]
- Stoler J, Holmes L. Recognition of facial features of fetal alcohol syndrome in the newborn. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2004;127C(1):21–27. [PubMed: 15095468]
- Stores G. Children's sleep disorders: Modern approaches, developmental effects, and children at special risk. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1999;41:568–573. [PubMed: 10479046]
- Stratton K, Howe C, Battaglia F, editors. Fetal alcohol syndrome: diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1996.
- Streissguth AP. The importance of adaptive behavior assessments for understanding fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Psychology in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities. 2006;32:5–6.
- Streissguth AP. Offspring effects of prenatal alcohol exposure from birth to 25 years: The Seattle Prospective Longitudinal Study. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings. 2007;14(2):81–101. [CrossRef]
- Streissguth AP, Barr JK, Bookstein FL. Understanding the Occurrence of Secondary Disabilities in Clients with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE). Seattle: University of Washington, Fetal Alcohol and Drug Unit; 1996.
- Streissguth AP, Bookstein FL, Barr HM. A dose-response study of the enduring effects of prenatal alcohol exposure: Birth to 14 years. In: Spohr HL, Steinhausen HC, editors. Alcohol, Pregnancy and the Developing Child. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1996. pp. 141–168.
- Streissguth AP, Bookstein FL, Barr HM, Press S, Sampson PD. A fetal alcohol behavior scale. Alcoholism: Clinical and Exp Res. 1998;22:325–333. [PubMed: 9581636] [CrossRef]
- Streissguth AP, Bookstein FL, Barr HM, Sampson PD, O'Malley K, Young JK. Risk factors for adverse life outcomes in fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2004;25(4):228–238. [PubMed: 15308923] [CrossRef]
- Streissguth A, Giunta C. Mental health and health needs of infants and preschool children with fetal alcohol syndrome. Int J Family Psychiatry. 1988;9:29–47.
- Streissguth A, Kanter J, editors. The Challenges of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Overcoming Secondary Disabilities. Seattle: University of Washington Press; 1997.
- Streissguth AP, O'Malley K. Neuropsychiatric implications and long-term consequences of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2000;5(3):177–190. [PubMed: 11291013]
- Strickland DC, McAllister D, Coles CD, Osborne S. An evolution of virtual reality training designs for children with autism and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Topics in Language Disorders. 2007;27(3):226–241. [PMC free article: PMC2804985] [PubMed: 20072702]
- Struck J. Four-State FAS Consortium: model for program implementation and data collection. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2003;25(6):643–649. [PubMed: 14624962]
- Su B, Debelak KA, Tessmer LL, Cartwright MM, Smith SM. Genetic influences on craniofacial outcome in an avian model of prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2001;25(1):60–69. [PubMed: 11198716]
- Sulik KK. Genesis of alcohol-induced craniofacial dysmorphism. Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2005;230(6):366–375. [PubMed: 15956766]
- Sulik KK, Johnston MC. Embryonic origin of holoprosencephaly: Interrelationship of the developing brain and face. Scanning Electron Microscopy. 1982;(Pt 1):309–322. [PubMed: 7167750]
- Sulik KK, Johnston MC, Webb MA. Fetal alcohol syndrome: embryogenesis in a mouse model. Science. 1981;214:936–938. [PubMed: 6795717]
- Sulik KK, Lauder JM, Dehart DB. Brain malformations in prenatal mice following acute maternal ethanol administration. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. 1984;2(3):203–214. [PubMed: 24874034]
- Summers B, Rofe A, Coyle P. Dietary zinc supplementation throughout pregnancy protects against fetal dysmorphology and improves postnatal survival after prenatal ethanol exposure in mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009;33(4):591–600. [PubMed: 19183140]
- Symes BA. Intellectual functioning among children and adolescents prenatally exposed to alcohol. DAI-A. 2005;65(10):3696.
- Taléns-Visconti R, Sanchez-Vera I, Kostic J, Perez-Arago M, Erceg S, Stojkovic M, Guerri C. Neural differentiation from human embryonic stem cells as a tool to study early brain development and the neuroteratogenic effects of ethanol. Stem Cells and Development. 2011;20(2) [PubMed: 20491543] [CrossRef]
- Tanguay RL, Reimers MJ. Analysis of ethanol developmental toxicity in zebrafish. Methods in Mol Biol. 447:63–74. [PubMed: 18369911]
- Tenkku LE, Mengel MB, Nicholson RA, Hile MG, Morris DS, Salas J. A web-based intervention to reduce alcohol-exposed pregnancies in the community. Health Education & Behavior. 2011;38(6):563–573. [PubMed: 21471438] [CrossRef]
- Than L, Honein M, Watkins M, Yoon P, Daniel K, Correa A. Intent to become pregnant as a predictor of exposures during pregnancy: Is there a relation? J Reprod Med. 2005;50(6):389–396. [PubMed: 16050563]
- Thanh NX, Jonsson E. Costs of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Alberta, Canada. Can J Clin Pharmcol. 2009;16(1):e80–e90. [PubMed: 19151424]
- Thanh NX, Jonsson E, Dennett L, Jacobs P. Costs of FASD. In: Riley EP, Clarren Sk, Weinberg J, Jonsson E, editors. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Management and Policy Perspectives of FASD. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2011. pp. 45–69.
- Thomas JD, Abou EJ, Dominquez HD. Prenatal choline supplementation mitigates the adverse effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on development in rats. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2009;31(5):303–311. [PMC free article: PMC2952280] [PubMed: 19616089]
- Thomas JD, Biane JS, O'Bryan KA, O'Neil TM, Dominguez HD. Choline supplementation following third-trimester-equivalent alcohol exposure attenuates behavioral alterations in rats. Behavioral Neuroscience. 2007;121(1):120–130. [PubMed: 17324056]
- Thomas JD, La Fiette MH, Quinn VR, Riley EP. Neonatal choline supplementation ameliorates the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on a discrimination learning task in rats. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2000;22(5):703–711. [PubMed: 11106863]
- Thomas JD, Tran TD. Choline Supplementation mitigates trace, but not delay, eyeblink conditioning deficits in rats exposed to alcohol during development. Hippocampus. 2012;22(3) [PMC free article: PMC3754442] [PubMed: 21542051] [CrossRef]
- Thomas JD, Zhou FC, Kane CJM. Proceedings of the 2008 annual meeting of the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Study Group. Alcohol. 2009;43(4):333–339. [PMC free article: PMC2709793] [PubMed: 19560631] [CrossRef]
- Thomas SE, Kelly SJ, Mattson SN, Riley EP. Comparison of social abilities of children with fetal alcohol syndrome to those of children with similar IQ scores and normal controls. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998;22(2):528–533. [PubMed: 9581664]
- Thornberry J, Bhaskar B, Krulewitch CJ, Wesley B, Hubbard ML, Das A, Adamson M. Audio computerized self-report interview use in prenatal clinics: Audio computer-assisted self interview with touch screen to detect alcohol consumption in pregnant women: application of a new technology to an old problem. Comput Inform Nurs. 2002;20(2):46–52. [PubMed: 11984122]
- Thorne JC, Coggins TE, Olson HC, Astley SJ. Exploring the utility of narrative analysis in diagnostic decision making: Picture-bound reference, elaboration, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2007;50(2):459–474. [PubMed: 17463241] [CrossRef]
- Timler GR, Olswang LB. Variable structure/variable performance: Parent and teacher perspectives on a school-age child with FAS. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions. 2001;3(1):48–56. [CrossRef]
- Tough S, Clarke M, Clarren S. Preventing fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Preconception counseling and diagnosis help. Can Fam Physician. 2005;51:1199–1201. [PMC free article: PMC1479475] [PubMed: 16190170]
- Tough S, Clarke M, Cook J. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder prevention approaches among Canadian physicians by proportion of Native/Aboriginal patients: Practices during the preconception and prenatal periods. Matern Child Health J. 2007;11(4):385–393. [PubMed: 17243020] [CrossRef]
- Tough SC, Clarke M, Hicks M, Clarren S. Clinical practice characteristics and preconception counseling strategies of health care providers who recommend alcohol abstinence during pregnancy. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28(11):1724–1731. [PubMed: 15547460]
- Tough SC, Clarke M, Hicks M, Clarren S. Attitudes and approaches of Canadian providers to preconception counselling and the prevention of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. J FAS Int. 2005;3:e3.
- Tough SC, Ediger K, Hicks M, Clarke M. Rural-urban differences in provider practice related to preconception counselling and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Can J Rural Med. 2008;13(4):180–188. [PubMed: 18845070]
- Tough SC, Tofflemire K, Clarke M, Newburn-Cook C. Do women change their drinking behaviors while trying to conceive? An opportunity for preconception counseling. Clin Med Res. 2006;4(2):97–105. [PMC free article: PMC1483891] [PubMed: 16809401]
- Toutain S, Lejeune C. Family management of infants with fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities. 2008;20(5):425–436. [CrossRef]
- Tran TD, Stanton ME, Goodlett CR. Binge-like ethanol exposure during the early postnatal period impairs eyeblink conditioning at short and long CS-US intervals in rats. Dev Psychobiology. 2007;49(6):589–605. [PubMed: 17680607]
- Troese M, Fukumizu M, Sallinen BJ, et al. Sleep fragmentation and evidence for sleep debt in alcohol-exposed infants. Early Human Dev. 2008;84:577–585. [PubMed: 18400423]
- Tsai J, Floyd RL, Bertrand J. Tracking binge drinking among U. S. childbearing-age women. Prev Med. 2007;44(4):298–302. [PubMed: 17150249] [CrossRef]
- Ullah N, Naseer MI, Ullah I, Lee HY, Koh PO, Kim MO. Protective effect of pyruvate against ethanol-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain. Neuropharmacology. 2011;61:1248–1255. [PubMed: 21803053]
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. CPI Inflation Calculator. 2012. [February 24, 2012]. at http://www
.bls.gov/data /inflation_calculator.htm. - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. U. S. SurgeonGeneral releases advisory on alcohol use in pregnancy. 2005. [January 14, 2014]. at http://www
.surgeongeneral .gov/pressreleases/sg02222005.html. - Vaurio L, Riley E, Mattson S. Differences in executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2008;14(1):119–129. [PMC free article: PMC3713496] [PubMed: 18078538]
- Vedder J. Constructing prevention: Fetal alcohol syndrome and the problem of disability models. J Med Humanit. 2005;26(2-3):107–120. [PubMed: 15877194] [CrossRef]
- Victor A, Wozniak JR, Chang PN. Environmental correlates of cognition and behavior in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. 2008;18(3):288–300. [CrossRef]
- Wacha VH, Obrzut JE. Effects of fetal alcohol syndrome on neuropsychological function. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities. 2007;19(3):217–226. [CrossRef]
- Walitzer K, Connors G. Thirty-month follow-up of drinking moderation training for women: A randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2007;75(3):501–507. [PubMed: 17563166]
- Walker DS, Fisher CS, Sherman A, Wybrecht B, Kyndely K. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders prevention: an exploratory study of women's use of, attitudes toward, and knowledge about alcohol. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2005;17(5):187–193. [PubMed: 15854108] [CrossRef]
- Walker DS, Fisher CSD, Sherman A, Wybrecht B, Kyndely K. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders prevention: An exploratory study of women's use of, attitudes towards, and knowledge about alcohol. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2005;17(5):187–193. [PubMed: 15854108]
- Walsh Dotson JA, Henderson D, Magraw M. A public health program for preventing fetal alcohol syndrome among women at risk in Montana. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2003;25(6):757–761. [PubMed: 14624976]
- Wan J, Shen L, Fang S, McLaughlin J, Autti-Rämö I, Fagerlund Å, Foroud T. A framework for 3D analysis of facial morphology in fetal alcohol syndrome. Lect Notes Comput Sci. 2010;6326:118–127.
- Warren KR, Foudin L. Alcohol-related birth defects-the past, present, and future. Alcohol Research and Health. 2001;25(3):153–158. [PMC free article: PMC6707172] [PubMed: 11810952]
- Warren K, Hewitt B. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: When science, medicine, public policy, and laws collide. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2009;15(3):170–175. [PubMed: 19731390]
- Warren KR, Hewitt BG, Thomas JD. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Research challenges and opportunities. Alcohol Research and Health. 2011;34(1):4–14. [PMC free article: PMC3756137] [PubMed: 23580035]
- Wass TS, Persutte WH, Hobbins JC. The impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on frontal cortex development in utero. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185:737–742. [PubMed: 11568807]
- Watson E, Finkelstein N, Gurewich D, Morse B. The feasibility of screening for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders risk in early intervention settings a pilot study of systems change. Infants & Young Children. 2011;24(2):193–206.
- Weber MK, Floyd RL, Riley EP, Snider DE Jr. National Task Force on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Effect: defining the national agenda for fetal alcohol syndrome and other prenatal alcohol-related effects. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2002;51(RR-14):9–12. [PubMed: 12572781]
- Wedding D, Kohout J, Mengel MB, Ohlemiller M, Ulione M, Cook K, Braddock S. Psychologists' knowledge and attitudes about fetal alcohol syndrome, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, and alcohol use during pregnancy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 2007;38(2):208–213. [CrossRef]
- Weiner L, Rosett HL, Edelin KC. Behavioral Evaluation of Fetal Alcohol Education for Physicians. Alcoholism Clinical & Experimental Research. 1982;6(2) [PubMed: 7048976]
- Weiss M, Cronk CE, Mahkorn S, Glysch R, Zirbel S. The Wisconsin fetal alcohol syndrome screening project. WMJ. 2004;103(5):53–60. [PubMed: 15553566]
- Welch-Carre E. The neurodevelopmental consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure. Adv Neonatal Care. 2005;5(4):217–229. [PubMed: 16084479]
- Wells AM, Chasnoff IJ, Schmidt CA, Telford E, Schwartz LD. Neurocognitive habilitation therapy for child with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: An adaptation of the Alert Program. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2012;66(1):24–34. [PubMed: 22251828]
- Wengel T, Hanlon-Dearman AC, Fjeldsted B. Sleep and sensory characteristics in young children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. J of Dev and Beh Ped. 2011;32:384–392. [PubMed: 21654404]
- West JR, Blake CA. Fetal alcohol syndrome: an assessment of the field. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2005;230(6):354–356. [PubMed: 15956764]
- Westphal LL. Prenatal alcohol use among urban American Indian/Alaska Native women. Am Indian Alsk Native Ment Health Res. 2000;9(3):38–48. [PubMed: 11279561]
- Wetherill L, Foroud T. Understanding the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure using three-dimensional facial imaging. Alcohol Research and Health. 2011;34(1):38–41. [PMC free article: PMC3860560] [PubMed: 23580039]
- Whaley SE, O'Connor MJ. Increasing the report of alcohol use among low-income pregnant women. Am J Health Promot. 2003;17(6):369–372. [PubMed: 12858616]
- Whaley SE, O'Connor MJ, Gunderson B. Comparison of the adaptive functioning of children prenatally exposed to alcohol to a nonexposed clinical sample. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2001;25(7):1018–1024. [PubMed: 11505027] [CrossRef]
- Willford JA, Day R, Aizenstein H, Day N. Caudate asymmetry: A neurobiological marker of moderate prenatal alcohol exposure in young adults. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2010;32(6) [PMC free article: PMC2975743] [PubMed: 20609385]
- Willford JA, Leech SL, Day NL. Moderate prenatal alcohol exposure and cognitive status of children at age 10. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2006;30(6):1051–1059. [PubMed: 16737465] [CrossRef]
- Willford JA, Richardson GA, Leech SL, Day NL. Verbal and visuospatial learning and memory function in children with moderate prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28(3):497–507. [PubMed: 15084908]
- Williams S. Is there justice in the juvenile justice system? Examining the role of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Justice Policy Journal. 2006;3(1):1–15.
- Willoughby KA, Sheard ED, Nash K, Rovet J. Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on hippocampal volume, verbal learning, and verbal and spatial recall in late childhood. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2008;14(6):1022–1033. [PubMed: 18954482] [CrossRef]
- Wilson SE, Cudd TA. Focus On: The use of animal models for the study of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol Research and Health. 34:92–97. [PMC free article: PMC3625987] [PubMed: 23580046]
- Wilton G, Plane MB. The Family Empowerment Network: A service model to address the needs of children and families affected by fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Pediatr Nurs. 2006;32(4):299–306. [PubMed: 16927722]
- Yang Y, Phillips OR, Kan E, Sulik KK, Mattson SN, Riley EP, Sowell ER. Callosal thickness reductions relate to facial dysmorphology in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2011;36(6):798–806. [PMC free article: PMC3309126] [PubMed: 22150665] [CrossRef]
- Yazdani P, Motz M, Koren G. Estimating the neurocognitive effects of an early intervention program for children with prenatal alcohol exposure. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;16(3):e453–459. [PubMed: 19934465]
- Yonkers KA, Gotman N, Kershaw T, Forray A, Howell HB, Rounsaville BJ. Screening for prenatal substance use development of the substance use risk profile-pregnancy scale. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116(4):827–833. [PMC free article: PMC3103106] [PubMed: 20859145]
- Zeisel S. What choline metabolism can tell us about the underlying mechanisms of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Mol Neurobiol. 2011;44:185–191. [PMC free article: PMC3605552] [PubMed: 21259123]
- Zelner I, Koren G. Universal or targeted screening for fetal alcohol exposure: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Ther Drug Monit. 2009;31(2):170–172. [PubMed: 19258931] [CrossRef]
- Zelner I, Shor S, Gareri J, Lynn H, Roukema H, Lum L, Eisinga K, Koren G. Universal screening for prenatal alcohol exposure: A progress report of a pilot study in the region of Grey Bruce. Ther Drug Monit. 2010;32(3):305–310. [PubMed: 20445484]
- Zevenbergen AA, Ferraro FR. Assessment and treatment of fetal alcohol syndrome in children and adolescents. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities. 2001;13(2):123–136. [CrossRef]
- Zhang X, Sliwowska JH, Weinberg J. Prenatal alcohol exposure and fetal programming: effects on neuroendocrine and immune function. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2005;230(6):376–388. [PubMed: 15956767]
- Zhou FC, Zhao Q, Liu Y, Goodlett CR, Liang T, McClintick JN, Li L. Alteration of gene expression by alcohol exposure at early neurulation. BMC Genomics. 2011;12 [PMC free article: PMC3056799] [PubMed: 21338521] [CrossRef]
- Zoll B, Huppke P, Wessel A, Bartels I, Laccone F. Fetal alcohol syndrome in association with RETT syndrome. Genetic Counseling. 2004;15(2):207–212. [PubMed: 15287421]
- General Bibliography - Addressing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)General Bibliography - Addressing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)
- Addressing FASD in Treatment - Addressing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD...Addressing FASD in Treatment - Addressing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)
- The Administrative Response to FASD in Behavioral Health Settings - Addressing F...The Administrative Response to FASD in Behavioral Health Settings - Addressing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)
Your browsing activity is empty.
Activity recording is turned off.
See more...