- Activities of daily living (ADLs)
The basic activities necessary for daily life, such as bathing or showering, dressing, eating, getting in or out of bed or chairs, using the toilet, and getting around inside the home.
- Behavioural activation
A behavioural treatment for depression in which guidance is given to increase the number of rewarding activities in the person’s life.
- Bladder training
A form of behavioural therapy to treat urinary incontinence that aims to increase the interval between voids. This training is composed of patient education, scheduled voiding and positive reinforcement.
- Caregiver
A person who provides care and support to someone else. This may include the following:
helping with self-care, household tasks, mobility, social participation and meaningful activities;
offering information, advice and emotional support as well as engaging in advocacy, facilitation of decision-making and peer support, and helping with advance-care planning;
offering respite services; and
engaging in activities to foster intrinsic capacity.
Caregivers may include family members, friends, neighbours, volunteers, care workers and health care professionals.- Caregiver stress
The cumulative effect of the physical, emotional and economic pressures put on a caregiver.
- Case finding
A strategy for targeting resources at individuals or groups who are suspected to be at risk for a particular disease or adverse health outcomes. It involves actively, systematically searching for at-risk people, rather than waiting for them to present with symptoms or signs of active disease or health conditions.
- Care dependence
This arises when functional ability has fallen to a point where an individual is no longer able without assistance to undertake the basic tasks necessary for daily living.
- Chronic condition
A disease, disorder, injury or trauma that is persistent or has long-lasting effects.
- Comprehensive geriatric assessment
A multidimensional assessment of an older person that includes medical, physical, cognitive, social and spiritual components; may also include the use of standardized assessment instruments and/or an interdisciplinary team to support the process.
- Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
A type of psychological therapy that involves identifying and correcting distorted maladaptive beliefs, while using thought exercises and real experiences to facilitate symptom reduction and improved functioning.
- Cognitive impairment
A loss or abnormality in attention functions, memory functions or higher-level cognitive functions.
Attention functions are mental functions that focus on an external stimulus or internal experience for a specific period of time.
Memory functions are mental functions that register and store information and retrieve it as needed.
Higher-level cognitive functions, often called executive functions, are mental functions that involve the frontal lobes of the brain. They include complex goal-directed behaviours such as decision-making, abstract thinking, making and carrying out plans, mental flexibility and deciding which behaviours are appropriate under specific circumstances.
- Cognitive rehabilitation
A method to maximize memory and cognitive functioning despite neurological difficulties. Cognitive rehabilitation focuses on identifying and addressing individual needs and goals, which may require strategies for taking in new information, or compensatory methods such as using memory aids.
- Cognitive stimulation
Participation in a range of activities designed to improve cognitive and social functioning.
- Cognitive training
Guided practice of specific standardized tasks designed to enhance particular cognitive functions.
- Community health worker
Individuals who provide health education, referral and follow up, case management, and basic preventive health care and home-visiting services to specific communities. They provide support and assistance to individuals and families in navigating the health and social services system.
- Depressive symptoms
The presence of distress or some degree of impaired functioning in the absence of depressive episode/disorder.
- Dietary advice
Recommendations for a healthy diet to help protect against malnutrition and undernutrition as well as noncommunicable diseases.
- Falls
Inadvertently landing on the ground, floor or other lower level.
- Functional ability
The combination and interaction of intrinsic capacity with the environment a person inhabits.
- Geriatric syndromes
Complex health states that tend to occur only later in life and that do not fall into discrete disease categories; often the consequence of multiple underlying factors, and dysfunction in multiple organ systems.
- Habit retraining
A form of toileting assistance given by a caregiver to adults with urinary incontinence. This method involves identification of an incontinent person’s natural voiding pattern and the development of an individualized toileting schedule, which pre-empts involuntary bladder emptying.
- Healthy Ageing
The process of developing and maintaining the intrinsic capacity and functional ability that enables well-being in older age.
- Hearing loss
Loss or abnormality in sensory functions relating to perception of the presence of sounds or discriminating the location, pitch, loudness or quality of sounds.
- Intrinsic capacity
The combination of the individual’s physical and mental, including psychological, capacities.
- Malnutrition
Deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients. The term malnutrition covers two broad groups of conditions. One is “undernutrition” – which includes stunting (low height for age), wasting (low weight for height), underweight (low weight for age) and micronutrient deficiencies or insufficiencies (a lack of important vitamins and minerals); the other is overweight, obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases (such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer).
- Mealtime enhancement strategy
Interventions to improve the mealtime routine, experience or environment by providing assistance (directly or indirectly): encouragement with eating, a more stimulating environment to eat in, increased access to food, more choice of food or more appealing food (visually, sensorially).
- Mild cognitive impairment
A disorder characterized by memory impairment, learning difficulties and reduced ability to concentrate on a task for more than brief periods. There is often a marked feeling of mental fatigue when mental tasks are attempted, and new learning is found to be subjectively difficult even when objectively successful. None of these symptoms is so severe that a diagnosis of either dementia or delirium can be made.
- Mobility loss
A loss or abnormality in any form of moving by changing body position or location or by transferring from one place to another, by carrying, moving or manipulating objects, by walking, running or climbing, or by using various forms of transportation.
- Multimorbidity
The co-occurrence of two or more chronic medical conditions in one person.
- Multimodal exercise training
Exercise interventions composed of multiple modalities such as strength training, aerobic training, balance training or flexibility exercises.
- Multifactorial assessment
A comprehensive assessment to define all possible factors that may be causing a specific symptom or condition.
- Multifactorial intervention
An intervention to address multiple contributing factors; an approach may include modification plus education, or action to minimize risk factors.
- Non-specialist health care providers
General physicians, family physicians, nurses and other clinical officers working in a health centre or as part of a clinical team, commonly within a primary health care setting.
- Older person
A person whose age has passed the median life expectancy at birth.
- Person-centred services
An approach to care that consciously adopts the perspectives of individuals, families and communities, and sees them as participants in, as well as beneficiaries of, health care and long-term care systems that respond to their needs and preferences in humane and holistic ways. To ensure that person-centred care is delivered requires that people have the education and support they need to make decisions and to participate in their own care. Person-centred care is organized around the health needs and expectations of people rather than diseases.
- Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)
Exercises that involve contraction and relaxation of the pelvic muscles, aiming to strengthen the muscles and enable increased urethral-closing pressure.
- Primary care professionals
Members of a primary care team, a group of professionals with complementary contributions, mutual respect and shared responsibility in patient care. Primary care teams are patient-centred, so their composition and organizational model can change over time.
- Progressive resistance training
A type of exercise in which participants exercise their muscles against a force or some type of resistance that is progressively increased as strength improves.
- Problem-solving therapy
A type of psychological therapy in which the person systematically identifies their problems, generates alternative solutions for each problem, selects the best solution, develops and conducts a plan, and evaluates whether this has solved the problem.
- Psychological therapies
Interpersonal, individualized treatments to help with a psychiatric or psychological disorder, problem or adverse circumstance. Treatments may include cognitive behavioural therapy, problem-solving therapies, interpersonal therapy or integrative therapeutic techniques.
- Physical activity
Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure – including activities undertaken while working, playing, carrying out household chores, travelling or engaging in recreational pursuits.
- Physical exercise
Subcategory of physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive and aims to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness.
- Primary health care
A concept based on the principles of equity, participation, intersectoral action, appropriate technology and a central role played by the health system. Patients usually have direct access without the need for referral.
- Prompted voiding
A non-pharmacological, behavioural-therapy approach to urinary incontinence using verbal prompts and positive reinforcement, for people with or without dementia.
- Respite care
Time off from caregiving responsibilities so that caregivers can restore and maintain their own physical and mental health.
- Undernutrition
A global problem that is usually caused by a lack of food, or a limited range of foods with inadequate amounts of specific nutrients or other food components, for example protein, dietary fibre and micronutrients.
- Urinary incontinence
Involuntary leakage of urine. The majority of causes can be divided into three types:
urge incontinence: involuntary leakage of urine associated with, or immediately following, a sudden compelling need to void;
stress incontinence: involuntary leakage when performing physical activity, coughing or sneezing; and
mixed urinary incontinence: a combination of urge incontinence and stress incontinence.
- Visual impairment
A loss or abnormality in sensory functions relating to the perception of the presence of light, or to sensing the form, size, shape or colour of the visual stimuli.