U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

WHO Guidelines for the Pharmacological and Radiotherapeutic Management of Cancer Pain in Adults and Adolescents. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.

Cover of WHO Guidelines for the Pharmacological and Radiotherapeutic Management of Cancer Pain in Adults and Adolescents

WHO Guidelines for the Pharmacological and Radiotherapeutic Management of Cancer Pain in Adults and Adolescents.

Show details

References

1.
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jema A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1–31. [PubMed: 30207593]
2.
van den Beuken-van Everdingen MH, Hochstenbach LM, Joosten EA, Tjan-Heijnen VC, Janssen DJ. Update on prevalence of pain in patients with cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2016;51:1070–90. [PubMed: 27112310]
3.
International Association for the Study of Pain. IASP Terminology (http://www​.iasp-pain​.org/Education/Content​.aspx?ItemNumber=1698, accessed 9 October 2018).
4.
Haun MW, Estel S, Rücker G, Friederich HC, Villalobos M, Thomas M et al. Early palliative care for adults with advanced cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(6):CD011129. [PMC free article: PMC6481832] [PubMed: 28603881]
5.
Knaul FM, Farmer PE, Krakauer EL, De Lima L, Bhadelia A, Jiang Kwete X et al. Alleviating the access abyss in palliative care and pain relief – an imperative of universal health coverage: the Lancet Commission report. Lancet. 2018;391(10128):1391–454. [PubMed: 29032993]
6.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. United Nations General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI), 16 December 1966 (entry into force 1976). New York (NY): United Nations; 1966.
7.
United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961, as amended by the 1972 protocol. New York (NY): United Nations; 1972 (https://www​.unodc.org​/pdf/convention_1961_en.pdf, accessed 24 September 2018).
8.
Resolution WHA67.19. Strengthening of palliative care as a component of comprehensive care throughout the life course. Sixty-seventh World Health Assembly, 9–14 May 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014 (http://apps​.who.int/medicinedocs​/en/d/Js21454ar/, accessed 24 September 2018).
9.
Seya M-J, Gelders SFAM, Achara OU, Barbara M, Scholten WK. A first comparison between the consumption of and the need for opioid analgesics at country, regional, and global Levels. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2011;25:6–18. [PubMed: 21426212]
10.
WHO Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) disease interventions for primary health care in low-resource settings. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
11.
Sharkey L, Loring B, Cowan M, Riley L, Krakauer EL. National palliative care capacities around the world: results from the World Health Organization Noncommunicable Disease Country Capacity Survey. Palliat Med. 2018;32:106–13. [PubMed: 28677988]
12.
Manchikanti L, Helm S 2nd, Fellows B, Janata JW, Pampati V, Grider JS et al. Opioid epidemic in the United States. Pain Physician. 2012;15:ES9–38. [PubMed: 22786464]
13.
Opioid overdose: understanding the epidemic. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2018 (https://www​.cdc.gov/drugoverdose​/epidemic/index.html, accessed 24 September 2018).
14.
Haffajee RL, Mello MM. Drug companies’ liability for the opioid epidemic. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:2301–5. [PMC free article: PMC7479783] [PubMed: 29236640]
15.
Manchikanti L, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Current state of opioid therapy and abuse. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2016;20:34. [PubMed: 27048483]
16.
Häuser W, Petzke F, Radbruch L, Tölle TR. The opioid epidemic and the long-term opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain revisited: a transatlantic perspective. Pain Management. 2016;6:249–63. [PubMed: 26988312]
17.
Cancer pain relief. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1986.
18.
Cancer pain relief, second edition. With a guide to opioid availability. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1996.
19.
Cancer pain relief and palliative care in children. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998.
20.
Vargas-Schaffer G. Is the WHO analgesic ladder still valid? Twenty-four years of experience. Canadian family physician/Médecin de famille canadien. 2010;56:514–7. [PMC free article: PMC2902929] [PubMed: 20547511]
21.
Schmidt-Hansen M, Bromham N, Taubert M, Arnold S, Hilgart JS. Buprenorphine for treating cancer pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(3):CD009596. [PMC free article: PMC6513197] [PubMed: 25826743]
22.
Skaer TL. Transdermal opioids for cancer pain. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006;4:24. [PMC free article: PMC1526423] [PubMed: 16573839]
23.
Gélinas C, Fillion L, Puntillo KA, Viens C, Fortier M. Validation of the critical-care pain observation tool in adult patients. Am J Crit Care. 2006;15:420–7. [PubMed: 16823021]
24.
Rubin G, Berendsen A, Crawford SM, Dommett R, Earle C, Emery J et al. The expanding role of primary care in cancer control. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:1231–72. [PubMed: 26431866]
25.
Mills S, Torrance N, Smith BH. Identification and management of chronic pain in primary care: a review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18:22. [PMC free article: PMC4731442] [PubMed: 26820898]
26.
Krakauer EL, Wenk R, Buitrago R, Jenkins P, Scholten W. Opioid inaccessibility and its human consequences: reports from the field. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2010;24:239–43. [PubMed: 20718644]
27.
Ensuring balance in national policies on controlled substances. Guidance for availability and accessibility of controlled medicines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
28.
Jacox A, Carr DB, Payne R. New clinical-practice guidelines for the management of pain in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:651–5. [PubMed: 7508094]
29.
Graham GG, Davies MJ, Day RO, Mohamudally A, Scott KF. The modern pharmacology of paracetamol: therapeutic actions, mechanism of action, metabolism, toxicity and recent pharmacological findings. Inflammopharmacology. 2013;21:201–32. [PubMed: 23719833]
30.
Cherny NI, Fallon MT, Kaasa S, Portenoy RK, Currow DC, editors. Oxford textbook of palliative medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015.
31.
Bandieri E, Romero M, Ripamonti CI, Artioli F, Sichetti D, Fanizza C et al. Randomized trial of low-dose morphine versus weak opioids in moderate cancer pain. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:436–42. [PubMed: 26644526]
32.
Strobel E. [Drug therapy in severe tumor pain. Comparative study of a new combination preparation versus diclofenac-Na]. Fortschr Med. 1992;110:411–4. [PubMed: 1381330]
33.
Zecca E, Brunelli C, Bracchi P, Biancofiore G, De Sangro C, Bortolussi R et al. Comparison of the tolerability profile of controlled-release oral morphine and oxycodone for cancer pain treatment. An open-label randomized controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2016;52(6):783–94. [PubMed: 27742577]
34.
Riley J, Branford R, Droney J, Gretton S, Sato H, Kennett A et al. Morphine or oxycodone for cancer-related pain? A randomized, open-label, controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2015;49(2)161–72. [PubMed: 24975432]
35.
Corli O, Floriani I, Roberto A, Montanari M, Galli F, Greco MT et al. Are strong opioids equally effective and safe in the treatment of chronic cancer pain? A multi-center randomized phase IV “real life” trial on the variability of response to opioids. Ann Oncol. 2016;27:1107–15. [PubMed: 26940689]
36.
Ahmedzai S, Brooks D. Transdermal fentanyl versus sustained-release oral morphine in cancer pain: preference, efficacy, and quality of life. The TTS-Fentanyl Comparative Trial Group. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1997;13:254–61. [PubMed: 9185430]
37.
Arkinstall WW, Goughnour BR, White JA, Stewart JH. Control of severe pain with sustained-release morphine tablets v. oral morphine solution. CMAJ. 1989;140:653–7. [PMC free article: PMC1268755] [PubMed: 2645988]
38.
Beaver WT, Wallenstein SL, Houde RW, Rogers A. A clinical comparison of the analgesic effects of methadone and morphine administered intramuscularly, and of orally and parenterally administered methadone. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1967;8:415–26. [PubMed: 5338385]
39.
Broomhead A, Kerr R, Tester W, O’Meara P, Maccarrone C, Bowles R et al. Comparison of a once-a-day sustained-release morphine formulation with standard oral morphine treatment for cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1997;14:63–73. [PubMed: 9262035]
40.
Bruera E, Belzile M, Pituskin E, Fainsinger R, Darke A, Harsanyi Z et al. Randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial comparing safety and efficacy of oral controlled-release oxycodone with controlled-release morphine in patients with cancer pain. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:3222–9. [PubMed: 9779695]
41.
Chen Y, Zhu W, Liang H, Wu G. The analgesic effect of ibuprofen-codeine sustained release tablets on postoperative and cancer pain. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2003;7:1290–1.
42.
Finn JW, Walsh TD, MacDonald N, Bruera E, Krebs LU, Shepard KV. Placebo-blinded study of morphine sulfate sustained-release tablets and immediate-release morphine sulfate solution in outpatients with chronic pain due to advanced cancer. Journal of clinical oncology. 1993;11(5):967–72. [PubMed: 8487059]
43.
Gabrail NY, Dvergsten C, Ahdieh H. Establishing the dosage equivalency of oxymorphone extended release and oxycodone controlled release in patients with cancer pain: a randomized controlled study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20:911–8. [PubMed: 15200750]
44.
Hagen NA, Babul N. Comparative clinical efficacy and safety of a novel controlled-release oxycodone formulation and controlled-release hydromorphone in the treatment of cancer pain. Cancer. 1997;79:1428–37. [PubMed: 9083166]
45.
Hanna M, Thipphawong J, The 118 Study Group. A randomized, double-blind comparison of OROS(R) hydromorphone and controlled-release morphine for the control of chronic cancer pain. BMC Palliat Care. 2008;7:17. [PMC free article: PMC2644667] [PubMed: 18976472]
46.
Heiskanen T, Kalso E. Controlled-release oxycodone and morphine in cancer related pain. Pain. 1997;73:37–45. [PubMed: 9414055]
47.
Homsi J, Walsh D, Lasheen W, Nelson KA, Rybicki LA, Bast J et al. A comparative study of 2 sustained-release morphine preparations for pain in advanced cancer. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2010;27:99–105. [PubMed: 19776372]
48.
Kalso E, Vainio A. Morphine and oxycodone hydrochloride in the management of cancer pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1990;47:639–46. [PubMed: 2188774]
49.
Klepstad P, Kaasa S, Jystad A, Hval B, Borchgrevink PC. Immediate- or sustained-release morphine for dose finding during start of morphine to cancer patients: a randomized, double-blind trial. Pain. 2003;101:193–8. [PubMed: 12507714]
50.
Koch A, Bergman B, Holmberg E, Sederholm C, Ek L, Kosieradzki J et al. Effect of celecoxib on survival in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a double blind randomised clinical phase III trial (CYCLUS study) by the Swedish Lung Cancer Study Group. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47:1546–55. [PubMed: 21565487]
51.
Kress HG, Koch ED, Kosturski H, Steup A, Karcher K, Dogan C et al. Direct conversion from tramadol to tapentadol prolonged release for moderate to severe, chronic malignant tumour-related pain. Eur J Pain. 2016;20:1513–8. [PMC free article: PMC5071659] [PubMed: 27062079]
52.
Marinangeli F, Ciccozzi A, Aloisio L, Colangeli A, Paladini A, Bajocco C et al. Improved cancer pain treatment using combined fentanyl-TTS and tramadol. Pain Pract. 2007;7:307–2. [PubMed: 17986161]
53.
Mercadante S, Casuccio A, Agnello A, Serretta R, Calderone L, Barresi L et al. Morphine versus methadone in the pain treatment of advanced-cancer patients followed up at home. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:3656–61. [PubMed: 9817288]
54.
Minotti V, Betti M, Ciccarese G, Fumi G, Tonato M, Del Favero A. A double-blind study comparing two single-dose regimens of ketorolac with diclofenac in pain due to cancer. Pharmacotherapy. 1998;18:504–8. [PubMed: 9620101]
55.
Mucci-LoRusso P, Berman BS, Silberstein PT, Citron ML, Bressler L, Weinstein SM et al. Controlled-release oxycodone compared with controlled-release morphine in the treatment of cancer pain: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Eur J Pain. 1998;2:239–49. [PubMed: 15102384]
56.
Pannuti F, Robustelli della Cuna G, Ventaffrida V, Strocchi E, Camaggi CM, The TD/10 recordati Protocol Study Group. A double-blind evaluation of the anal-gesic efficacy and toxicity of oral ketorolac and diclofenac in cancer pain. Tumori. 1999;85:96–100. [PubMed: 10363074]
57.
Poulain P. A study to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of CG5503 (tapentadol) in the treatment of chronic tumor-related pain compared with placebo and morphine. ClinicalTrials​.gov 2010; NCT00505414.
58.
Rodríguez MJ, Contreras D, Gálvez R, Castro A, Camba MA, Busquets C et al. Double-blind evaluation of short-term analgesic efficacy of orally administered dexketoprofen trometamol and ketorolac in bone cancer pain. Pain. 2003;104:103–10. [PubMed: 12855319]
59.
Ventafridda V, Ripamonti C, Bianchi M, Sbanotto A, De Conno F. A randomized study on oral administration of morphine and methadone in the treatment of cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1986;1:203–7. [PubMed: 3537160]
60.
Walsh TD, MacDonald N, Bruera E, Shepard KV, Michaud M, Zanes R. A controlled study of sustained-release morphine sulfate tablets in chronic pain from advanced cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 1992;15(3):268–72. [PubMed: 1590284]
61.
Wilder-Smith CH, Schimke J, Osterwalder B, Senn HJ. Oral tramadol, a muopioid agonist and monoamine reuptake-blocker, and morphine for strong cancer-related pain. Ann Oncol. 1994;5:141–6. [PubMed: 8186157]
62.
Wong JO, Chiu GL, Tsao CJ, Chang CL. Comparison of oral controlled-release morphine with transdermal fentanyl in terminal cancer pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin. 1997;35:25–32. [PubMed: 9212478]
63.
Dellemijn PL, Verbiest HB, van Vliet JJ, Roos PJ, Vecht CJ. Medical therapy of malignant nerve pain. A randomised double-blind explanatory trial with naproxen versus slow-release morphine. Eur J Cancer. 1994;30a:1244–50. [PubMed: 7999406]
64.
Moertel CG, Ahmann DL, Taylor WF, Schwartau N. Aspirin and pancreatic cancer pain. Gastroenterology. 1971;60:552–3. [PubMed: 5573227]
65.
Staquet M, Gantt C, Machin D. Effect of a nitrogen analog of tetrahydrocannabinol on cancer pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1978;23:397–401. [PubMed: 343969]
66.
Staquet M, Luyckx A, Van Cauwenberge H. A double-blind comparison of alclofenac, pentazocine, and codeine with placebo control in pathologic pain. J Clin Pharmacol New Drugs. 1971;11:450–5. [PubMed: 4945122]
67.
Staquet M, Renaud A. Double-blind, randomized trial of piroxicam and codeine in cancer pain. Curr Ther Res. 1993;53:435–40.
68.
Minotti V, Patoia L, Roila F, Basurto C, Tonato M, Pasqualucci V et al. Double-blind evaluation of short-term analgesic efficacy of orally administered diclofenac, diclofenac plus codeine, and diclofenac plus imipramine in chronic cancer pain. Pain. 1998;74:133–7. [PubMed: 9520227]
69.
Bauer M, Schmid H, Schulz-Wentland R. Gynecologic carcinoma patients with chronic pain. Comparison of sublingual buprenorphine with tilidine plus naloxone. Therapiewoche. 1985;35:3943–7.
70.
Poulain P, Denier W, Douma J, Hoerauf K, Samija M, Sopata M et al. Efficacy and safety of transdermal buprenorphine: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 289 patients with severe cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2008;36:117–25. [PubMed: 18411010]
71.
Ferrer-Brechner T, Ganz P. Combination therapy with ibuprofen and methadone for chronic cancer pain. Am J Med. 1984:77:78–83. [PubMed: 6380281]
72.
Sittl R, Griessinger N, Likar R. Analgesic efficacy and tolerability of transdermal buprenorphine in patients with inadequately controlled chronic pain related to cancer and other disorders: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Ther. 2003;25:150–68. [PubMed: 12637117]
73.
Rodriguez M, Barutell C, Rull M, Gálvez R, Pallarés J, Vidal F et al. Efficacy and tolerance of oral dipyrone versus oral morphine for cancer pain. Eur J Cancer. 1994;30a:584–7. [PubMed: 8080670]
74.
Xiao Y, Liu J, Huang XE, Ca LH, Ma YM, Wei W et al. Clinical study on fluvoxamine combined with oxycodone prolonged-release tablets in treating patients with moderate to severe cancer pain. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15:10445–9. [PubMed: 25556490]
75.
Rodriguez R, Bravo LE, Castro F, Montoya O, Castillo JM, Castillo MP et al. Incidence of weak opioids adverse events in the management of cancer pain: a double-blind comparative trial. J Palliat Med. 2007;10:56–60. [PubMed: 17298254]
76.
Kress HG, Koch ED, Kosturski H, Steup A, Karcher K, Lange B et al. Tapentadol prolonged release for managing moderate to severe, chronic malignant tumor-related pain. Pain Physician. 2014;17(4):329–43. [PubMed: 25054392]
77.
Portenoy RKH, Hagen NA. Breakthrough pain: definition, prevalence and characteristics. Pain. 1990;41:273–81. [PubMed: 1697056]
78.
Mercadante S, Bruera E. Opioid switching: a systematic and critical review. Cancer Treat Rev. 2006;32:304–15. [PubMed: 16624490]
79.
Caraceni A, Hanks G, Kaasa S, Bennett MI, Brunelli C, Cherny N et al. Use of opioid analgesics in the treatment of cancer pain: evidence-based recommendations from the EAPC. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:e58–68. [PubMed: 22300860]
80.
Knudsen J, Mortensen SM, Eikard B, Henriksen H. [Morphine depot tablets compared with conventional morphine tablets in the treatment of cancer pain]. Ugeskr Laeger. 1985;147:780–4. [PubMed: 2580381]
81.
Thirlwell MP, Sloan PA, Maroun JA, Boos GJ, Besner JG, Stewart JH et al. Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of oral morphine solution and controlled-release morphine tablets in cancer patients. Cancer. 1989;63:2275–83. [PubMed: 2720576]
82.
Cundiff D, McCarthy K, Savarese JJ, Kaiko R, Thomas G, Grandy R et al. Evaluation of a cancer pain model for the testing of long-acting analgesics. The effect of MS Contin in a double-blind, randomized crossover design. Cancer. 1989;63:2355–9. [PubMed: 2720581]
83.
Ventafridda V, Saita L, Barletta L, Sbanotto A, De Conno F. Clinical observations on controlled-release morphine in cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1989;4:124–9. [PubMed: 2778360]
84.
Hanks GW, Twycross RG, Bliss JM. Controlled release morphine tablets: a double-blind trial in patients with advanced cancer. Anaesthesia. 1987;42:840–4. [PubMed: 3310722]
85.
Gourlay GK, Cherry DA, Onley MM, Tordoff SG, Conn DA, Hood GM et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of twenty-four-hourly Kapanol compared to twelve-hourly MS Contin in the treatment of severe cancer pain. Pain. 1997;69:295–302. [PubMed: 9085304]
86.
Gillette J, Ferme C, Moisy N, Mignot L, Schach R, Vignaux J-R et al. Double-blind crossover clinical and pharmacokinetic comparison of oral morphine syrup and sustained release morphine sulfate capsules in patients with cancer-related pain. Clin Drug Investig. 1997;14:22–7.
87.
Walsh T. Clinical evaluation of slow release morphine tablets. Adv Pain Res Ther. 1985;9:727–31.
88.
Moulin DE, Kreeft JH, Murray-Parsons N, Bouquillon AI. Comparison of continuous subcutaneous and intravenous hydromorphone infusions for management of cancer pain. Lancet. 1991;337:465–8. [PubMed: 1704089]
89.
Gowing L, Ali R, White JM, Mbewe D. Buprenorphine for managing opioid withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(2):CD002025. [PMC free article: PMC6464315] [PubMed: 28220474]
90.
Amato L, Davoli M, Minozzi S, Ferroni E, Ali R, Ferri M. Methadone at tapered doses for the management of opioid withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD003409. [PMC free article: PMC7017622] [PubMed: 23450540]
91.
Bruera E, Watanabe S. Corticosteroids as adjuvant analgesics. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1994;9(7):442–5. [PubMed: 7822883]
92.
Bruera E, Roca E, Cedaro L, Carraro S, Chacon R. Action of oral methylprednisolone in terminal cancer patients: a prospective randomized double-blind study. Cancer Treat Rep. 1985;69:751–4. [PubMed: 2410117]
93.
Popiela T, Lucchi R, Giongo F. Methylprednisolone as palliative therapy for female terminal cancer patients. The Methylprednisolone Female Preterminal Cancer Study Group. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1989;25:1823–9. [PubMed: 2483687]
94.
Twycross RG, Guppy D. Prednisolone in terminal breast and bronchogenic cancer. Practitioner. 1985;229:57–9. [PubMed: 2581241]
95.
Della Cuna GR, Pellegrini A, Piazzi M. Effect of methylprednisolone sodium succinate on quality of life in preterminal cancer patients: a placebo-controlled, multi-center study. The Methylprednisolone Preterminal Cancer Study Group. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1989;25:1817–21. [PubMed: 2698804]
96.
Bruera E, Moyano JR, Sala R, Rico MA, Bosnjak S, Bertolino M et al. Dexamethasone in addition to metoclopramide for chronic nausea in patients with advanced cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2004;28:381–8. [PubMed: 15471656]
97.
Yennurajalingam S, Frisbee-Hume S, Palmer JL, Delgado-Guay MO, Bull J, Phan AT et al. Reduction of cancer-related fatigue with dexamethasone: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:3076–82. [PubMed: 23897970]
98.
Paulsen O, Klepstad P, Rosland JH, Aass N, Albert E, Fayers P et al. Efficacy of methylprednisolone on pain, fatigue, and appetite loss in patients with advanced cancer using opioids: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:3221–8. [PubMed: 25002731]
99.
Mishra S, Bhatnagar S, Goyal GN, Rana SP, Upadhya SP. A comparative efficacy of amitriptyline, gabapentin, and pregabalin in neuropathic cancer pain: a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2012;29:177–82. [PubMed: 21745832]
100.
Fallon MT. Neuropathic pain in cancer. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111:105–11. [PubMed: 23794652]
101.
Vedula SS, Bero L, Scherer RW, Dickersin K. Outcome reporting in industry-sponsored trials of gabapentin for off-label use. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(320):1963–71. [PubMed: 19907043]
102.
Vedula SS, Goldman PS, Rona IJ, Greene TM, Dickersin K. Implementation of a publication strategy in the context of reporting biases. A case study based on new documents from Neurontin litigation. Trials. 2012;13:136. [PMC free article: PMC3439687] [PubMed: 22888801]
103.
Vedula SS, Li T, Dickersin K. Differences in reporting of analyses in internal company documents versus published trial reports: comparisons in industry-sponsored trials in off-label uses of gabapentin. PLoS Med. 2013;10:e1001378. [PMC free article: PMC3558476] [PubMed: 23382656]
104.
Dickersin K. Reporting and other biases in studies of Neurontin for migraine, psychiatric/bipolar disorders, nociceptive pain, and neuropathic pain. 2008 Online (https://www​.industrydocumentslibrary​.ucsf​.edu/drug/docs/#id=njhw0217, accessed 26 September 2018).
105.
Ripamonti CI, Santini D, Maranzano E, Berti M, Roila F. Management of cancer pain: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(Suppl. 7):vii139–54. [PubMed: 22997447]
106.
Wong R, Wiffen PJ. Bisphosphonates for the relief of pain secondary to bone metastases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002:CD002068. [PMC free article: PMC6483200] [PubMed: 12076438]
107.
Hoskin P, Sundar S, Reczko K, Forsyth S, Mithal N, Sizer B et al. A multicenter randomized trial of Ibandronate compared with single-dose radiotherapy for localized metastatic bone pain in prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015;107(110):pii:djv197. [PubMed: 26242893]
108.
Body JJ, Diel IJ, Lichinitser MR, Kreuser ED, Dornoff W, Gorbunova VA et al. Intravenous ibandronate reduces the incidence of skeletal complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases. Ann Oncol. 2003;14:1399–405. [PubMed: 12954579]
109.
Body JJ, Diel IJ, Lichinitzer M, Lazarev A, Pecherstorfer M, Bell R et al. Oral ibandronate reduces the risk of skeletal complications in breast cancer patients with metastatic bone disease: results from two randomised, placebo-controlled phase III studies. Br J Cancer. 2004;90:1133–7. [PMC free article: PMC2409647] [PubMed: 15026791]
110.
Broom RJ, Hinder V, Sharples K, Proctor J, Duffey S, Pollard S et al. Everolimus and zoledronic acid in patients with renal cell carcinoma with bone metastases: a randomized first-line phase II trial. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2015;13:50–8. [PubMed: 25163397]
111.
Dearnaley DP, Sydes MR, Mason MD, Stott M, Powell CS, Robinson AC et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of oral sodium clodronate for metastatic prostate cancer (MRC PR05 Trial). J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95:1300–11. [PubMed: 12953084]
112.
Diel I, Body JJ, Lichinitser MR, Kreuser ED, Dornoff W, Gorbunova VA et al. Improved quality of life after long-term treatment with the bisphosphonate ibandronate in patients with metastatic bone disease due to breast cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2004;40:1704–12. [PubMed: 15251160]
113.
Elomaa I, Kylmala T, Tammela T, Viitanen J, Ottelin J, Ruutu M et al. Effect of oral clodronate on bone pain. A controlled study in patients with metastatic prostatic cancer. Int Urol Nephrol. 1992;24:159–66. [PubMed: 1385586]
114.
Ernst DS, Brasher P, Hagen N, Paterson AH, MacDonald RN, Bruera E. A randomized, controlled trial of intravenous clodronate in patients with metastatic bone disease and pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1997;13:319–26. [PubMed: 9204651]
115.
Ernst DS, MacDonald N, Paterson AHG, Jensen J, Brasher P, Bruera E. A double-blind, crossover trial of intravenous clodronate in metastatic bone pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1992;7:4–11. [PubMed: 1531673]
116.
Ernst DS, Tannock IF, Winquist EW, Venner PM, Reyno L, Moore MJ et al. Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of mitoxantrone/prednisone and clodronate versus mitoxantrone/prednisone and placebo in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer and pain. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:3335–42. [PubMed: 12947070]
117.
Heras P, Kritikos K, Hatzopoulos A, Georgopoulou AP. Efficacy of ibandronate for the treatment of skeletal events in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Care. 2009;18:653–6. [PubMed: 19552728]
118.
Hortobagyi GN, Theriault RL, Porter L, Blayney D, Lipton A, Sinoff C et al. Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal complications in patients with breast cancer and lytic bone metastases. Protocol 19 Aredia Breast Cancer Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1785–91. [PubMed: 8965890]
119.
James N, Pirrie S, Pope A, Barton D, Andronis L, Goranitis I et al. TRAPEZE: a randomised controlled trial of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of chemotherapy with zoledronic acid, strontium-89, or both, in men with bony meta-static castration-refractory prostate cancer. Health Technol Assess. 2016;20:1–288. [PMC free article: PMC4967809] [PubMed: 27434595]
120.
Kanis JA, Powles T, Paterson AH, McCloskey EV, Ashley S. Clodronate decreases the frequency of skeletal metastases in women with breast cancer. Bone. 1996;19:663–7. [PubMed: 8968035]
121.
Kohno N, Aogi K, Minami H, Nakamura S, Asaga T, Iino Y et al. Zoledronic acid significantly reduces skeletal complications compared with placebo in Japanese women with bone metastases from breast cancer: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3314–21. [PubMed: 15738536]
122.
Kristensen B, Ejlertsen B, Groenvold M, Hein S, Loft H, Mouridsen HT. Oral clodronate in breast cancer patients with bone metastases: a randomized study. J Intern Med. 1999;246:67–74. [PubMed: 10447227]
123.
Kylmala T, Tammela T, Risteli L, Risteli J, Taube T, Elomaa I. Evaluation of the effect of oral clodronate on skeletal metastases with type 1 collagen metabolites. A controlled trial of the Finnish Prostate Cancer Group. Eur J Cancer. 1993;29A:821–5. [PubMed: 7683480]
124.
Lipton A, Theriault RL, Hortobagyi GN, Simeone J, Knight RD, Mellars K et al. Pamidronate prevents skeletal complications and is effective palliative treatment in women with breast carcinoma and osteolytic bone metastases: long term follow-up of two randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Cancer. 2000;88:1082–90. [PubMed: 10699899]
125.
Martoni A, Guaraldi M, Camera P, Biagi R, Marri S, Beghe F et al. Controlled clinical study on the use of dichloromethylene diphosphonate in patients with breast carcinoma metastasizing to the skeleton. Oncology. 1991;48:97–101. [PubMed: 1825515]
126.
Meulenbeld H, van Werkhoven ED, Coenen JL, Creemers GJ, Loosveld OJ, de Jong PC et al. Randomised phase II/III study of docetaxel with or without risedro-nate in patients with metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC), the Netherlands Prostate Study (NePro). Eur J Cancer. 2012;48:2993–3000. [PubMed: 22677260]
127.
Murakami H, Yamanaka T, Seto T, Sugio K, Okamoto I, Sawa T et al. Phase II study of zoledronic acid combined with docetaxel for non-small-cell lung cancer: West Japan Oncology Group. Cancer Sci. 2014;105:989–95. [PMC free article: PMC4317856] [PubMed: 24837137]
128.
O’Rourke N, McCloskey E, Houghton F, Huss H, Kanis JA. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response trial of oral clodronate in patients with bone metastases. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:929–34. [PubMed: 7707121]
129.
Pan Y, Jin H, Chen W, Yu Z, Ye T, Zheng Y et al. Docetaxel with or without zoledronic acid for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Int Urol Nephrol. 2014;46:2319–26. [PubMed: 25224665]
130.
Paterson AH, Powles TJ, Kanis JA, McCloskey E, Hanson J, Ashley S. Double-blind controlled trial of oral clodronate in patients with bone metastases from breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:59–65. [PubMed: 8418243]
131.
Piga A, Bracci R, Ferretti B, Sandri P, Nortilli R, Acito L et al. A double blind randomized study of oral clodronate in the treatment of bone metastases from tumors poorly responsive to chemotherapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 1998;17:213–7. [PubMed: 9700583]
132.
Robertson AG, Reed NS, Ralston SH. Effect of oral clodronate on metastatic bone pain: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:2427–30. [PubMed: 7666103]
133.
Rosen LS, Gordon D, Tchekmedyian S, Yanagihara R, Hirsh V, Krzakowski M et al. Zoledronic acid versus placebo in the treatment of skeletal metastases in patients with lung cancer and other solid tumors: a phase III, double-blind, randomized trial--the Zoledronic Acid Lung Cancer and Other Solid Tumors Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:3150–7. [PubMed: 12915606]
134.
Siris ES, Hyman GA, Canfield RE. Effects of dichloromethylene diphosphonate in women with breast carcinoma metastatic to the skeleton. Am J Med. 1983;74:401–6. [PubMed: 6219577]
135.
Small EJ, Smith MR, Seaman JJ, Petrone S, Kowalski MO. Combined analysis of two multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled studies of pamidronate disodium for the palliation of bone pain in men with metastatic prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:4277–84. [PubMed: 14581438]
136.
Smith J, Jr. Palliation of painful bone metastases from prostate cancer using sodium etidronate: results of a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Urol. 1989;141:85–7. [PubMed: 2462069]
137.
Smith MR, Halabi S, Ryan CJ, Hussain A, Vogelzang N, Stadler W et al. Randomized controlled trial of early zoledronic acid in men with castration-sensitive prostate cancer and bone metastases: results of CALGB 90202 (alliance). J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:1143–50. [PMC free article: PMC3970172] [PubMed: 24590644]
138.
Theriault RL, Lipton A, Hortobagyi GN, Leff R, Glück S, Stewart JF et al. Pamidronate reduces skeletal morbidity in women with advanced breast cancer and lytic bone lesions: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Protocol 18 Aredia Breast Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:846–54. [PubMed: 10071275]
139.
Tripathy D, Lichinitzer M, Lazarev A, MacLachlan SA, Apffelstaedt J, Budde M et al. Oral ibandronate for the treatment of metastatic bone disease in breast cancer: efficacy and safety results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Oncol. 2004;15:743–50. [PubMed: 15111341]
140.
Tubiana-Hulin M, Beuzeboc P, Mauriac L, Barbet N, Frenay M, Monnier A et al. [Double-blinded controlled study comparing clodronate versus placebo in patients with breast cancer bone metastases]. Bull Cancer. 2001;88:701–7. [PubMed: 11495824]
141.
Ueno S, Mizokami A, Fukagai T, Fujimoto N, Oh-Oka H, Kondo Y et al. Efficacy of combined androgen blockade with zoledronic acid treatment in prostate cancer with bone metastasis: the ZABTON-PC (zoledronic acid/androgen blockade trial on prostate cancer) study. Anticancer Res. 2013;33:3837–44. [PubMed: 24023317]
142.
van Holten-Verzantvoort AT, Bijvoet OLM, Hermans J, Harinck HIJ, Elte JWF, Beex LVAM et al. Reduced morbidity from skeletal metastases in breast cancer patients during long-term bisphosphonate (APD) treatment. Lancet 2. 1987;330:983–5. [PubMed: 2889957]
143.
van Holten-Verzantvoort AT, Kroon HM, Bijvoet OL, Cleton FJ, Beex LV, Blijham G et al. Palliative pamidronate treatment in patients with bone metastases from breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:491–8. [PubMed: 7680374]
144.
Vinholes J, Purohit O, Abbey M, Eastell R, Coleman R. Relationships between biochemical and symptomatic response in a double-blind randomised trial of pamidronate for metastatic bone disease. Ann Oncol. 1997;8:1243–50. [PubMed: 9496390]
145.
Wang Y, Tao H, Yu X, Wang Z, Wang M. Clinical significance of zoledronic acid and strontium-89 in patients with asymptomatic bone metastases from non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer. 2013;14:254–60. [PubMed: 23103352]
146.
Zaghloul MS, Boutrus R, El-Hossieny H, Kader YA, El-Attar I, Nazmy M. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of zoledronic acid in bony metastatic bladder cancer. Int J Clin Oncol. 2010;15:382–9. [PubMed: 20354750]
147.
Zarogoulidis K, Boutsikou E, Zarogoulidis P, Eleftheriadou E, Kontakiotis T, Lithoxopoulou H et al. The impact of zoledronic acid therapy in survival of lung cancer patients with bone metastasis. Int J Cancer. 2009;125:1705–9. [PubMed: 19521984]
148.
Rosen L, Gordon DH, Dugan W Jr, Major P, Eisenberg PD, Provencher L et al. Zoledronic acid is superior to pamidronate for the treatment of bone metastases in breast carcinoma patients with at least one osteolytic lesion. Cancer. 2004;100:36–43. [PubMed: 14692022]
149.
Body J, Lichinitser M, Tjulandin S, Garnero P, Bergstrom B. Oral ibandronate is as active as intravenous zoledronic acid for reducing bone turnover markers in women with breast cancer and bone metastases. Ann Oncol. 2007;18:1165–71. [PubMed: 17442659]
150.
Francini F, Pascucci A, Bargagli G, Francini E, Conca R, Miano ST et al. Effects of intravenous zoledronic acid and oral ibandronate on early changes in markers of bone turnover in patients with bone metastases from non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Clin Oncol. 2011;16:264–9. [PubMed: 21240683]
151.
Choudhury KB, Mallik C, Sharma S, Choudhury DB, Maiti S, Roy C. A randomized controlled trial to compare the efficacy of bisphosphonates in the management of painful bone metastasis. Indian J Palliat Care. 2011;17:210–18. [PMC free article: PMC3276818] [PubMed: 22346045]
152.
Wang F, Chen W, Chen H, Mo L, Jin H, Yu Z et al. Comparison between zoledronic acid and clodronate in the treatment of prostate cancer patients with bone metastases. Med Oncol. 2013;30:657. [PubMed: 23864249]
153.
Barrett-Lee P, Casbard A, Abraham J, Hood K, Coleman R, Simmonds P et al. Oral ibandronic acid versus intravenous zoledronic acid in treatment of bone metastases from breast cancer: a randomised, open label, non-inferiority phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:114–22. [PubMed: 24332514]
154.
von Au A, Milloth E, Diel I, Stefanovic S, Hennigs A, Wallwiener M et al. Intravenous pamidronate versus oral and intravenous clodronate in bone metastatic breast cancer: a randomized, open-label, non-inferiority Phase III trial. Onco Targets Ther. 2016;9:4173–80. [PMC free article: PMC4944913] [PubMed: 27468239]
155.
Toussaint ND, Elder GJ, Kerr PG. Bisphosphonates in chronic kidney disease; balancing potential benefits and adverse effects on bone and soft tissue. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:221–33. [PubMed: 18987295]
156.
Botteman M, Barghout V, Stephens J, Hay J, Brandman J, Aapro M et al. Cost effectiveness of bisphosphonates in the management of breast cancer patients with bone metastases. Ann Oncol. 2006;17:1072–82. [PubMed: 16670202]
157.
Fleurence RL, Iglesias CP, Johnson JM. The cost effectiveness of bisphosphonates for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis: a structured review of the literature. Pharmacoeconomics. 2007;25:913–33. [PubMed: 17960951]
158.
Lippuner K, Pollock RF, Smith-Palmer J, Meury T, Valentine WJ. A review of the cost effectiveness of bisphosphonates in the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis in Switzerland. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2011;9:403–17. [PubMed: 21910511]
159.
Sopata M, Katz N, Carey W, Smith MD, Keller D, Verburg KM et al. Efficacy and safety of tanezumab in the treatment of pain from bone metastases. Pain. 2015;156:1703–13. [PubMed: 25919474]
160.
Body JJ, Facon T, Coleman RE, Lipton A, Geurs F, Fan M et al. A study of the biological receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand inhibitor, denosumab, in patients with multiple myeloma or bone metastases from breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:1221–8. [PubMed: 16489077]
161.
Lipton A, Steger GG, Figueroa J, Alvarado C, Solal-Celigny P, Body JJ et al. Extended efficacy and safety of denosumab in breast cancer patients with bone metastases not receiving prior bisphosphonate therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;4:6690–6. [PubMed: 18927312]
162.
Fizazi K, Lipton A, Mariette X, Body JJ, Rahim Y, Gralow JR et al. Randomized phase II trial of denosumab in patients with bone metastases from prostate cancer, breast cancer, or other neoplasms after intravenous bisphosphonates. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:1564–71. [PubMed: 19237632]
163.
Stopeck AT, Lipton A, Body JJ, Steger GG, Tonkin K, de Boer RH et al. Denosumab compared with zoledronic acid for the treatment of bone metastases in patients with advanced breast cancer: a randomized, double-blind study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:5132–9. [PubMed: 21060033]
164.
Henry DH, Costa L, Goldwasser F, Hirsh V, Hungria V, Prausova J et al. Randomized, double-blind study of denosumab versus zoledronic acid in the treatment of bone metastases in patients with advanced cancer (excluding breast and prostate cancer) or multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1125–32. [PubMed: 21343556]
165.
Fizazi K, Carducci M, Smith M, Damião R, Brown J, Karsh L et al. Denosumab versus zoledronic acid for treatment of bone metastases in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer: a randomised, double-blind study. Lancet. 2011;377:813–22. [PMC free article: PMC3090685] [PubMed: 21353695]
166.
Martin M, Bell R, Bourgeois H, Brufsky A, Diel I, Eniu A et al. Bone-related complications and quality of life in advanced breast cancer: results from a randomized phase III trial of denosumab versus zoledronic acid. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18:4841–9. [PubMed: 22893628]
167.
Cleeland CS, Body JJ, Stopeck A, von Moos R, Fallowfield L, Mathias SD et al. Pain outcomes in patients with advanced breast cancer and bone metastases: results from a randomized, double-blind study of denosumab and zoledronic acid. Cancer. 2013;119:832–8. [PubMed: 22951813]
168.
Lipton A, Fizazi K, Stopeck AT, Henry DH, Brown JE, Yardley DA et al. Superiority of denosumab to zoledronic acid for prevention of skeletal-related events: a combined analysis of 3 pivotal, randomised, phase 3 trials. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48:3082–92. [PubMed: 22975218]
169.
De Felice F, Piccioli A, Musio D, Tombolini V. The role of radiation therapy in bone metastases management. Oncotarget. 2017;8:25691–9. [PMC free article: PMC5421962] [PubMed: 28148890]
170.
Altundag MB, Üçer AR, Çalikoglu T, Güran Z. Single (500 cGy, 800 cGy) and multifraction (300x10 cGy) radiotherapy schedules in the treatment of painful bone metastases. THOD Turk Hematol.-Onkol. Derg. 2002;12:16–21.
171.
Amouzegar-Hashemi F, Behrouzi H, Kazemian A, Zarpak B, Haddad P. Single versus multiple fractions of palliative radiotherapy for bone metastases: a randomized clinical trial in Iranian patients. Curr Oncol. 2008;15:151. [PMC free article: PMC2442760] [PubMed: 18596887]
172.
Anter AH. Single fraction versus multiple fraction radiotherapy for treatment of painful bone metastases: a prospective study; Mansoura experience. Forum of Clinical Oncology. 2015;6:8–13.
173.
Badzio A, Senkus–Konefka E, Jereczek–Fossa BA, Adamska K, Fajndt S, Tesmer-Laskowska I et al. 20 Gy in five fractions versus 8 Gy in one fraction in palliative radiotherapy of bone metastases. A multicenter randomized study. Nowotwory Journal of Oncology. 2003;3:261–4.
174.
Bone Pain Trial Working. 8 Gy single fraction radiotherapy for the treatment of metastatic skeletal pain: randomised comparison with a multifraction schedule over 12 months of patient follow-up. Radiother Oncol. 1999;52:111–21. [PubMed: 10577696]
175.
Chow E, van der Linden YM, Roos D, Hartsell WF, Hoskin P, Wu JS et al. Single versus multiple fractions of repeat radiation for painful bone metastases: a randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;15:164–71. [PubMed: 24369114]
176.
Foro Arnalot P, Fontanals AV, Galcerán JC, Lynd F, Latiesas XS, de Dios NR et al. Randomized clinical trial with two palliative radiotherapy regimens in painful bone metastases: 30 Gy in 10 fractions compared with 8 Gy in single fraction. Radiother Oncol. 2008;89:150–5. [PubMed: 18556080]
177.
Gaze MN, Kelly CG, Kerr GR, Cull A, Cowie VJ, Gregor A et al. Pain relief and quality of life following radiotherapy for bone metastases: a randomised trial of two fractionation schedules. Radiother Oncol. 1997;45:109–16. [PubMed: 9423999]
178.
Gutierrez Bayard L, Salas Buzon M del C, Angulo Pain E, de Ingunza Baron L. Radiation therapy for the management of painful bone metastases: results from a randomized trial. Reports of practical oncology and radiotherapy. 2014;19:405–11. [PMC free article: PMC4201774] [PubMed: 25337414]
179.
Hamouda WE, Roshdy W, Teema M. Single versus conventional fractionated radiotherapy in the palliation of painful bone metastases. Gulf J Oncolog. 2007;1:35–41. [PubMed: 20084712]
180.
Hartsell WF, Scott CB, Bruner DW, Scarantino CW, Ivker RA, Roach M 3rd et al. Randomized trial of short- versus long-course radiotherapy for palliation of painful bone metastases. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:798–804. [PubMed: 15928300]
181.
Kagei K, Suzuki K, Shirato H, Nambu T, Yoshikawa H, Irie G. [A randomized trial of single and multifraction radiation therapy for bone metastasis: a preliminary report]. Gan No Rinsho Japan Journal of Cancer Clinics. 1990;36:2553–8. [PubMed: 1702476]
182.
Koswig S, Budach V. Remineralisation und Schmerzlinderung von Knochenmetastasen nach unterschiedlich fraktionierter Strahlentherapie (10mal 3 Gy vs. 1mal 8 Gy). Eine prospektive Studie. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie. 1999:175:500–8. [PubMed: 10554645]
183.
Nielsen OS, Bentzen SM, Sandberg E, Gadeberg CC, Timothy AR. Randomized trial of single dose versus fractionated palliative radiotherapy of bone metastases. Radiother Oncol. 1998;47:233–40. [PubMed: 9681885]
184.
Price P, Hoskin PJ, Easton D, Austin D, Palmer SG, Yarnold JR. Prospective randomised trial of single and multifraction radiotherapy schedules in the treatment of painful bony metastases. Radiother Oncol. 1986;6:247–55. [PubMed: 3775071]
185.
Roos DE, Turner SL, O’Brien PC, Smith JG, Spry NA, Burmeister BH et al. Randomized trial of 8 Gy in 1 versus 20 Gy in 5 fractions of radiotherapy for neuropathic pain due to bone metastases (Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group, TROG 96.05). Radiother Oncol. 2005;75:54–63. [PubMed: 15878101]
186.
Sarkar SK, Sarkar S, Pahari B, Majumdar D. Multiple and single fraction palliative radiotherapy in bone secondaries – a prospective study. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2002;12:281–4.
187.
van der Linden YM, Lok JJ, Steenland E, Martijn H, van Houwelingen H, Marijnen CA et al. Single fraction radiotherapy is efficacious: a further analysis of the Dutch Bone Metastasis Study controlling for the influence of retreatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;59:528–37. [PubMed: 15145173]
188.
Cole DJ. A randomized trial of a single treatment versus conventional fractionation in the palliative radiotherapy of painful bone metastases. Clin Oncol. (R Coll Radiol). 1989;1:59–62. [PubMed: 2484789]
189.
Foro P, Algara M, Reig A, Lacruz M, Valls A. Randomized prospective trial comparing three schedules of palliative radiotherapy. Preliminary results. Oncologia (Spain). 1998;21:55–60.
190.
Meeuse JJ, van der Linden YM, van Tienhoven G, Gans RO, Leer JW, Reyners AK et al. Efficacy of radiotherapy for painful bone metastases during the last 12 weeks of life: results from the Dutch Bone Metastasis Study. Cancer. 2010;116:2716–25. [PubMed: 20225326]
191.
Özsaran Z, Yalman D, Anacak Y, Esassolak M, Haydaroglu A. Palliative radio-therapy in bone metastases: results of a randomized trial comparing three fractionation schedules. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie (German). 2001;6:43–8.
192.
Safwat E, El-Nahas T, Metwally H, Abdelmotgally R, Kassem N. Palliative fractionated radiotherapy for bone metastases clinical and biological assessment of single versus multiple fractions. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst. 2007;19:21–7. [PubMed: 18839032]
193.
Steenland E, Leer JW, van Houwelingen H, Post WJ, van den Hout WB, Kievit J et al. The effect of a single fraction compared to multiple fractions on painful bone metastases: a global analysis of the Dutch Bone Metastasis Study. Radiother Oncol. 1999;52:101–9. [PubMed: 10577695]
194.
Yoon F, Morton GC. Single fraction radiotherapy versus multiple fraction radio-therapy for bone metastases in prostate cancer patients: comparative effectiveness. Cancer Manag Res. 2014;6:451–7. [PMC free article: PMC4250022] [PubMed: 25473313]
195.
Storto G, Gallicchio R, Pellegrino T, Nardelli A, De Luca S, Capacchione D et al. Impact of (1)(8)F-fluoride PET-CT on implementing early treatment of painful bone metastases with Sm-153 EDTMP. Nucl Med Biol. 2013;40:518–23. [PubMed: 23522973]
196.
Parker C, Nilsson S, Heinrich D, Helle SI, O’Sullivan JM, Fosså SD et al. Alpha emitter radium-223 and survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:213–23. [PubMed: 23863050]
197.
Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, Montori V, Gøtzsche PC, Devereaux PJ et al. CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63:e1–37. [PubMed: 20346624]
© World Health Organization 2018.

Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/about/licensing.

Third-party materials. If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user.

Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo).

Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”.

Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization.

Bookshelf ID: NBK537478

Views

Related information

  • PMC
    PubMed Central citations
  • PubMed
    Links to PubMed

Recent Activity

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

See more...