U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

Directriz para el tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión en adultos [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022.

Cover of Directriz para el tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión en adultos

Directriz para el tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión en adultos [Internet].

Show details

Referencias

(1)
Enfermedades cardiovasculares. Datos y cifras. 17 de mayo de 2017 [página web] (https://www​.who.int/es​/news-room/fact-sheets​/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)), consultado el 31 de marzo de 2021.
(2)
Hipertensión. Datos y cifras. 13 de septiembre de 2019 [página web] (https://www​.who.int/es​/news-room/fact-sheets​/detail/hypertension), consultado el 31 de marzo de 2021.
(3)
Prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares: Directrices para la prevención y el manejo del riesgo cardiovascular. Washington, D.C., Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2010.
(4)
Hultcrantz M, Rind D, Akl EA, Treweek S, Mustafa RA, Iorio A, et al. The GRADE Working Group clarifies the construct of certainty of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2017;87:4–13. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.05.006. [PMC free article: PMC6542664] [PubMed: 28529184] [CrossRef]
(5)
Balshem H, Helfand M, Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):401–406. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015. [PubMed: 21208779] [CrossRef]
(6)
Shahaj O, Denneny D, Schwappach A, Pearce G, Epiphaniou E, Parke H, et al. Supporting self-management for people with hypertension: a meta-review of quantitative and qualitative systematic reviews. J Hypertens. 2019;37(2):264–279. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001867. [PubMed: 30020240] [CrossRef]
(7)
Meiqari L, Nguyen T-P-L, Essink D, Zweekhorst M, Wright P, Scheele F. Access to hypertension care and services in primary health-care settings in Vietnam: a systematic narrative review of existing literature. Glob Health Action. 2019;12(1):1–11. doi: 10.1080/16549716.2019.1610253. [PMC free article: PMC6534204] [PubMed: 31120345] [CrossRef]
(8)
Kostova D, Spencer G, Mora AE, Cobb LAK, Husain MJ, Datta BK, et al. The cost effectiveness of hypertension management in low-income and middle-income countries: a review. BMJ Public Global Health. 2020;e002213. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002213. [PMC free article: PMC7484861] [PubMed: 32912853] [CrossRef]
(9)
Murray CJ, Lauer JA, Hutubessy RC, Niessen L, Tomijima N, Rodgers A, et al. Effectiveness and costs of interventions to lower systolic blood pressure and cholesterol: a global and regional analysis on reduction of cardiovascular-disease risk. Lancet. 2003 Mar 1;361(9359):717–25. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12655-4. Erratum in: Lancet. 2005 Jul 16-22;366(9481):204. PMID: 12620735. [PubMed: 12620735] [CrossRef]
(10)
Constanti M, Floyd CN, Glover M, Boffa R. Wierzbicki AS, McManus RJ. Cost-effectiveness of initiating pharmacological treatment in stage one hypertension based on 10-year cardiovascular disease risk. Hypertension. 2021;77:682–691. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14913. [PMC free article: PMC7803450] [PubMed: 33342242] [CrossRef]
(11)
Moran AE, Odden MC, Thanataveerat A, Tzong KY, Rasmussen PW, Guzman D. Cost-effectiveness of hypertension therapy according to 2014 guidelines. NEJM. 2015;372(5):447–55. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa1406751. [PMC free article: PMC4403858] [PubMed: 25629742] [CrossRef]
(12)
Rosendaal TA, Hendriks ME, Verhagen MD, Bolarinwa OA, Sanya EO, Kolo PM, et al. Correction: costs and cost-effectiveness of hypertension screening and treatment in adults with hypertension in rural Nigeria in the context of a health insurance program. PLoS ONE. 2016 Jun 27;11(9):e0162421. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162421. [PMC free article: PMC4922631] [PubMed: 27348310] [CrossRef]
(13)
Rubinstein A, Colantonio L, Bardach A, Caporale J, Martí SG, Kopitowski K, et al. Estimation of the burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to modifiable risk factors and cost-effectiveness analysis of preventative interventions to reduce this burden in Argentina. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:627. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-627. [PMC free article: PMC2970607] [PubMed: 20961456] [CrossRef]
(14)
Richman IB, Fairley M, Jørgensen ME, Schuler A, Owens DK, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD. Cost-effectiveness of intensive blood pressure management. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1(8):872–879. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2016.3517. [PMC free article: PMC5892423] [PubMed: 27627731] [CrossRef]
(15)
Bress AP, Bellows BK, King JB, Hess R, Beddhu S, Zhang Z. Cost-effectiveness of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. NEJM. 2017;377(8):745–755. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa1616035. [PMC free article: PMC5708850] [PubMed: 28834469] [CrossRef]
(16)
Odden MC, Moran AE, Coxson PG, Peralta CA, Goldman L, Bibbins-Domingo K. Gait speed as a guide for BP targets in older adults: a modeling study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016;64(5):1015–23. [PMC free article: PMC5030071] [PubMed: 27225357]
(17)
Federal Reserve Bank economic data [online database] (https://fred​.stlouisfed​.org/series/NYGDPPCAPCDLMC). Citado en Kostova et al., 2020.
(18)
Pedrosa RP, Drager LF, Gonzaga CC, Sousa MG, de Paula LK, Amaro ACS, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea: the most common secondary cause of hypertension associated with resistant hypertension. Hypertension. 2011;58(5):811–7. doi: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.179788. [PubMed: 21968750] [CrossRef]
(19)
Rimoldi SF, Scherrer U, Messerli FH. Secondary arterial hypertension: when, who, and how to screen? Eur Heart J. 2013;35(19):1245–54. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht534. [PubMed: 24366917] [CrossRef]
(20)
Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2020 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;141(9):e139–e596. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000757. [PubMed: 31992061] [CrossRef]
(21)
Park C, Fang J, Hawkins NA, Wang G. Comorbidity status and annual total medical expenditures in US hypertensive adults. Am J Prev Med. 2017;53(6s2):S172–s81. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.07.014. [PMC free article: PMC5836318] [PubMed: 29153118] [CrossRef]
(22)
Kirkland EB, Heincelman M, Bishu KG, Schumann SO, Schreiner A, Axon RN, et al. Trends in healthcare expenditures among US adults with hypertension: national estimates, 2003-2014. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(11):e008731. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.008731. [PMC free article: PMC6015342] [PubMed: 29848493] [CrossRef]
(23)
Moser M. The cost of treating hypertension can we keep it under control without compromising the level of care? Am J Hypertens. 1998;11:120S–127S. doi: 10.1016/s0895-7061(98)00106-x. [PubMed: 9717853] [CrossRef]
(24)
Karmali KN, Lloyd-Jones DM, van der Leeuw J, Goff Jr DC, Yusuf S, Zanchetti A, et al. Blood pressure-lowering treatment strategies based on cardiovascular risk versus BP: a meta-analysis of individual participant data. PLoS Med. 2018;15(3)e1002538. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002538. [PMC free article: PMC5860698] [PubMed: 29558462] [CrossRef]
(25)
Odutayo A, Gill P, Shepherd S, Akingbade A, Hopewell S, Tennankore K, et al. Income disparities in absolute cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular risk factors in the United States, 1999-2014. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2(7):782–790. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2017.1658. [PMC free article: PMC5710615] [PubMed: 28593301] [CrossRef]
(26)
Gaziano TA, Steyn K, Cohen DJ, Weinstein MC, Opie LH. Cost-effectiveness analysis of hypertension guidelines in South Africa: absolute risk versus blood pressure level. Circulation. 2005;112(23):3569–76). doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.535922. [PubMed: 16330698] [CrossRef]
(27)
Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, Anderson SG, Callender T, Emberson J, et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016;387(10022):957–967. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01225-8. [PubMed: 26724178] [CrossRef]
(28)
Seeley A, Prynn J, Perera R, Street R, Davis D, Etyang AO. Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):75. doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01530-z. [PMC free article: PMC7099775] [PubMed: 32216794] [CrossRef]
(29)
Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial Collaborative Research Group. Diuretic versus alpha-blocker as first-step antihypertensive therapy. Hypertension. 2003;42:239–246. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000086521.95630.5A. [PubMed: 12925554] [CrossRef]
(30)
Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Brunner H, Hansson L, Platt F, Ekman S, et al. VALUE trial: long-term blood pressure trends in 13,449 patients with hypertension and high cardiovascular risk. Am J Hypertens. 2003;16(7):544–8. doi: 10.1016/s0895-7061(03)00904-x. [PubMed: 12850387] [CrossRef]
(31)
Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Libby P, Thompson PD, Ghali M, Garza D, et al.; CAMELOT Investigators. Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: the CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292(18):2217–25. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.18.2217. [PubMed: 15536108] [CrossRef]
(32)
Wright JT, Dunn JK, Cutler JA, Davis BR, Cushman WC, Ford CE et al; for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Outcomes in hypertensive black and nonblack patients treated with chlorthalidone, amlodipine, and lisinopril. JAMA. 2005;293(13):1595–1608. doi:10.1001/jama.293.13.1595. [PubMed: 15811979] [CrossRef]
(33)
Morgan TO, Anderson AI, MacInnis RJ. ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium blockers, and diuretics for the control of systolic hypertension. Am J Hypertens, 2001;14(3): 241–247. doi: 10.1016/S0895-7061(00)01266-8. [PubMed: 11281235] [CrossRef]
(34)
Sareli P, Radevski IV, Valtchanova ZP, Libhaber E, Candy GP, Den Hond E, et al. Efficacy of different drug classes used to initiate antihypertensive treatment in black subjects: results of a randomized trial in Johannesburg, South Africa. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(7):965. doi: 10.1001/archinte.161.7.965. [PubMed: 11295959] [CrossRef]
(35)
Aarabi M. Skinner J, Price CE, Jackson, PR. Patients’ acceptance of antihypertensive therapy to prevent cardiovascular disease: a comparison between South Asians and Caucasians in the United Kingdom. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008 Feb;15(1):59–66. doi: 10.1097/HJR.0b013e3282f07973. [PubMed: 18277187] [CrossRef]
(36)
Fragasso G, Maranta F, Montanaro C, Salerno A, Torlasco C, Margonato A. Pathophysiologic therapeutic targets in hypertension: a cardiological point of view. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2012;16(2):179–193. doi: 10.1517/14728222.2012.655724. [PubMed: 22280298] [CrossRef]
(37)
Nugent R, Brower E, Cravioto A, Koehlmoos T. A cost-benefit analysis of a National Hypertension Treatment Program in Bangladesh. Prev Med. 2017 Dec;105S:S56–S61. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.08.014. [PubMed: 28827074] [CrossRef]
(38)
Gad M, Lord J, Chalkidou K, Asare B, Lutterodt MG, Ruiz F. Supporting the development of evidence-informed policy options: an economic evaluation of hypertension management in Ghana. Value Health. 2020;23(2):171–179. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2019.09.2749. [PMC free article: PMC7065042] [PubMed: 32113622] [CrossRef]
(39)
Ekwunife OI, Okafor CE, Ezenduka CC, Udeogaranya PO. Cost-utility analysis of antihypertensive medications in Nigeria: a decision analysis. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2013;11(1):2. doi: 10.1186/1478-7547-11-2. [PMC free article: PMC3567962] [PubMed: 23343250] [CrossRef]
(40)
Park C, Wang G, Durthaler JM, Fang J. Cost-effectiveness analyses of antihypertensive medicines: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2017;53(6S2):S131–S142. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.06.020. [PMC free article: PMC5836308] [PubMed: 29153114] [CrossRef]
(41)
Rea F, Corrao G, Merlino L, Mancia G. Initial antihypertensive treatment strategies and therapeutic inertia. Hypertension. 2018;72:846–853. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11308. [PubMed: 30354712] [CrossRef]
(42)
Sherrill B, Halpern M, Khan S, Zhang J, Panjabi S. Single-pill vs free-equivalent combination therapies for hypertension: a meta-analysis of health care costs and adherence. J Clin Hypertens. 2011;13(12):898–909. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2011.00550.x. [PMC free article: PMC8108883] [PubMed: 22142349] [CrossRef]
(43)
Krousel-Wood M, Thomas S, Muntner P, Morisky D. Medication adherence: a key factor in achieving blood pressure control and good clinical outcomes in hypertensive patients. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2004;19(4):357–362. doi: 10.1097/01.hco.0000126978.03828.9e. [PubMed: 15218396] [CrossRef]
(44)
Fujikawa K, Hasebe N, Kikuchi K; NICE-Combi Study Group. Cost-effectiveness analysis of hypertension treatment: controlled release nifedipine and candesartan low-dose combination therapy in patients with essential hypertension – the Nifedipine and Candesartan Combination (NICE-Combi) Study. Hypertens Res. 2005;28(7):585–91. doi: 10.1291/hypres.28.585. [PubMed: 16335887] [CrossRef]
(45)
Deshmukh KBS, Qian J, Garza K, Wright BM, Zeng P, Ganduglia Cazaban CM, et al. Health care costs associated with addition, titration, and switching antihypertensive medications after first-line treatment: results from a commercially insured sample. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2017;23(6):691–699. doi: 10.18553/jmcp.2017.23.6.691. [PMC free article: PMC10398079] [PubMed: 28530527] [CrossRef]
(46)
Ren M, Xuan D, Lu Y, Fu Y, Xuan J. Economic evaluation of olmesartan/amlodipine fixed-dose combination for hypertension treatment in China. J Med Econ. 2020;23(4):394–400. doi: 10.1080/13696998.2019.1699799. [PubMed: 31782677] [CrossRef]
(47)
Chrysant SG. Using fixed-dose combination therapies to achieve blood pressure goals. Clin Drug Invest. 2008;28(11):713–734. doi: 10.2165/00044011-200828110-00005. [PubMed: 18840014] [CrossRef]
(48)
Mills KT, Bundy JD, Kelly TN, Reed JE, Kearney PM, Reynolds K, et al. Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: a systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries. Circulation. 2016;134:441–450. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912. [PMC free article: PMC4979614] [PubMed: 27502908] [CrossRef]
(49)
Salam A, Huffman M, Kanukula R, Prasad EH, Sharma A, Heller D, et al. Two-drug fixed-dose combinations of blood-pressure lowering drugs as WHO essential medicines: An overview of efficacy, safety, and cost. J Clin Hypertens. 2020;22:1769–1779. doi: 10.1111/jch.14009. [PMC free article: PMC8030031] [PubMed: 32815663] [CrossRef]
(50)
Chow CK, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Gupta R, Avezum A, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. JAMA. 2013;310: 959–968. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.184182. [PubMed: 24002282] [CrossRef]
(51)
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo Jr JL, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42: 1206–1252. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2. [PubMed: 14656957] [CrossRef]
(52)
Kishore SP, Salam A, Rodgers A, Jaffe MG, Frieden T. Fixed-dose combinations for hypertension. Lancet. 2019;392(10150):819–820. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31814-2. [PubMed: 30215377] [CrossRef]
(53)
DiPette DJ, Skeete J, Ridley, E, Campbell, NRC, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Kishore SP, et al. Fixed-dose combination pharmacologic therapy to improve hypertension control worldwide: Clinical perspective and policy implications. J Clin Hypertens. 2019;21(1):4–15. doi: 10.1111/jch.13426. [PMC free article: PMC8030442] [PubMed: 30480368] [CrossRef]
(54)
Marinier K, Macouillard P, de Champvalins M, Deltour N, Poulter N, Mancia G, et al. Effectiveness of two-drug therapy versus monotherapy as initial regimen in hypertension: a propensity score-matched cohort study in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2019;28(12): 1572–1582. doi: 10.1002/pds.4884. [PMC free article: PMC6916605] [PubMed: 31482621] [CrossRef]
(55)
Negi S, Neupane D, Sahoo SW, Mahajan T, Swaroop K, Moran AE, et al. Prices of combination medicines and single-molecule anti-hypertensive medicines in India’s private health care sector. J Clin Hypertens. 2021;23(4):738–743. doi: 10.1111/jch.14143. [PMC free article: PMC8678655] [PubMed: 33369089] [CrossRef]
(56)
Angeli F, Reboldi G, Mazzotta G, Garofoli M, Ramundo E, Poltonieri C, et al. Fixed-dose combination therapy in hypertension: cons. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2012;19(2):51–54. doi: 10.1007/BF03262453. [PubMed: 22867089] [CrossRef]
(57)
Jaffe MG Lee GA, Young JD, Sidney S, Go AS. Improved blood pressure control associated with a large-scale hypertension program. JAMA. 2013;310(7):699–705. doi: 10.1002/pds.4884. [PMC free article: PMC4270203] [PubMed: 23989679] [CrossRef]
(58)
Sprint Research Group. Randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2103–2116. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1511939. [PMC free article: PMC4689591] [PubMed: 26551272] [CrossRef]
(59)
Murad MH, Larrea-Mantilla L, Haddad A, Spencer-Bonilla G, Serrano V, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, et al. Antihypertensive agents in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(5):1575–1584. doi: 10.1210/jc.2019-00197. [PubMed: 30903690] [CrossRef]
(60)
Reboussin DM, Allen NB, Griswold ME, Guallar E, Hong Y, Lackland DT, et al. Systematic review for the 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2018;138(17):e595–e616. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000601. [PubMed: 30354656] [CrossRef]
(61)
ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1575–1585. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1001286. [PMC free article: PMC4123215] [PubMed: 20228401] [CrossRef]
(62)
SPS3 Study Group, Benavente OR, Coffey CS, Conwit R, Hart RG, McClure LA, Pearce LA. Blood-pressure targets in patients with recent lacunar stroke: the SPS3 randomised trial. Lancet. 2013;382(9891):507–15. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60852-1. [PMC free article: PMC3979302] [PubMed: 23726159] [CrossRef]
(63)
Bangalore S, Toklu B, Gianos E, Schwartzbard A, Weintraub H, Ogedegbe G, et al. Optimal systolic BP target after SPRINT: insights from a network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Med. 2017;130(6):707–719.e708. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.01.004. [PubMed: 28109971] [CrossRef]
(64)
Bundy JD, Li C, Stuchlik P, Bu X, Kelly TN, Mills KT, et al. Systolic BP reduction and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiology. 2017;2(7):775–781. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2017.1421. [PMC free article: PMC5710614] [PubMed: 28564682] [CrossRef]
(65)
Howard K, White S, Salkeld G, McDonald S, Craig J, Chadban S, et al. Cost-effectiveness of screening and optimal management for diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease: a modeled analysis. Value Health. 2010;13(2):196–208. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4733.2009.00668.x. [PubMed: 19878493] [CrossRef]
(66)
Birtwhistle RV, Godwin MS, Delva MD, Casson RI, Lam M, MacDonald SE, et al. Randomised equivalence trial comparing three month and six month follow up of patients with hypertension by family practitioners. BMJ. 2004;328(7433):204. doi: 10.1136/bmj.37967.374063.EE. [PMC free article: PMC318487] [PubMed: 14726370] [CrossRef]
(67)
Xu W, Goldberg SI, Shubina M, Turchin A. Optimal systolic BP target, time to intensification, and time to follow-up in treatment of hypertension: population based retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2015;350:h158. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h158. [PMC free article: PMC4353282] [PubMed: 25655523] [CrossRef]
(68)
Ambrosius WT, Sink KM, Foy CG, Berlowitz DR, Cheung AK, Cushman WC, et al. The design and rationale of a multicenter clinical trial comparing two strategies for control of systolic blood pressure: the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT). Clinical Trials. 2014;11(5):532–546. doi: 10.1177/1740774514537404. [PMC free article: PMC4156910] [PubMed: 24902920] [CrossRef]
(69)
Cushman WC, Grimm Jr RH, Cutler JA, Gregory WE, Capes S, Corson MA, et al. Rationale and design for the blood pressure intervention of the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99(12A):44i–55i. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.03.005. [PubMed: 17599425] [CrossRef]
(70)
Gwadry-Sridhar FH, Manias E, Lal L, Salas M, Hughes DA, Ratzki-Leewing A, et al. Impact of interventions on medication adherence and blood pressure control in patients with essential hypertension: a systematic review by the ISPOR medication adherence and persistence special interest group. Value Health. 2013;16(5):863–871. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2013.03.1631. [PubMed: 23947982] [CrossRef]
(71)
Walker RC, Tong A, Howard K, Palmer SC. Patient expectations and experiences of remote monitoring for chronic diseases: Systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. Int J Med Inform. 2019;124:78–85. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2019.01.013. [PubMed: 30784430] [CrossRef]
(72)
Jaana M, Pare G, Sicotte C. Hypertension home telemonitoring: current evidence and recommendations for future studies. Dis Manage Health Outcomes. 2007;15(1):19–31. doi: 10.2165/00115677-200715010-00004. [CrossRef]
(73)
Greer N, Bolduc J, Geurkink E, Koeller E, Rector T, Olson K, et al. Pharmacist-led chronic disease management: a systematic review of effectiveness and harms compared with usual care. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(1):30–40. doi: 10.7326/M15-3058. [PubMed: 27111098] [CrossRef]
(74)
Anand TN, Joseph LM, Geetha AV, Prabhakaran D, Jeemon P. Task sharing with non-physician health-care workers for management of blood pressure in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(6):e761–e771. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30077-4. [PMC free article: PMC6527522] [PubMed: 31097278] [CrossRef]
(75)
Tucker P, Sheppard JP, Stevens R, Bosworth HB, Bove A, Bray EP, et al. Self-monitoring of blood pressure in hypertension: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. PLOS Med. 2017;14(9):e1002389. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002389. [PMC free article: PMC5604965] [PubMed: 28926573] [CrossRef]
(76)
Fisher NDL, Fera LE, Dunning JR, Desai S, Matta L, Liquori V, et al. Development of an entirely remote, non-physician led hypertension management program. Clin Cardiol. 2019;42(2):285–291. doi: 10.1002/clc.23141. [PMC free article: PMC6712321] [PubMed: 30582181] [CrossRef]
(77)
Bhanbhro S, Drennan VM, Grant R, Harris R. Assessing the contribution of prescribing in primary care by nurses and professionals allied to medicine: a systematic review of literature. BMC Health Serv Res. 2011;11:330. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-11-330. [PMC free article: PMC3248914] [PubMed: 22136294] [CrossRef]
(78)
Hobson RJ, Scott J, Sutton J. Pharmacists and nurses as independent prescribers: exploring the patient’s perspective. Fam Pract. 2010;27(1):110–120. doi: 10.1093/fampra/cmp070. [PubMed: 19858124] [CrossRef]
(79)
Stewart DC, George J, Bond CM, Cunningham ITS, Diack HL, McCaig DJ. Exploring patients’ perspectives of pharmacist supplementary prescribing in Scotland. Pharm World Sci. 2008;30(6):892–897. doi: 10.1007/s11096-008-9248-x. [PubMed: 18787976] [CrossRef]
(80)
Jacob V, Chattopadhyay SK, Thota AB, Proia KK, Njie G, Hopkins DP, et al. Economics of team-based care in controlling BP: a community guide systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49(5):772–783. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.04.003. [PMC free article: PMC4685935] [PubMed: 26477804] [CrossRef]
(81)
Kulchaitanaroaj P, Brooks JM, Chaiyakunapruk N, Goedken AM, Chrischilles EA, Carter BL. Cost-utility analysis of physician-pharmacist collaborative intervention for treating hypertension compared with usual care. J Hypertens. 2017;35(1):178–187. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001126. [PubMed: 27684354] [CrossRef]
(82)
Keasley J, Oyebode O, Shantikumar S, Proto W, McGranahan M, Sabouni A, Kidy F. A systematic review of the burden of hypertension, access to services and patient views of hypertension in humanitarian crisis settings. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5(11): e002440. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002440. [PMC free article: PMC7654140] [PubMed: 33168520] [CrossRef]
(83)
Sekkarie M, Murad L, Al-Makki A, Al-Saghir F, Rifai O, Isreb M. End-stage kidney disease in areas of armed conflicts: challenges and solutions. Semin Nephrol. 2020;40(4):354–362. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2020.06.003. [PubMed: 32800286] [CrossRef]
(84)
Al-Makki A, Rifai AO, Murad L, Zanabli AR, Kayal A, Soudan K, et al. The Syrian National Kidney Foundation: response for the need of kidney patients during the crisis. Avicenna J Med. 2014 Jul;4(3):54–7. doi: 10.4103/2231-0770.133331. [PMC free article: PMC4065460] [PubMed: 24982825] [CrossRef]
(85)
Jawad M, Vamos EP, Najim M, Roberts B, Millett C. Impact of armed conflict on cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review. Heart. 2019;105:1388–94. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2018-314459. [PubMed: 31138670] [CrossRef]
(86)
Howard JT, Sosnov JA, Janak JC, Gunlapalli AV, Pettey WB, Walker LE, et al. Associations of initial injury severity and posttraumatic stress disorder diagnoses with long-term hypertension risk after combat injury. Hypertension. 2018;71:824–32. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10496. [PubMed: 29555664] [CrossRef]
(87)
Doocy S, Lyles E, Fahed Z, Mikanna A, Kontunen K, Burnham G. Characteristics of Syrian and Lebanese diabetes and hypertension patients in Lebanon. Open Hypertens J. 2018;10:60–75. doi: 10.2174/1876526201810010060. [CrossRef]
(88)
Sun X-C, Zhou X-F, Chen S, Liu Y-X, Wang Y-J, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics of hypertension among victims in temporary shield district after Wenchuan earthquake in China. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013;17:912–6. PMID: 23640437. [PubMed: 23640437]
(89)
Kario K. Disaster hypertension - its characteristics, mechanism, and management. Circ J. 2012;76(3):553–62. doi: 10.1253/circj.cj-11-1510. [PubMed: 22327030] [CrossRef]
(90)
Médecins Sans Frontières. Guía clínica y terapéutica. Autor; 2013.
(91)
OMS. Interagency emergency health kit 2017 [página web] (https://www​.who.int/emergencies​/emergency-health-kits​/interagency-emergency-health-kit-2017), consultado en marzo de 2021.
(92)
COVID-19 and hypertension. Scientific Brief. Ginebra, Organización Mundial de la Salud, junio de 2021 (WHO/2019-nCoV/Sci_Brief/Hypertension/2021.1), consultado en julio de 2021.
(93)
Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, Crawford JM, McGinn T, the Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium, et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA. 2020;323(20):2052–2059. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6775. Erratum in: JAMA. 2020 May 26;323(20):2098. [PMC free article: PMC7177629] [PubMed: 32320003] [CrossRef]
(94)
Xie J, Tong Z, Guan X, Du B, Qiu H. Clinical characteristics of patients who died of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(4):e205619. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.5619. Erratum in: JAMA Netw Open. 2020 May 1;3(5):e208147. [PMC free article: PMC7148440] [PubMed: 32275319] [CrossRef]
(95)
Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271–280.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052. [PMC free article: PMC7102627] [PubMed: 32142651] [CrossRef]
(96)
Vaduganathan M, Vardeny O, Michel T, McMurray JJV, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1653–1659. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsr2005760. [PMC free article: PMC7121452] [PubMed: 32227760] [CrossRef]
(97)
COVID-19 and the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and receptor blockers. Scientific Brief. Ginebra, Organización Mundial de la Salud, mayo de 2020 (https://apps​.who.int​/iris/handle/10665/332021), consultado en julio de 2021.
(98)
Sparks MA, Hiremath S, et al. ACE2 and hypertension [página web] (http://www​.nephjc.com/news/covidace2), consultado el 19 de febrero de 2021.
(99)
Kompotiatis P, Garovic VD. Diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of hypertensive pregnancy disorders. In: Edwards EW, DiPette DJ, editors. Hypertension: a case-based approach. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Ltd; 2020.
(100)
Kuklina EV, Ayala C, Callaghan WM. Hypertensive disorders and severe obstetric morbidity in the United States. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113(6):1299–306. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181a45b25. [PubMed: 19461426] [CrossRef]
(101)
Creanga AA, Berg CJ, Syverson C, Seed K, Bruce FC, Callaghan WM. Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 2006-2010. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125(1):5–12. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000564. [PubMed: 25560097] [CrossRef]
(102)
Abalos E, Duley L, Steyn DW, Gialdini C. Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2018;10(10):CD002252. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002252.pub4. [PMC free article: PMC6517078] [PubMed: 30277556] [CrossRef]
© Organización Mundial de la Salud 2022.

Ventas, derechos y licencias. Para comprar publicaciones de la OMS, véase http://apps.who.int/bookorders. Para presentar solicitudes de uso comercial y consultas sobre derechos y licencias, véase https://www.who.int/es/copyright.

Materiales de terceros. Si se desea reutilizar material contenido en esta obra que sea propiedad de terceros, por ejemplo cuadros, figuras o imágenes, corresponde al usuario determinar si se necesita autorización para tal reutilización y obtener la autorización del titular del derecho de autor. Recae exclusivamente sobre el usuario el riesgo de que se deriven reclamaciones de la infracción de los derechos de uso de un elemento que sea propiedad de terceros.

Algunos derechos reservados. Esta obra está disponible en virtud de la licencia 3.0 OIG Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual de Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo).

Con arreglo a las condiciones de la licencia, se permite copiar, redistribuir y adaptar la obra para fines no comerciales, siempre que se cite correctamente, como se indica a continuación. En ningún uso que se haga de esta obra debe darse a entender que la OMS refrenda una organización, productos o servicios específicos. No está permitido utilizar el logotipo de la OMS. En caso de adaptación, debe concederse a la obra resultante la misma licencia o una licencia equivalente de Creative Commons. Si la obra se traduce, debe añadirse la siguiente nota de descargo junto con la forma de cita propuesta: «La presente traducción no es obra de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). La OMS no se hace responsable del contenido ni de la exactitud de la traducción. La edición original en inglés será el texto auténtico y vinculante».

Toda mediación relativa a las controversias que se deriven con respecto a la licencia se llevará a cabo de conformidad con el Reglamento de Mediación de la Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual (https://www.wipo.int/amc/es/mediation/rules).

Bookshelf ID: NBK586714

Views

Related information

  • PMC
    PubMed Central citations
  • PubMed
    Links to PubMed

Recent Activity

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

See more...