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Cold-Shock Protein (CSP) contains an S1-like cold-shock domain (CSD) that is found in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and archaea. CSP's include the major cold-shock proteins CspA and CspB in bacteria and the eukaryotic gene regulatory factor Y-box protein. CSP expression is up-regulated by an abrupt drop in growth temperature. CSP's are also expressed under normal condition at lower level. The function of cold-shock proteins is not fully understood. They preferentially bind poly-pyrimidine region of single-stranded RNA and DNA. CSP's are thought to bind mRNA and regulate ribosomal translation, mRNA degradation, and the rate of transcription termination. The human Y-box protein, which contains a CSD, regulates transcription and translation of genes that contain the Y-box sequence in their promoters. This specific ssDNA-binding properties of CSD are required for the binding of Y-box protein to the promoter's Y-box sequence, thereby regulating transcription.
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Jiyao W et al.(2023). "The conserved domain database in 2023.",