ClinVar Genomic variation as it relates to human health
NM_003002.4(SDHD):c.149A>G (p.His50Arg)
The aggregate germline classification for this variant, typically for a monogenic or Mendelian disorder as in the ACMG/AMP guidelines, or for response to a drug. This value is calculated by NCBI based on data from submitters. Read our rules for calculating the aggregate classification.
Stars represent the aggregate review status, or the level of review supporting the aggregate germline classification for this VCV record. This value is calculated by NCBI based on data from submitters. Read our rules for calculating the review status. The number of submissions which contribute to this review status is shown in parentheses.
No data submitted for somatic clinical impact
No data submitted for oncogenicity
Variant Details
- Identifiers
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NM_003002.4(SDHD):c.149A>G (p.His50Arg)
Variation ID: 6909 Accession: VCV000006909.59
- Type and length
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single nucleotide variant, 1 bp
- Location
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Cytogenetic: 11q23.1 11: 112087953 (GRCh38) [ NCBI UCSC ] 11: 111958677 (GRCh37) [ NCBI UCSC ]
- Timeline in ClinVar
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First in ClinVar Help The date this variant first appeared in ClinVar with each type of classification.
Last submission Help The date of the most recent submission for each type of classification for this variant.
Last evaluated Help The most recent date that a submitter evaluated this variant for each type of classification.
Germline Apr 12, 2013 Apr 15, 2024 Mar 1, 2024 - HGVS
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Nucleotide Protein Molecular
consequenceNM_003002.4:c.149A>G MANE Select Help Transcripts from the Matched Annotation from the NCBI and EMBL-EBI (MANE) collaboration.
NP_002993.1:p.His50Arg missense NM_001276503.2:c.149A>G NP_001263432.1:p.His50Arg missense NM_001276504.2:c.53-914A>G intron variant NM_001276506.2:c.149A>G NP_001263435.1:p.His50Arg missense NR_077060.2:n.184A>G non-coding transcript variant NC_000011.10:g.112087953A>G NC_000011.9:g.111958677A>G NG_012337.3:g.6107A>G NG_033145.1:g.3846T>C LRG_9:g.6107A>G LRG_9t1:c.149A>G LRG_9p1:p.His50Arg O14521:p.His50Arg - Protein change
- H50R
- Other names
- SDHD, HIS50ARG (rs11214077)
- Canonical SPDI
- NC_000011.10:112087952:A:G
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Functional
consequence HelpThe effect of the variant on RNA or protein function, based on experimental evidence from submitters.
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Global minor allele
frequency (GMAF) HelpThe global minor allele frequency calculated by the 1000 Genomes Project. The minor allele at this location is indicated in parentheses and may be different from the allele represented by this VCV record.
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0.00659 (G)
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Allele frequency
Help
The frequency of the allele represented by this VCV record.
The Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) 0.00679
1000 Genomes Project 0.00659
The Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), exomes 0.00661
Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) 0.00776
Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) 0.00652
1000 Genomes Project 30x 0.00734
Genes
Gene | OMIM | ClinGen Gene Dosage Sensitivity Curation |
Variation Viewer
Help
Links to Variation Viewer, a genome browser to view variation data from NCBI databases. |
Related variants | ||
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HI score
Help
The haploinsufficiency score for the gene, curated by ClinGen’s Dosage Sensitivity Curation task team. |
TS score
Help
The triplosensitivity score for the gene, curated by ClinGen’s Dosage Sensitivity Curation task team. |
Within gene
Help
The number of variants in ClinVar that are contained within this gene, with a link to view the list of variants. |
All
Help
The number of variants in ClinVar for this gene, including smaller variants within the gene and larger CNVs that overlap or fully contain the gene. |
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SDHD | Sufficient evidence for dosage pathogenicity | No evidence available |
GRCh38 GRCh37 |
642 | 778 |
Conditions - Germline
Condition
Help
The condition for this variant-condition (RCV) record in ClinVar. |
Classification
Help
The aggregate germline classification for this variant-condition (RCV) record in ClinVar. The number of submissions that contribute to this aggregate classification is shown in parentheses. (# of submissions) |
Review status
Help
The aggregate review status for this variant-condition (RCV) record in ClinVar. This value is calculated by NCBI based on data from submitters. Read our rules for calculating the review status. |
Last evaluated
Help
The most recent date that a submitter evaluated this variant for the condition. |
Variation/condition record
Help
The RCV accession number, with most recent version number, for the variant-condition record, with a link to the RCV web page. |
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Uncertain significance (1) |
no assertion criteria provided
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Aug 1, 2008 | RCV000007318.17 | |
Likely benign (1) |
criteria provided, single submitter
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Jun 14, 2016 | RCV000023207.20 | |
Benign/Likely benign (8) |
criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
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Mar 1, 2024 | RCV000034696.36 | |
Benign/Likely benign (6) |
criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
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Aug 15, 2023 | RCV000122007.30 | |
Benign (2) |
criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
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Aug 18, 2020 | RCV000129149.11 | |
Benign (2) |
criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
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Oct 19, 2022 | RCV000238643.11 | |
Likely benign (1) |
criteria provided, single submitter
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May 28, 2019 | RCV000988743.9 | |
Benign (1) |
criteria provided, single submitter
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Feb 1, 2024 | RCV002228009.13 | |
Benign (1) |
criteria provided, single submitter
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Jun 19, 2019 | RCV003924810.1 |
Submissions - Germline
Classification
Help
The submitted germline classification for each SCV record. (Last evaluated) |
Review status
Help
Stars represent the review status, or the level of review supporting the submitted (SCV) record. This value is calculated by NCBI based on data from the submitter. Read our rules for calculating the review status. This column also includes a link to the submitter’s assertion criteria if provided, and the collection method. (Assertion criteria) |
Condition
Help
The condition for the classification, provided by the submitter for this submitted (SCV) record. This column also includes the affected status and allele origin of individuals observed with this variant. |
Submitter
Help
The submitting organization for this submitted (SCV) record. This column also includes the SCV accession and version number, the date this SCV first appeared in ClinVar, and the date that this SCV was last updated in ClinVar. |
More information
Help
This column includes more information supporting the classification, including citations, the comment on classification, and detailed evidence provided as observations of the variant by the submitter. |
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Likely benign
(Jun 14, 2016)
|
criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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Hereditary Paraganglioma-Pheochromocytoma Syndrome
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
germline
|
Illumina Laboratory Services, Illumina
Accession: SCV000367346.2
First in ClinVar: Dec 06, 2016 Last updated: Dec 06, 2016 |
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Likely benign
(Dec 22, 2016)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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not specified
Affected status: no
Allele origin:
germline
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Genetic Services Laboratory, University of Chicago
Accession: SCV000597000.1
First in ClinVar: Aug 27, 2017 Last updated: Aug 27, 2017 |
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Likely benign
(Oct 04, 2017)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
|
not provided
Affected status: not provided
Allele origin:
germline
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Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics
Accession: SCV000609650.1
First in ClinVar: Apr 12, 2013 Last updated: Apr 12, 2013 |
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Likely benign
(Aug 31, 2016)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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not provided
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
germline
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Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp
Accession: SCV000698139.1
First in ClinVar: Apr 12, 2013 Last updated: Apr 12, 2013 |
Comment:
Variant summary: The SDHD c.149A>G (p.His50Arg) variant involves the alteration of a conserved nucleotide. 3/4 in silico tools predict a damaging outcome for this variant … (more)
Variant summary: The SDHD c.149A>G (p.His50Arg) variant involves the alteration of a conserved nucleotide. 3/4 in silico tools predict a damaging outcome for this variant (SNPs&GO not captured due to low reliability index). In vitro studies provided conflicting results in affecting cell growth, PTEN function, P-Akt and P-MAPK levels. This variant has been reported in numerous patients with various cancer phenotypes or atherosclerosis phenotypes without co-segregation evidence. This variant was found in 827/123658 control chromosomes (6 homozygotes) at a frequency of 0.0066878, which is approximately 4280 times the estimated maximal expected allele frequency of a pathogenic SDHD variant (0.0000016), suggesting this variant is likely a benign polymorphism. In addition, multiple clinical diagnostic laboratories/reputable databases classified this variant as benign. In summary, this variant is unlikely to be pathogenic in Mendelian inheritance, however, the possibility of it being a disease modifier can not be ruled out. Therefore, this variant is classified as likely benign. (less)
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Benign
(Nov 09, 2016)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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not specified
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
germline
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Eurofins Ntd Llc (ga)
Accession: SCV000703621.2
First in ClinVar: Dec 19, 2017 Last updated: May 03, 2018 |
Number of individuals with the variant: 1
Sex: mixed
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Likely benign
(May 28, 2019)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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Carney-Stratakis syndrome
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
unknown
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Mendelics
Accession: SCV001138593.1
First in ClinVar: Jan 10, 2020 Last updated: Jan 10, 2020 |
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Benign
(Aug 18, 2020)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: curation
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Hereditary cancer-predisposing syndrome
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
germline
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Sema4, Sema4
Accession: SCV002527118.1
First in ClinVar: Jun 24, 2022 Last updated: Jun 24, 2022 |
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Benign
(Jun 29, 2014)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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Hereditary cancer-predisposing syndrome
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
germline
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Ambry Genetics
Accession: SCV000183872.8
First in ClinVar: Aug 06, 2014 Last updated: Nov 29, 2022 |
Comment:
This alteration is classified as benign based on a combination of the following: population frequency, intact protein function, lack of segregation with disease, co-occurrence, RNA … (more)
This alteration is classified as benign based on a combination of the following: population frequency, intact protein function, lack of segregation with disease, co-occurrence, RNA analysis, in silico models, amino acid conservation, lack of disease association in case-control studies, and/or the mechanism of disease or impacted region is inconsistent with a known cause of pathogenicity. (less)
Number of individuals with the variant: 1
|
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Benign
(Dec 03, 2015)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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Paragangliomas 1
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
unknown
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Genomic Diagnostic Laboratory, Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Accession: SCV000297095.3
First in ClinVar: Jul 31, 2016 Last updated: Dec 24, 2022 |
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Benign
(Mar 21, 2019)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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Not Provided
Affected status: yes
Allele origin:
germline
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GeneDx
Accession: SCV000514602.6
First in ClinVar: Mar 08, 2017 Last updated: Mar 04, 2023 |
Comment:
This variant is associated with the following publications: (PMID: 24728327, 23175444, 12386824, 25695889, 29386252, 22703879, 20981092, 14557476, 25694510, 21979946, 18678321, 12696072, 12007193, 25149476, 25376524, 28128698, … (more)
This variant is associated with the following publications: (PMID: 24728327, 23175444, 12386824, 25695889, 29386252, 22703879, 20981092, 14557476, 25694510, 21979946, 18678321, 12696072, 12007193, 25149476, 25376524, 28128698, 27279923, 28164237, 17576205) (less)
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Likely benign
(Aug 15, 2023)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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not specified
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
germline
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Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital
Accession: SCV004027251.1
First in ClinVar: Aug 19, 2023 Last updated: Aug 19, 2023 |
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Benign
(Oct 19, 2022)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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Paragangliomas 1
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
germline
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Color Diagnostics, LLC DBA Color Health
Accession: SCV004362300.1
First in ClinVar: Feb 14, 2024 Last updated: Feb 14, 2024 |
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Likely benign
(Mar 01, 2024)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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not provided
Affected status: yes
Allele origin:
germline
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CeGaT Center for Human Genetics Tuebingen
Accession: SCV000574910.26
First in ClinVar: Apr 12, 2013 Last updated: Apr 15, 2024 |
Comment:
SDHD: PM5, BS1, BS2
Number of individuals with the variant: 58
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Benign
(Jan 29, 2019)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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not specified
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
germline
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ARUP Laboratories, Molecular Genetics and Genomics, ARUP Laboratories
Accession: SCV000605087.3
First in ClinVar: Aug 27, 2017 Last updated: Feb 10, 2020 |
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Benign
(Jan 16, 2023)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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not provided
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
unknown
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Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute San Juan Capistrano
Accession: SCV000888623.4
First in ClinVar: Feb 17, 2019 Last updated: Jan 06, 2024 |
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Benign
(Feb 01, 2024)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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Carney-Stratakis syndrome
Paragangliomas with sensorineural hearing loss Pheochromocytoma Cowden syndrome 3
Explanation for multiple conditions: Uncertain.
The variant was classified for several related diseases, possibly a spectrum of disease; the variant may be associated with one or more the diseases.
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
germline
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Invitae
Accession: SCV000261942.11
First in ClinVar: Jan 31, 2016 Last updated: Feb 28, 2024 |
|
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Benign
(Jun 19, 2019)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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SDHD-related condition
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
germline
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PreventionGenetics, part of Exact Sciences
Accession: SCV004743484.1
First in ClinVar: Mar 16, 2024 Last updated: Mar 16, 2024 |
Comment:
This variant is classified as benign based on ACMG/AMP sequence variant interpretation guidelines (Richards et al. 2015 PMID: 25741868, with internal and published modifications).
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variant of unknown significance
(Jul 13, 2012)
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no assertion criteria provided
Method: research
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not provided
Affected status: no
Allele origin:
germline
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Biesecker Lab/Clinical Genomics Section, National Institutes of Health
Study: ClinSeq
Accession: SCV000043498.1 First in ClinVar: Apr 12, 2013 Last updated: Apr 12, 2013 |
Comment:
Converted during submission to Uncertain significance.
Number of individuals with the variant: 4
Comment on evidence:
The study set was not selected for affection status in relation to any cancer. Pathogenicity categories were based on literature curation. See Pubmed ID:22703879 for … (more)
The study set was not selected for affection status in relation to any cancer. Pathogenicity categories were based on literature curation. See Pubmed ID:22703879 for details. (less)
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Uncertain significance
(Aug 01, 2008)
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no assertion criteria provided
Method: literature only
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RECLASSIFIED - VARIANT OF UNKNOWN SIGNIFICANCE
Affected status: not provided
Allele origin:
unknown
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OMIM
Accession: SCV000027515.7
First in ClinVar: Apr 04, 2013 Last updated: Jan 10, 2020 |
Comment on evidence:
This variant, formerly titled CARCINOID TUMORS, INTESTINAL, with the Included titles of Pheochromocytoma and Merkel Cell Carcinoma, Somatic, has been reclassified based on a review … (more)
This variant, formerly titled CARCINOID TUMORS, INTESTINAL, with the Included titles of Pheochromocytoma and Merkel Cell Carcinoma, Somatic, has been reclassified based on a review of the ExAC database by Hamosh (2018): the H50R mutation was present in 791 of 121,406 alleles and in 6 homozygotes, with an allele frequency of 0.006515 (July 11, 2018). Cascon et al. (2002) identified the H50R substitution in 4 (1.4%) of 280 control chromosomes, suggesting it is a polymorphism. Carcinoid Tumors and Merkel Cell Carinoma In a patient with midgut carcinoid (see 114900), Kytola et al. (2002) observed a 149A-G transition in exon 2 of the SDHD gene, resulting in a his50-to-arg (H50R) mutation. They also identified the H50R mutation in a Merkel cell carcinoma. The mutation was found to be present constitutionally in the patient with midgut carcinoid; no normal DNA was available from the patient with Merkel cell carcinoma to determine whether the variant was present in the germline. Pheochromocytoma Perren et al. (2002) identified a heterozygous H50R substitution in the SDHD in a patient with a paraadrenal pheochromocytoma (see 171300), There was no family history of the disorder, and the mutation was not identified in 93 controls. Cowden Syndrome Ni et al. (2008) identified a heterozygous H50R substitution in 2 unrelated patients with a Cowden-like phenotype (see 158350). This mutation was not identified in 700 control subjects. Expression studies showed that this mutation resulted in increased manganese superoxide dismutase activity, increased reactive oxygen species, a 2.0-fold increase in AKT expression and a 1.7-fold in MAPK expression. One subject was a 56-year-old woman; the other subject a 55-year-old man. The woman had breast cancer and thyroid cancer, and the man had thyroid cancer. Both had a family history of breast cancer, and the male had a family history of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Bayley (2011) commented that the findings of Ni et al. (2008) require independent confirmation, and suggested that functional studies of the SDH variants are essential before recommendations can be made for appropriate genetic counseling. (less)
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Benign
(-)
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no assertion criteria provided
Method: clinical testing
|
not specified
Affected status: yes
Allele origin:
germline
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Genome Diagnostics Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center
Study: VKGL Data-share Consensus
Accession: SCV001808158.1 First in ClinVar: Aug 25, 2021 Last updated: Aug 25, 2021 |
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Likely benign
(-)
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no assertion criteria provided
Method: clinical testing
|
not provided
Affected status: yes
Allele origin:
germline
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Clinical Genetics DNA and cytogenetics Diagnostics Lab, Erasmus MC, Erasmus Medical Center
Additional submitter:
Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen
Study: VKGL Data-share Consensus
Accession: SCV001965194.1 First in ClinVar: Oct 07, 2021 Last updated: Oct 07, 2021 |
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Likely benign
(-)
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no assertion criteria provided
Method: clinical testing
|
not provided
Affected status: yes
Allele origin:
germline
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Joint Genome Diagnostic Labs from Nijmegen and Maastricht, Radboudumc and MUMC+
Additional submitter:
Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen
Study: VKGL Data-share Consensus
Accession: SCV001951418.1 First in ClinVar: Oct 02, 2021 Last updated: Oct 02, 2021 |
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not provided
(Sep 19, 2013)
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no classification provided
Method: reference population
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AllHighlyPenetrant
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
germline
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ITMI
Accession: SCV000086218.1
First in ClinVar: Jun 09, 2014 Last updated: Jun 09, 2014 |
Observation 1:
Ethnicity/Population group: Whole_cohort
Observation 2:
Ethnicity/Population group: African
Observation 3:
Ethnicity/Population group: African_European
Observation 4:
Ethnicity/Population group: Central_Asian
Observation 5:
Ethnicity/Population group: East_Asian
Observation 6:
Ethnicity/Population group: European
Observation 7:
Ethnicity/Population group: Hispanic
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Germline Functional Evidence
There is no functional evidence in ClinVar for this variation. If you have generated functional data for this variation, please consider submitting that data to ClinVar. |
Citations for germline classification of this variant
HelpTitle | Author | Journal | Year | Link |
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Succinate dehydrogenase and MYC-associated factor X mutations in pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. | Loughrey PB | Endocrine-related cancer | 2022 | PMID: 35938916 |
Looking at Thyroid Cancer from the Tumor-Suppressor Genes Point of View. | Rajabi S | Cancers | 2022 | PMID: 35626065 |
Quantifying evidence toward pathogenicity for rare phenotypes: The case of succinate dehydrogenase genes, SDHB and SDHD. | Garrett A | Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics | 2022 | PMID: 34906457 |
65 YEARS OF THE DOUBLE HELIX: One gene, many endocrine and metabolic syndromes: PTEN-opathies and precision medicine. | Yehia L | Endocrine-related cancer | 2018 | PMID: 29792313 |
Tumour risks and genotype-phenotype correlations associated with germline variants in succinate dehydrogenase subunit genes SDHB, SDHC and SDHD. | Andrews KA | Journal of medical genetics | 2018 | PMID: 29386252 |
Cowden syndrome-associated germline succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit D (SDHD) variants cause PTEN-mediated down-regulation of autophagy in thyroid cancer cells. | Yu W | Human molecular genetics | 2017 | PMID: 28164237 |
Leptomeningeal dissemination of a low-grade lumbar paraganglioma: case report. | Thomson N | Journal of neurosurgery. Spine | 2017 | PMID: 28128698 |
Identification of eight novel SDHB, SDHC, SDHD germline variants in Danish pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma patients. | Bennedbæk M | Hereditary cancer in clinical practice | 2016 | PMID: 27279923 |
Pituitary adenoma with paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma (3PAs) and succinate dehydrogenase defects in humans and mice. | Xekouki P | The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism | 2015 | PMID: 25695889 |
Germline and somatic SDHx alterations in apparently sporadic differentiated thyroid cancer. | Ni Y | Endocrine-related cancer | 2015 | PMID: 25694510 |
Cowden syndrome-associated germline SDHD variants alter PTEN nuclear translocation through SRC-induced PTEN oxidation. | Yu W | Human molecular genetics | 2015 | PMID: 25149476 |
Germline variation in cancer-susceptibility genes in a healthy, ancestrally diverse cohort: implications for individual genome sequencing. | Bodian DL | PloS one | 2014 | PMID: 24728327 |
Yeast model for evaluating the pathogenic significance of SDHB, SDHC and SDHD mutations in PHEO-PGL syndrome. | Panizza E | Human molecular genetics | 2013 | PMID: 23175444 |
Secondary variants in individuals undergoing exome sequencing: screening of 572 individuals identifies high-penetrance mutations in cancer-susceptibility genes. | Johnston JJ | American journal of human genetics | 2012 | PMID: 22703879 |
Germline SDHx variants modify breast and thyroid cancer risks in Cowden and Cowden-like syndrome via FAD/NAD-dependant destabilization of p53. | Ni Y | Human molecular genetics | 2012 | PMID: 21979946 |
Succinate dehydrogenase gene variants and their role in Cowden syndrome. | Bayley JP | American journal of human genetics | 2011 | PMID: 21565294 |
Germline mutations and variants in the succinate dehydrogenase genes in Cowden and Cowden-like syndromes. | Ni Y | American journal of human genetics | 2008 | PMID: 18678321 |
Succinate dehydrogenase D variants do not constitute a risk factor for developing C cell hyperplasia or sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. | Cascon A | The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism | 2005 | PMID: 15623805 |
G12S and H50R variations are polymorphisms in the SDHD gene. | Cascón A | Genes, chromosomes & cancer | 2003 | PMID: 12696072 |
Absence of somatic SDHD mutations in sporadic neuroendocrine tumors and detection of two germline variants in paraganglioma patients. | Perren A | Oncogene | 2002 | PMID: 12386824 |
Identification of novel SDHD mutations in patients with phaeochromocytoma and/or paraganglioma. | Cascon A | European journal of human genetics : EJHG | 2002 | PMID: 12111639 |
Alterations of the SDHD gene locus in midgut carcinoids, Merkel cell carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, and abdominal paragangliomas. | Kytölä S | Genes, chromosomes & cancer | 2002 | PMID: 12007193 |
Hamosh, A. Personal Communication. 2018. Baltimore, Md. | - | - | - | - |
http://www.egl-eurofins.com/emvclass/emvclass.php?approved_symbol=SDHD | - | - | - | - |
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Text-mined citations for rs11214077 ...
HelpRecord last updated Apr 20, 2024
This date represents the last time this VCV record was updated. The update may be due to an update to one of the included submitted records (SCVs), or due to an update that ClinVar made to the variant such as adding HGVS expressions or a rs number. So this date may be different from the date of the “most recent submission” reported at the top of this page.