U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

DDT D-dopachrome tautomerase [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 1652, updated on 2-Nov-2024

Summary

Go to the top of the page Help
Official Symbol
DDTprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name
D-dopachrome tautomeraseprovided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:2732
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000099977 MIM:602750; AllianceGenome:HGNC:2732
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
D-DT; DDCT; MIF2; MIF-2
Summary
D-dopachrome tautomerase converts D-dopachrome into 5,6-dihydroxyindole. The DDT gene is related to the migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in terms of sequence, enzyme activity, and gene structure. DDT and MIF are closely linked on chromosome 22. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Expression
Broad expression in liver (RPKM 108.4), kidney (RPKM 65.2) and 23 other tissues See more
Orthologs
mouse all
NEW
Try the new Gene table
Try the new Transcript table

Genomic context

Go to the top of the page Help
See DDT in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
22q11.23
Exon count:
6
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 22 NC_000022.11 (23971370..23980504, complement)
RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 22 NC_060946.1 (24378787..24387911, complement)
RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 22 NC_000022.10 (24313559..24322695, complement)

Chromosome 22 - NC_000022.11Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene glutathione S-transferase theta-4-like Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:24293845-24294536 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:24294537-24295228 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:24297463-24298070 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:24298071-24298678 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:24298679-24299286 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:24301603-24302268 Neighboring gene glutathione S-transferase theta 2B Neighboring gene D-dopachrome tautomerase like Neighboring gene glutathione S-transferase theta 2 (gene/pseudogene) Neighboring gene glutathione S-transferase theta 4 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105372959

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

Go to the top of the page Help

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

Go to the top of the page Help
  • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
  • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
  • BioProject: PRJEB4337
  • Publication: PMID 24309898
  • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

Go to the top of the pageHelp

Related articles in PubMed

  1. Genetic Variant rs755622 Regulates Expression of the Multiple Sclerosis Severity Modifier D-Dopachrome Tautomerase in a Sex-Specific Way. Han Z, et al. Biomed Res Int, 2018. PMID 30140701, Free PMC Article
  2. D-dopachrome tautomerase promotes IL-6 expression and inhibits adipogenesis in preadipocytes. Ishimoto K, et al. Cytokine, 2012 Dec. PMID 22951300
  3. D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT or MIF-2): doubling the MIF cytokine family. Merk M, et al. Cytokine, 2012 Jul. PMID 22507380, Free PMC Article
  4. The action of D-dopachrome tautomerase as an adipokine in adipocyte lipid metabolism. Iwata T, et al. PLoS One, 2012. PMID 22428043, Free PMC Article
  5. The AMPK/mTOR pathway is involved in D-dopachrome tautomerase gene transcription in adipocytes differentiated from SGBS cells, a human preadipocyte cell line. Iwata T, et al. Cytokine, 2017 Aug. PMID 28445821

See all (56) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. D-dopachrome tautomerase in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases-A new kid on the block or just another MIF?
    Title: D-dopachrome tautomerase in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases-A new kid on the block or just another MIF?
  2. D-dopachrome tautomerase contributes to lung epithelial repair via atypical chemokine receptor 3-dependent Akt signaling.
    Title: D-dopachrome tautomerase contributes to lung epithelial repair via atypical chemokine receptor 3-dependent Akt signaling.
  3. A structurally preserved allosteric site in the MIF superfamily affects enzymatic activity and CD74 activation in D-dopachrome tautomerase.
    Title: A structurally preserved allosteric site in the MIF superfamily affects enzymatic activity and CD74 activation in D-dopachrome tautomerase.
  4. Knockdown of D-dopachrome Tautomerase Inhibits Cell Proliferation in Human HepG2 Cell Line.
    Title: Knockdown of D-dopachrome Tautomerase Inhibits Cell Proliferation in Human HepG2 Cell Line.
  5. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and Its Homologue d-Dopachrome Tautomerase (DDT) Inversely Correlate with Inflammation in Discoid Lupus Erythematosus.
    Title: Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and Its Homologue d-Dopachrome Tautomerase (DDT) Inversely Correlate with Inflammation in Discoid Lupus Erythematosus.
  6. Genetic regulation of gene expression of MIF family members in lung tissue.
    Title: Genetic regulation of gene expression of MIF family members in lung tissue.
  7. Cardiomyocyte d-dopachrome tautomerase protects against heart failure.
    Title: Cardiomyocyte d-dopachrome tautomerase protects against heart failure.
  8. results show that the minor allele frequency of rs755622 and expression of DDT are significantly increased in males for MS subjects and this minor allele variant can significantly upregulate DDT expression for males but not females, which suggests that the regulation of DDT expression level by rs755622 can affect MS progression in males.
    Title: Genetic Variant rs755622 Regulates Expression of the Multiple Sclerosis Severity Modifier D-Dopachrome Tautomerase in a Sex-Specific Way.
  9. D-dopachrome tautomerase transcription may be regulated in a cell-dependent manner, and was enhanced by AMPK activation in SGBS adipocytes through inhibiting the mTOR signaling
    Title: The AMPK/mTOR pathway is involved in D-dopachrome tautomerase gene transcription in adipocytes differentiated from SGBS cells, a human preadipocyte cell line.
  10. The knockdown of D-DT and MIF, individually and additively, inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion in HeLa and SiHa cells and restrained the growth of xenograft tumor.
    Title: Combined Knockdown of D-dopachrome Tautomerase and Migration Inhibitory Factor Inhibits the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion in Human Cervical Cancer.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (26)

Phenotypes

Go to the top of the page Help

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Variation

Go to the top of the page Help

See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Genotypes

Interactions

Go to the top of the page Help
Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

Go to the top of the page Help

Markers

Homology

Clone Names

  • FLJ78842

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables D-dopachrome decarboxylase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables D-dopachrome decarboxylase activity IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
enables cytokine receptor binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables dopachrome isomerase activity TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
enables phenylpyruvate tautomerase activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables phenylpyruvate tautomerase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in melanin biosynthetic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of macrophage chemotaxis IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade IGI
Inferred from Genetic Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of inflammatory response IC
Inferred by Curator
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in cytoplasm TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
located_in extracellular exosome HDA PubMed 
is_active_in extracellular space IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in extracellular space IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 

General protein information

Go to the top of the page Help
Preferred Names
D-dopachrome decarboxylase
Names
phenylpyruvate tautomerase II
NP_001077861.1
NP_001346.1
NP_001368781.1
NP_001384414.1

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

Go to the top of the page Help

NEW Try the new Transcript table

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001084392.3 → NP_001077861.1  D-dopachrome decarboxylase isoform a

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001077861.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR compared to variant 1. Variants 1 and 2 both encode the same isoform (a).
    Source sequence(s)
    AC253536
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS13820.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    B7Z522, O00774, O60787, P30046, Q13534
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    J3KQ18, Q53Y51
    Related
    ENSP00000381386.4, ENST00000398344.9
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam01187
    Location:2 → 116
    MIF; Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)

  2. NM_001355.4 → NP_001346.1  D-dopachrome decarboxylase isoform a

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001346.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript. Variants 1 and 2 both encode the same isoform (a).
    Source sequence(s)
    AP000351, CA414359, U49785
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS13820.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    B7Z522, O00774, O60787, P30046, Q13534
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    J3KQ18, Q53Y51
    Related
    ENSP00000215773.4, ENST00000350608.7
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam01187
    Location:2 → 116
    MIF; Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)

  3. NM_001381852.2 → NP_001368781.1  D-dopachrome decarboxylase isoform b

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (3) encodes the longer isoform (b).
    Source sequence(s)
    AC253536
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS93131.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B5MC82, B5MCS6
    Related
    ENSP00000384866.3, ENST00000403754.7
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cl00235
    Location:2 → 100
    4Oxalocrotonate_Tautomerase; 4-Oxalocrotonate Tautomerase: Catalyzes the isomerization of unsaturated ketones. The structure is a homohexamer that is arranged as a trimer of dimers. The hexamer contains six active sites, each formed by residues from three monomers, two from one ...

  4. NM_001397485.1 → NP_001384414.1  D-dopachrome decarboxylase isoform a

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC253536
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS13820.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    B7Z522, O00774, O60787, P30046, Q13534
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q53Y51
    Related
    ENSP00000515591.1, ENST00000703965.1
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam01187
    Location:2 → 116
    MIF; Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000022.11 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    23971370..23980504 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Reference GRCh38.p14 ALT_REF_LOCI_1

Genomic

  1. NT_187633.1 Reference GRCh38.p14 ALT_REF_LOCI_1

    Range
    207734..216870 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060946.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    24378787..24387911 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
P30046.3 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P30046

Gene LinkOut

The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

Chemical Information
Molecular Biology Databases
Research Materials
Tools