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A2m alpha-2-macroglobulin [ Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) ]

Gene ID: 24153, updated on 28-Oct-2024

Summary

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Symbol
A2mprovided by RGD
Full Name
alpha-2-macroglobulinprovided by RGD
Primary source
RGD:2004
See related
EnsemblRapid:ENSRNOG00000028896 AllianceGenome:RGD:2004
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
PROVISIONAL
Organism
Rattus norvegicus
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Rattus
Also known as
Mam; A2m1; A2mb; A2maa; A2MAC1
Summary
Enables endopeptidase inhibitor activity; identical protein binding activity; and neurotrophin binding activity. Involved in several processes, including acute inflammatory response; embryonic liver development; and luteinization. Located in extracellular space. Used to study hemolytic anemia and toxic shock syndrome. Biomarker of several diseases, including liver disease (multiple); membranous glomerulonephritis; osteonecrosis; peritonitis; and trypanosomiasis. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in COVID-19; background diabetic retinopathy; multiple sclerosis; neurodegenerative disease (multiple); and obstructive lung disease. Orthologous to human A2M (alpha-2-macroglobulin). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Oct 2024]
Expression
Biased expression in Liver (RPKM 371.9), Uterus (RPKM 135.2) and 3 other tissues See more
Orthologs
human all
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Genomic context

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See A2m in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
4q42
Exon count:
36
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2024_02 current GRCr8 (GCF_036323735.1) 4 NC_086022.1 (156570163..156619870)
RS_2023_06 previous assembly mRatBN7.2 (GCF_015227675.2) 4 NC_051339.1 (154897770..154947787)
106 previous assembly Rnor_6.0 (GCF_000001895.5) 4 NC_005103.4 (154309426..154359138)

Chromosome 4 - NC_086022.1Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 epsilon 1, pseudogene 2 Neighboring gene voltage-dependent anion channel 2, pseudogene 4 Neighboring gene thymosin beta-10 pseudogene Neighboring gene murinoglobulin 1 like 1 Neighboring gene salvador family WW domain containing protein 1, pseudogene 1

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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  • Project title: A rat RNA-Seq transcriptomic BodyMap across 11 organs and 4 developmental stages A rat RNA-Seq transcriptomic BodyMap across 11 organs and 4 developmental stages
  • Description: 320 RNA samples isolated from 11 organs (adrenal gland, brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, spleen, thymus, and testes or uterus) from both sexes of Fischer 344 rats across four developmental stages (2-, 6-, 21-, and 104-weeks-old)
  • BioProject: PRJNA238328
  • Publication: PMID 24510058
  • Analysis date: Mon Jun 6 17:44:12 2016

Bibliography

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Related articles in PubMed

  1. Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum alters acute-phase response induced by lipopolysaccharide. Are C, et al. Surg Endosc, 2002 Oct. PMID 12042906
  2. Alpha 2 macroglobulin activity in rats infected with Typanosoma lewisi and treated with cyclophosphamide and its effect on the malignancy of the disease. Budovsky A, et al. J Vector Borne Dis, 2007 Jun. PMID 17722867
  3. Alpha-2-macroglobulin and albumin are useful serum proteins to detect subclinical peritonitis in the rat. van Westrhenen R, et al. Perit Dial Int, 2006 Jan-Feb. PMID 16538883
  4. Fever and acute phase reactants in the rat. van Vugt H, et al. Br J Exp Pathol, 1988 Aug. PMID 2460123, Free PMC Article
  5. alpha(2)-Macroglobulin: a novel cytochemical marker characterizing preneoplastic and neoplastic rat liver lesions negative for hitherto established cytochemical markers. Sukata T, et al. Am J Pathol, 2004 Nov. PMID 15509519, Free PMC Article

See all (86) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. Alpha-2-macroglobulin is involved in the occurrence of early-onset pre-eclampsia via its negative impact on uterine spiral artery remodeling and placental angiogenesis.
    Title: Alpha-2-macroglobulin is involved in the occurrence of early-onset pre-eclampsia via its negative impact on uterine spiral artery remodeling and placental angiogenesis.
  2. Gastric contents-induced acute lung injury elicits a liver acute phase response characterized by increased mRNA expression of alpha 2 macroglobulin and alpha1-antitrypsin.
    Title: Acute lung injury induced by whole gastric fluid: hepatic acute phase response contributes to increase lung antiprotease protection.
  3. elevated serum level correlated to glucocorticoid treatment and may represent a form of reparative response to glucocorticoid-associated damage of bone
    Title: Substrain-specific differences in bone parameters, alpha-2-macroglobulin circulating levels, and osteonecrosis incidence in a rat model.
  4. Differentiation of protein species of alpha-2u-globulin according to database entries
    Title: Differentiation of protein species of alpha-2u-globulin according to database entries: A half-theoretical approach.
  5. Peak serum levels of alpha(2)-macroglobulin and alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein injected at 0.05 mL/rat were significantly lower than those at 0.2 or 0.4 mL/rat. No significant differences were observed for peak serum levels at 0.2 and 0.4 mL/rat.
    Title: Relationship between production of acute-phase proteins and strength of inflammatory stimulation in rats.
  6. alpha(2)M induces protein factors whose interplay underlies radioprotection
    Title: Administration of rat acute-phase protein α(2)-macroglobulin before total-body irradiation initiates cytoprotective mechanisms in the liver.
  7. alpha2-macroglobulin is neurotoxic by inhibiting neuroprotective activity of nerve growth factor via TrkA receptors.
    Title: During glaucoma, alpha2-macroglobulin accumulates in aqueous humor and binds to nerve growth factor, neutralizing neuroprotection.
  8. Role of cardiac isoform of alpha-2 macroglobulin in diabetic myocardium.
    Title: Role of cardiac isoform of alpha-2 macroglobulin in diabetic myocardium.
  9. Alpha2-macroglobulin is a mediator of retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma
    Title: Alpha2-macroglobulin is a mediator of retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma.
  10. involvement of STAT5b in alpha(2)-macroglobulin gene expression during development
    Title: Nuclear localization and binding affinity of STAT5b for the alpha(2)-macroglobulin gene promoter during rat liver development and the acute-phase response.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (18)

Pathways from PubChem

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Interactions

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Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

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Markers

Homology

Clone Names

  • MGC114358

Gene Ontology Provided by RGD

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables brain-derived neurotrophic factor binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables calcium-dependent protein binding ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
enables endopeptidase inhibitor activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables endopeptidase inhibitor activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables endopeptidase inhibitor activity ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
enables enzyme binding ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
enables growth factor binding ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
enables identical protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables interleukin-1 binding ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
enables interleukin-8 binding ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
enables nerve growth factor binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables protease binding IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables protease binding ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
enables serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
enables signaling receptor binding ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
enables tumor necrosis factor binding ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus IEP
Inferred from Expression Pattern
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in acute-phase response IEP
Inferred from Expression Pattern
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in embryonic liver development IEP
Inferred from Expression Pattern
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in luteinization IEP
Inferred from Expression Pattern
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of endopeptidase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of peptidase activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in response to carbon dioxide IEP
Inferred from Expression Pattern
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in response to glucocorticoid IEP
Inferred from Expression Pattern
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in response to nutrient IEP
Inferred from Expression Pattern
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in response to prostaglandin E IEP
Inferred from Expression Pattern
more info
 PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within stem cell differentiation ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
is_active_in extracellular space IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in extracellular space IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in extracellular space IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
located_in extracellular space ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  

General protein information

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Preferred Names
alpha-2-macroglobulin
Names
alpha-2-M
alpha-2-macroglobulin-P

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_012488.2 → NP_036620.2  alpha-2-macroglobulin precursor

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_036620.2

    Status: PROVISIONAL

    Source sequence(s)
    BC098922
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P06238, Q4FZY3
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A6ILD0
    Related
    ENSRNOP00000019346.5, ENSRNOT00000019346.8
    Conserved Domains (6) summary
    cd02897
    Location:956 → 1262
    A2M_2; Proteins similar to alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha (2)-M). This group also contains the pregnancy zone protein (PZP). Alpha(2)-M and PZP are broadly specific proteinase inhibitors. Alpha (2)-M is a major carrier protein in serum. The structural thioester ...
    pfam00207
    Location:736 → 826
    A2M; Alpha-2-macroglobulin family
    pfam01835
    Location:132 → 224
    A2M_N; MG2 domain
    pfam07677
    Location:1374 → 1461
    A2M_recep; A-macroglobulin receptor
    pfam07678
    Location:1008 → 1263
    A2M_comp; A-macroglobulin complement component
    pfam07703
    Location:464 → 609
    A2M_N_2; Alpha-2-macroglobulin family N-terminal region

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_036323735.1-RS_2024_02

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCr8

Genomic

  1. NC_086022.1 Reference GRCr8

    Range
    156570163..156619870
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
Nucleotide Protein Strain
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
P06238.2 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P06238

Gene LinkOut

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