U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

GNG2 G protein subunit gamma 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 54331, updated on 2-Nov-2024

Summary

Go to the top of the page Help
Official Symbol
GNG2provided by HGNC
Official Full Name
G protein subunit gamma 2provided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:4404
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000186469 MIM:606981; AllianceGenome:HGNC:4404
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
HG3F1
Summary
This gene encodes one of the gamma subunits of a guanine nucleotide-binding protein. Such proteins are involved in signaling mechanisms across membranes. Various subunits forms heterodimers which then interact with the different signal molecules. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]
Expression
Broad expression in brain (RPKM 43.3), spleen (RPKM 22.6) and 23 other tissues See more
Orthologs
mouse all
NEW
Try the new Gene table
Try the new Transcript table

Genomic context

Go to the top of the page Help
See GNG2 in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
14q22.1
Exon count:
14
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 14 NC_000014.9 (51826174..51969795)
RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 14 NC_060938.1 (46033129..46176839)
RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 14 NC_000014.8 (52292892..52436513)

Chromosome 14 - NC_000014.9Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC101927598 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr14:52242760-52242929 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 8375 Neighboring gene olfactory receptor family 7 subfamily E member 106 pseudogene Neighboring gene olfactory receptor family 7 subfamily E member 159 pseudogene Neighboring gene Neanderthal introgressed variant-containing enhancer experimental_34233 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr14:52282721-52283222 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 8376 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 8377 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 8378 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 8379 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 8380 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 8381 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 5741 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr14:52326949-52327450 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 8383 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 5742 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 8384 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC102723604 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105370497 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 5932 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 8385 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr14:52480482-52481434 Neighboring gene RNA transcription, translation and transport factor Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 12958 Neighboring gene nidogen 2

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

Go to the top of the page Help

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

Go to the top of the page Help
  • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
  • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
  • BioProject: PRJEB4337
  • Publication: PMID 24309898
  • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

Go to the top of the pageHelp

Related articles in PubMed

  1. Functional analysis of GNG2 in human malignant melanoma cells. Yajima I, et al. J Dermatol Sci, 2012 Dec. PMID 23031273
  2. Gene structure and chromosome localization of the G gamma c subunit of human cone G-protein (GNGT2). Ong OC, et al. Genomics, 1997 Aug 15. PMID 9286705
  3. Topography of Gng2- and NetrinG2-expression suggests an insular origin of the human claustrum. Pirone A, et al. PLoS One, 2012. PMID 22957104, Free PMC Article
  4. Interference with KCNJ2 inhibits proliferation, migration and EMT progression of apillary thyroid carcinoma cells by upregulating GNG2 expression. Chen S, et al. Mol Med Rep, 2021 Sep. PMID 34212982, Free PMC Article
  5. Molecular basis of receptor/G protein coupling selectivity studied by coexpression of wild type and mutant m2 muscarinic receptors with mutant G alpha(q) subunits. Kostenis E, et al. Biochemistry, 1997 Feb 11. PMID 9063897

See all (97) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. Interference with KCNJ2 inhibits proliferation, migration and EMT progression of apillary thyroid carcinoma cells by upregulating GNG2 expression.
    Title: Interference with KCNJ2 inhibits proliferation, migration and EMT progression of apillary thyroid carcinoma cells by upregulating GNG2 expression.
  2. this paper shows that GNG2 gene polymorphism is associated with IgA nephropathy risk in Chinese Han population
    Title: 3'UTR variants of TNS3, PHLDB1, NTN4, and GNG2 genes are associated with IgA nephropathy risk in Chinese Han population.
  3. Low GNG2 expression is associated with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.
    Title: miR-30a-GNG2 and miR-15b-ACSS2 Interaction Pairs May Be Potentially Crucial for Development of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm by Influencing Inflammation.
  4. High GNG2 expression is associated with alcoholic hepatitis.
    Title: The role of the IL-8 signaling pathway in the infiltration of granulocytes into the livers of patients with alcoholic hepatitis.
  5. G-protein betagamma subunits are positive regulators of Kv7.4 and native vascular Kv7 channel activity.
    Title: G-protein βγ subunits are positive regulators of Kv7.4 and native vascular Kv7 channel activity.
  6. Alteration of gene expression profiling including GPR174 and GNG2 is associated with vasovagal syncope.
    Title: Alteration of gene expression profiling including GPR174 and GNG2 is associated with vasovagal syncope.
  7. Data indicate that endogenous mTOR interacts with Gbetagamma.
    Title: Gβγ interacts with mTOR and promotes its activation.
  8. increased protein expression level of GNG2 alone inhibits proliferation of malignant melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo
    Title: Functional analysis of GNG2 in human malignant melanoma cells.
  9. presence of Gng2 and Netrin-G2 immunoreactive elements in the insular cortex, but not in the putamen, suggests a possible common ontogeny of the claustrum and insula
    Title: Topography of Gng2- and NetrinG2-expression suggests an insular origin of the human claustrum.
  10. Gbetagamma inhibits Epac-induced Ca 2+ elevation in melanoma cells. Cross talk of Ca 2+ signaling between Gbetagamma & Epac plays a major role in melanoma cell migration.
    Title: Gβγ subunits inhibit Epac-induced melanoma cell migration.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (18)

Phenotypes

Go to the top of the page Help

Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

EBI GWAS Catalog

Description
A genome-wide gene-environment interaction analysis for tobacco smoke and lung cancer susceptibility.
EBI GWAS Catalog
Genome-wide association studies identify several new loci associated with pigmentation traits and skin cancer risk in European Americans.
EBI GWAS Catalog

Variation

Go to the top of the page Help

See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Genotypes

Pathways from PubChem

Go to the top of the page

Interactions

Go to the top of the page Help
Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

Go to the top of the page Help

Markers

Homology

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables G-protein beta-subunit binding IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables G-protein beta-subunit binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in cellular response to catecholamine stimulus ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in cellular response to prostaglandin E stimulus ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in fibroblast proliferation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in extracellular exosome HDA PubMed 
part_of heterotrimeric G-protein complex IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
part_of heterotrimeric G-protein complex IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
part_of heterotrimeric G-protein complex ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
located_in membrane ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
located_in plasma membrane TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
located_in synapse IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  

General protein information

Go to the top of the page Help
Preferred Names
guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2
Names
g gamma-I
guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), gamma 2
guanine nucleotide binding protein gamma 2
guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(O) gamma-2 subunit
heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein 3F1
NP_001230702.1
NP_001230703.1
NP_001376636.1
NP_001376637.1
NP_001376638.1
NP_001376639.1
NP_444292.1
XP_016876866.1
XP_024305401.1
XP_024305402.1
XP_047287441.1
XP_047287442.1
XP_047287443.1
XP_047287444.1
XP_047287446.1
XP_054232205.1
XP_054232206.1
XP_054232207.1
XP_054232208.1
XP_054232209.1
XP_054232210.1
XP_054232211.1
XP_054232212.1

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

Go to the top of the page Help

NEW Try the new Transcript table

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001243773.2 → NP_001230702.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 precursor

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001230702.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (2) uses a different splice site in the 5' UTR, compared to variant 1. Variants 1, 2, and 3 encode the same protein.
    Source sequence(s)
    AL358333, BQ025819, DA226565, DC318652
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS32082.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P59768, Q5JPE2, Q6P9A9
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    smart00224
    Location:9 → 71
    GGL; G protein gamma subunit-like motifs

  2. NM_001243774.2 → NP_001230703.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 precursor

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001230703.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (3) lacks an alternate exon in the 5' UTR, compared to variant 1. Variants 1, 2, and 3 encode the same protein.
    Source sequence(s)
    AL358333, BE245271, BQ025819, DC318652
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS32082.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P59768, Q5JPE2, Q6P9A9
    Related
    ENSP00000334448.4, ENST00000335281.8
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    smart00224
    Location:9 → 71
    GGL; G protein gamma subunit-like motifs

  3. NM_001389707.1 → NP_001376636.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 precursor

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AL079307, AL358333
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS32082.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P59768, Q5JPE2, Q6P9A9
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    smart00224
    Location:9 → 71
    GGL; G protein gamma subunit-like motifs

  4. NM_001389708.1 → NP_001376637.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 precursor

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AL079307, AL358333
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS32082.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P59768, Q5JPE2, Q6P9A9
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    smart00224
    Location:9 → 71
    GGL; G protein gamma subunit-like motifs

  5. NM_001389709.1 → NP_001376638.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 precursor

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AL358333
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS32082.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P59768, Q5JPE2, Q6P9A9
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    smart00224
    Location:9 → 71
    GGL; G protein gamma subunit-like motifs

  6. NM_001389710.1 → NP_001376639.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 precursor

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AL358333
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS32082.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P59768, Q5JPE2, Q6P9A9
    Related
    ENSP00000452014.1, ENST00000554736.5
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    smart00224
    Location:9 → 71
    GGL; G protein gamma subunit-like motifs

  7. NM_053064.5 → NP_444292.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 precursor

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_444292.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript. Variants 1, 2, and 3 encode the same protein.
    Source sequence(s)
    AL358333, BQ025819, DA785895, DC318652
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS32082.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P59768, Q5JPE2, Q6P9A9
    Related
    ENSP00000451231.1, ENST00000556766.6
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    smart00224
    Location:9 → 71
    GGL; G protein gamma subunit-like motifs

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000014.9 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    51826174..51969795
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_047431486.1 → XP_047287442.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X2

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P59768, Q5JPE2, Q6P9A9

  2. XM_017021377.2 → XP_016876866.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X2

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P59768, Q5JPE2, Q6P9A9
    Related
    ENSP00000484021.1, ENST00000615906.4
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    smart00224
    Location:9 → 71
    GGL; G protein gamma subunit-like motifs

  3. XM_024449633.2 → XP_024305401.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X2

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P59768, Q5JPE2, Q6P9A9
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    smart00224
    Location:9 → 71
    GGL; G protein gamma subunit-like motifs

  4. XM_024449634.2 → XP_024305402.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X2

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P59768, Q5JPE2, Q6P9A9
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    smart00224
    Location:9 → 71
    GGL; G protein gamma subunit-like motifs

  5. XM_047431490.1 → XP_047287446.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X2

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P59768, Q5JPE2, Q6P9A9

  6. XM_047431488.1 → XP_047287444.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X2

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P59768, Q5JPE2, Q6P9A9

  7. XM_047431487.1 → XP_047287443.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X2

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P59768, Q5JPE2, Q6P9A9

  8. XM_047431485.1 → XP_047287441.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X1

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060938.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    46033129..46176839
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_054376231.1 → XP_054232206.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X2

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P59768, Q5JPE2, Q6P9A9

  2. XM_054376235.1 → XP_054232210.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X2

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P59768, Q5JPE2, Q6P9A9

  3. XM_054376234.1 → XP_054232209.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X2

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P59768, Q5JPE2, Q6P9A9

  4. XM_054376237.1 → XP_054232212.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X2

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P59768, Q5JPE2, Q6P9A9

  5. XM_054376236.1 → XP_054232211.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X2

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P59768, Q5JPE2, Q6P9A9

  6. XM_054376233.1 → XP_054232208.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X2

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P59768, Q5JPE2, Q6P9A9

  7. XM_054376232.1 → XP_054232207.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X2

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P59768, Q5JPE2, Q6P9A9

  8. XM_054376230.1 → XP_054232205.1  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X1

Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
P59768.2 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P59768

Gene LinkOut

The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

Chemical Information
Molecular Biology Databases
Research Materials
Tools
Miscellaneous