GALR2 galanin receptor 2 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: GALR2provided by HGNC
Official Full Name: galanin receptor 2provided by HGNC
Primary source: HGNC:HGNC:4133
See related: Ensembl:ENSG00000182687 MIM:603691; AllianceGenome:HGNC:4133
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Homo sapiens
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as: GAL2-R; GALNR2; GALR-2
Summary: Galanin is an important neuromodulator present in the brain, gastrointestinal system, and hypothalamopituitary axis. It is a 30-amino acid non-C-terminally amidated peptide that potently stimulates growth hormone secretion, inhibits cardiac vagal slowing of heart rate, abolishes sinus arrhythmia, and inhibits postprandial gastrointestinal motility. The actions of galanin are mediated through interaction with specific membrane receptors that are members of the 7-transmembrane family of G protein-coupled receptors. GALR2 interacts with the N-terminal residues of the galanin peptide. The primary signaling mechanism for GALR2 is through the phospholipase C/protein kinase C pathway (via Gq), in contrast to GALR1, which communicates its intracellular signal by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase through Gi. However, it has been demonstrated that GALR2 couples efficiently to both the Gq and Gi proteins to simultaneously activate 2 independent signal transduction pathways. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Expression: Low expression observed in reference dataset See more
Orthologs: mouse all
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Genomic context

Location:: 17q25.1

Exon count:: 4

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2024_08	current	GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40)	17	NC_000017.11 (76071962..76077537)
RS_2024_08	current	T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1)	17	NC_060941.1 (76964823..76974102)
RS_2024_09	previous assembly	GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25)	17	NC_000017.10 (74070862..74073618)

Chromosome 17 - NC_000017.11 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to reference sequence details

Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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See details

Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
BioProject: PRJEB4337
Publication: PMID 24309898
Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Structure of the human galanin receptor 2 bound to galanin and Gq reveals the basis of ligand specificity and how binding affects the G-protein interface.
Title: Structure of the human galanin receptor 2 bound to galanin and Gq reveals the basis of ligand specificity and how binding affects the G-protein interface.
Galanin Receptors (GalR1, GalR2, and GalR3) Expression in Colorectal Cancer Tissue and Correlations to the Overall Survival and Poor Prognosis of CRC Patients.
Title: Galanin Receptors (GalR1, GalR2, and GalR3) Expression in Colorectal Cancer Tissue and Correlations to the Overall Survival and Poor Prognosis of CRC Patients.
Low GALR2 expression is associated with gastric cancer.
Title: Galanin expression is down-regulated in patients with gastric cancer.
molecular structures that confer ligand selectivity for galanin type II and III receptors
Title: Exploring the molecular structures that confer ligand selectivity for galanin type II and III receptors.
Study provides evidence that GAL and GALR1/2 genes were identified as aberrantly methylated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Title: Site-specific methylation patterns of the GAL and GALR1/2 genes in head and neck cancer: Potential utility as biomarkers for prognosis.
GAL and its receptors, GALR1 and GALR2, play a role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumorigenesis
Title: Epigenetic inactivation of galanin and GALR1/2 is associated with early recurrence in head and neck cancer.
The G protein-coupled receptor GALR2 promotes angiogenesis in head and neck cancer
Title: The G protein-coupled receptor GALR2 promotes angiogenesis in head and neck cancer.
In HEp-2 cells, GALR2-mediated apoptosis was caspase-independent.
Title: Novel anti-tumor mechanism of galanin receptor type 2 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells.
Data from ligand-receptor interaction studies suggest that human spexin-1 and zebrafish spexin-2 activate galanin receptors GALR2/GALR3 (but not GALR1); thus spexins appear to be natural ligands for human/Xenopus/zebrafish GALR2/GALR3.
Title: Coevolution of the spexin/galanin/kisspeptin family: Spexin activates galanin receptor type II and III.
Variants in genes for galanin (GAL) and its receptors (GALR1, GALR2, GALR3), despite their disparate genomic loci, conferred increased risk of depression and anxiety in people who experienced childhood adversity or recent negative life events.
Title: Brain galanin system genes interact with life stresses in depression-related phenotypes.

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (19)

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Variation

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See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Markers

NoName (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:482126

NoName (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:481378

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables galanin receptor activity	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables galanin receptor activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables neuropeptide binding	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables peptide hormone binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables peptide hormone binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables protein binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in cell surface receptor signaling pathway	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in feeding behavior	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in galanin-activated signaling pathway	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in inositol phosphate metabolic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in learning or memory	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in muscle contraction	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in neuron projection development	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in neuropeptide signaling pathway	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in phosphatidylinositol metabolic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
located_in cilium	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in membrane	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
is_active_in plasma membrane	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in plasma membrane	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info

General protein information

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Preferred Names: galanin receptor type 2

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_003857.4 → NP_003848.1 galanin receptor type 2

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_003848.1

Status: REVIEWED

Source sequence(s)

AC018665, BC069130, BU631750

Consensus CDS

CCDS11739.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

A5JUU4, O43603, Q32MN8

Related

ENSP00000329684.3, ENST00000329003.4

Conserved Domains (2) summary

pfam00001
Location:42 → 292

7tm_1; 7 transmembrane receptor (rhodopsin family)

cl21561
Location:32 → 177

7tm_4; Olfactory receptor

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

NC_000017.11 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Range

76071962..76077537

Download

GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

XM_047436984.1 → XP_047292940.1 galanin receptor type 2 isoform X1
XM_011525427.4 → XP_011523729.1 galanin receptor type 2 isoform X1

Conserved Domains (1) summary

pfam00001
Location:25 → 235

7tm_1; 7 transmembrane receptor (rhodopsin family)