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    GLS glutaminase [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 2744, updated on 28-Oct-2024

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    GLSprovided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    glutaminaseprovided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:4331
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000115419 MIM:138280; AllianceGenome:HGNC:4331
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    GAC; GAM; KGA; GLS1; AAD20; DEE71; GDPAG; CASGID; EIEE71
    Summary
    This gene encodes the K-type mitochondrial glutaminase. The encoded protein is an phosphate-activated amidohydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate and ammonia. This protein is primarily expressed in the brain and kidney plays an essential role in generating energy for metabolism, synthesizing the brain neurotransmitter glutamate and maintaining acid-base balance in the kidney. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]
    Expression
    Broad expression in kidney (RPKM 48.0), small intestine (RPKM 21.8) and 22 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
    mouse all
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    Genomic context

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    See GLS in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    2q32.2
    Exon count:
    22
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 2 NC_000002.12 (190880821..190965552)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 2 NC_060926.1 (191369931..191454659)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 2 NC_000002.11 (191745547..191830278)

    Chromosome 2 - NC_000002.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12183 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12184 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16863 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16864 Neighboring gene NGFI-A binding protein 1 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16865 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16866 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124907946 Neighboring gene BRD4-independent group 4 enhancer GRCh37_chr2:191624535-191625734 Neighboring gene CRISPRi-validated cis-regulatory element chr2.5899 Neighboring gene P300/CBP strongly-dependent group 1 enhancer GRCh37_chr2:191655893-191657092 Neighboring gene P300/CBP strongly-dependent group 1 enhancer GRCh37_chr2:191708051-191709250 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12185 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:191734008-191734548 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:191734549-191735087 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124906110 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16867 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12186 Neighboring gene P300/CBP strongly-dependent group 1 enhancer GRCh37_chr2:191746471-191747670 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12189 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12188 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12187 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12190 Neighboring gene signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16869 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16870 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16871 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16872 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16873 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12191 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16874 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12192 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16875 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16876 Neighboring gene RAB1A pseudogene 1 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16877 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124900514 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:191885525-191886142 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC107985785 Neighboring gene STAT4 antisense RNA 1

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Expression

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    • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
    • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
    • BioProject: PRJEB4337
    • Publication: PMID 24309898
    • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Characterization of the interactions of potent allosteric inhibitors with glutaminase C, a key enzyme in cancer cell glutamine metabolism. Huang Q, et al. J Biol Chem, 2018 Mar 9. PMID 29317493, Free PMC Article
    2. Structural basis for the allosteric inhibitory mechanism of human kidney-type glutaminase (KGA) and its regulation by Raf-Mek-Erk signaling in cancer cell metabolism. Thangavelu K, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2012 May 15. PMID 22538822, Free PMC Article
    3. Analysis of glutamine dependency in non-small cell lung cancer: GLS1 splice variant GAC is essential for cancer cell growth. van den Heuvel AP, et al. Cancer Biol Ther, 2012 Oct. PMID 22892846, Free PMC Article
    4. Active glutaminase C self-assembles into a supratetrameric oligomer that can be disrupted by an allosteric inhibitor. Ferreira AP, et al. J Biol Chem, 2013 Sep 27. PMID 23935106, Free PMC Article
    5. Glutaminase catalyzes reaction of glutamate to GABA. Nanga RP, et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2014 Jun 13. PMID 24755074, Free PMC Article

    See all (196) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Pyruvate metabolism dictates fibroblast sensitivity to GLS1 inhibition during fibrogenesis.
      Title: Pyruvate metabolism dictates fibroblast sensitivity to GLS1 inhibition during fibrogenesis.
    2. CircCOL1A1 promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and glutamine metabolism through GLS1 up-regulation by sponging miR-214-3p.
      Title: CircCOL1A1 promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and glutamine metabolism through GLS1 up-regulation by sponging miR-214-3p.
    3. Glutaminase potentiates the glycolysis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by interacting with PDK1.
      Title: Glutaminase potentiates the glycolysis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by interacting with PDK1.
    4. Glutaminase (GLS1) gene expression in primary breast cancer.
      Title: Glutaminase (GLS1) gene expression in primary breast cancer.
    5. SIRT4 protects against intestinal fibrosis by facilitating GLS1 degradation.
      Title: SIRT4 protects against intestinal fibrosis by facilitating GLS1 degradation.
    6. LncRNA PVT1 Confers Cisplatin Resistance of Esophageal Cancer Cells through Modulating the miR-181a-5p-Glutaminase (GLS) Axis.
      Title: LncRNA PVT1 Confers Cisplatin Resistance of Esophageal Cancer Cells through Modulating the miR-181a-5p-Glutaminase (GLS) Axis.
    7. Association between GLS Gene Polymorphisms and the Susceptibility to Lung Cancer in the Chinese Han Population.
      Title: Association between GLS Gene Polymorphisms and the Susceptibility to Lung Cancer in the Chinese Han Population.
    8. Combined thioredoxin reductase and glutaminase inhibition exerts synergistic anti-tumor activity in MYC-high high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma.
      Title: Combined thioredoxin reductase and glutaminase inhibition exerts synergistic anti-tumor activity in MYC-high high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma.
    9. Regulation of Cardiac Fibroblast GLS1 Expression by Scleraxis.
      Title: Regulation of Cardiac Fibroblast GLS1 Expression by Scleraxis.
    10. Increased C reactive protein, cardiac troponin I and GLS are associated with myocardial inflammation in patients with non-ischemic heart failure.
      Title: Increased C reactive protein, cardiac troponin I and GLS are associated with myocardial inflammation in patients with non-ischemic heart failure.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (105)

    Phenotypes

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    Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

    Associated conditions

    Description Tests
    Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 71
    MedGen: C5193030 OMIM: 618328 GeneReviews: Not available
    		not available
    Global developmental delay, progressive ataxia, and elevated glutamine
    MedGen: C5193080 OMIM: 618412 GeneReviews: Not available
    		not available
    Infantile cataract, skin abnormalities, glutamate excess, and impaired intellectual development
    MedGen: C5193037 OMIM: 618339 GeneReviews: Not available
    		not available

    Variation

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    See variants in ClinVar

    See studies and variants in dbVar

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

    Genotypes

    Pathways from PubChem

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    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Markers

    Homology

    Clone Names

    • FLJ10358, FLJ41499, KIAA0838, DKFZp686D14231, DKFZp686O15119

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables glutaminase activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables glutaminase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables glutaminase activity NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in chemical synaptic transmission IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in glutamate biosynthetic process IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in glutamate biosynthetic process IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in glutamate biosynthetic process TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in glutamine catabolic process IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in glutamine catabolic process IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in glutamine catabolic process NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in intracellular glutamate homeostasis IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in protein homotetramerization IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by nervous system process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in suckling behavior IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in cytosol IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    located_in mitochondrial matrix TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    located_in mitochondrion HTP PubMed 
    located_in mitochondrion IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in mitochondrion NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in synapse IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial
    Names
    K-glutaminase
    L-glutamine amidohydrolase
    glutaminase C
    glutaminase, phosphate-activated
    NP_001243239.1
    NP_055720.3
    XP_005246524.1
    XP_006712498.1
    XP_047299913.1
    XP_047299914.1
    XP_047299916.1
    XP_054197382.1
    XP_054197383.1
    XP_054197384.1
    XP_054197385.1
    XP_054197386.1

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    NEW Try the new Transcript table

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001256310.2 → NP_001243239.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform 2

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001243239.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks several exons and includes an alternate 3' terminal exon, compared to variant 1. It encodes isoform 2 which is shorter and has a distinct C-terminus, compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AC005540, AC067945, AF158555, AF223943
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS58744.1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A8K132
      Related
      ENSP00000340689.4, ENST00000338435.9
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      pfam04960
      Location:244 → 528
      Glutaminase
      pfam17959
      Location:139 → 222
      EF-hand_14; EF-hand domain

    2. NM_014905.5 → NP_055720.3  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_055720.3

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longer transcript and encodes the longer isoform (1).
      Source sequence(s)
      AC005540, AC067945, AF223943, BC038507
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS2308.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      O94925, Q9UL05, Q9UL06, Q9UL07, Q9UN40
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A8K132
      Related
      ENSP00000317379.3, ENST00000320717.8
      Conserved Domains (4) summary
      sd00045
      Location:557 → 583
      ANK; ANK repeat [structural motif]
      pfam04960
      Location:244 → 528
      Glutaminase
      pfam12796
      Location:557 → 649
      Ank_2; Ankyrin repeats (3 copies)
      pfam17959
      Location:139 → 222
      EF-hand_14; EF-hand domain

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000002.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      190880821..190965552
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_006712435.1 → XP_006712498.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X1

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A8K132, H7C201
      Related
      ENSP00000403329.2, ENST00000412247.2
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      pfam04960
      Location:244 → 530
      Glutaminase; Glutaminase
      pfam12796
      Location:557 → 597
      Ank_2; Ankyrin repeats (3 copies)

    2. XM_005246467.3 → XP_005246524.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X2

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A8K132
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      pfam04960
      Location:244 → 528
      Glutaminase
      pfam17959
      Location:139 → 222
      EF-hand_14; EF-hand domain

    3. XM_047443957.1 → XP_047299913.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X3

    4. XM_047443958.1 → XP_047299914.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X4

    5. XM_047443960.1 → XP_047299916.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X4

    RNA

    1. XR_007072653.1 RNA Sequence

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060926.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      191369931..191454659
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_054341407.1 → XP_054197382.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X1

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      H7C201

    2. XM_054341408.1 → XP_054197383.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X2

    3. XM_054341409.1 → XP_054197384.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X3

    4. XM_054341410.1 → XP_054197385.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X4

    5. XM_054341411.1 → XP_054197386.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X4

    RNA

    1. XR_008486324.1 RNA Sequence

    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    O94925.1 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:O94925

    Gene LinkOut

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